1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
Vermont
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, sights in Vermont Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
3.
Bernie Sanders
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Bernard Bernie Sanders is an American politician who has been the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007. Sanders is the longest serving independent in U. S. congressional history, Sanders became the ranking minority member on the Senate Budget Committee in January 2015, he had previously been chair of the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee for two years. Since January 2017, he has been Chair of the Senate Democratic Outreach Committee, a self-described democratic socialist, Sanders is pro-labor and emphasizes reversing economic inequality. Many scholars consider his views to be more in line with social democracy, Sanders was born and raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1964. While a student he was an active protest organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality, after settling in Vermont in 1968, Sanders ran unsuccessful third-party campaigns for governor and U. S. senator in the early to mid-1970s. As an independent, he was elected mayor of Burlington—Vermonts most populous city of 42,417 in 2010—in 1981 and he went on to be reelected as mayor three times. In 1990, he was elected to represent Vermonts at-large congressional district in the U. S. House of Representatives and he served as a congressman for 16 years before being elected to the U. S. Senate in 2006. In 2012, he was reelected with 71% of the popular vote, polls indicate that he is among the senators most popular with their constituents, ranking third in 2014 and first in both 2015 and 2016. Sanders rose to prominence following his 2010 filibuster against the Middle Class Tax Relief Act of 2010. Sanders has long been critical of U. S. foreign policy and was an early and outspoken opponent of the Iraq War, the First Gulf War, Sanders announced his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination on April 30,2015. Initially considered a shot, Sanders won 23 primaries and caucuses. His campaign was noted for the enthusiasm of its supporters, as well as his rejection of large donations from corporations, the financial industry, and any associated Super PAC. In November 2016, Sanderss book Our Revolution, A Future to Believe In was released, upon its release, it was on The New York Times best-seller list at number 3. In 2016 Sanders formed an organization, Our Revolution, to educate voters about issues, get people involved in the political process. In February 2017, Sanders began webcasting The Bernie Sanders Show on Facebook, Bernard Sanders was born on September 8,1941, in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, Elias Sanders, was born on September 14,1904, in Słopnice, Poland, to a Jewish family, in 1921, the 17-year-old Elias immigrated to the United States, where he became a paint salesman. His mother, Dorothy Sanders, was born in New York City on October 2,1912, to Jewish immigrant parents from Poland, many of Eliass relatives back in Poland were killed in the Holocaust. Sanders became interested in politics at an age, A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932
4.
George Aiken
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George David Aiken was an American farmer and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he was the 64th Governor of Vermont before serving in the United States Senate for 34 years, at the time of his retirement, he was the senior member of the Senate. As Governor Aiken battled the New Deal over its programs for hydroelectric power, as a northeastern Republican in the Senate, he was one of four Republican cosponsors of the Full Employment Act of 1946. Aiken sponsored the food allotment bill of 1945, which was a forerunner of the stamp program. He promoted federal aid to education, and sought to establish a minimum wage of 65 cents in 1947, Aiken was an isolationist in 1941 but supported the Truman Doctrine in 1947 and the Marshall Plan in 1948. In the 1960s and 1970s, he steered a course on the Vietnam war, opposing Johnsons escalation. Aiken was a supporter of the small farmer. As acting chairman of the Senate agriculture committee in 1947, he opposed high rigid price supports and he had to compromise however, and the Hope-Aiken act of 1948 introduced a sliding scale of price supports. George David Aiken was born in Dummerston, Vermont, to Edward Webster, Aiken received his early education in the public schools of Putney, and graduated from Brattleboro High School in 1909. Aiken developed a strong interest in agriculture at an early age, in 1912, he borrowed $100 to plant a patch of raspberries, within five years, his plantings grew to five hundred acres and included a nursery. During 1913 -1917, Aiken grew small fruits in Putney with George M. Darrow as Darrow & Aiken, in 1926, Aiken became engaged in the commercial cultivation of wildflowers. He published Pioneering With Wildflowers in 1933 and Pioneering With Fruits and he also served as president of the Vermont Horticultural Society and of the Windham County Farm Bureau. In 1914, Aiken married Beatrice Howard, to whom he remained married until her death in 1966, the couple had three daughters, Dorothy Howard, Marjorie Evelyn, and Barbara Marion, and one son, Howard Russell. In 1967 Aiken married his administrative assistant, Lola Pierotti. Lola Aiken remained active in Republican politics until her death in 2014 at age 102, Aiken served as school director of Putney from 1920 to 1937. A Republican, he ran for the Vermont House of Representatives in 1922. However, eight years later, he won election to the Vermont House, three preceding generations of his family had also served in the state legislature. As a state representative, he known for his opposition to the private power companies over the issue of flood control
5.
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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The president pro tempore of the United States Senate, also president pro tem, is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Unlike the vice president, the president pro tempore is a member of the Senate. Selected by the Senate at large, the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges, during the vice presidents absence, the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. Since 1890, the most senior senator in the majority party has generally chosen to be president pro tempore. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949, the current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6,2015, he is the 90th person to serve in this office, although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. The president pro tempore is third in the line of succession, following the vice president. Additional duties include appointment of various officers, certain commissions, advisory boards. The officeholder is an ex member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol, the office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year, originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions. Until 1891, the president pro tempore only served until the return of the president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of succession following the vice president. When President Andrew Johnson, who had no president, was impeached and tried in 1868. Wades radicalism is thought by historians to be a major reason why the Senate. The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker, William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress, a tenure longer than anyone else
6.
Ted Stevens
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Theodore Fulton Ted Stevens Sr. was a United States Senator from Alaska, whose tenure extended from December 24,1968, until January 3,2009. He was thus the longest serving Republican senator in history at the time he left office, his record was surpassed in January 2017 by Orrin Hatch of Utah. He was President pro tempore in the 108th and 109th Congresses from January 3,2003, to January 3,2007, Stevens served for six decades in the American public sector, beginning with his service in World War II. In 1952, his law career took him to Fairbanks, Alaska, in 1956, he returned to Washington D. C. to work in the Eisenhower Interior Department, where he played an important role in bringing about statehood for Alaska. He was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1964, in 1968, Stevens ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for U. S. Senate, but was appointed to Alaskas other Senate seat when it became vacant later that year. He was also known for his sponsorship of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, in 2008, Stevens was embroiled in a federal corruption trial as he ran for re-election to the Senate. He was found guilty, and eight days later was defeated at the polls. Stevens is the most senior U. S, Senator to have ever lost a reelection bid. However, prior to sentencing, the indictment was dismissed—effectively vacating the conviction—when a Justice Department probe found evidence of prosecutorial misconduct. Many have argued the prosecution was unfair and politically motivated, Stevens died on August 9,2010, when a de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter he and several others were flying in crashed en route to a private fishing lodge. The family later lived in Chicago, where George Stevens was an accountant before losing his job during the Great Depression, the only adult in the household with a job was Stevenss grandfather. Stevens helped to support the family by working as a newsboy, and would later remember selling many newspapers on March 1,1932, in 1934 Stevenss grandfather punctured a lung in a fall down a tall flight of stairs, contracted pneumonia, and died. Stevenss father, George, died in 1957 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Stevens and his cousin Patricia moved to Manhattan Beach, California, to live with Patricias mother, Gladys Swindells. After graduating from school in 1942, Stevens enrolled at Oregon State University to study engineering, attending for a semester. With World War II in progress, Stevens attempted to join the Navy and serve in Naval Aviation and he corrected his vision through a course of prescribed eye exercises, and in 1943 he was accepted into an Army Air Force Air Cadet program at Montana State College. After scoring near the top of an aptitude test for training, Stevens was transferred to preflight training in Santa Ana, California. Stevens served in the China-Burma-India theater with the Fourteenth Air Force Transport Section and he and other pilots in the transport section flew C-46 and C-47 transport planes, often without escort, mostly in support of Chinese units fighting the Japanese. Stevens received the Distinguished Flying Cross for flying behind enemy lines, the Air Medal, and he was discharged from the Army Air Forces in March 1946
7.
