1.
Solomon Northup
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Solomon Northup was an American abolitionist and the primary author of the memoir Twelve Years a Slave. A free-born African American from New York, he was the son of a freed slave, a farmer and professional violinist, Northup had been a landowner in Hebron, New York. In 1841, he was offered a traveling musicians job and went to Washington, D. C. there he was drugged, kidnapped, and sold as a slave. He was shipped to New Orleans, purchased by a planter and he remained in slavery until he met a Canadian working on his plantation who helped get word to New York, where state law provided aid to free New York citizens kidnapped into slavery. Family and friends enlisted the aid of the Governor of New York, Washington Hunt, the D. C. government did not pursue the case. Those who had kidnapped and enslaved Northup received no punishment, in his first year of freedom, Northup wrote and published a memoir, Twelve Years a Slave. He lectured on behalf of the abolitionist movement, giving more than two dozen speeches throughout the Northeast about his experiences, to build momentum against slavery, the details of his death have never been documented. Northups memoir was adapted and produced as the 1984 PBS television movie Solomon Northups Odyssey, the latter won an Academy Award in 2014 for Best Picture. Solomons father Mintus was a freedman who had been a slave in his life in service to the Northup family. Born in Rhode Island, he was taken with the Northups when they moved to Hoosick, New York and his master, Capt. Henry Northup, a great grandson of Stephen Northup, manumitted Mintus in his will. After being freed by Henry Northup, Mintus adopted the surname Northup as his own, the name appears interchangeably in records as Northup and Northrup. Mintus Northup married and moved with his wife, a woman of color, to the town of Minerva in Essex County. Their two sons, Solomon and Joseph, were born free according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, Solomon described his mother as a quadroon, meaning that she was one-quarter African American, and three-quarters European. A farmer, Mintus Northup was successful enough to own land, from 1821 on, when it revised its constitution, the state retained the property requirement for black people, but dropped it for white men, thus expanding their franchise. It is notable that Mintus Northup was able to save money as a freedman to buy land that satisfied this requirement. He provided an education for his two sons at a level considered high for black people at that time. As boys, Northup and his brother worked on the family farm, Mintus and his wife last lived near Fort Edward. He died on November 22,1829, and his grave is in Hudson Falls Baker Cemetery, in 1828 or 1829, Solomon Northup married Anne Hampton
2.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
3.
Twelve Years a Slave
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Twelve Years a Slave is an 1853 memoir and slave narrative by American Solomon Northup as told to and edited by David Wilson. Northup, a man who was born free in New York state, details his being tricked to go to Washington, D. C. where he was kidnapped. He was in bondage for 12 years in Louisiana before he was able to secretly get information to friends and family in New York, Northups book, dedicated to Stowe, sold 30,000 copies, making it a bestseller in its own right. It was re-discovered on separate occasions by two Louisiana historians, Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, in the early 1960s, they researched and retraced Solomon Northup’s journey and co-edited a historically annotated version that was published by Louisiana State University Press. The memoir has been adapted as two versions, produced as the 1984 PBS television movie Solomon Northups Odyssey and the Oscar-winning 2013 film 12 Years a Slave. In his home town of Saratoga, New York, Solomon Northup and they offered him a brief, high-paying job as a musician with their traveling circus. Without informing his wife, who was away at work in a town, he traveled with the strangers to downstate New York and Washington. Soon after arriving in the capital, he awoke to find himself drugged, bound, when Northup asserted his rights as a free man, he was beaten and warned never again to mention his free life in New York. Transported by ship to New Orleans, Northup and other enslaved blacks contracted smallpox, in transit, Northup implored a sympathetic sailor to send a letter to his family. The letter arrived safely, but, lacking knowledge of his final destination, Northups first owner was William Prince Ford, who ran a lumber mill on a bayou of the Red River. Northup subsequently had several owners, less humane than Ford. At times, his carpentry and other contributed to his being treated relatively well. On two occasions, he was attacked by John Tibeats, a man he was leased to. After about two years of enslavement, Northup was sold to Edwin Epps, a notoriously cruel cotton planter, while on Epps plantation, Northup became friends with a slave girl named Patsey, whom he writes about briefly in the book. After being beaten for claiming his status in Washington, D. C. Northup in the ensuing 12 years did not reveal his true history again to a single person, finally he confided his story to Samuel Bass, a white carpenter and abolitionist from Canada working at the Epps plantation. Bass, at risk to himself, sent letters to Northup’s wife. Parker, a shopkeeper, received one of the letters
4.
12 Years a Slave (film)
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Northup worked on plantations in the state of Louisiana for 12 years before his release. The first scholarly edition of Northups memoir, co-edited in 1968 by Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, carefully retraced and validated the account, other characters in the film were also real people, including Edwin and Mary Epps, and Patsey. The film was directed by Steve McQueen, the screenplay was written by John Ridley. Chiwetel Ejiofor stars as Solomon Northup, Michael Fassbender, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Dano, Paul Giamatti, Lupita Nyongo, Sarah Paulson, Brad Pitt, and Alfre Woodard are all featured in supporting roles. Principal photography took place in New Orleans, Louisiana, from June 27 to August 13,2012, the locations used were four historic antebellum plantations, Felicity, Bocage, Destrehan, and Magnolia. Of the four, Magnolia is nearest to the plantation where Northup was held. 12 Years a Slave received widespread acclaim, and was named the best film of 2013 by several media outlets. It proved to be a box office success, earning over $187 million on a budget of $22 million. The film won three Academy Awards, Best Picture, Best Supporting Actress for Nyongo, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Ridley, the Best Picture win made McQueen the first black producer ever to have received the award and the first black director to have directed a Best Picture winner. The film was awarded the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts recognized it with the Best Film and the Best Actor award for Ejiofor. In 1841, Solomon Northup is a free African-American man working as a violinist, living with his wife, two white men, Brown and Hamilton, offer him short-term employment as a musician if he will travel with them to Washington, D. C. However, once they arrive, the duo drug Northup and conspire to deliver him to a slave pen run by a man named Burch, Northup is later shipped to New Orleans along with others who have been detained against their will. A slave trader named Freeman gives Northup the identity of Platt, a slave from Georgia. Due to tension between Northup and another worker, Ford sells him to another slave owner named Edwin Epps. In the process, Northup attempts to explain that he is actually a free man, at the plantation, Northup meets Patsey, a favored slave, whom Epps regularly rapes and abuses. Some time later, an outbreak of cotton worm befalls Eppss plantation, unable to work his fields, Epps leases his slaves to a neighboring plantation for the season. While there, Northup gains the favor of the owner, Judge Turner, who allows him to play the fiddle at a neighbors wedding anniversary celebration. When Northup returns to Epps, he attempts to use the money to pay a white hand and former overseer, Armsby
5.
