1.
Arlington National Cemetery
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The United States Department of the Army, a component of the United States Department of Defense, controls the cemetery. The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House, like nearly all federal installations in Arlington County, it has a Washington, D. C. mailing address. George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of Martha Washington, acquired the land now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802. The estate passed to Custis daughter, Mary Anna, who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee. Custis will gave an inheritance to Mary Lee, allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life. Upon her death, the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son, on May 7, troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House. With Confederate forces occupying Arlingtons high ground, the capital of the Union was left in a military position. Although unwilling to leave Arlington House, Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be infested with federal soldiers, so she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sisters estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County, Virginia, on May 14. On May 3, General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington, McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24. In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness, Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area, the property was high and free from floods, it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the forces of the Confederate States of America. The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13,1864, however, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15,1864. Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26,1948, the government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800, equal to $410,000 today. Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent, the government turned away her agent, refusing to accept the tendered payment. In 1874, Custis Lee, heir under his grandfathers will passing the estate in trust to his mother, sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington. In December,1882, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in Lees favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process. After that decision, Congress returned the estate to him, and on March 3,1883, the land then became a military reservation
2.
Otis Air Force Base Hospital
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The 551st United States Air Force Hospital is a former hospital at Otis Air Force Base. With the closure of the base in 1973, the hospital closed and it was the site of the birth of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy. The hospital consisted of a series of connected one-story buildings. The buildings were torn down in the early 1970s, Information on a MARS radio station in the hospital Link to Brigadier General Hamilton B. Webb Information on room upgrade
3.
Bourne, Massachusetts
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Bourne is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 19,754 at the 2010 census, for geographic and demographic information on specific parts of the town of Bourne, please see the articles on Bourne, Buzzards Bay, Monument Beach, Pocasset, Sagamore, and Sagamore Beach. Bourne was first settled in 1640 as a part of the town of Sandwich and it was officially incorporated in 1884, the last town to be incorporated in Barnstable County. It was named for Jonathan Bourne Sr. whose ancestor Richard Bourne represented Sandwich in the first Massachusetts General Court and was the first preacher to the Mashpee Wampanoag on Cape Cod. The town lies at the northeast corner of Buzzards Bay and is the site of Aptucxet Trading Post and it was founded by the Pilgrims in 1627 at a site halfway between the two rivers which divided Cape Cod from the rest of the state. It was out of location that the Cape Cod Canal was formed, in order to save time. Because of the canal, Bourne is now considered the first town on the Cape, Bourne is the site of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy, a maritime college located at the southern mouth of the canal on the western shore. Otis Air National Guard Base is partially located in the town, the United States Air Force space command system PAVE PAWS northeast radar is located within Bournes borders inside Otis Air National Guard Base. Bourne is home to an archaeological curiosity known as the Bourne Stone, featuring markings whose origin, Bourne is located at the western end of Cape Cod, with the Cape Cod Canal cutting across the northern portion of the town. It is bordered by Sandwich to the east, Falmouth to the south, Marion and Wareham to the west, the town lies approximately 20 miles west of Barnstable,55 miles south-southeast of Boston, and the same distance east of Providence, Rhode Island. The border with Plymouth and Wareham in Plymouth County constitutes the only landed border between Barnstable County and any other county. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 52.9 square miles, of which 40.7 square miles is land and 12.2 square miles. Bournes geography was formed around its location on Buzzards Bay and the Cape Cod Canal, there are several necks and islands along the shore, which create several small coves and harbors. There are also small ponds and rivers, all of which feed into Buzzards Bay. The largest of these inlets, Buttermilk Bay, lies along the border with Wareham. Because of the parcel of land occupied by Otis A. N. G. B. in the eastern part of the town. There is also a neighborhood located between the Canal and the northern boundaries of the base. Bourne has a town forest and a portion of the Shawme-Crowell State Forest
4.
Boston Children's Hospital
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Boston Childrens Hospital is a 395-licensed-bed childrens hospital in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area of Boston, Massachusetts. At 300 Longwood Avenue, Childrens is adjacent both to its affiliate, Harvard Medical School, and to Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Childrens was ranked #1 in 8 out of 10 clinical specialties by the U. S. News & World Report, and as the nations number one pediatric hospital for 2014–15. In 2012, for the 23rd year in a row, U. S. News & World Report rated Boston Childrens Hospital one of the top hospitals specializing in pediatric care. Childrens was the first stand-alone pediatric hospital in New England to be awarded Magnet status by the American Nurses Credentialing Center. One of the largest pediatric medical centers in the United States and its Advanced Fetal Care Center can begin interventions at 15 weeks gestation, and in some situations Childrens treats adults. The institution is home to 40 clinical departments and 225 specialized clinical programs, a trained team of more than 800 volunteers devote thousands of hours each year to support the hospital staff and patients. Sandra Fenwick is the current president and COO, having replaced urologist Dr. James Mandell on October 1,2013, the International Center at Boston Childrens Hospital serves patients from more than 100 countries including coordination of visits, medical records, travel, accommodation, and immigration. The hospital offers a global medical second opinion program in partnership with Grand Rounds, Childrens operated its own Critical Care Transport Team, staffed by a team of two critical care transport registered nurses and a Critical Care Paramedic. Childrens is part of the consortium of hospitals that operates Boston MedFlight as a resource for transports needing a helicopter or jet. Several neighborhood air quality studies have been planned, and some completed, at the center of the Childrens hospital campus is the Prouty Memorial Garden and Terrace, which since its creation in 1956, has been a place of solace for children and their families. Despite vigorous neighborhood protest against the demolition of the Prouty Garden, Childrens was founded on July 20,1869 by Dr. Francis Henry Brown, a Civil War surgeon, who traveled to Europe in 1867 to study the pioneering specialized approach to treating children. Brown was impressed with the treatments he witnessed and he wanted to bring that level of care to Boston, Brown opened a 20-bed facility in a small townhouse at 9 Rutland Street in Bostons South End. Approximately one year after opening, the hospital was moved to the corner of Rutland, Childrens Hospital stayed at this location until 1871 when the hospital moved to Huntington Avenue before its final move to what would become the Longwood Medical and Academic Area. Childrens became affiliated with the Harvard Medical School in 1903, below is a partial list* of historic milestones,1891, Childrens establishes the nations first laboratory for the modification and production of bacteria-free milk. 1920, Dr. William Ladd devises procedures for correcting various congenital defects such as intestinal malformations,1938, Dr. Robert E. Gross performs the worlds first successful surgical procedure to correct a congenital cardiovascular defect, ushering in the era of modern pediatric cardiac surgery. 1947, Dr. Sidney Farber, pediatric pathologist, requested Dr. Yellapragada Subbarow to supply Aminopterin and he achieves the worlds first partial remission of acute leukemia. He went on to co-found the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in 1950,1954, Dr. John Enders and his colleagues win the Nobel Prize for successfully culturing the polio virus in 1949, making possible the development of the Salk and Sabin vaccines
5.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
6.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
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Jacqueline Lee Jackie Kennedy Onassis was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Bouvier was the daughter of Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University, in 1952, Bouvier met Congressman John F. Kennedy at a dinner party. In November of that year, he was elected as a United States Senator from Massachusetts, and they had four children, two of whom died in infancy. As First Lady, she was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and her emphasis on arts, on November 22,1963, she was riding with the President in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated. She and her children withdrew from view after his funeral. Following her second death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor for the final two decades of her life. She is remembered for her contributions to the arts and preservation of historic architecture, as well as for her style, elegance. She was an icon, and her famous ensemble of pink Chanel suit. She ranks as one of the most popular First Ladies and in 1999 was named on Gallups list of Most Admired Men and Women in 20th-century America. Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28,1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Black Jack Bouvier III, Bouviers mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. Named after her father, Bouvier was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and her younger sister Lee was born in 1933. Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata. She idolized her father, who favored her over her sister. From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne and successfully competed in the sport. She also took lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Bouvier enrolled in the Chapin School in Manhattan in 1935, which she attended for grades 1–6. She was a student but often misbehaved, one of her teachers described her as a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic
7.