Daniel Inouye
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Daniel Ken Dan Inouye was a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1963 to 2012. Inouye also served as chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Inouye fought in World War II as part of the 442nd Infantry Regiment. He lost his arm to a grenade wound and received several military decorations, including the nations highest military award. Returning to Hawaii, he earned a law degree and was elected to Hawaiis territorial House of Representatives in 1953, and to the territorial Senate in 1957. When Hawaii achieved statehood in 1959, Inouye was elected as its first member of the U. S. House of Representatives, Inouye was the most senior U. S. senator at the time of his death. He is one of the longest-serving U. S, senators in history, second only to Robert Byrd. Inouye was the first Japanese American to serve in the U. S. House of Representatives and he never lost an election in 58 years as an elected official, and exercised an exceptionally large influence on Hawaii politics. At the time of his death, Inouye was the second-oldest sitting U. S. senator, seven and one-half months younger than Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey and he was a Medal of Honor recipient and a posthumous recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Daniel Inouye was born on September 7,1924, in Honolulu, Hawaii and he was a Nisei Japanese American, the son of a Japanese immigrant father and a mother whose parents had migrated from Japan. He grew up in the Bingham Tract, a Chinese-American enclave in the predominantly Japanese American community of Mōʻiliʻili in Honolulu, Inouye graduated from Honolulus President William McKinley High School. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Inouye served as a medical volunteer, in 1943, when the U. S. Army dropped its enlistment ban on Japanese Americans, Inouye curtailed his premedical studies at the University of Hawaii and enlisted in the Army. He volunteered to be part of the segregated all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team and this army formation was mostly made up of second-generation Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. Inouye was promoted to sergeant within his first year, and he was assigned as a platoon sergeant and he received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant for his actions there, becoming the youngest officer in his regiment. He continued to carry the coins throughout the war in his pocket as good luck charms. On April 21,1945, Inouye was grievously wounded while leading an assault on a heavily defended ridge near San Terenzo in Tuscany, Italy, called the Colle Musatello. The ridge served as a strongpoint of the German fortifications known as the Gothic Line, as he led his platoon in a flanking maneuver, three German machine guns opened fire from covered positions 40 yards away, pinning his men to the ground. Inouye stood up to attack and was shot in the stomach, ignoring his wound, he proceeded to attack and destroy the first machine gun nest with hand grenades and his Thompson submachine gun. As his squad distracted the third machine gunner, Inouye crawled toward the final bunker, Inouyes horrified soldiers moved to his aid, but he shouted for them to keep back out of fear his severed fist would involuntarily relax and drop the grenade
8.
Orrin Hatch
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Orrin Grant Hatch is an American politician who is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate, since January 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he serves as the senior United States Senator for Utah, in office since 1977, Hatch is the most senior Republican Senator, the second-most senior Senator overall, after Democrat Patrick Leahy of Vermont, who has served since 1975. Having served for 40 years,93 days, Hatch is the longest-serving Republican Senator in U. S. history, Hatch served as either the chairman or ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1993 to 2005. After the Republicans won control of the Senate during the 2014 midterms, Hatch became president pro tempore on January 6,2015, Orrin Grant Hatch was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and raised in the suburb of Baldwin. He is the son of Jesse Hatch, and his wife Helen Frances Hatch and his great-grandfather Jeremiah Hatch was the founder of Vernal, Utah. Hatch, the first in his family to college, attended Brigham Young University. In 1962, he received a J. D. degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. While he was a law student, he worked as a janitor, a worker in the Wood, Wire and Metal Lathers Union. Hatch worked as an attorney in Pittsburgh and in Utah, in 1976, in his first run for public office, Hatch was elected to the United States Senate, defeating Democrat Frank Moss, a three-term incumbent. Among other issues, Hatch criticized Moss 18-year tenure in the Senate, Hatch argued that many Senators, including Moss, had lost touch with their constituents. In 1982 he defeated Mayor of Salt Lake City Ted Wilson by 17 points and he has not faced substantive opposition since, and has been reelected four times, including defeating Brian Moss, Frank Moss son, by 35 points in 1988. In 2007 he became the longest-serving Senator in Utah history, eclipsing previous record-holder Reed Smoot and he was among the first to rally conservative Christians and Mormons to the Republican Party, most notably on the right to life platform which he has supported for 35 years. After the defeat of Utahs Senator Bob Bennett in 2010, conjecture began as to whether six-term Senator Hatch would retire and it was also speculated that Congressman Jason Chaffetz would run against Hatch, though Chaffetz would later decline. In January 2011, Hatch announced his campaign for re-election, later, nine other Republicans, including former State Senator Dan Liljenquist and current State Legislator Chris Herrod, declared campaigns for U. S. Senator. At the Republican convention, Hatch failed to get the 60% vote needed to clinch the Republican nomination and it was Hatchs first primary competition since his election in 1976. The Democratic convention chose former state Senator and IBM executive, Scott Howell as the Democratic candidate, Hatch eventually retained his position with 65. 2% of the vote to Howells 30. 2%. In 2000, Hatch made a bid for the Republican presidential nomination. During the first Republican debate, Hatch made web usability a campaign issue and he claimed his website was more user-friendly than Bushs
9.
United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
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The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, informally the Senate Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States Senate, of the United States Congress. The Judiciary Committee, with 20 members, is in charge of conducting hearings prior to the Senate votes on confirmation of judges nominated by the president. In recent years, this role has made the committee increasingly a point of contention, with numerous party-line votes and standoffs over which judges should be approved. The committee also has a jurisdiction over matters relating to federal criminal law, as well as human rights, immigration law, intellectual property rights, antitrust law. It is also Senate procedure that all proposed Constitutional Amendments pass through the Judiciary Committee, the committee is one of the oldest in the Senate. It was initially created in 1816, source,2013 Congressional Record, Vol.159, Page S296 to 297 United States House Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Official Website
10.