Lupita Nyong'o
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Lupita Amondi Nyongo is a Mexican-Kenyan actress. She was born in Mexico to Kenyan parents and raised in Kenya and she attended college in the United States, earning a bachelors degree in film and theater studies from Hampshire College. Nyongo began her career in Hollywood as a production assistant, in 2008, she made her acting debut with the short film East River and subsequently returned to Kenya to star in the television series Shuga. Also in 2009, she wrote, produced and directed the documentary In My Genes and she then pursued a masters degree in acting from the Yale School of Drama. Soon after her graduation, she had her first feature film role as Patsey in Steve McQueens historical drama 12 Years a Slave and she became the first Kenyan and first Mexican actress to win an Academy Award. Nyongo made her Broadway debut as an orphan in the critically acclaimed play Eclipsed. Nyongo was born in Mexico City, Mexico, to Kenyan parents, Dorothy and Peter Anyang Nyongo, Nyongo identifies as Kenyan-Mexican and has dual Kenyan and Mexican citizenship. She is of Luo descent on both sides of her family, and she is the second of six children and it is a tradition of the Luo people to name a child after the events of the day, so her parents gave her a Spanish name, Lupita. Her father is a former Minister for Medical Services in the Kenyan government, at the time of her birth, he was a visiting lecturer in political science at El Colegio de México in Mexico City, and her family had been living in Mexico for three years. Nyongo and her family moved back to their native Kenya when she was less one year old. She grew up primarily in Kenya, and describes her upbringing as middle class, when she was sixteen, her parents sent her to Mexico for seven months to learn Spanish. During those seven months, Nyongo lived in Taxco, Guerrero and her family was later forced to leave Kenya because of political unrest. Her uncle, Charles Nyongo, disappeared after he was thrown off a ferry in 1980, Nyongo grew up in an artistic family, where family get-togethers often included performances by the children in the family, and trips to see plays. She attended Rusinga International school in Kenya and acted in school plays, at age 14, Nyongo made her professional acting debut as Juliet in Romeo and Juliet in a production by the Nairobi-based repertory company Phoenix Players. While a member of the Phoenix Players, Nyongo also performed in the plays On The Razzle, Nyongo cites the performances of American actresses Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey in The Color Purple with inspiring her to pursue a professional acting career. Nyongo later attended St. Marys School in Nairobi, where she received an IB Diploma in 2001 before attending college in the United States and she graduated from Hampshire College with a degree in film and theatre studies. She cites Ralph Fiennes, the star of The Constant Gardener, in 2008, Nyongo starred in the short film East River, directed by Marc Grey and shot in Brooklyn. She returned to Kenya that same year and appeared in the Kenyan television series Shuga, in 2009, she wrote, directed, and produced the documentary In My Genes, about the discriminatory treatment of Kenyas albino population
6.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
7.
Guinea
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Guinea /ˈɡɪni/, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a country on the West coast of Africa. Guinea has a population of 10.5 million and an area of 245,860 square kilometres, the president is directly elected by the people and is head of state and head of government. The unicameral Guinean National Assembly is the body of the country. The judicial branch is led by the Guinea Supreme Court, the highest, the country is named after the Guinea region. Guinea is a name for the region of Africa that lies along the Gulf of Guinea. It stretches north through the tropical regions and ends at the Sahel. Guinea is a predominantly Islamic country, with Muslims representing 85 percent of the population, Guineas people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups. French, the language of Guinea, is the main language of communication in schools, in government administration, and the media. Guineas economy is dependent on agriculture and mineral production. It is the second largest producer of bauxite, and has rich deposits of diamonds. The country was at the core of the 2014 Ebola outbreak, human rights in Guinea remain a controversial issue. In 2011 the United States government claimed that torture by security forces, the land that is now Guinea belonged to a series of African empires until France colonized it in the 1890s, and made it part of French West Africa. Guinea declared its independence from France on 2 October 1958, from independence until the presidential election of 2010, Guinea was governed by a number of autocratic rulers. What is now Guinea was on the fringes of the major West African empires, the Ghana Empire is believed to be the earliest of these which grew on trade but contracted and ultimately fell due to the hostile influence of the Almoravids. It was in period that Islam first arrived in the region. The Mali Empire was ruled by Mansa, the most famous being Kankou Moussa, shortly after his reign the Mali Empire began to decline and was ultimately supplanted by its vassal states in the 15th century. The most successful of these was the Songhai Empire, which expanded its power from about 1460 and it continued to prosper until a civil war over succession followed the death of Askia Daoud in 1582. The weakened empire fell to invaders from Morocco at the Battle of Tondibi just three years later, the Moroccans proved unable to rule the kingdom effectively, however, and it split into many small kingdoms
8.
