1.
Moldova
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Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian, Republica Moldova, listen, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, Bessarabia remained a province of the Russian Empire until 1917, when during the Russian Revolution it became an autonomous and then nominally independent Moldavian Democratic Republic. In 1918, following a vote of its assembly, Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania, the decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924, created within the Ukrainian SSR, on a territory east of Bessarabia, a so-called Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, the Soviets decided to split the region between a newly established Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian SSR. The Moldavian SSR included two-thirds of the territory of Bessarabia, on 27 August 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The current Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994, the strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms, Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The name Moldova derives from the Moldova River, the valley of this served as a political centre at the time of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The origin of the name of the river remains unclear, the dogs name, given to the river, extended to the Principality. For a short time in the 1990s, at the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova. Officially, the name Republic of Moldova is designated by the United Nations, in 2010, Oldowan flint tools were discovered at Bayraki that are 800, 000–1.2 million years old. This demonstrates that humans were present in Moldova during the early Paleolithic era. The inhabitants of this civilization, which lasted roughly from 5500 to 2750 BC, practiced agriculture, raised livestock, hunted, in antiquity, Moldovas territory was inhabited by Dacian tribes. Between the 1st and 7th centuries AD, the south was intermittently under the Roman, and then Byzantine Empires. The Principality of Moldavia, established in 1359, was bounded by the Carpathian Mountains in the west, the Dniester River in the east, and the Danube River and Black Sea to the south. Its territory comprised the territory of the Republic of Moldova, the eastern eight counties of Romania. Like the present-day republic and Romanias north-eastern region, it was known to the locals as Moldova, Moldavia was invaded repeatedly by Crimean Tatars and, beginning in the 15th century, by the Turks. In 1538, the principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire, the title used in the document of 6 July 1600 was The King of the country of Romania, Ardeal and of all of Moldavia
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Social liberalism
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Social liberalism is a political ideology that believes individual liberty requires a level of social justice. Under social liberalism, the good of the community is viewed as harmonious with the freedom of the individual, Social liberal policies have been widely adopted in much of the capitalist world, particularly following World War II. Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered centrist or centre-left, a reaction against social liberalism in the late twentieth century, often called neoliberalism, led to monetarist economic policies and a reduction in government provision of services. However, governments continued to provide services and retained control over economic policy. In American political usage, the social liberalism describes progressive stances on socio-political issues like abortion, same-sex marriage or gun control. A social liberal in this sense may hold either liberal or conservative views on fiscal policy, some Victorian writers—including Charles Dickens, Thomas Carlyle, and Matthew Arnold—became early influential critics of social injustice. John Stuart Mill contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that individual would have an equal opportunity of success. What they proposed is now called social liberalism, in their view, the poverty, squalor and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented. What was new in these reforms was the assumption that the state could be a positive force. Was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals, schulze-Delitzsch is also known as the founding father of the German cooperative movement and is credited as the organiser of the worlds first credit unions. But their ideas found relatively few supporters among the liberal politicians, one of the first German authors to propose the term and concept of social liberalism was the historian and economist Ignaz Jastrow. He published the manifesto Social-liberal, Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia in 1893 and this project was however rejected by Social Democrats and failed. Naumann called this a proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism, the new group advocated, among other things, increased social welfare legislation, the right to strike, and profit-sharing in industry. Although the party was unable to win any seats and soon dissolved, the left-liberal German Democratic Party during the Weimar Republic included both classically and economically liberal and social-liberal currents. They explained that a division of labor caused greater opportunity and individualism. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works, however, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than to manage, and they encouraged cooperative insurance schemes among individuals
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European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
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Alliance for European Integration