Arlen Specter
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Arlen Specter was an American lawyer and politician who served as United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Specter was a Democrat from 1951 to 1965, then a Republican from 1965 until 2009, first elected in 1980, he represented his state in the Senate for 30 years. Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas, to emigrant Russian Jewish parents and he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and served with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School and opened a law firm with Marvin Katz, Specter served as assistant counsel for the Warren Commission investigating the assassination of John F. Kennedy and helped devise the single-bullet theory. In 1965, Specter was elected District Attorney of Philadelphia, a position that he would hold until 1973, during his 30-year senate career, Specter staked out a spot in the political center. In 2006, he was selected by Time as one of Americas Ten Best Senators, Specter lost his reelection bid in 2010 to Joe Sestak in the primary election, who then lost to Pat Toomey in the general election. Toomey succeeded Specter on January 3,2011, diagnosed with Hodgkins lymphoma in early 2005, he continued his work in the Senate while undergoing chemotherapy. He later died of complications of lymphoma on October 14,2012. Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas, the youngest child of Lillie and Harry Specter, Specter was Jewish, and wrote in his memoir, Passion for Truth, that his fathers family was the only Jewish family in the village. The family lived at 940 South Emporia Street in Wichita before moving to Russell, Kansas, Russell is also the hometown of fellow politician Bob Dole. Specter said that his father weighed items from his junkyard on a scale owned by Doles father Doran Dole and he said his brother Morton and Doles brother Kenny were contemporaries and friends. Specters father served in the U. S. infantry during World War I, during the Great Depression, Specters father was a fruit peddler, a tailor, and a junkyard owner. After graduating from Russell High School, Arlen Specter studied first at the University of Oklahoma and he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, majored in international relations, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1951. While at Penn, Specter was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity, Specter said the family moved to Philadelphia when his sister Shirley was of a marriageable age because there were no other Jews in Russell. In 1953, he married Joan Levy, in 1979, she was elected to one of the two allotted minority party at-large seats on the Philadelphia City Council. She held the seat for four terms, until she was defeated for re-election in 1995 by Frank Rizzo, Specter graduated from Yale Law School in 1956, while serving as editor of the Yale Law Journal. Afterward, Specter opened a law practice, Specter & Katz, with Marvin Katz, Specter became an assistant district attorney under District Attorney James C. Crumlish, Jr. and was a member of the Democratic Party, in 1965, Specter ran for Philadelphia district attorney against his former boss, incumbent James C
11.
Chuck Grassley
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Charles Ernest Chuck Grassley is the senior United States Senator from Iowa, serving since 1981. A member of the Republican Party, he served in the United States House of Representatives. Grassley was born in New Hartford, Iowa, the son of Ruth and Louis Arthur Grassley, at Iowa State Teachers College, he earned a B. A. in 1955 and an M. A. in 1956. During his time as a student, Grassley joined the social-professional Alpha Gamma Rho Fraternity, also during the 1950s, Grassley farmed and worked in factories in Iowa, first as a sheet metal shearer and then as an assembly line worker. He studied toward a Ph. D. in political science at the University of Iowa, in 1967–1968 Grassley taught at the now-defunct Charles City College. Grassley represented parts of Butler County in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1959 until 1975 and he then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1981. In July 2007, a Grassley-commissioned report was released claiming that more than US$1 billion in farm subsidies were sent to deceased individuals, Grassley was called a Taxpayer Super Hero in 2014 by the Council for Citizens Against Government Waste for his efforts to protect taxpayers. He received a 100 percent rating from the group that year and has a rating of 78 percent. Since 1976, Grassley has repeatedly introduced measures that increase the level of taxation on American citizens living abroad, critics of the amendment felt that the move hurt Americans competing for jobs abroad by putting an unnecessary tax burden on foreign employers. Others felt that the move was only to offset the deficit caused by domestic tax cuts of the Bush Administration. After some criticism, he dismissed the comments as rhetoric, in May 2009, Grassley cosponsored a resolution to amend the US Constitution to prohibit flag-burning. In December 2009, he voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as of December 2013, Grassley has cast 6,806 consecutive roll call votes, placing him second behind the all-time consecutive vote record holder, Senator William Proxmire. Grassley has not missed a call vote since 1993, when he was touring Iowa with President Bill Clinton to survey flood damage. He has, as of July 2012, cast almost 11,000 votes and had at that time only missed 35 votes in his Senate career, in June 2015, Grassley introduced legislation to help protect taxpayers from alleged abuses by the Internal Revenue Service. The legislation was proposed in response to recent events involving alleged inappropriate conduct by employees at the IRS, since first taking office in 1981, Grassley has held public meetings in all of Iowas 99 counties each year, even after losing honorarium payments for them in 1994. This has led to the coinage of the term full Grassley, Grassley has stated that he considers himself to be pro-life and has expressed concern regarding the potential for abortions to be paid for with federal funds. Grassley has expressed concern about the impact of regulations by the Environmental Protection Agency on farming, in September 2015, Grassley received the Dr. Harold D. Prior Friend of Iowa Wind Energy award from the Iowa Wind Energy Association for his commitment to supporting wind energy development in Iowa, also in 1992 Grassley authored the federal wind energy tax credit
12.
Jesse Helms
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Jesse Alexander Helms Jr. was an American politician and a leader in the conservative movement. He was elected five times as a Republican to the United States Senate from North Carolina, as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1995 to 2001 he had a major voice in foreign policy. Helms helped organize and fund the resurgence in the 1970s. Helms was the popularly elected Senator in North Carolinas history. He was widely credited with shifting the one-party state into a competitive two-party state and he successfully advocated the movement of conservatives from the Democratic Party – which they deemed too liberal – to the Republican Party. Helms was the most stridently conservative politician of the post-1960s era, Helms was credited by even his most critical opponents with providing excellent constituent services through his Senate office. As long-time chairman of the powerful Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he demanded a staunchly anti-communist foreign policy that would reward Americas friends abroad and his relations with the State Department were often acrimonious, and he blocked numerous presidential appointees. However, he worked smoothly with Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, in domestic affairs, Helms promoted industrial development in the South, seeking low taxes and few labor unions so as to attract northern and international corporations to relocate to North Carolina. On social issues, Helms was conservative and he was a master obstructionist who relished his nickname, Senator No. He combined cultural, social and economic conservatism, which helped his legislation win wide public support. Helms brought an aggressiveness to his conservatism, as in his rhetoric against homosexuality and he used racially charged language in his campaigns and editorials. The Almanac of American Politics once wrote that no American politician is more controversial, beloved in some quarters and hated in others, than Jesse Helms. Helms was born in 1921 in Monroe, North Carolina, where his father, nicknamed Big Jesse, Helms was of English ancestry on both sides. Helms briefly attended Wingate Junior College, now Wingate University, near Monroe, Helms met Dorothy Dot Coble, editor of the society page at The News & Observer, and they married in 1942. Helms first interest in politics came from conversations with his conservative father-in-law, in 1945, he and Dots first child Jane was born. Helmss first full-time job after college was as a reporter with The Raleigh Times. During World War II, Helms served stateside as a recruiter in the United States Navy, after the war, he pursued his twin interests of journalism and Democratic Party politics. Helms became the city editor of The Raleigh Times
13.