Cuba
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Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and it is south of both the U. S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital, other cities include Santiago de Cuba. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with an area of 109,884 square kilometres, prior to Spanish colonization in the late 15th century, Cuba was inhabited by Amerindian tribes. It remained a colony of Spain until the Spanish–American War of 1898, as a fragile republic, Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system, but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1952. Further unrest and instability led to Batistas ousting in January 1959 by the July 26 Movement, since 1965, the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba. A point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, a nuclear war broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Culturally, Cuba is considered part of Latin America, Cuba is a Marxist–Leninist one-party republic, where the role of the vanguard Communist Party is enshrined in the Constitution. Independent observers have accused the Cuban government of human rights abuses. It is one of the worlds last planned economies and its economy is dominated by the exports of sugar, tobacco, coffee, according to the Human Development Index, Cuba is described as a country with high human development and is ranked the eighth highest in North America. It also ranks highly in some metrics of national performance, including health care, the name Cuba comes from the Taíno language. The exact meaning of the name is unclear but it may be translated either as where fertile land is abundant, authors who believe that Christopher Columbus was Portuguese state that Cuba was named by Columbus for the town of Cuba in the district of Beja in Portugal. Before the arrival of the Spanish, Cuba was inhabited by three distinct tribes of indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Taíno, the Guanajatabey, and the Ciboney people. The ancestors of the Ciboney migrated from the mainland of South America, the Taíno arrived from Hispanola sometime in the 3rd century A. D. When Columbus arrived they were the dominant culture in Cuba, having a population of 150,000. The name Cuba comes from the native Taíno language and it is derived from either coabana meaning great place, or from cubao meaning where fertile land is abundant. The Taíno were farmers, while the Ciboney were farmers as well as fishers and hunter-gatherers, Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain and named it Isla Juana after Juan, Prince of Asturias. In 1511, the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa, other towns soon followed, including San Cristobal de la Habana, founded in 1515, which later became the capital
9.
Flagellation
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Flagellation, flogging, whipping or lashing is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, lashes, rods, switches, the cat o nine tails, the sjambok, etc. Typically, flogging is imposed on a subject as a punishment, however, it can also be submitted to willingly, or performed on oneself. The strokes are usually aimed at the back of a person. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as bastinado, the soles of a persons feet are used as a target for beating. In some circumstances the word flogging is used loosely to any sort of corporal punishment. However, in British legal terminology, a distinction was drawn between flogging and whipping, in Britain these were both abolished in 1948. In Sparta, young men were flogged as a test of their masculinity, Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes, and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid any possibility of breaking this law due to a miscount. In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion, whips with small pieces of metal or bone at the tips were commonly used. Such a device could easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, such as ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye, in addition to causing severe pain, the victim would approach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood. The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, as stated in the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia, the poet Horace refers to the horribile flagellum in his Satires. Typically, the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound to a low pillar so that he could bend over it, two lictors alternated blows from the bare shoulders down the body to the soles of the feet. There was no limit to the number of blows inflicted—this was left to the lictors to decide, nonetheless, Livy, Suetonius and Josephus report cases of flagellation where victims died while still bound to the post. Flagellation was referred to as death by some authors, as many victims died shortly thereafter. Cicero reports in In Verrem, pro mortuo sublatus brevi postea mortuus, the Whipping Act was passed in England in 1530. Under this legislation, vagrants were to be taken to a populated area and there tied to the end of a cart naked. In England, offenders were sentenced to be flogged at a carts tail along a length of public street, usually near the scene of the crime. In the late century, however, the courts occasionally ordered that the flogging should be carried out in prison or a house of correction rather than on the streets. From the 1720s courts began explicitly to differentiate between private whipping and public whipping, over the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the proportion of whippings carried out in public declined, but the number of private whippings increased
10.
Scourge
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A scourge is a whip or lash, especially a multi-thong type, used to inflict severe corporal punishment or self-mortification on the back. Some connect it to Latin, excoriare, to flay, built of two Latin parts, ex- and corium, skin, a scourge typically consists of several thongs fastened to a handle. A well known configuration of a scourge is the cat o nine tails, the cat o nine tails has two versions, the navy version is made of thick ropes with knotted ends, the army and civil prison versions are usually made of leather. The scourge, or flail, and the crook are the two symbols of power and domination depicted in the hands of Osiris in Egyptian monuments, the shape of the flail or scourge is unchanged throughout history. However, when a scourge is described as a flail as depicted in Egyptian mythology, a flail was used to thresh wheat, not implement corporal punishment. The priests of Cybele scourged themselves and others, hard material can be affixed to multiple thongs to give a flesh-tearing bite. A scourge with these additions is called a scorpion, the name testifies to the pain caused by the arachnid. Testifying to its generous Roman application is the existence of the Latin words Flagrifer carrying a whip, according to the Gospel of John, Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, ordered Jesus to be scourged. Scourging was soon adopted as a sanction in the discipline of the fifth. Thenceforth scourging is frequently mentioned in monastic rules and councils as a preservative of discipline and its use as a punishment was general in the seventh century in all monasteries of the severe Columban rule. From then on the practice appeared in most medieval religious orders, semi-literal usages such as the scourge of God for Attila the Hun led to metaphoric uses to mean a severe affliction, e. g. the scourge of drug abuse. Flagellation, includes flogging Knout Skin Whip This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Tierney
11.
Soap
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In chemistry, a soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Household uses for soaps include washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping, in industry they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of some lubricants. Metal soaps are also included in modern artists oil paints formulations as a rheology modifier, soaps for cleaning are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in an aqueous solution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides, three molecules of fatty acids attach to a molecule of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is often called lye, induces saponification, the glycerin, a useful byproduct, can remain in the soap product as a softening agent, or be isolated for other uses. Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions of calcium soap or lithium soap, many other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of aluminium, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils, in ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of lime to olive oil. When used for cleaning, soap allows insoluble particles to become soluble in water, for example, oil/fat is insoluble in water, but when a couple of drops of dish soap are added to the mixture, the oil/fat solubilizes into the water. Anything that is soluble will be washed away with the water, the type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap product. Sodium soaps, prepared from sodium hydroxide, are firm, whereas potassium soaps, historically, potassium hydroxide was extracted from the ashes of bracken or other plants. Lithium soaps also tend to be hard—these are used exclusively in greases, soaps are derivatives of fatty acids. Traditionally they have made from triglycerides. Triglyceride is the name for the triesters of fatty acids. Tallow, i. e. rendered beef fat, is the most available triglyceride from animals and its saponified product is called sodium tallowate. Typical vegetable oils used in soap making are palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil, each species offers quite different fatty acid content and hence, results in soaps of distinct feel. The seed oils give softer but milder soaps, Soap made from pure olive oil is sometimes called Castile soap or Marseille soap, and is reputed for being extra mild. The term Castile is also applied to soaps from a mixture of oils. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon, a formula for soap consisting of water, alkali, and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC
12.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
13.