Kennedy family
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The Kennedy family is an American family that has been prominent in American politics, public service, and business during the 20th century. Three of the four sons of Joseph, Sr. and Rose Kennedy served as senator, the first Kennedys to reside in the United States were Patrick Kennedy and Bridget Murphy, who sailed from Ireland to East Boston in 1849. Their son Patrick Joseph went into Massachusetts politics and business, P. J. s brother-in-law, Charles M. Hickey, served as mayor of Brockton, Massachusetts in 1913. Under President Franklin D. Josephs wife was Rose Fitzgerald, whose father, John F. Fitzgerald, served as a senator, member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Joseph and Rose had nine children, Joseph Jr. John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, John served as the President of the United States, while Robert and Ted both became prominent senators. Every Kennedy to hold elective office has served as a Democrat while other members of the family have worked for the Democratic Party or held Cabinet posts under Democratic administrations. Many have attended Harvard University, and the family has contributed greatly to that universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government, Joseph originally hoped for his eldest son, Joseph Jr. to become a politician and ultimately to be elected President. After Joseph Jr. was killed in World War II, Joseph Sr. s hopes transferred to his second son, during his presidency, John appointed Robert as Attorney General. Meanwhile, Ted was elected to the Senate in 1962, the family received intense publicity during Johns term as President, often emphasizing their relative youth, allure, education, and future in politics. The family suffered many tragedies, which contributed to the idea of the Kennedy curse, Kathleen, and John Jr. all died in airplane crashes. Italics denote members who married into the family, only members who held political office are shown below. P. J. Kennedy, Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1884–89, member of the Massachusetts Senate, John F. Caroline Kennedy, United States Ambassador to Japan, 2013–17. Bobby Shriver, Member of the Santa Monica, California City Council, 2004–12, maria Shriver, First Lady of California, 2003–11, married Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chairman of the Presidents Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition, 1990–93, and governor of California, 2003–11. Mark Shriver, Member of the Maryland House of Delegates, 1995–2003, Robert F. Kennedy, United States Attorney General 1961–64, United States senator from New York, 1965–68. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Lieutenant governor of Maryland, 1995–2003, Joseph P. Kennedy II, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, 1987–99. Joseph P. Kennedy III, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, Jean Kennedy Smith, United States Ambassador to Ireland, 1993–98. Ted Kennedy, United States senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009, edward M. Kennedy Jr. Member of the Connecticut Senate, 2015–present. Patrick J. Kennedy, Member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, 1989–93, member of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island, the Kennedys, A Family Tree, St
8.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
10.
Caroline Kennedy
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Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is an American author, attorney, and diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 2013 to 2017. She is a prominent member of the Kennedy family and the surviving child of President John F. Kennedy. The following year, Caroline, her mother, and brother settled on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, Kennedy graduated from Radcliffe College and worked at Manhattans Metropolitan Museum of Art, where she met her future husband, exhibit designer Edwin Schlossberg. She went on to receive a J. D. degree from Columbia Law School, most of Kennedys professional life has spanned law and politics, as well as education reform and charitable work. She has also acted as a spokesperson for her familys legacy, congresswoman Kirsten Gillibrand ultimately replaced Clinton as the junior New York Senator. In 2013, President Obama appointed her as ambassador to Japan, Caroline Bouvier Kennedy was born on November 27,1957, at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan to John Fitzgerald Kennedy and Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy. A year before Carolines birth, her parents had a daughter named Arabella. Caroline had two brothers, John Jr. who was born just before her third birthday, and Patrick. Caroline lived with her parents in Georgetown, Washington, D. C. during the first three years of her life, when Caroline was three years old, the family moved to the White House when her father was sworn in as President of the United States. Caroline frequently attended kindergarten in classes that were organized by her mother, one such photo in a news article inspired singer-songwriter Neil Diamond to write his Top Ten hit song, Sweet Caroline—which he revealed when he performed it for her 50th birthday. As a small child, Caroline received numerous gifts from dignitaries, including a puppy from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, historians described Carolines childhood personality as a trifle remote and a bit shy at times yet remarkably unspoiled. Shes too young to realize all these luxuries, her grandmother, Rose Kennedy. She probably thinks its natural for children to go off in their own airplanes, but she is with her cousins, and some of them dance and swim better than she. They do not allow her to take special precedence and that evening, the children were brought back to the White House, and while Caroline was in her bed, Shaw broke the news to her. Shaw soon found out that Jacqueline had wanted to be the one to tell the children, on December 6, two weeks after the assassination, Jacqueline and the children moved out of the White House, back to Georgetown. Their new home became a popular tourist attraction and they moved from Washington to a penthouse apartment at 1040 Fifth Avenue on the Upper East Side of Manhattan the following year. In 1967, Caroline christened the U. S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy in a widely publicized ceremony in Newport News, Virginia. Over that summer, Jacqueline took the children on a sentimental journey to Ireland
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John F. Kennedy Jr.