Richard Lugar
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Richard Green Dick Lugar is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as a United States senator, representing Indiana from 1977 to 2013. Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, Lugar is a graduate of Denison University and he served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967 before he was elected to two terms as Mayor of Indianapolis, serving from 1968 to 1976. During his tenure as Mayor, Lugar served as the President of the National League of Cities in 1971, in 1974, Lugar ran a failed campaign for the U. S. Senate, losing to incumbent Democratic senator Birch Bayh. He ran again in 1976, defeating Democratic incumbent Vance Hartke, Lugar was reelected in 1982,1988,1994,2000 and 2006. In 2012, Lugar was defeated in a challenge by Indiana State Treasurer Richard Mourdock. Mourdock went on to lose the election to Democrat Joe Donnelly. Lugar ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 1996, Lugar also twice served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, from 1995 to 2001 and briefly again in part of 2001. He is also the longest-serving senator in Indianas history and until his defeat was the most senior Republican member of the Senate, after leaving the Senate, Lugar created a nonprofit organization that specializes in the policy areas he pursued while in office. The Lugar Center focuses on food and energy security, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, located in Washington, D. C. the Center works with academics, experts, and policymakers in order to create proposals for these 21st century issues. The Center works to highlight these specific topics and their implications, Lugar is also a member of Partnership for a Secure Americas bipartisan Advisory Board. Richard Lugar was born on April 4,1932 in Indianapolis, Indiana and he is of part German descent. Lugar attended the Indianapolis Public School, during this time he attained the Boy Scouts highest rank, Eagle Scout. Later, he became a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America and he graduated first in his class at Shortridge High School in 1950 and from Denison University in 1954 where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. He went on to attend Pembroke College, Oxford, England, as a Rhodes Scholar, and received a bachelors degree. He served in the U. S. Navy from 1956 to 1960 and he achieved the rank of Lieutenant, Junior Grade. Lugar manages his familys 604-acre Marion County corn, soybean and tree farm, before entering public life, he helped his brother Tom manage the familys food machinery manufacturing business in Indianapolis. Lugar served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967, at the age of 35, he was elected mayor of Indianapolis in 1967, defeating incumbent Democrat John J. Barton, and began serving the first of two mayoral terms in 1968. A political cartoon of the time questioned how an Eagle Scout could survive in the world of politics and he is closely associated with the adoption of Unigov in 1970, which unified the governments of Indianapolis and Marion County
14.
Chittenden County, Vermont
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Chittenden County /ˈtʃɪtəndən/ is the most populous county in the U. S. state of Vermont. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,545, the countys population estimate for 2015 was 161,382. Its shire town is Vermonts most populous municipality, the city of Burlington, the county has over a quarter of the states population and more than twice the population of to Vermonts second most populous county of Rutland. The county also has more than twice the density of Vermonts second most dense county of Washington. The county is named for Vermonts first governor and one of the framers of its Constitution as a Republic and state, the county has most of Vermonts fastest growing municipalities. It is one of the three counties that comprise the Burlington metropolitan area, along with the counties of Franklin and Grand Isle to the north and northwest, respectively. The University of Vermont, Vermonts largest university, is located in the county, as well as its affiliated hospital, Vermonts largest private employer and largest airport are in the localities of Essex Junction and South Burlington, respectively. The Vermont National Guard is based at Camp Johnson in the town of Colchester while their Air Guard is based at the Burlington International Airport. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 619 square miles. It is the third-smallest county in Vermont by area, originally, Chittenden County contained parts of other counties. It included all of todays Franklin, Grand Isle, and Lamoille counties, and parts of todays Orleans, Washington, and Addison counties. The town of Underhill in Chittenden County is home to the highest summit within the state, Mount Mansfield, Census Estimates In 2014, there were 160,531 people, and 67,271 households. 24. 31% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 72% had someone living alone who was age 65 or older, average household size was 2.67 and average family size was 3.13. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 2. 2% of the population. In the county, age distribution was as follows,18. 7% under the age of 18,15. 23% from 18 to 24,32. 05% from 25 to 44,20. 82% from 45 to 64, the median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 94.06 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.30 males. In 2007, census department estimates that Chittenden had the youngest average age in the state,37.5 and this compares with the actual census in 2000 of 34.2 years. In 2008, about 29% of the population lives alone, 59% of households consist of families
15.
Montpelier, Vermont
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Montpelier /mɒntˈpiːliər/ is the capital city of the U. S. state of Vermont and the seat of Washington County. As the site of Vermonts state government, it is the least populous state capital in the United States, the population was 7,855 at the 2010 census. However, the population swells to about 21,000. The Vermont College of Fine Arts and New England Culinary Institute are located in the municipality and it was named for Montpellier, in southern France. The first permanent settlement began in May 1787, when Colonel Jacob Davis and General Parley Davis arrived from Charlton, General Davis surveyed the land, while Colonel Davis cleared forest and erected a large log house on the west side of the North Branch of the Winooski River. His family moved in the following winter, Colonel Davis selected the name Montpelier after the French city of Montpellier. There was an enthusiasm for things French as a result of the countrys aid to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War. The settlement grew quickly, and by 1791 the population reached 117, in 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette visited Montpelier on a triumphal tour of America,50 years after the Revolutionary War. The town developed into a center for manufacturing, especially after the Central Vermont Railway opened in Montpelier on June 20, falls on the Winooski River provided water power for mills. Ten thousand people turned out to greet Major General Philip Sheridan when he visited to address the annual meeting of Vermont former Union officers. He particularly thanked Vermont veterans of the Civil War for their performance at the Battle of Cedar Creek, the town had the first municipal water driven hydro system in Vermont in 1884. Water pressure generated sufficient electricity for streetlights, the state proclaimed October 12,1899, as Dewey Day to honor native son George Dewey, the hero of Battle of Manila Bay and the Spanish–American War. Thousands turned out from the state to his hometown of Montpelier for the celebration, Montpelier is located at 44°15′N 72°34′W in the north-central area of Vermont. The city center is a flat zone, surrounded by hills. Towne Hill runs in a 2-mile ridge along the edge of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.3 square miles. The Winooski River flows west along the edge of downtown village and is fed by several smaller tributaries that cut through residential districts. Montpelier is subject to flooding in the flat city center
16.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
17.
Saint Michael's College
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Saint Michaels College is a private Catholic college of approximately 2,000 undergraduate students located in Colchester, Vermont, in the United States. Saint Michaels grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in over 30 majors, the campus is 100 percent residential. In 1889, priests from the Society of Saint Edmund fled to the United States after widespread anticlericism seized France, in 1904, they opened Saint Michaels Institute with an initial investment of $5,000. Thirty-four students aged 10 to 22 enrolled, with a tuition, slowly, the school discontinued its high school program. Gradually, the school transitioned from an academy to a residential college. In 1939, graduate programs were offered for the first time, Saint Michael’s Playhouse was opened in 1947, bringing professional summer theater to Vermont, giving students the chance to work behind the scenes. Before the 1950s, classes at Saint Michaels were small, just a few dozen Michaelmen in any class, in the 1950s, the college expanded to hundreds of students per class. To manage the influx of GI Bill students after World War II, in the 1950s, the College began a building program that established the red brick architectural style which permeates campus today. In the 1950s, freshmen were required to wear a shirt, coat and tie to every class. All dorm students said the rosary before retiring, Saint Michaels Applied Linguistics Department was started in 1954, focusing on teaching English to students from around the world. About 130 refugees from the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 came to the college, most of them, already well-educated, came to learn English. In April 1970, the Board of Trustees approved a proposal by then-president Bernard Boutin to become a co-educational institution, in 1972, the first four female graduates of Saint Michaels received their degrees. The main campus is the original and largest, with most of the classrooms, administration buildings, the Quad is anchored by Durick Library to the west and the Chapel of Saint Michael the Archangel to the east. The three academic halls, Cheray Hall, Jeanmarie Hall, and Saint Edmunds Hall, along with the McCarthy Arts Center line the Quad to the south, the Alliot Student Center and the four underclass residence halls wall the Quad on the north. Standing at the gateway of the school, admission interviews with prospective students are held in Hoehl. Sloane also contains the Knights of the Round Table, a dining hall, as of the fall of 2012,1,928 undergraduate students, 52% female and 48% male, were enrolled at Saint Michaels College. 20% of the students are in-state, of the 80% out-of-state, undergraduate students at the college come from 35 states and 17 countries. Saint Michaels has 155 full-time faculty members, creating a 12,1 student to faculty ratio on campus, there are 439 graduate students who attend the college, over 90 percent are from Vermont
18.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
19.