The New Yorker
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The New Yorker is an American magazine of reportage, commentary, criticism, essays, fiction, satire, cartoons, and poetry. It is published by Condé Nast, started as a weekly in 1925, the magazine is now published 47 times annually, with five of these issues covering two-week spans. Although its reviews and events listings often focus on the life of New York City. The New Yorker debuted on February 21,1925 and it was founded by Harold Ross and his wife, Jane Grant, a New York Times reporter. Ross wanted to create a humor magazine that would be different from perceivably corny humor publications such as Judge. Ross partnered with entrepreneur Raoul H. Fleischmann to establish the F-R Publishing Company, the magazines first offices were at 25 West 45th Street in Manhattan. Ross edited the magazine until his death in 1951, during the early, occasionally precarious years of its existence, the magazine prided itself on its cosmopolitan sophistication. Ross famously declared in a 1925 prospectus for the magazine, It has announced that it is not edited for the old lady in Dubuque, although the magazine never lost its touches of humor, it soon established itself as a pre-eminent forum for serious fiction literature and journalism. Shortly after the end of World War II, John Herseys essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, D. Salinger, Irwin Shaw, James Thurber, John Updike, Eudora Welty, Stephen King, and E. B. White. Publication of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery drew more mail than any story in the magazines history. In its early decades, the magazine published two or even three short stories a week, but in recent years the pace has remained steady at one story per issue. Kurt Vonnegut said that The New Yorker has been an instrument for getting a large audience to appreciate modern literature. Vonneguts 1974 interview with Joe David Bellamy and John Casey contained a discussion of The New Yorkers influence, No other art requires the audience to be a performer. You have to count on the readers being a good performer and those writers you mentioned and myself are teaching an audience how to play this kind of music in their heads. Its a learning process, and The New Yorker has been a good institution of the sort needed. They have an audience, and they come out every week, and people finally catch on to Barthelme, for instance. The non-fiction feature articles cover an array of topics. Recent subjects have included eccentric evangelist Creflo Dollar, the different ways in which humans perceive the passage of time, the magazine is notable for its editorial traditions
14.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
15.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
16.
Slave narrative
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Most of the 26 audio-recorded interviews are held by the Library of Congress. These were part of a category of captivity narratives by English-speaking Europeans. Beginning in the 18th century, these accounts by colonists and American settlers in North America. Several well-known captivity narratives were published before the American Revolution, later North American accounts were by Americans captured by western tribes during 19th-century migrations. For the Europeans and Americans, the division between captivity as slaves and as prisoners of war was not always clear, given the problem of international contemporary slavery in the 20th and 21st centuries, additional slave narratives are being written and published. It is an issue that still persists and remains largely undocumented. The development of narratives from autobiographical accounts to modern fictional works led to the establishment of slave narratives as a literary Genre. They go further than just autobiographies, and are moreover a source for reconstructing historical experience, the freed slaves that wrote the narratives are considered as historians, since memory and history come together. These accounts link elements of the personal life and destiny with key historical events, such as the American Civil War. This change often entailed literacy as a means to overcome captivity, the narratives are very graphic to the extent as extensive accounts of e. g. whipping, abuse and rape of enslaved women are exposed in detail. The denunciation of the owners, in particular their cruelty and hypocrisy, is a recurring theme in slave narratives. According to James Olney, a typical outline looks the following way, an engraved portrait, signed by the narrator. A title page includes the claim, as an integral part of the title. A poetic epigraph, by preference from William Cowper, a first sentence beginning, I was born. Then specifying a place but not a date of birth,2, a sketchy account of parentage, often involving a white father,3. Description of a master, mistress, or overseer, details of first observed whipping and numerous subsequent whippings. An account of one strong, hardworking slave often pure African-who, because there is no reason for it. Record of the barriers raised against slave literacy and the difficulties encountered in learning to read
17.
Slave Narrative Collection
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It was the simultaneous effort of state-level branches of FWP in seventeen states, working largely separately from each other. The collections, as works of the US federal government, are in the public domain, the total collection contains more than 10,000 typed pages representing more than 2000 interviews. The earliest of these were two projects begun in 1929, one led by Charles S. Johnson at Fisk University, one of Johnsons students, Lawrence D. Reddick, proposed a federally funded continuation of these efforts in 1934 through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. This program, however, did not achieve its ambitious goals, a parallel project was then started in Florida with Lomaxs participation, and the effort subsequently grew to cover all of the southern and several northern states. The most productive state project, in the end, was in Arkansas, a small group of the narratives first appeared in print in a Writers Project book, These Are Our Lives. Excerpts from them were quoted in a Virginia Writers Project book in 1940, however, large numbers of the narratives were not published until the 1970s. An anthology that included audio cassettes with excerpts from the recordings was published in 1998. The influential historian of slavery John Blassingame has said that the collection can present a simplistic, historians have not, to date, applied this stipulation to the slave narratives. Online versions of collected narratives, by state
18.