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John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. often referred to as JFK Jr. or John John, was an American lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the surviving son of former President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. His father was assassinated three days before his third birthday, from his early childhood onwards, Kennedy was the subject of great media scrutiny, and he became a popular social figure of Manhattan. Trained as a lawyer, he worked as a New York City Assistant District Attorney for four years, in 1995, he launched George magazine, using his political and celebrity status to publicize it. Kennedy died along with his wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy and her elder sister Lauren in the crash of a plane he was piloting. Kennedy had intended to drop off Lauren at Marthas Vineyard before continuing to the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy in Hyannis Port, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was born at Georgetown University Hospital on November 25,1960, two weeks after his father was elected president. His parents had a daughter named Arabella four years before John Jr. s birth. John Jr. had a sister, Caroline, and an infant brother, Patrick. His putative nickname, John-John, came from a reporter who misheard JFK calling him John twice in quick succession, John Jr. lived in the White House during the first three years of his life, and later remained in the public spotlight up until his death. His father was assassinated on November 22,1963, and the funeral was held three days later on John Jr. s third birthday. In a moment that became an image of the 1960s, John Jr. stepped forward. The family continued with their plans for a party, to demonstrate that the Kennedys would go on despite the death of their father. Following his fathers assassination, Kennedy moved to the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City with his mother and sister, where he grew up. In 1967, his mother took him and his sister Caroline on a sentimental journey to Ireland. After his uncle Robert was assassinated in 1968, his mother took him and his out of the United States, saying, If theyre killing Kennedys. I want to get out of this country, the same year, she married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, and the family went to live on his private island of Skorpios. Kennedy is said to have considered his stepfather a joke, in 1971, Kennedy returned to the White House with his mother and sister for the first time since the assassination. President Richard Nixons daughters gave Kennedy a tour that included his old bedroom, when Onassis died in 1975, he left Kennedy $25,000, though Jacqueline was able to renegotiate the will, and acquired $20 million for herself and her children
12.
Arbella
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During this adventure, the ship is said to have carried three times as much alcohol as water. The charter recorded around 10,000 gallons of wine on board for the supply of the crew and its passengers. John Winthrop is reputed to have given the famous A Model of Christian Charity sermon aboard the ship, also on board was Anne Bradstreet, the first European female poet to be published from the New World, and her family. The ship was first known as Eagle, but her name was changed in honor of Lady Arabella Johnson, Lady Arabella was the daughter of Thomas Clinton, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. Joseph Reed, grandfather of Joseph Reed Dictionary of American History by James Truslow Adams, New York, Charles Scribners Sons,1940 Gager, Edmund R. The Gager Family, The Descendants of Dr. William Gager, of Suffolk County, England, the Winthrop Society is a hereditary organization made up of the descendants of those who arrived on the Winthrop Fleet or other Great Migration ships before 1634
13.
Hyannis Port, Massachusetts
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Hyannis Port is a small residential village located in Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States. It is an affluent summer community on Hyannis Harbor 1.4 miles to the south-southwest of Hyannis and it has a small post office next door to a small seasonal convenience store, The News Shop and Gallery. It has one of the golf courses on Cape Cod, the Hyannisport Club, and is also home to the West Beach Club. St. Andrews-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church and the Union Chapel conduct Sunday services in the summer, Hyannis Port is the location of the Kennedy compound and other Kennedy family residences and as such is included in the National Register of Historic Places. There are three Kennedy houses on the compound, Roses, Jacks, and Ethels, rose Fitzgerald Kennedy was living in Hyannis Port and was the oldest resident in the town of Barnstable when she died at age 104. According to the 2000 U. S. Census on April 1, there were 147 vacant housing units,144 of which were for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use. Based on the family size of 2.97 persons. Media related to Hyannis Port, Massachusetts at Wikimedia Commons
14.
Osterville, Massachusetts
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Osterville is one of seven villages within the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States. The village of Osterville is located on the side of Barnstable on Nantucket Sound. Osterville is a community that includes marshes, bays, ponds, a small lake, beaches. Osterville was originally named Cotacheset, based on the Native American name for the area, over time it became a center for oystering and was renamed Oysterville. Later a map misspelled the name as Osterville and the village became so, Ostervilles business district includes a public library, gift stores, womens fashions, restaurants, a small market, banks with ATMs, a pizza place, package store, a U. S. Post Office, a store, art galleries, barber and beauty shops. During July and August, Ostervilles population swells due to seasonal residents, many summer residents maintain a second house in Osterville while residing most of the year in the Greater Boston area. The village is known for its oceanfront estates, the cemetery for the village of Osterville is the Hillside Cemetery on Old Mill Road. Armstrong-Kelley Park, the oldest and largest privately owned park on Cape Cod, is located in Osterville, Crosby Boat Yard is port to the Crosby catboat, and the Wianno senior, the latter a favorite of nearby Hyannisport resident President John F. Kennedy. A steel drawbridge connects the village to Little Island and Grand Island, a community featuring many luxury houses. The neighborhood of Wianno abuts the East Bay section of Osterville, there are two private country clubs in Osterville, The Wianno Club and the Oyster Harbors Club. Each club has a private 18 hole golf course, private facilities. The Wianno Yacht Club, a club on West Bay. Dowses Beach in Osterville is a town of Barnstable beach, there are facilities with showers. Lifeguards are present during the summer months only, Osterville is home to a private K-12 school, Cape Cod Academy. Charles Bilezikian, businessman, co-founder of Christmas Tree Shops Jack Birmingham, james M. Gavin, World War II general, US ambassador to France. Andy Hallett, actor and singer who appeared on the WBs Angel, david Hartman, the first host of ABCs Good Morning America. Adam Oates, retired Boston Bruins player and former Washington Capitals Coach Gene Rayburn, sellars, Chairman and CEO of Johnson & Johnson
15.
Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109
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PT-109 was a PT boat last commanded by Lieutenant, junior grade John F. Kennedy in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Kennedys actions to save his crew after the sinking of PT-109 made him a war hero. The incident may have contributed to his long-term back problems. After he became president, the incident became a phenomenon, inspiring a song, books, movies, various television series, collectible objects, scale model replicas. Interest was revived in May 2002, with the discovery of the wreck by Robert Ballard, PT-109 earned two battle stars during World War II operations. PT-109 belonged to the PT-103 class, hundreds of which were completed between 1942 and 1945 by Elco in Bayonne, New Jersey, PT-109s keel was laid 4 March 1942 as the seventh Motor Torpedo Boat of the 80-foot-long -class built by Elco and was launched on 20 June. She was delivered to the Navy on 10 July 1942, the Elco boats were the largest PT boats operated by the U. S. Navy during World War II. At 80 feet and 40 tons, they had wooden hulls of two layers of 1-inch mahogany planking. Powered by three 12-cylinder 1,500 horsepower Packard gasoline engines, their top speed was 41 knots. For space and weight-distribution reasons, the outboard or wing engines were mounted with their ends facing forward. The center engine was mounted with the output flange facing aft, the engines were fitted with mufflers on the transom to direct the exhaust under water, which had to be bypassed for anything other than idle speed. PT-109 could accommodate a crew of three officers and 14 enlisted, with the crew size between 12 and 14. Fully loaded, PT-109 displaced 56 tons, the principal offensive weapon was her torpedoes. She was fitted with four 21-inch torpedo tubes containing Mark 8 torpedoes and they weighed 3,150 pounds each, with 386-pound warheads and gave the tiny boats a punch at least theoretically effective even against armored ships. Torpedoes were also useless against shallow-draft barges, which were their most common targets, because they were fueled with aviation gasoline, a direct hit to a PT boats engine compartment sometimes resulted in a total loss of boat and crew. In order to have a chance of hitting their target, PT boats had to close to within 2 miles for a shot, at this distance, a target could easily maneuver to avoid being hit. The boats approached in darkness, fired their torpedoes, which gave away their positions. Sometimes retreat was hampered by seaplanes dropping flares to render the visible in darkness
16.