Georgetown University
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Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. Georgetowns main campus is located on a hill above the Potomac River, the campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall, which is a National Historic Landmark. Georgetown offers degree programs in disciplines, enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries. The university is known for preparing leaders for careers in government. As of 2015, Georgetown produced more diplomats for the U. S, Foreign Service than any other school in the country, and has ranked second in the U. S. by the average number of graduates serving in the U. S. Congress. Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit-affiliated institution of education in the United States. The Jesuits have participated in the academic life, both as scholars and as administrators, since 1805, however, the university has always been governed independently of the church. At present, the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic, Georgetown is home to the countrys largest student-run business, as well as the largest student-run financial institution. Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in 1634, during most of the remainder of Marylands colonial period, Jesuits conducted Catholic schools clandestinely. It was not until after the end of the American Revolution that plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in the United States were realized, Carroll began meetings of local clergy in 1783 near Annapolis, Maryland, where they orchestrated the development of a new university. On January 23,1789, Carroll finalized the purchase of the property in Georgetown on which Dahlgren Quadrangle was later built, future Congressman William Gaston was enrolled as the schools first student on November 22,1791, and instruction began on January 2,1792. During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from financial strain. The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, the school relied on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a sale of some 272 slaves to two Deep South plantations from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding. In 1844, the received a corporate charter, under the name The President and Directors of Georgetown College. In response to the demand for an option for Roman Catholic students. The U. S. Civil War greatly affected Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, by the time of President Abraham Lincolns May 1861 visit to campus,1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. Due to the number of lives lost in the war, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war, only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade
20.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
21.
United States presidential line of succession
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The line of succession is delineated by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. To be eligible to serve as President, a person must be a natural-born U. S. citizen, at least thirty-five years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U. S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, the 1886 Act refers to such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named. The current act merely refers to officers appointed, by and with the advice, read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post. It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office, though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Harry S, the Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and the President pro tempore in line, in his speech supporting the changes, Truman noted that the House is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate. The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation, however, when the changes to the succession were signed into law, they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President. Some of Trumans critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then-current holder of the latter rank, Senator Kenneth McKellar. Further motivation may have been provided by Trumans preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession, rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr. The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, in Section 3 of the 20th Amendment, the current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947. Finally, Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect is eligible or available to serve. The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, clarified Article II, Section 1 and he or she becomes President if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office. The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled, the amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession, by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress. Until the disability be removed, or a President elected and this originally left open the question whether the same refers to the said office or only the powers and duties of the said office. Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, tylers view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title President, and this precedent was followed thereafter. The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other acting as President rather than becoming President
22.
United States presidential election, 1976
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The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2,1976. The winner was the relatively unknown Jimmy Carter, a former Governor from Georgia with his mate, Walter Mondale. Senator from Minnesota, the Democratic candidates, over the incumbent President Gerald Ford from Michigan and his mate, Bob Dole. Senator from Kansas, the Republican candidates, Ford was thus the only sitting President who had never been elected to national office. The race was so close that Ford was unable to secure the nomination until the Party Convention, Carter, who was less well known than other Democratic hopefuls, ran as a Washington outsider and reformer. He narrowly won the election, becoming the president to date ever elected from Georgia. It was an election as all four presidential and vice-presidential candidates would ultimately lose a presidential election. This would be the election in which the Democratic party would win in a 28 year period. Democratic candidates Jimmy Carter, former Governor of Georgia Morris Udall, representative from Arizona Jerry Brown, Governor of California George Wallace, Governor of Alabama Ellen McCormack, housewife from New York Frank Church, U. S. Senator from Idaho Henry M. Jackson, U. S, Senator from Washington Fred R. Harris, former U. S. Senator from Oklahoma Robert Byrd, U. S, Senator from West Virginia Milton Shapp, Governor of Pennsylvania Sargent Shriver, former U. S. Ambassador to France, from Maryland Birch Bayh, U. S. Senator from Indiana Lloyd Bentsen, U. S, Senator from Texas Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina Walter Fauntroy, U. S. The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976 to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one. Senator Jackson made a decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carters main challenger, however, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination, by June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot, Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal and political protégé of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate
23.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
24.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
25.
History of Vermont
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The history of Vermont begins more than a million years ago. Vermont was covered with shallow seas periodically from the Cambrian to Devonian periods, most of the sedimentary rocks laid down in these seas were deformed by mountain-building. Fossils, however, are common in the Lake Champlain region and this was replaced by Lake Vermont and the Champlain Sea, when the land had not yet rebounded from the weight of the glaciers which were sometimes 2 miles thick. Shells of salt-water mollusks, along with the bones of whales, have been found in the Lake Champlain region. Lake Vermont connected to a glacial lake near what is now the Great Lakes. They allowed western fish to enter the state, which is why Vermont has more species than any other New England State,78. About half of these are western in origin, little is known of the pre-Columbian history of Vermont. Between 8500 and 7000 BC, glacial activity created the saltwater Champlain Sea and this event caused lamprey, Atlantic salmon, and rainbow smelt to become landlocked. Native Americans inhabited and hunted in Vermont, from 7000 to 1000 BC was the Archaic Period. During that era, Native Americans migrated year-round, from 1000 BC to 1600 AD was the Woodland Period, when villages and trade networks were established, and ceramic and bow and arrow technology were developed. The western part of the state became home to a population of Algonquian-speaking tribes, including the Mohican. Between 1534 and 1609, the Iroquois Mohawks drove many of the native tribes out of the Champlain Valley, later using the area as a hunting ground. French explorer Samuel de Champlain claimed the area of what is now Lake Champlain, since in the French language adjectives normally come after the noun, the usual structure of this name would be les Monts Verts. However, when an adjective is intended to be emphasized, it may be placed before the noun, to aid and impress his new Abenaki allies, Champlain shot and killed an Iroquois chief with an arquebus, July 29,1609. France claimed Vermont as part of New France, and erected Fort Sainte Anne on Isle La Motte in 1666 as part of their fortification of Lake Champlain and this was the first European settlement in Vermont and the site of the first Roman Catholic mass. During the latter half of the 17th century, non-French settlers began to explore Vermont, in 1690, a group of Dutch-British settlers from Albany under Captain Jacobus de Warm established the De Warm Stockade at Chimney Point. This settlement and trading post were directly across the lake from Crown Point, There were regular periods of skirmishing between English colonies to the south and the French colony to the north, and the area of Vermont was an unsettled frontier. In 1704, De Rouville passed up the Winooski River, to reach the Connecticut, and then down to Deerfield, Massachusetts and this fort protected the nearby settlements of Dummerston and Brattleboro in the surrounding area
26.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
27.