Captivity narrative
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Captivity narratives are usually stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. The best-known captivity narratives are those concerning the peoples of North America. These narratives have a place in literature, history, ethnography. However, captivity narratives have also come to play a role in the study of contemporary religious movements, thanks to scholars of religion like David G. Bromley. In this article, both types of captivity narratives are considered. Traditionally, historians have made limited use of certain captivity narratives and they have regarded the genre with suspicion because of its ideological underpinnings. Certain North American captivity narratives involving Native peoples were published from the 18th through the 19th centuries, there had already been English accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates, or in the Middle East, which established some of the major elements of the form. Following the American experience, additional accounts were written after British people were captured during exploration and settlement in India and East Asia. Captivity narratives tend to be chauvinistic, viewing an alien culture through the lens of the narrators preferred culture, thus making value judgements like Puritans good. Because of the competition between New France and New England in North America, colonists in New England were frequently taken captive by Canadiens, yet conservative estimates run into the thousands, and a more realistic figure may well be higher. For some statistical perspective, however, between King Philips War and the last of the French and Indian Wars, approximately 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage. During the decades-long struggle between whites and Plains Indians in the century, hundreds of women and children were captured. Many narratives included a theme of redemption by faith in the face of the threats, Barbary captivity narratives, accounts of English people captured and held by Barbary pirates, were popular in England in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first Barbary captivity narrative by a resident of North America was that of Abraham Browne, the most popular was that of Captain James Riley, entitled An Authentic Narrative of the Loss of the Brig Commerce. Jonathan Dickinsons Journal, Gods Protecting Providence, Ann Eliza Bleeckers epistolary novel, The History of Maria Kittle, is considered the first known Captivity novel. It set the form for subsequent Indian Capture novels, Mary Rowlandsons memoir, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, is a classic example of the genre. According to Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse, Rowlandson’s captivity narrative was “one of the most popular captivity narratives on both sides of the Atlantic, although the text temporarily fell out of print after 1720, it experienced a revival in the 1780s. American captivity narratives were based on true events, but they frequently contained fictional elements as well
19.
Robert Adams (sailor)
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Robert Adams was an American sailor who was enslaved in North Africa for three years, from 1810 to 1814. During this time he claimed to have visited Timbuktu, which may have him the first Westerner to reach the city. Upon his liberation and return to Europe, Adams story was published in two heavily edited and divergent accounts, most notably The Narrative of Robert Adams in 1816. Regardless of its discrepancies, Adams accounts of his experience in Africa provide many valuable details about the region prior to European colonization. Very little accurate information about the man known as Robert Adams is available. It is known that he was an American of mixed black, while he used the name Robert Adams in Europe, he had earlier used the name Benjamin Rose both when he had shipped out from New York in 1810 and when he was rescued from slavery. It is not known if either of these names was his real one, though at the time it was not uncommon for sailors, especially distressed seamen. He claimed to have been born around 1790 in Hudson, New York to a white sailmaker father, however, there is no record of a man under either of his known aliases, or fitting his general description, in Hudson during this period. Nothing else is known of his life until 1810 when, under the name Benjamin Rose. As he recounts in his Narrative, the ship sailed from New York City in June 1810, after a stop in Gibraltar to discharge cargo, the ship continued its course down the west coast of Africa. The captain was unfamiliar with the territory, and the ship struck a reef just offshore Cape Blanco, the entire crew was able to reach the shore, but soon after were surrounded by a large group of Moors, who stripped them naked and imprisoned them. Joseph Dupuis, the British Consul in Mogador eventually ransomed Adams when the sailor was taken to Morocco and his first owners were the Moors who captured the shipwrecked sailors of the Charles. They immediately traveled southwest, possibly with the intention of selling their slaves at a large market. They crossed the desert at a rate of 15–20 miles a day, under great hardship. They were often forced to drink camel urine just to stay alive in the parched conditions, at one point in the journey, the group of Moors was overtaken by a larger group of black Africans, who took both the Moors and the slaves as prisoners, including Adams. They again traveled great distances, first to the Africans village, according to Adams account, he and another Christian slave, a Portuguese man, were taken to Timbuktu in around July 1812. According to Adams, they were treated as honored guests of the rather than as slaves. They were considered an oddity by the locals, and Adams later recounts that people used to come from far off lands to stare at them
20.
Francis Bok
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Francis Piol Bol Bok, a Dinka tribesman and native of South Sudan, was a slave for ten years but is now an abolitionist and author living in the United States. On May 15,1986, he was captured and enslaved at the age of seven during an Arab militia raid on the village of Nyamlel in South Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War. Bok lived in bondage for ten years before escaping imprisonment in Kurdufan, Sudan, followed by a journey to the United States by way of Cairo, Bok was aided by people of diverse cultures and faiths in his journey to freedom. His earliest steps towards the United States were helped by a Northern Sudanese Muslim family that believed that slavery was wrong and provided him a bus ticket to Khartoum. Upon arriving in Khartoum, Bok was aided by a fellow Dinka tribesman and members of the Fur people and his first point of contact in the United States was a refugee from Somalia who helped him get settled in Fargo, North Dakota. Bok has testified before the United States Senate and met with George W. Bush, Madeleine Albright and Condoleezza Rice and he has been honored by the United States Olympic Committee, the Boston Celtics and colleges and universities throughout the United States and Canada. Francis now lives in the U. S. state of Kansas, where he works for the American Anti-Slavery Group and Sudan Sunrise, Francis Bok was raised in a large Catholic family of cattle herders in the Dinka village of Gurion in Southern Sudan. His father, Bol Buk Dol, managed several herds of cattle, sheep, when Bok was captured at the age of 7 on May 15,1986, he could not count beyond 10 and knew very little of the outside world. Bok was captured after his mother, Adut Al Akok, had sent him to the village of Nyamlell to sell eggs and peanuts in the market with some older siblings. This was Boks first trip to the village without his mother, Bok went to the market, where he heard adults say that they had seen smoke coming from nearby villages and had heard gunfire in the distance. People began fleeing the market as Francis saw horsemen with machine guns, the gunmen surrounded the market and shot the men in Nyamlell. When the members of the split up to return to their homes. Upon arriving at Giemmas residence, Francis was beaten by his captors children with sticks and was called abeed, the word literally means slave and the stereotype is that of an inferior, demeaned, Negroid race. Francis was given quarters in a hovel near the pens of Giemmas livestock, Bok began a ten-year period of slavery at the hands of Giemma and his son Hamid. He was forced to tend the familys herds of livestock and he had to take them to pastures in the area and to local watering holes, where he saw other Dinka boys who were also forced to tend herds of livestock. He began to suspect that his life was going to change forever and his attempts to speak to the other Dinka boys were futile, as they were speaking Arabic, which he could not understand, they also seemed afraid to speak to him. According to Bok, as he grew older, Giemma and Hamid began to place more trust in his abilities as a herdsman, care of the cattle, horses and camels was passed to Bok and he was able to spend more time alone with the animals. Previously he had been under the supervision of Hamid and sometimes Giemma
21.