Ben Bradlee
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Benjamin Crowninshield Ben Bradlee was executive editor of The Washington Post from 1968 to 1991. At his death he held the title of vice president at-large of the Post, a member of the Boston Brahmin Crowninshield family, Bradlee was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on August 26,1921. His father was Frederick Josiah Bradlee, Jr. a direct descendant of Nathan Bradley—the first American Bradley and his mother, Josephine de Gersdorff, was awarded the French Legion of Honour for starting an orphanage that sheltered children from Nazi Germany during World War II. Bradlees maternal grandfather, Carl August de Gersdorff, the son of a German immigrant, was a wealthy New York lawyer, Bradlees maternal grandmother was Helen Suzette Crowninshield, daughter of artist Frederic Crowninshield, another member of the Crowninshield family. He had a brother named Frederick Bradlee, a writer and Broadway stage actor, through his father Frederick, Bradlee was also a lineal descendant of King Henry VII of England by an unknown Britain woman through their son Sir Roland de Velville. His maternal great grandfather was Dr. Ernst Bruno von Gersdorff, Bradlee, the second of three children, grew up in a wealthy family with domestic staff. With his brother, Freddy, and sister, Constance, he learned French, took lessons, and went to the symphony. The stock market crash of 1929 decimated the familys wealth however, Bradlee attended Dexter School before finishing at St. Marks School, where he played varsity baseball, while attending St. Marks, he contracted polio. He exercised regularly at home and developed strong arms and chest and he was able to fight off the effects of polio and could walk without limping. Thereafter he attended Harvard College, where he was a Greek–English major, Bradlees main battles were Vella Lavella, Saipan, Tinian, and Bougainville. He also fought in the biggest naval battle fought, the Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines Campaign, in the Borneo Campaign. Bradlees first marriage was to Jean Saltonstall, who came from a wealthy. They married on August 8,1942, and had one son, after the war, in 1946, Bradlee became a reporter at the New Hampshire Sunday News, a venture he helped launch. After he sold the paper, in 1948 he started working for The Washington Post as a reporter and he got to know associate publisher Philip Graham, who was the son-in-law of the publisher, Eugene Meyer. In 1951 Graham helped Bradlee become assistant press attaché in the American embassy in Paris, in 1952 Bradlee joined the staff of the Office of U. S. Information and Educational Exchange, the propaganda unit. USIE produced films, magazines, research, speeches, and news items for use by the CIA throughout Europe, USIE also controlled the Voice of America, a means of disseminating pro-American cultural information worldwide
17.
Air Force One
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Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign for a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States. In common parlance the term describes those Air Force aircraft designed, built, the presidential aircraft is a prominent symbol of the American presidency and its power. A C-87 Liberator Express was reconfigured for use as a presidential transport, a number of aircraft types have been used as Air Force One since the creation of the presidential fleet, starting with two Lockheed Constellations in the late 1950s, Columbine II and Columbine III. The Air Force plans to procure the Boeing 747-8 for the version of Air Force One. On 11 October 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U. S. president to fly in an aircraft, however, he was no longer in office at the time, having been succeeded by William Howard Taft. The record-making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was nonetheless the beginning of air travel. Prior to World War II, overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare, the lack of wireless telecommunication and available modes of transportation made long-distance travel impractical, as it took much time and isolated the president from events in Washington, D. C. Railroads were a safer and more reliable if the president needed to travel to distant states. By the late 1930s, with the arrival of such as the Douglas DC-3. All-metal aircraft, more engines, and new radio aids to navigation had made commercial airline travel safer. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office, the Dolphin was modified with luxury upholstery for four passengers and a small separate sleeping compartment. The aircraft remained in service as a transport from 1933 until 1939. There are no reports, however, on whether the president actually flew in the aircraft. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco, the threat from the German submarines throughout the Battle of the Atlantic made air travel the preferred method of VIP transatlantic transportation. Concerned about relying upon commercial airlines to transport the president, USAAF leaders ordered the conversion of an aircraft to accommodate the special needs of the Commander-in-Chief. The first dedicated aircraft proposed for use was a C-87A VIP transport aircraft. This aircraft, number 41-24159, was re-modified in 1943 for use as a presidential VIP transport, had it been accepted, it would have been the first aircraft to be used in presidential service, in effect the first Air Force One. However, after a review of the C-87s highly controversial safety record in service, the Guess Where II was used to transport senior members of the Roosevelt administration on various trips
18.
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Sr. was an American businessman, investor, and politician known for his high-profile positions in United States politics. Kennedy was married to Rose Kennedy, three of their nine children attained distinguished political positions, President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy. He was a member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community. He was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be the first chairman of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and later directed the Maritime Commission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 until late 1940, in the 1920s Kennedy made huge profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios, ultimately merging several acquisitions into Radio-Keith-Orpheum studios. His company, Somerset Importers, became the exclusive American agent for Gordons Gin, in addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from Schenley Industries, a firm in Canada. He owned the largest office building in the country, Chicagos Merchandise Mart, giving his family an important base in that city, Kennedy allowed surgeons to perform a lobotomy on his daughter Rosemary Kennedy in 1941. Various reasons for the operation have been given, but it left her permanently incapacitated, Kennedy resigned under pressure shortly afterwards. In later years, Kennedy worked behind the scenes to continue building the financial and political fortunes of the Kennedy family, after a disabling stroke in 1961, Kennedy developed aphasia and lost all power of speech, but remained mentally intact. He was confined to a wheelchair until his death in 1969, Joseph Patrick Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of businessman and politician Patrick Joseph P. J. Kennedy. He had a younger brother Francis, and two sisters, Mary and Margaret. All four of Joes grandparents had immigrated to Massachusetts in the 1840s to escape the Irish famine and he was born into a highly sectarian society, where Irish Catholics were excluded by upper-class Boston Brahmins. Boston Irish thus became active in the Democratic Party, which included P. J. P. J. Kennedy followed in the footsteps of older cousins by attending Harvard College. He focused on becoming a leader, working energetically to gain admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club. While at Harvard he joined the Delta Upsilon International fraternity and played on the baseball team, in 1937, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University. On October 7,1914, Kennedy married Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald, honey Fitz Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine Josie Hannon. The marriage joined two of the citys most prominent political families, as Kennedys business success expanded, he and his family kept homes in the Boston area, suburban New York City, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, and Palm Beach, Florida
19.