United States Senate Committee on Appropriations
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The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. It has jurisdiction over all discretionary spending legislation in the Senate, the Senate Appropriations Committee is the largest committee in the U. S. Senate, with 30 members in the 114th Congress. The committee was first organized on March 6,1867, when power over appropriations was taken out of the hands of the Finance Committee. The chairman of the Appropriations Committee has enormous power to bring home special projects for his or her state as well as having the final say on other senators appropriation requests. For example, in fiscal year 2005 per capita spending in Alaska. Alaska has 11,772 special earmarked projects for a combined cost of $15,780,623,000 and this represents about four percent of the overall spending in the $388 billion Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 passed by Congress. The federal budget is divided into two categories, discretionary spending and mandatory spending. The committee also reviews supplemental spending bills, each appropriations bill must be passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president prior to the start of the federal fiscal year, October 1. These functions were handled by two separate Senate subcommittees. Archived from the original on October 13,2005, ^ Creation of the Senate Committee on Appropriations. Archived from the original on September 27,2005, call it Pork or Necessity, but Alaska Comes Out Far Above the Rest in Spending. ^ Senate, House Appropriations Set Subcommittee Plans for New Congress, archived from the original on January 31,2007. ^ Senate Appropriations Subcommittee Rosters Set, archived from the original on September 29,2007. Appropriations in Riddicks Senate Procedure, 150–213, the Cardinals of Capitol Hill, The Men and Women Who Control Government Spending. United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 1867–2008, the Congressional Appropriations Process, An Introduction
28.
2001 anthrax attacks
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Letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news media offices and two Democratic U. S. Senators, killing five people and infecting 17 others. According to the FBI, the investigation became one of the largest and most complex in the history of law enforcement. A major focus in the years of the investigation was a bio-weapons expert named Steven Hatfill. Another suspect, Bruce Edwards Ivins, became a focus of investigation around April 4,2005, Ivins was a scientist who worked at the governments biodefense labs at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. On April 11,2007, Ivins was put under periodic surveillance, on July 29,2008, Ivins committed suicide with an overdose of acetaminophen. On August 6,2008, based on DNA evidence leading to an anthrax vial in Ivinss lab, two days later, Senator Charles Grassley and Rep. Rush Holt called for hearings into the DOJ and FBIs handling of the investigation. On February 19,2010, the FBI formally closed its investigation, the report cast doubt on the U. S. Some information about the related to Ivinss mental problems is still under seal. Lawsuits filed by the widow of the first anthrax victim Bob Stevens were settled by the government for $2.5 million with no admission of liability. According to a statement in the settlement agreement, the settlement was reached solely for the purpose of avoiding the expenses, the anthrax attacks came in two waves. The first set of letters had a Trenton, New Jersey postmark dated September 18,2001. Only the New York Post and NBC News letters were found, scientists examining the anthrax from the New York Post letter said it appeared as a coarse brown granular material looking like Purina Dog Chow. Two more anthrax letters, bearing the same Trenton postmark, were dated October 9, the letters were addressed to two Democratic Senators, Tom Daschle of South Dakota and Patrick Leahy of Vermont. At the time, Daschle was the Senate Majority leader and Leahy was head of the Senate Judiciary Committee, the Daschle letter was opened by an aide, Grant Leslie, on October 15, and the government mail service was shut down. The unopened Leahy letter was discovered in an impounded mailbag on November 16, the Leahy letter had been misdirected to the State Department mail annex in Sterling, Virginia, because a ZIP code was misread, a postal worker there, David Hose, contracted inhalational anthrax. More potent than the first anthrax letters, the material in the Senate letters was a highly refined dry powder consisting of one gram of nearly pure spores. A series of conflicting news reports appeared, some claiming the powders had been weaponized with silica, bioweapons experts who later viewed images of the attack anthrax saw no indication of weaponization. Tests by Sandia National Laboratories in early 2002 confirmed that the powders were not weaponized
29.
John Conyers
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John James Conyers Jr. is the U. S. Representative for Michigans 13th congressional district and he has been a member of Congress since 1965 and is currently its longest-serving current member, making him the Dean of the House of Representatives. The district includes the western half of Detroit, as well as River Rouge, Ecorse, Redford Township, Dearborn Heights, Highland Park, Westland, Garden City, Inkster, Wayne and he is a member of the Democratic Party. After graduating from Northwestern High School in Detroit, Conyers served in the Michigan National Guard 1948–50, U. S. Army 1950–54, and the U. S. Army Reserves 1954–57. Conyers served for a year in Korea as an officer in the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and was awarded combat, Conyers grew up in Detroit, and received both his B. A. and his bachelor of law degree from Wayne State University. Conyers was present in Selma, Alabama, on October 7,1963 and he served as an assistant to U. S. Congressman John Dingell, Jr. prior to his election to Congress, while serving in the U. S. House, Conyers made two unsuccessful runs for mayor of Detroit, one in 1989 against incumbent Coleman Young and again in 1993. Incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to run for a term, despite growing unpopularity. In the September primary, Young won with 51% of the vote, accountant Tom Barrow qualified for the November run off by getting second place with 24% and Conyers got third place with 18% of the vote. Young defeated Barrow in the run off with 56% of the vote, in a Detroit News poll in February, 81% said Young should retire. Conyers was one of the 23 candidates who qualified for ballot access, dennis Archer was a clear front runner from the beginning. He was a 51-year-old former State Supreme Court Justice who raised over $1.6 million and he won the September primary with 54% of the vote. In 1964, he ran for a seat in what was then the 1st District. He was reelected 13 times with larger margins. After the 1990 United States Census, Michigan lost a congressional district, in 1992, he won re-election to his 15th term in his new district with 82% of the vote against Republican nominee John Gordon. He won re-election another nine times after that and his worst re-election performance was in 2010, when he got 77% of the vote against Republican nominee Don Ukrainec. In 2013, his district was renamed to the 13th district, in total, he has won re-election twenty-five times and is serving in his twenty-sixth term. He is the second-longest serving member of house of Congress in Michigans history, trailing only his former boss
30.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
31.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
32.
Quarry
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A quarry is a place from which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate has been excavated from the ground. A quarry is the thing as an open-pit mine from which minerals are extracted. The only non-trivial difference between the two is that open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries, the word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone. The surfaces are polished and finished with varying degrees of sheen or luster, polished slabs are often cut into tiles or countertops and installed in many kinds of residential and commercial properties. Natural stone quarried from the earth is considered a luxury and tends to be a highly durable surface. Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage, generally the water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example, the Coquina quarry is excavated to more than 60 feet below sea level, to reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Ground water entering the pit is pumped up into the moat, as a quarry becomes deeper, water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift the water higher during removal, this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath the water, by dredging, many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, BC. A further problem is pollution of roads from trucks leaving the quarries, to control and restrain the pollution of public roads, wheel washing systems are becoming more common. Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes, water-filled quarries can be very deep with water, often 50 feet or more, that is often surprisingly cold. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmers muscles to weaken, it can also cause shock. Though quarry water is very clear, submerged quarry stones. Several people drown in quarries each year, however, many inactive quarries are converted into safe swimming sites
33.