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The Alliance for European Integration was the ruling coalition in Moldova from the July 2009 election until it lost a no confidence vote on February 13,2013. It was succeeded by the Pro-European Coalition, after the April 2009 election and the civil unrest, the climate in Moldova became very polarised. The parliament failed to elect a new president, for this reason, the parliament was dissolved and snap elections were held. The July 29 polls were won by the Communist Party with 44. 7% of the vote and that gave the former ruling party 48 MPs, and the remaining 53 seats in the 101-member chamber went to four opposition parties. 51 votes are needed to elect the speaker and prime minister, after the July 2009 elections, the alliance was formed by the following parties, Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Party, and Our Moldova Alliance. On August 8,2009, the four Moldovan parties agreed to create a coalition that pushed the Communist party into opposition. The name of the coalition is the Alliance for European Integration, on 25 September 2009, the Alliance for European Integration has voted a pro-European government. After the 2010 elections, the alliance increased its majority from 53 seats to 59 seats, although the Our Moldova Alliance did not return to parliament, the leaders of the three remaining parties of the alliance pledged signed a new coalition agreement on 30 December 2010. The new cabinet was installed on 14 January 2011, when a vote took place in parliament. The leaders of the four parties – Vlad Filat, Mihai Ghimpu, Marian Lupu, the coalition said it wants an association agreement with the European Union. Also, the coalition said it wants strategic relations with both Russia and the United States, in a press conference on October 21,2009, Iurie Leancă announced that official negotiations on the association agreement Moldova-EU will start on January 12,2010. Commission for constitutional reform in Moldova is a commission instituted on December 1,2009 by acting President Ghimpu to adopt a new version of the Constitution of Moldova. The first session of Moldovas parliament has been scheduled for August 28, on August 28,2009, Mihai Ghimpu was elected as the Speaker of the Moldovan Parliament, through secret voting, getting all 53 votes of the Alliance For European Integration. Mihai Ghimpu on August 28,2009, I thank my colleagues for their trust, I hope that while in this post I will cooperate for a free press, independent legal system, and a state of law of which all the Moldovan citizens will be proud. Constitutional Court of Moldova confirmed the legitimacy of Mihai Ghimpus position as acting president, in the same day, Ghimpu signed a decree nominating Filat for the office of prime minister. The Alliance cabinet of Vlad Filat took office after winning the approval of parliament on September 25,2009, Filat said that his first official visit as premier will be made to Brussels. He added that the agenda of the first official meetings will include visits to Paris, Berlin, Bucharest, on September 11,2009, Mihai Ghimpu became the acting president of Moldova. The interim position was possible following the resignation of Moldovan President, Vladimir Voronin, one of the goals of the Alliance is to elect the new president
5.
Bessarabian Peasants' Party
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The Bessarabian Peasants Party or Moldavian National Democratic Party was an agrarian political party, active in the Kingdom of Romania and, more specifically, the region of Bessarabia. Comprising various pro-Romanian and regionalist factions that had existed within the Moldavian Democratic Republic, it was brought together by shared opposition to Bolshevik Russia and communism. The PȚB, founded in August 1918, was led by Pan Halippa and Ion Inculeț, originally representing, respectively, its right and left wings, Ion Pelivan was the co-chair. It was therefore co-opted by the Parliamentary Bloc, formed around the Romanian National Party, although losing several of its chapters before the 1920 elections, it still won Bessarabia by a significant margin, openly embracing the cause of decentralization and regional autonomy. Rallied with the opposition by 1921, the PȚB was effectively split over merging with Ion Mihalaches Peasants Party. Halippa supported such a fusion, and took his supporters out of the PȚB, Inculeț reclaimed for himself the party leadership, marginally defeating Halippa and Stere in the election of 1922, the PȚB was again co-opted into government. Inculeț and his supporters entered the National Liberal Party in early 1923, the PȚB was officially founded in Chișinău on August 23,1918, some months after Bessarabias union with Romania. It was the fusion of two groups that has existed in the Moldavian Democratic Republic. Many cadres, including Halippa, had belonged to the Moldavian Bloc, which represented Romanian nationalism faction within Sfatul Țării, the Bloc itself was a relic of the National Moldavian Party, which had existed after the February Revolution—when Bessarabia was still part of the Russian Republic. On its left, the PȚB also incorporated ethnic Romanians who had caucused with Sfatul Țăriis Peasant Faction, the latters notable members were Inculeț, Pantelimon Erhan, and Vladimir Tsyganko. References to a Bessarabian Peasants Party date back to the era before World War I, a faction of that name existed in the Russian State Duma after the 1907 election. Centered on Dionisy Gulikin, it campaigned for the recognition of Romanian as a language of Russia. The same title was used in common parlance for the Peasants Faction of Sfatul Țării. Various Peasant Faction affiliates, like other future PȚB cadres, had belonged to left-wing parties in Russia, Inculeț and Daniel Ciugureanu had been Esers, and had for long maintained links with the Russian Provisional Government. More to the left, Ion Buzdugan and Gherman Pântea had caucused with the Bolsheviks, in November 1917, almost a year before the PȚBs formal registration, a party of the same name had participated in the ill-fated election for the Constituent Assembly. Its list included, among others, Inculeț, Pântea, and Halippa. The results would have allowed the party to hold 5 of the 13 Bessarabian deputy seats, as many as the local Esers, in contrast, during the same month, Inculeț was elected the Moldavian Republics President by his colleagues in Sfatul. Inculeț defended himself against such charges, in his account, he had merely passed himself off for a revolutionary, in hopes of dissuading radicals from toppling his government, and hide his sentiments