P. J. Kennedy
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Patrick Joseph P. J. Kennedy was an American businessman and politician. He was a figure in the Democratic Party in Boston. Kennedy was the father of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. the son of Irish immigrants, he was the only surviving male in the family, following two outbreaks of cholera, and started work at fourteen as a stevedore in the docks. He owned three saloons and an import house, and eventually had major interests in coal and banking. His particular talent was for the behind-the-scenes machinations for which Boston politics became so notorious, the couples elder son, John, had died of cholera in infancy two years before P. J. was born. Ten months after P. J. s birth, his father Patrick also succumbed to the cholera epidemic that infested the familys East Boston neighborhood. As the only surviving male, P. J. was the first Kennedy to receive a formal education and his mother Bridget had purchased an East Boston stationery and notions store where she had worked. The business took off and expanded into a grocery and liquor store, at the age of fourteen, P. J. Kennedy left school to work with his mother and three older sisters, Mary, Johanna, and Margaret, as a stevedore on the Boston Docks. In the 1880s, with money he had saved from his modest earnings, in time, he bought a second establishment by the East Boston docks. Next, to capitalize on the drinking of upper-class Boston, Kennedy purchased a third bar in an upscale East Boston hotel. Before he was thirty, his growing prosperity allowed him to buy a whiskey-importing business, by the time he died in 1929, Kennedy held an interest in a coal company and a substantial amount of stock in a bank, the Columbia Trust Company. His wealth afforded his family of one son and two daughters an attractive home on Jeffries Point in East Boston, Kennedy was always ready to help less fortunate fellow Irishmen with a little cash and some sensible advice. He enjoyed the approval and respect of most folks in East Boston, living on the hill of a mixed Boston neighborhood of upscale Irish and Protestant elite. Beginning in 1884, he converted his popularity into five consecutive terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Establishing himself as one of Bostons principal Democratic leaders, he was invited to one of the seconding speeches for Grover Cleveland at the partys 1888 national convention in St. Louis. On November 23,1887, he married Mary Augusta Hickey, daughter of James Hickey, Kennedy and his wife had four children. Edward Moore Ted Kennedy, youngest son of Joe, named his younger son Patrick Joseph Kennedy II to honor P. J. In 1914, Kennedys son Joe married philanthropist Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Joe and Rose had nine children, including World War II casualty Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr
20.
Homeostasis
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Each of these variables is controlled by a separate “homeostat”, which, together, maintain life. The concept was described by French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1865, the term cybernetics is applied to technological control systems such as thermostats, which function as homeostats, but is often defined much more broadly than the biological term homeostasis. The word homeostasis uses combining forms of homeo- and -stasis, New Latin from Greek, ὅμοιος homoios, similar and στάσις stasis, standing still, yielding the idea of staying the same. The conceptual origins of homeostasis reach back to the ancient Greek concepts of balance, harmony, equilibrium, following these hypotheses, Hippocrates compared health to the harmonious balance of the elements, and illness and disease to the systematic disharmony of these elements. Cannon published an extrapolation from Bernards 1865 work naming his theory homeostasis, Cannon further posited that threats to homeostasis might originate from the external environment or the internal environment, and could be physical or psychological, as in emotional distress. Cannon identified these negative feedback systems and emphasized that, regardless of the nature of the threat to homeostasis, the metabolic processes of all living organisms can only take place in very specific physical and chemical environments. The conditions vary with each organism, and with whether the chemical processes take place inside the cell or in the bathing the cells in multicellular creatures. However, a great many other homeostats, encompassing many aspects of human physiology, if an entity is homeostatically controlled it does not imply that its value is necessarily absolutely steady in health. Core body temperature is, for instance, regulated by a homeostat with temperature sensors in, amongst others, however the set point of the regulator is regularly reset. For instance, core temperature in humans varies during the course of the day, with the lowest temperatures occurring at night. The temperature regulators set point is readjusted in adult women at the start of the phase of the menstrual cycle. The temperature regulators set point is reset during infections to produce a fever, Homeostasis does not govern every activity in the body. For instance the signal from the sensor to the effector is, of necessity, highly variable in order to information about the direction. Similarly the effector’s response needs to be adjustable to reverse the error – in fact it should be very nearly in proportion to the error that is threatening the internal environment. The sensors send messages via sensory nerves to the medulla oblongata of the brain indicating whether the pressure has fallen or risen. One of the effector organs is the heart rate is stimulated to rise when the arterial blood pressure falls. Thus the heart rate is not homeostatically controlled, but is one of effector responses to errors in the blood pressure. Another example is the rate of sweating, the blood urea concentration is an example
21.
Diving chamber
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There are two basic types of submersible diving chamber differentiated by the way in which the pressure in the diving chamber is produced and controlled. The compartment may be enough to fully accommodate the divers above the water, or may be smaller. Internal air pressure is at the pressure of the water surface. The breathing gas supply for the bell may be self-contained, or more usually, supplied from the surface via flexible hose. Such chambers provide a supply of oxygen for the user, and are usually called hyperbaric chambers whether used underwater or at the surface or on land to produce underwater pressures. However, some use submersible chamber to refer to those used underwater, when used underwater there are two ways to prevent water flooding in when the submersible hyperbaric chambers hatch is opened. The hatch could open into a moon pool chamber, and then its internal pressure must first be equalised to that of the pool chamber. More commonly the hatch opens into an airlock, in which case the main chambers pressure can stay constant. This common design is called a chamber, and is used in submarines, submersibles. Another arrangement utilises a dry airlock between a sealable hyperbaric compartment and a diving bell compartment. The greatest depth reached using a chamber is about 1500 m. In addition to the bell and hyperbaric chamber, related diving equipment includes the following. Underwater habitat, consists of operating under the same principles as diving bells and diving chambers. Submersibles and submarines differ in being able to move under their own power, the interiors are usually maintained at surface pressure, but some examples include air locks and internal hyperbaric chambers. There is also other deep diving equipment which has atmospheric internal pressure, including, Bathysphere, benthoscope, a successor to the bathysphere built to go to greater depths. Bathyscaphe, a submersible vessel able to adjust its own buoyancy for exploring extreme depths. As well as transporting divers, a diving chamber carries tools and equipment, high pressure cylinders for emergency breathing gas supply. It provides a dry air environment during extended dives for rest, eating meals, carrying out tasks which cant be done underwater
22.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
23.