Georgetown Law
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Georgetown University Law Center is one of the professional graduate schools of Georgetown University, a private research university located in Washington, D. C. Established in 1870, it is the second largest law school in the United States, by average salary, Georgetown Law graduates have ranked 6th in the U. S. In the 2014 edition, Georgetown was ranked the #13 law school in the nation overall, the school also ranked #1 in clinical programs, #3 in international law, #2 in tax law, #4 in trial advocacy, #7 in healthcare law, and #8 in environmental law. The 2014 QS World University Rankings list Georgetown as the 17th-best law school in the world, in its latest ranking, December 2014, Business Insider ranks Georgetown as the 7th best law school in the US. In law professor Brian Leiters most recent law school ranking, Georgetown ranked within the top ten law schools in selectivity, student quality, and Supreme Court clerkship placements respectively. Georgetown Law was ranked 5th in the 2010 Super Lawyers ranking, Georgetown Law receives the most J. D. applications of any law school in the United States. Opened as Georgetown Law School in 1870, Georgetown Law was the first law school run by a Jesuit institution within the United States, Georgetown Law has been separate from the main Georgetown campus since 1890, when it moved near what is now Chinatown. The Law Center campus is located on New Jersey Avenue, several blocks north of the Capitol, the school added the Edward Bennett Williams Law Library in 1989 and the Gewirz Student Center in 1993, providing on-campus living for the first time. The Campus Completion Project finished in 2005 with the addition of the Hotung International Building, Georgetown Laws original wall is preserved on the quad of the present-day campus. In 2010, Georgetown Law was the tenth most selective law school in the United States, for the class entering in the fall of 2016,2,320 out of 9,862 J. D. applicants were offered admission, with 576 matriculating. The 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2016 entering class were 162 and 168, respectively, the 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.52 and 3.86, respectively, with a median of 3.77. In the 2016–17 academic year, Georgetown Law had 1,722 full-time J. D. students and 242 part-time J. D. students. Of the 645 graduates in the Georgetown Law class of 2013,467 held long-term,600 graduates overall were employed,6 graduates were pursuing a graduate degree, and 38 graduates were unemployed. 363 graduates were employed in the sector, with 245 at law firms with over 250 attorneys. 238 graduates entered the sector, with 89 employed by the government,81 employed in public interest positions,57 in federal or state clerkships. 83 graduates received funding from Georgetown Law for their positions, the median reported starting salary for a 2013 graduate in the private sector was $160,000. The median reported starting salary for a 2013 graduate in the sector was $57,408. 238 graduates in the class of 2013 were employed in Washington, DC,144 in New York,12 were employed outside the United States
34.
Philip H. Hoff
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Philip Henderson Hoff is an American politician from the U. S. state of Vermont where he served as the 73rd Governor of Vermont from 1963 to 1969. At the time of his election, he was the first Democrat elected governor of Vermont in 108 years, Hoff was born in Turners Falls, Massachusetts. His father worked in the industry and served two terms in the Massachusetts General Court. Philip was a high school football player, scoring the winning touchdown in Turners Falls High Schools 1942 annual game against rival Greenfield High School. Hoff attended Williams College, where he studied English, but postponed graduation for two years in order to serve in World War II and he saw combat action during World War II aboard the submarine, USS Sea Dog, in the South Pacific theatre. Hoff met his wife, Joan Brower, during his naval service, at the time, she was a student at Connecticut College. Hoff returned to Williams after the war and graduated cum laude in 1948 and he later attended Cornell Law School, graduating in 1951. The Hoffs moved to Burlington, Vermont in 1951, Hoff began a law practice, and also became involved in local politics as a Democrat. He was reelected in 1964 and 1966 and pioneered unprecedented environmental, development, according to the Boston Globe, the program, which temporarily doubled Vermonts black population, uncovered some latent bigotry that had not been visible before. After Kennedys assassination, Hoff endorsed Eugene McCarthy, Hoffs endorsement of Kennedy and later McCarthy upset conservative Democrats and Hoff was also criticized for increases in state spending which some claimed led to hefty deficits. In 1970, Hoff challenged incumbent U. S, senator Winston L. Prouty, but Prouty easily won reelection. During the campaign, Hoff announced that he had battled alcoholism in the past, had he won, Hoff would have been the first Democratic senator in Vermont history. Some attribute his defeat to his opposition to the Vietnam War, in the 1980s he returned to elective politics, serving three terms in the Vermont State Senate. He has also served in advisory and honorary positions and as President of the Board of Trustees at Vermont Law School as well as continuing his work as a lawyer in private practice. In 1989, he co-founded his current law firm, Hoff, in 2012, Castleton State College named its newest residence hall after Hoff, the first building to be named in his honor. The Vermont Encyclopedia, J. Duffy, S. Hand, R Orth, Editors
35.
Governor of Vermont
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The Governor of the U. S. state of Vermont is the head of the government of the state. The governor is elected in even-numbered years by direct voting for a term of two years, Vermont and bordering New Hampshire are now the only states to hold gubernatorial elections every two years, instead of every four as in the other 48 states. There is no limit on the number of terms a governor can serve, if no candidate receives at least 50 percent plus one vote of all votes for governor cast in the election, the governor is then elected by the state legislature. The incumbent governor is Phil Scott and he was sworn in on Thursday January 5,2017, becoming Vermonts 82nd Governor. The governors working offices are located in The Pavilion in the capital of Montpelier. The governors ceremonial office, used during the session of the General Assembly, is located in the Vermont State House. The Lieutenant Governor becomes the new Governor, if the incumbent Governor dies, the Lieutenant Governor is also the Lieutenant-General of the forces of the State. List of Governors of Vermont General Official website of the Governor of Vermont Snelling Center for Government study and poll on the length of term of Vermont governors Government of Vermont portal
36.
Middlesex, Vermont
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Middlesex is a town in Washington County, Vermont, United States. The population was 1,731 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 39.9 square miles, of which 39.7 square miles is land and 0.2 square miles. The town of Middlesex was granted by charter on June 8,1763. The town takes its boundaries from Waterbury, incorporated the previous day, and Worcester, the source of the towns name is uncertain but it is supposed Wentworth, or a staff member, chose the name for its location between Waterbury and Worcester. Another possibility would be that Wentworth chose Middlesex to seek favor from English nobleman Charles Sackville who held the title Lord Middlesex until 1765, the town remained largely undeveloped through the period of the Vermont Republic and early Vermont statehood, with settlements in the village and Putnamville. The Putnam family were among the first settlers of the town, seth Putnam was elected first town clerk in 1790, brothers Isaac and Jacob Putnam were elected town surveyors. Middlesex village, situated along the Winooski River, is the chief settlement. Middlesex Village obtained a post office in 1821, Middlesex Center is, as the name suggests, in the near center of the town situated northwest of the Great Brook and Brook Road. A northern affiliation Baptist church was built in Shady Rill in 1849, the village of Putnamville is located along the towns eastern border along the North Branch River. A waterfall there once powered grist and saw mills, a post office was opened in Putnamville, incongruously titled Putnamsville, in 1882. Wrightsville, just south of Putnamville, was once a settlement with nearly 30 built structures. The Wrightsville Dam, built by the Civilian Conservation Corps 1933-35 in response to the 1927 flood, the Northbranch Cemetery was moved southwest to Portal Road, and a majority of the mostly Greek Revival houses were moved west up the hill to where the old Hood place presently stands. The town had a large bear population well into the nineteenth century. A recorded story tells of a farmer located between Middlesex Center and Bear Swamp finding one of his killed by a bear. The farmer and his wife immediately walked their property to take stock of their flock, the area received the nickname Beartown. Through most of the century and well into the mid-twentieth century. Dairy farming, sheep herding, logging, orchards and maple sugaring have all been part of the towns economy, following the end of World War II, the town slowly transitioned to becoming a place to live for people who worked elsewhere, mostly in Montpelier
37.