Hark Olufs
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Hark Olufs was a North Frisian sailor. He was captured by Algerian pirates and sold into slavery but by serving the Bey of Constantine he could eventually achieve his release. Hark Olufs was born as son of a captain named Oluf Jensen on either July 17 or 19 in 1708 on the North Frisian island of Amrum. In 1721 he became a seaman on the Hoffnung, one of his fathers vessels, in 1724, on a voyage from Nantes to Hamburg, his ship was seized by Algerian pirates, he and his two cousins were taken hostages. Olufs family could not afford the high sum which was demanded in ransom by the Barbary slave traders for his release, also, as the ship had been sailing under Hamburg colours, the familys request for a loan from the slavery fund of the Danish Kingdom was rejected. Subsequently, Olufs was sold as a slave on Algiers slave market, from 1724 to 1727/28 he was a servant of the Bey of Constantine and advanced to become the Beys treasurer. Between 1728 and 1732 he was made Commander of the Life Guards, in 1732 he became Agha ed-Deira, Commander in Chief of the local cavalry. He took part in the conquest of Tunis by the Algerian army in 1735 and as a reward he was released on October 31,1735, in 1747 he published an autobiography in Danish, which was translated into German in 1751. Hark Olufs died on October 13,1754, in Süddorf on Amrum and his headstone is still visible in the graveyard of Nebel. Hark Olufs life has treated in a biographical novel in 2010, Weinbörner. Das abenteuerliche Leben des Amrumer Schiffsjungen Hark Olufs, turkish Abductions Ein Amrumer Schicksal im 18. Die Geschichte Norddeutschlands - Im Zeichen des Kreuzes, archived from the original on March 17,2008. Hark Olufs’ Wiederkehr aus der Sklaverei, Hark Olufs and the Barbary States
22.
Thomas Pellow
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Pellows narrative gives a detailed account of his capture of Barbary pirates, his experiences as a slave under Sultan Moulay Ismail, and his final escape from Morocco back to his Cornish origins. According to Pellows account, his captivity began at the age of eleven when sailing abroad in the summer of 1716 when his ship was attacked by Barbary pirates after crossing the Bay of Biscay. Pellow travelled with his uncle, John Pellow, who was the ships captain alongside five Englishman, Pellow and his shipmates were taken captive and delivered to Sultan Mulai Ismail of Morocco as prisoners. Pellow was one of the individuals handed over to the sultan, as a slave Pellow did not have free will to act as he chose. The Black African slave troops would habitually throw a white captive into the air in such a way that he would break his neck when he hit the ground and this was performed as punishment for minor infractions or imagined offenses at the direction of the Sultan. Throughout his narrative, Pellow talks about marriage in a distant voice. In his writing, he recounts the tale of how he received his wife through his works towards Mulai Ismail. He goes on to tell the wealth of his new wifes family, Pellow is very attentive to details when it comes to this section of his account of slavery. Later in his narrative, he often has trouble deciding whether to leave or to stay, Marriage could have psychologically tied Pellow to his new home in Morocco. Being married would have caused a crucial bond to form him and the land he was being brought up in from age eleven. In the text, Pellow talks about how his marriage raised his status quite nicely and this is similar to how women would often get married to raise their slave status or be completely delivered out of slavery. If we look at his account through this perspective, we can see that he could have thought himself to be favoured and, thus, important among those around him and we know that Mulai Ismail had a considerable impact on the slave environment. Pellow was most likely just a pawn in Mulais great game of slave chess and this assembly line-like way of marrying off slaves further suggests that Mulai was doing it solely to produce a large number of slaves in a quick manner. We also know that many times these married slaves were given small homes and this goes hand in hand with wanting to keep slaves around. When a slave has a family and place to call their own, even if it is not truly theirs, they are likely to feel grounded in their environment. Mulai was extremely smart and resourceful when it came to this aspect of his assets and we can perceive that Mulai Ismails plan in marrying off his slaves was almost completely pragmatic. Doing so caused slaves to become attached to their new home. All this would encourage procreation, which provided more slaves for Ismails empire and we can also see that marriage would have provided an avenue for status change and this would have been a factor in subliminally forcing a slave to want to stay
23.