Robert F. Kennedy
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Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, commonly known by his initials RFK, was an American politician from Massachusetts. He served as the United States junior senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was previously the 64th U. S. Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, serving under his older brother President John F. Kennedy and his successor, Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and is seen as an icon of modern American liberalism. After serving in the United States Naval Reserve as a Seaman Apprentice from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy graduated from Harvard University, prior to entering public office, he worked as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Joe McCarthy. Kennedy was the manager for his brother John in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed Attorney General after the election and served as the closest adviser to the president from 1961 to 1963. His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the Civil Rights Movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, after his brothers assassination, he remained in office in the Johnson administration for a few months. He left to run for the United States Senate in New York in 1964, in 1968, Kennedy was a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency, he appealed especially to poor, African-American, Hispanic, Catholic and young voters. Robert F. Kennedy was born on November 20,1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts and his older brothers were Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. and John F. Jack Kennedy, who was elected the 35th President of the United States in 1960. His younger brother was longtime United States Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy, all four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a businessman and a leading Irish Catholic figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr. expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedys hopes fell on his son, John. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a role in the familys political ambitions. Kennedys older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John would take him for walks and regale him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, John sometimes referred to Robert as Black Robert due to his prudishness and disposition. He described his position in the hierarchy by saying, When you come from that far down
24.
White House Press Secretary
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The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the presidents administration and issues the administrations reactions to developments around the world. The press secretary interacts with the media, and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis and it was not until after President Abraham Lincolns administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary. Ulysses S. Grants White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000. As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, one of Abraham Lincolns private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House. He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard, andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania. It should be noted that while various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. For example, the Gazette of the United States won an early U. S. Treasury contract and was supportive of then-President Washington, the media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected as President of the United States. Between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size, the number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines. The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president, Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom in 1886. President Cleveland relied on his secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus. The debate over the coverage of Grover Clevelands honeymoon is not dissimilar from disagreements between the first family and the press within the last decade. Even before he was president, then-Senator Obama became irritated with his campaign press pool when he felt they were too close to him, at the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a reporter, auditioned for a job at the Washington Evening Star by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories. He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the President, competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the White House beat. Some point to this as the origins of a more formal White House Press Corps. When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk. Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House, Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the President and other staffers, which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era. The White House beat concept that had started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration
25.
Pierre Salinger
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Pierre Emil George Salinger was an American politician, author and journalist. He served as the White House Press Secretary to U. S. Presidents John F. Kennedy, Salinger served as a United States Senator in 1964 and was campaign manager for the 1968 Robert F. Kennedy presidential campaign. Salinger was born in San Francisco, California and his father, Herbert Salinger, was a New York City-born mining engineer, and his mother, Jehanne, was a French-born journalist. Salingers mother was Catholic and his father was Jewish and his maternal grandfather was Pierre Biétry, a member of the French National Assembly, who became known for his vigorous defense of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongly convicted of treason in 1894. His defense of Dreyfus was so impassioned at times during the trial that the Assembly had to be shut down for the day, after the evidence and court found Dreyfus innocent and he was released from life-imprisonment on Devils Island, Dreyfus became a symbol of injustice and right-wing repression. Bietry died in Indochina at the age of thirty-nine, Salinger was considered a child prodigy in music who played on a grand piano even before he learned to read. When they discovered his talent at the piano, after they had moved to Canada, his parents enrolled him in the Toronto Conservatory of Music. He recalls, Each weekday, a tutor came to the house for three hours of instruction, and when she left, I was free to practice the piano for four or five hours. He gave his first public concert when he was six, and was considered a concert pianist and he continued studying piano after they returned to San Francisco where by that time he was able play scores by Bach, Debussy, Beethoven and George Gershwin, whom he once met. But when he was twelve, his mother told him that his piano studies was isolating him from society. She suggested he spend a year away from piano to engage in social activities. He did, but never returned to his goal of becoming a pianist. President Lyndon B. Johnson once had Salinger perform on the piano to 600 of his guests. If Jackie Kennedy was the one who thought maybe America was ready for a culture, her ally in it or her agent was Pierre, said Richard Reeves, author of President Kennedy. Salinger attended public magnet Lowell High School in San Francico, at sixteen, he later went to San Francisco State University from 1941 to 1943, during which time he became managing editor and columnist for the student newspaper. He left SF State to enlist in the United States Navy in July 1943 and he distinguished himself during Typhoon Louise in Okinawa by making a daring rescue of some men stranded on a reef. For this act he received the Navy and Marine Corps medal, after serving with the United States Navy to Lieutenant, junior grade during World War II, Salinger finished his studies at the University of San Francisco, earning a BS in 1947. Salinger then began his career as a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle
26.
Richard Cushing
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Richard James Cushing was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Boston from 1944 to 1970, and was created a cardinal in 1958, cushings main role was as fundraiser and builder of new churches, schools, and institutions. He was on terms with practically the entire Boston elite. Cushing built useful relationships with Jews, Protestants, and institutions outside the usual Catholic community and he helped presidential candidate John F. Kennedy deflect fears of papal interference in American government if a Catholic became president. Cushings high energy level allowed him to meet many people all day. Cushing was not efficient at business affairs, and when built up he counted on his fund-raising skills instead of cost-cutting. Cushing, says Nasaw, was “fun-loving, informal, and outgoing. He looked rather like a tough, handsome, Irish cop and behaved more like a politician than a high church cleric. ”His major weakness in retrospect was overexpansion. Cushing was born in South Boston on August 24,1895, the third of five children, he was the son of Patrick and Mary Cushing. His parents were both Irish immigrants, his father was originally from Glanworth, County Cork, and his mother from Touraneena, County Waterford. His father, who came to the United States in 1880, worked as a blacksmith, Cushing received his early education at Perry Public Grammar School in the City Point section of South Boston, since there was then no parochial school for boys in Gate of Heaven Parish. Cushing dropped out of school in his freshman year because of his compulsive truancy. He subsequently entered Boston College High School, a Jesuit college preparatory school and his tuition there was paid by his cousin, who was a priest of the Archdiocese of New York. He graduated from school in 1913, receiving honors for Latin. Cushing was torn for a time between religion and politics and he originally wanted to be a politician, even earning money by speaking for politicians from the back of wagons. He twice considered joining the Jesuits, but came to the conclusion he was cut out more for the active life and he entered Boston College in 1913, becoming a member of the first freshman class following the colleges move to Chestnut Hill. At Boston College, he was active in the Marquette Debating Society, following the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, Cushing enlisted in the United States Army but was medically discharged for his asthma after a few weeks. After attending Boston College for two years, he began his studies for the priesthood at St. Johns Seminary in Brighton in September 1915
27.