Watergate scandal
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When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U. S. Congress, the Nixon administrations resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis. The term Watergate, by metonymy, has come to encompass an array of clandestine and those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious. The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people, with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty, the affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday, June 17,1972. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the Presidents staff, including testimony provided by staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee. The investigation revealed that President Nixon had a system in his offices. After a protracted series of court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in, facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974. On September 8,1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States. According to Dean, this marked the scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century. Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, in May, McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward. McCord testified that he selected Baldwins name from a registry published by the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI to work for the Committee to Re-elect the President, Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell, the wife of John Mitchell, who was living in Washington. Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago, Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the gauchest character Ive ever met. The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man, the room 419 was booked in the name of McCord’s company. At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break-in, two phones inside the offices of the DNC headquarters were said to have been wiretapped. The FBI found no evidence that OBriens phone was bugged, however, it was determined that an effective listening device had been installed in Olivers phone. Despite the success in installing the devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed to be repaired. They planned a burglary in order to take care of this
38.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
39.
Richard Mallary
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Richard Walker Mallary was a U. S. Mallary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on February 21,1929 and he was educated at Bradford Academy in Bradford, Vermont, and received an A. B. degree from Dartmouth College in 1949. Mallary operated a farm in Fairlee, Vermont from 1950 to 1970. He served as a member of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969, serving as chairman of the appropriations committee and holding the position of Speaker from 1965 to 1969. In the House Mallary was recognized as one of the Young Turks, the group of legislators who crossed party lines to advocate for progressive policies and he was Trustee and treasurer of Vermont State Colleges from 1962 to 1965. Mallary served as chairman of the Vermont Legislative Council from 1965 to 1967 and he served as vice chairman of the Vermont Governors Committee on Administrative Coordination in 1969. He was a member of the Vermont State Senate from 1969 to 1971, Mallary served as Vermont Secretary of Administration in 1971, in the cabinet of Governor Deane C. Mallary was elected as a Republican to the Ninety-second Congress, filling the vacancy caused when Robert T. Stafford resigned to accept appointment to the United States Senate, Mallary was reelected to the Ninety-third Congress, and served from January 7,1972 to January 3,1975. He was a candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1974. Mallary was Vice President of the Farm Credit Bank in Springfield and he was Vermonts Secretary of Administration again from 1977 to 1980, in the first administration of Governor Richard A. Snelling. He later resided in Brookfield, Vermont, from 1999 to 2001 Mallary served again in the Vermont House of Representatives. He voted for Vermonts Civil Unions law in 2000 even though he represented a district which opposed the legislation. That fall he ran for reelection unsuccessfully as an independent and he ran again unsuccessfully in 2002. In 2003 Mallary served as Vermonts tax commissioner, an appointed sub-cabinet position, in retirement Mallary continued to serve in local office including chairman of the town planning commission and town meeting moderator. He was also an advocate of death with dignity legislation, in his later years he was ill with incurable prostate cancer. He died in Brookfield on September 27,2011, in 2012 members of his family made public the fact that Mallary had taken his life as a result of his illness. Mallarys first wife was Mary Harper Coxe and they had four children—Richard, Anne, Elizabeth and Sarah. They divorced in 1974, and in 1979 he married Jeannie Brownell and his nephew Peter Mallary served in the Vermont House and as chairman of the Vermont Democratic Party
40.
Rick Nolan
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Richard Michael Rick Nolan is an American politician and member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party who has been the U. S. Representative for Minnesotas 8th congressional district since 2013 and previously served as the U. S, representative for Minnesotas 6th congressional district from 1975 to 1981. After re-entering politics in 2011, he was nominated to challenge first-term incumbent Republican Chip Cravaack in the 8th district, Nolan was re-elected in 2014 and 2016. Nolan and Vermont Senator Patrick Leahy are the two remaining Watergate Babies in Congress, although Nolans service included a break from 1981 to 2013. Nolans 32-year gap between terms in Congress is the longest such break in service in American political history, Nolan was born in Brainerd, Minnesota and graduated from Brainerd High School in 1962. His aunt was a judge, whom Nolan called his “biggest political influence growing up. ”He attended St. John’s University in Collegeville, Minnesota the following year. Nolan pursued postgraduate work in administration and policy formation at the University of Maryland, College Park. Early in his career he served as an assistant to Walter Mondale in the United States Senate. In 1968, he campaigned for presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy, Nolan was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1968 and served two terms, representing House District 53A. His uncle Martin J. McGowan, Jr. also served in the Minnesota Legislature, in 2007, he endorsed Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd in his campaign for President of the United States, and traveled the state of Iowa campaigning on his behalf. Nolan decided not to run for reelection in 1980, and served as president of the U. S. The National Journal reported that his Republican foes criticized his $70,000 salary, which they considered high for a servant at the time. He has also served as chairman of the Mission Township Planning Committee, president and board member of the Central Lakes College foundation, Nolan is the former owner of Emily Wood Products, a small sawmill and pallet factory in the northern Minnesota community of Emily. His daughter and son-in-law now own and operate the enterprise, Nolan announced his candidacy for the U. S. House of Representatives on July 12,2011, challenging incumbent Chip Cravaack in Minnesotas 8th congressional district. He won the Democratic primary in August 2012, defeating Tarryl Clark, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee spent about $2 million on his campaign, and the liberal House Majority PAC spent another $1.5 million. Nolan defeated Cravaack,191,976 to 160,520, Nolan ran for re-election in 2014. The Democratic primary took place on August 12,2014 and the election on November 4,2014. He was challenged by Republican nominee Stewart Mills III, according to Politico, Nolan was a vulnerable Democrat in a competitive congressional district
41.
Watergate Babies
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Watergate Babies are Democrats first elected to the United States Congress in 1974, following President Richard Nixons resignation over the Watergate scandal, on August 9,1974. Tom Downey was the youngest among the babies, being aged 25 upon his election and this is the minimum age at which one may serve. Future Senator Chris Dodd was also elected to Congress in this election cycle, in November 1974, Democrats picked up 49 seats in the House and 5 in the Senate. This group greatly increased the strength of Northerners and liberals in the House Democratic Caucus, Democrats made substantial state legislative gains in a large number of states in 1974, the Watergate election, the political scientist Malcolm Jewell wrote. Numerous states passed sweeping ethics and public disclosure reforms in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, the Center for Public Integrity has compiled a state by state account of governmental political corruption watchdogs, many with roots in the post-Watergate era. A prominent Watergate baby of 1974 now serving again as Governor of California is Jerry Brown, Watergate Babies has also been used to apply to journalists who entered journalism because of their fascination with the Watergate scandal. Watergate, David Baumann wrote, also created a generation of journalists who were not willing to accept politicians at their word. If the journalists who helped uncover the scandal, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, could expose the crimes of a president and those journalists believed in investigative reporting and became watchdogs who attempted to keep politicians honest. Rebels of 94 and Watergate Babies Similar In Class Size, Sense of Zeal at All Politics CNN