Lovisa von Burghausen
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Lovisa von Burghausen was a Swedish memoirist who became famous for her story about her time in captivity as a slave in Russia after being taken prisoner by the Russians during the Great Northern War. She was sold as a several times before she eventually recovered her freedom. Lovisa was born in the city of Narva in Swedish Estonia, one of five daughters to the noble Swedish major Gustaf von Burghausen and her father had been taking part in the defence of the city when it was taken by the Russians after the Battle of Narva. Lovisas parents and sisters were taken captive as prisoners of war and she fainted and woke up in a tent, where she cried for her mother until her throat was so swollen up she lost her voice and lost consciousness. She was taken to Moscow and given as present to the Russian general Prince Anikita Repnin and he sent her to a nunnery for her to be converted to the Russian Orthodox faith, but unable to understand Russian, she was beaten as a pagan unwilling to convert. After three months, she was released from the convent by the intervention of the Princes mother, the dowager princess, who showed her all the tenderness of a mother. She was to accompany the family to Ukraine in 1709 and witness the Swedish army. In 1713, Johan died from being shot in the leg during battle for the prince, the same year, Prince Dimitrie Cantemir, hospodar of Moldavia, a Russian ally at the time, visited Moscow with his family. Princess Cantemir died the year, and Lovisa was poisoned by the wife of the baker of the Cantemir court, who wanted Lovisas place for her daughter. The English merchant sent her to Archangelsk to be educated in the Protestant religion, after seven weeks, she was reported by a German tailor, arrested by the Russian police and taken back to prince Cantemir. She was chained to her hands and feet and nails were hammered through her shoes to make it difficult for her to walk and she was put to wash clothes in a stone-kitchen so cold that her arms were covered with ice. In 1714, prince Cantemir traveled to Saint Petersburg and left his household under the supervision of a captain Iwanof and his wife. The wife of Iwanof took Lovisa, together two other female slaves, one from Finland and one from Narva, to the Russian slave market in Moscow. The Finnish woman was sold to an Armenian, the woman from Narva to a Russian clerk and she was sold for a bit of damask, a fan and a smaller sum of money. She was put among the merchandise in the sleigh of the merchant, mostly consisted of carpets, threatened with beating if she screamed, during the journey, a Russian clerk saw Lovisa crying in an inn, and asked her what had happened. She told him her story, and he reported it to the voivod of Solikamsk, in Solikamsk, the voivod questioned the Turk, but let them go when the Turk told him that the person in his sleigh was an old Russian woman. They then left Solikamsk without knowing, that this was the city where the parents of Lovisa lived as prisoners of war, at the home of the Turk in Tobolsk, Lovisa was put to hard labour and badly beaten every time she made a mistake of sheer exhaustion. Tobolsk was, however, the city in Siberia containing the largest colony of Swedish prisoners of war, Lovisa was later to say about him that he was her greatest saviour next to God
24.
Olaudah Equiano
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Olaudah Equiano, known in his lifetime as Gustavus Vassa, was a prominent African in London, a freed slave who supported the British movement to end the slave trade. His autobiography, published in 1789, helped in the creation of the Slave Trade Act 1807 which ended the African trade for Britain, since the late 20th century, there has been some debate on his origins, but most of his account has been extensively documented. His last owner was Robert King, an American Quaker merchant who allowed Equiano to trade on his own account and he published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, which depicted the horrors of slavery. It went through nine editions and aided passage of the British Slave Trade Act of 1807, since 1967, his memoir has been regarded as the true beginning of modern African literature. As a free man, Equiano had a life, he had suffered suicidal thoughts before he became a born-again Christian. After settling in London, Equiano married an English woman named Susannah Cullen in 1792 and he died in 1797 in London, his gravesite is unknown. Equianos death was recognized in Britain as well as by American newspapers, plaques commemorating his life have been placed at buildings where he lived in London. Since the late 20th century, when his autobiography was published in a new edition, he has been studied by a range of scholars. Equiano recounted an incident when a kidnapping of children was foiled by adults in his villages in Igboland. When he was around the age of eleven, he and his sister were left alone to look after their familys compound and they were both kidnapped and taken far away from their hometown of Essaka, separated, and sold to slave traders. After changing hands several times, Equiano met his sister again, but they were separated and he was taken over a river to the coast. He was transported with 244 other enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados in the West Indies and he and a few other slaves were sent on to the British colony of Virginia. A number of scholars agree with Carretta, while his conclusion is disputed by scholars who believe the weight of evidence supports Equianos account of coming from Igboland. In Virginia, Equiano was bought in 1754 by Michael Pascal, Pascal renamed the boy as Gustavus Vassa, after the Swedish noble who had become Gustav I of Sweden, king in the 16th century. Equiano had already been renamed twice, he was called Michael while on the ship that brought him to the Americas. This time Equiano refused and told his new owner that he would prefer to be called Jacob and his refusal, he says, gained me many a cuff – and eventually he submitted to the new name. He used this name for the rest of his life, including on all official records and he only used Equiano in his autobiography. Pascal took Equiano with him when he returned to England, and had him accompany him as a valet during the Seven Years War with France
25.
Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
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Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, also known as James Albert, was a freed slave and autobiographer. His autobiography is considered the first published by an African in Britain, Gronniosaws autobiography was produced in Kidderminster in 1772. It is entitled A Narrative of the Most remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, the title page explains that it was committed to paper by the elegant pen of a young LADY of the town of LEOMINSTER. It was the first Slave narrative in the English language, published in Bath, Somerset, in December 1772, it gives a vivid account of Gronniosaws life, from his capture in Africa through slavery to a life of poverty in Colchester and Kidderminster. He was attracted to this last town because it was at one time the home of Richard Baxter, the preface was written by the Reverend Walter Shirley, cousin to Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, who was the chief patron of the Calvinist wing of Methodism. He interprets Gronniosaws experience of enslavement and his journey from Bornu to New York as an example of Calvinist predestination and election. Until the recent discovery of an obituary, and a letter written by Gronniosaw to Hastings. Gronniosaw was probably born in Bornu, he claims he was doted on as the grandson of the king of Zaara, at the age of 15, he was taken by a Gold Coast ivory merchant and sold to a Dutch captain for two yards of check cloth. He was bought by an American in Barbados and resold to a Calvinist minister, Theodorus Frelinghuysen, there he was taught to read and brought up as a Christian. When the minister died, he chose to stay with his widow, Gronniosaw then enlisted as a cook with a privateer, and later as a soldier in the British army. He served in Martinique and Cuba, before obtaining his discharge, at first he settled in Portsmouth, but, when his landlady swindled him out of most of his savings, was forced to seek his fortune in London. There he married a young English widow, Betty, who already had a child and they were forced by industrial unrest to look for work in Colchester, where they were saved from starvation by Osgood Hanbury, who employed Gronniosaw in building work. Moving to Norwich, Gronniosaw and his family fell on hard times. Once again, they were saved by the kindness a Quaker, after pawning all their possessions, the family moved to Kidderminster, where Betty managed to support them by working as a weaver. At around the time, Gronniosaw received a letter and a charitable donation from Hastings herself. Shortly afterward, he work on his life story, with the help apparently of an amanuensis from Leominster. Until recently, nothing was known of his later life, on 25 June 1774, Gronniosaws fifth child, James Albert Jr, was baptised, again by Fawcett. He left the country in the part of his life, with a view to acquire proper notions of the Divine Being
26.