Lee Radziwill
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Caroline Lee Radziwill is an American socialite, public relations executive, interior decorator, and former actress. She is the sister of the late First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. Her niece Caroline Bouvier Kennedy is named after her and she was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1996. Caroline Lee Bouvier was born in Southampton, New York to stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III, Radziwill has been married three times. Her first marriage, in April 1953, was to Michael Temple Canfield, canfields biological mother was the American socialite Kiki Preston. It was rumored that his father was Prince George, Duke of Kent. Caroline and Canfield divorced in 1959, and the marriage was annulled by the Roman Catholic Church in November 1962 and their marriage ended in divorce in 1974. They had two children, Anthony and Christina Tina, on September 23,1988, Radziwill became the second wife of American film director and choreographer Herbert Ross. They divorced in 2001, shortly before his death and she reverted to the use of her second husbands surname. In the 1960s, Radziwill attempted to forge a career as an actress and her acting attempt was unsuccessful if highly publicized. She received dismal reviews in the 1967 production of The Philadelphia Story, the play was staged at the Ivanhoe Theatre in Chicago, and Radziwills performance was widely panned. A year later, she appeared in an adaptation of the Hollywood film Laura. She visited India and Pakistan along with her elder sister Jacqueline Kennedy in March 1962 and she herself worked briefly as an interior decorator in a style much influenced by her association with Mongiardino. Her clientele were the wealthy, she decorated a house for people who would not be there more than three days a year. She frequented celebrity company, including travelling with the Rolling Stones during The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972, for some years, Radziwill was a public relations executive for Giorgio Armani, the Italian fashion designer. She received the Légion dhonneur from the French government in 2008 and her Paris and Manhattan apartments were featured in the April 2009 issue of Elle Décor magazine. She was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by the Guardian in March 2013 and she was interviewed by producer Sofia Coppola for a June 2013 blog article about Coppolas film The Bling Ring and about the loss of privacy. In 1973, Radziwill hired documentary filmmakers Albert and David Maysles to work on a film about the Bouvier family, the Beales lived in a rambling, decaying home in East Hampton, New York, and were supported by other members of the family
28.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston is an ecclesiastical territory or Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the New England region of the United States. It comprises several counties of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and it is led by a prelate archbishop who serves as pastor of the mother church, Cathedral of the Holy Cross in the South End of Boston. As of 2009, there are 292 parishes in the archdiocese, in 2007, the archdiocese estimated that 1.8 million Catholics were in the territory, of whom about 315,000 regularly attended Mass. The original Diocese of Boston was canonically erected on April 8,1808 by Pope Pius VII and it took its territories from the larger historic Diocese of Baltimore and consisted of the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. On February 12,1875, Pope Pius IX elevated the diocese to the rank of an archdiocese, in the 1920s, Cardinal William OConnell moved the chancery from offices near Holy Cross Cathedral in the South End to 127 Lake Street in Brighton. Lake Street became shorthand for the Bishop and the office of the Archdiocese, in September 2003, the Archdiocese settled over 500 abuse-related claims for $85 million. In June 2004, the residence and the chancery in Brighton and surrounding lands were sold to Boston College. The offices of the Archdiocese were moved to Braintree, Massachusetts, the diocesan seminary, Saint Johns Seminary, remains on the property in Brighton. The diocesan newspaper The Pilot has been published in Boston since 1829, the Archdioceses Catholic Television Center, founded in 1955, produces programs and operates the cable television network CatholicTV. From 1964 to 1966, it owned and operated a broadcast television station under the call letters WIHS-TV, the Archdiocese of Boston is also metropolitan see for the Ecclesiastical province of Boston. This means that the archbishop of Boston is the metropolitan for the province, the Archdiocese of Boston is divided into five pastoral regions, each headed by an episcopal vicar. The following are lists of the Bishops and Archbishops of Boston, Auxiliaries of Boston, also included are other priests of this diocese who served elsewhere as bishop. † = deceased † Jean-Louis Lefebvre de Cheverus appointed Bishop of Montauban, created Cardinal in 1836, † Cardinal Humberto Sousa Medeiros died Cardinal Bernard Francis Law resigned, appointed Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in 2004, retired on November 21,2011. In 1993 the archdiocese had 53,569 students in 195 archdiocesean parochial schools, Boston had the largest number of parochial schools,48 schools with a combined total of about 16,000 students. Eugene F. Sullivan Sr. Kathleen Carr, CSJ Mary Grassa ONeill Mary E. Moran Kathleen Power Mears Cardinal Cushing High School, South Boston Christopher Columbus High School
29.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassination of an American President. The Committee was not able to identify any individuals or groups involved with the conspiracy, in addition, the HSCA found that the original federal investigations were seriously flawed in respect of information-sharing and the possibility of conspiracy. As recommended by the HSCA, the evidence indicating conspiracy was subsequently re-examined and rejected. However, Kennedys assassination is still the subject of debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group of conspirators was responsible for the assassination, President Kennedy traveled to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22, the White House staff informed the Secret Service that the President would arrive there via a short flight from Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth to Dallas Love Field. Leaving from Dallas Love Field,45 minutes had been allotted for the motorcade to reach the Trade Mart at an arrival time of 12,15 p. m. The actual route was chosen to be a meandering 10-mile route between the two places, which could be driven slowly in the allotted time, on November 14, both men attended a meeting at Love Field and drove over the route that Sorrels believed best suited for the motorcade. From Love Field, the route passed through a portion of Dallas, through Downtown along Main Street. The planned route to the Trade Mart was widely reported in Dallas newspapers several days before the event, for the benefit of people who wished to view the motorcade. The route on Main Street precluded a direct turn onto the Fort Worth Turnpike exit, the Texas School Book Depository was situated at this corner of Houston and Elm. Three vehicles were used for Secret Service and police protection in the Dallas motorcade, the first car, an unmarked white Ford, carried Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry, Secret Service Agent Win Lawson, Sheriff Bill Decker and Dallas Field Agent Forrest Sorrels. The second car, a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, held driver Agent Bill Greer, SAIC Roy Kellerman, Governor John Connally, Nellie Connally, President Kennedy, Secret Service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. By the time the motorcade reached Dealey Plaza, they were five minutes away from their planned destination. At 12,30 p. m. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you and those were the last words ever spoken by John F. Kennedy
30.
Holyhood Cemetery
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Holyhood Cemetery is a cemetery located in Brookline, Massachusetts. Laid out in 1857, the cemetery was designed to reflect the rural cemetery movement begun at Cambridges Mount Auburn Cemetery and it was the first such cemetery in Brookline. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, most of the cemetery has the layout typical of rural cemeteries, with winding lanes and attractive landscaping. One section, known as the German Acre and located near the entrance, has a more traditional rectilinear form, the cemetery chapel, built 1859-62, is set on a hill near its center, and was designed by Patrick Keely, a noted architect of Catholic churches. It is a Gothic Revival structure, built out of puddingstone and it is best known for being the final resting places of Joseph and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, and their daughter, Rosemary Kennedy. Holyhood is also the resting place of golfer Francis Ouimet. The cemetery contains one Commonwealth war burial, of an American-born Royal Air Force Cadet of World War I William Becker Hagan, National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts Holyhood Cemetery Association
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Brookline, Massachusetts
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Brookline /ˈbrʊkˌlaɪn/ is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, in the United States, and is a part of Greater Boston. Brookline borders six of Bostons neighborhoods, Brighton, Allston, Fenway–Kenmore, Mission Hill, Jamaica Plain, the city of Newton lies to the west of Brookline. At the 2010 census, the population of the town was 58,732, Brookline was first settled in 1638 as a hamlet in Boston, but was incorporated as a separate town in 1705. Brookline is especially notable as the birthplace and hometown of John F. Kennedy, Brookline was known as the hamlet of Muddy River and was considered part of Boston until the Town of Brookline was independently incorporated in 1705. It is said that the name derives from a farm once owned by Judge Samuel Sewall. According to the United States Census Bureau, Brookline has an area of 6.8 sq mi. The northern part of Brookline, roughly north of the D-line tracks, is urban in character, as highly walkable, Brookline borders Newton to the west and Boston in all other directions, it is therefore non-contiguous with any other part of Norfolk County. Brookline separates the bulk of the city of Boston from its westernmost neighborhoods of Allston–Brighton, Brookline falls under the USDA 6b Plant Hardiness zone. As of the census of 2010, there were 58,732 people,24,891 households, the population density was 8,701.0 people per square mile. There were 26,448 housing units at a density of 3,889.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 73. 3% White,3. 4% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,15. 6% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 01% from other races, and 3. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 0% of the population,36. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was out with 16. 6% under the age of 18,11. 7%, from 18 to 24,37. 3% from 25 to 44,21. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 82.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males, the median income for a household in the town was $66,711, and the median income for a family was $92,993. Males had an income of $56,861 versus $43,436 for females. The per capita income for the town was $44,327
32.
Medical ventilator
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While modern ventilators are computerized machines, patients can be ventilated with a simple, hand-operated bag valve mask. Ventilators are chiefly used in intensive care medicine, home care, medical ventilators are sometimes colloquially called respirators, a term which stems from commonly used devices in the 1950s. In the present-day medical field the word refers to a protective face mask. The air reservoir is pneumatically compressed several times a minute to deliver room-air, or in most cases, if a turbine is used, the turbine pushes air through the ventilator, with a flow valve adjusting pressure to meet patient-specific parameters. Ventilators may also be equipped with monitoring and alarm systems for patient-related parameters and ventilator function, backup batteries, oxygen tanks, the pneumatic system is nowadays often replaced by a computer-controlled turbopump. Modern ventilators are electronically controlled by an embedded system to allow exact adaptation of pressure. Fine-tuned ventilator settings also serve to make ventilation more tolerable and comfortable for the patient, in Canada, and the United States, respiratory therapists are responsible for tuning these settings while biomedical technologists are responsible for the maintenance. The patient circuit usually consists of a set of three durable, yet lightweight plastic tubes, separated by function, determined by the type of ventilation needed, the patient-end of the circuit may be either noninvasive or invasive. Noninvasive methods, which are adequate for patients who require a ventilator only while sleeping and resting, Mechanical ventilators are therefore carefully designed so that no single point of failure can endanger the patient. They may have manual backup mechanisms to enable hand-driven respiration in the absence of power and they may also have safety valves, which open to atmosphere in the absence of power to act as an anti-suffocation valve for the spontaneously breathing patient. Other forms of ventilators, also used widely for polio patients, include Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation, the rocking bed. In 1949, John Haven Emerson developed a mechanical assister for anesthesia with the cooperation of the department at Harvard University. Mechanical ventilators began to be used increasingly in anesthesia and intensive care during the 1950s and their development was stimulated both by the need to treat polio patients and the increasing use of muscle relaxants during anesthesia. Electric motors were, however, a problem in the theatres of that time, as their use caused an explosion hazard in the presence of flammable anesthetics such as ether. In 1952, Roger Manley of the Westminster Hospital, London, developed a ventilator which was entirely gas driven and it was an elegant design, and became a great favourite with European anesthetists for four decades, prior to the introduction of models controlled by electronics. It was independent of electrical power, and caused no explosion hazard, the original Mark I unit was developed to become the Manley Mark II in collaboration with the Blease company, who manufactured many thousands of these units. Its principle of operation was simple, an incoming gas flow was used to lift a weighted bellows unit. The inflation pressure could be varied by sliding the movable weight on top of the bellows, the volume of gas delivered was adjustable using a curved slider, which restricted bellows excursion
33.
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
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Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is a phospholipid consisting of two palmitic acids attached of a phosphatidylcholine head-group and is the major constituent of many pulmonary surfactants. It is zwitterionic by virtue of having a charge on the phosphate group. It is thought that a lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase may play a role in its synthesis. The identity of this acyltransferase has not yet been confirmed, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is an exception to the rule of thumb that biological phospholipids are synthesized with a saturated fat at the R1 position and an unsaturated fat at the R2 position. It is also used for purposes in studying liposomes, lipid bilayers
34.
Clint Hill (Secret Service)
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Clinton J. Clint Hill is a former United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963, in Dallas, Texas. This action was documented in the Zapruder film, Hill is the last surviving passenger of the presidential limousine that arrived at Parkland Hospital. Hill was born in Larimore, North Dakota, to a Norwegian mother and his birth parents homesteaded near Roseglen. At three months of age, he was placed in an orphanage in Fargo, where he was adopted by another Norwegian family in Chris, originally named Haugen, the family later changed its name to the English version of the name, Haugen means the hill in Norwegian. Hills new family took him to Washburn, where he graduated from Washburn High School. He also attended Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota, where he played football, studied history, after college, Hill joined the Army and became a Counterintelligence Special Agent where he served until 1957. After the Army, Hill joined the Secret Service and was assigned to the Denver Secret Service office, in 1958, Hill served on the detail for President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States, Hill was assigned to protect the First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy. President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22,1963, in Dallas, Texas, during a motorcade through the city, the President and Mrs. Kennedy were riding in an open limousine containing three rows of seats. Hill was riding on the front running board of the Secret Service car immediately behind the presidential limousine. As soon as the shooting began, Hill began running to overtake the moving car in front of him and he climbed from the rear bumper, crawling over the trunk to the back seat where the President and First Lady were located. In the moments immediately after the fatal shots Mrs. Kennedy was seen climbing out of the seat towards the trunk. Hill pushed her back into the car and covered her and the wounded president with his body. Hill, along with Secret Service agents Kellerman, Greer, and Rufus Youngblood, provided testimony to the Warren Commission in Washington, D. C. on March 9,1964. Hill grabbed a small handrail on the rear of the trunk. He had repeated this wish only a few days before, during his visit to Tampa, the notion that the Presidents instructions in Tampa jeopardized his security in Dallas has since been denied by Hill and other agents. Regardless of Kennedys statement, photos taken of the motorcade along earlier segments of the route show Hill riding on the step at the back of the car. As an alternate explanation, fellow agent Gerald Blaine cites the location of the shooting, We were going into a freeway, so we would not have had any agents there anyway
35.
Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
36.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
37.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