Roustam Raza
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Roustam Raza, also known as Roustan or Rustam, was Napoleons mamluk bodyguard. Roustam was born in Tbilisi, Georgia, to Armenian parents, at thirteen Roustam was kidnapped and sold as a slave in Cairo. The Turks gave him the name Idzhahia, the sheikh of Cairo presented him to General Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798. Roustan served as a bodyguard of Napoleon until 1814, when he married Mademoiselle Douville in Dourdan, on 7 December 1845, Roustam died in Dourdan. His memoirs of the service to Napoleon were first published in 1888, list of slaves Roustam Razas memoirs online Souvenirs de Roustam, mamelouck de Napoléon Ier Introduction et notes de Paul Cottin
27.
Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
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She dictated her memoirs, describing her life as a slave, after her release. Her story is regarded as a source of information about life among the Dzungars. She mainly lived in Riga, and when her died in Thorn in 1703. After the Battle of Narva, they were taken to Moscow as prisoners, where she became a widow in 1711. Ziems, who was not a Swedish subject, joined the service of the Russian army in 1715 to gain their freedom. In 1716, Ziems was a part of the reinforcements sent to the garrison of Ivan Bucholtz at Jarmyn Lake, above the Irtysh River, Scherzenfeldt, as well as several other Swedish and German people in Russian service, was a part of that convoy. At the same time, the garrison was attacked and captured by the Dzungar, Scherzenfeldt was captured, abused with iron and ropes, stripped and almost raped, but she defended herself so forcefully that she tore a piece of flesh from the leg of her attacker. The Khan then gave her as a gift to one of his wives, a Princess from Tibet, the story about the rape attempt is not in her official story, but was told to an English woman, Mrs. Vigor, several years later in Moscow. She was also active in making a life for other slaves belonging to the Dzungars. They had been allowed to only to visit their home country. In Moscow, she told an English woman, Mrs Vigor, some about her experiences, when the survivors entered Stockholm in 1734, the three remaining Kalmyks were baptized to become Anna Catharina, Maria Stina and Sara Greta, they then became maids in the Renat household. Scherzenfeldt died in Stockholm in 1736 and her Dzungar costume of red silk is now on display in the Livrustkammaren in Stockholm. Lovisa von Burghausen Brita Olsdotter Ulrika Eleonora Stålhammar Yefrosinya Fedorov List of slaves Höjer Signe, Blomquist Gunvor, starka kvinnor, ett urval märkliga kvinnoöden från radioserien Värt att veta. Fångars elände, karolinerna i Ryssland 1700-1723
28.
Mary Prince
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Mary Prince was born in Devonshire Parish, Bermuda, to an enslaved family of African descent. While she was living in London, her autobiography, The History of Mary Prince, was the first account of the life of a black woman to be published in the United Kingdom. It went through three printings in the first year, Prince had her account transcribed while living and working in England at the home of Thomas Pringle. A founder of the Anti-Slavery Society and she had gone to London with her master and his family in 1828 from Antigua. Mary Prince was born into slavery in Brackish Pond, now known as Devonshire Marsh, Devonshire Parish and her father was a sawyer owned by David Trimmingham, and her mother a house-servant held by Charles Myners. She had three brothers and two sisters, Hannah and Dinah. When Myners died in 1788, Mary Prince, her mother and he gave Mary and her mother to his daughter, with the slave girl becoming the companion servant of his young granddaughter, Betsey Williams. At the age of 12, Mary was sold for £38 sterling to Captain John Ingham and her two sisters were sold the same day, each to different masters. Her new master and his wife were cruel, and often lost their temper with the slaves, Mary and other slaves were often severely flogged for minor offences. Ingham sold Mary in 1806 to a master on Grand Turk, the Bermudians had used these seasonally for a century for the extraction of salt from the ocean. The production of salt for export was a pillar of the Bermudian economy, originally, raking had been performed by whites due to the fear of black slaves being seized by Spanish and French raiders. Black slaves crewed the Bermuda sloops that delivered the rakers to and from the Turks Islands and delivered salt to markets in North America, when the threats posed by the Spanish and French in the region reduced, however, slaves were put to work in the salt pans. As a young child Mary had to work for seventeen straight hours while standing in water up to her knees and these conditions were very poor for an adult, let alone a child. Generally men were the salt rakers, forced to work in the ponds, where they were exposed to the sun and heat, as well as the salt in the pans. Mary Prince was returned to Bermuda in 1810, where her master had moved and she was assigned to his daughter, and then for a time hired out to work at Cedar Hill. In 1815, Mary was sold a fourth time to John Adams Wood of Antigua for $300 and she worked for his household as a domestic slave, attending the bed chambers, nursing a young child, and washing clothes. She began to suffer from rheumatism and was unable to work, when her master was travelling, Prince began to earn her own money, by taking in washing, selling coffee, yams and other provisions to ships, and similar ways. In Antigua she joined the Moravian Church, where she attended classes
29.
Pierre Toussaint
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The Venerable Pierre Toussaint was a former slave from the French colony of Saint-Domingue who was brought to New York City by his owners in 1787. There he eventually gained his freedom and became a noted philanthropist to the poor of the city, freed in 1807 after the death of his mistress, Pierre took the surname of Toussaint in honor of the hero of the Haitian Revolution which established that nation. After his marriage in 1811 to Juliette Noel, Toussaint and his wife performed many charitable works, among those works included opening their home as an orphanage, employment bureau, and a refuge for travelers. He contributed funds and helped raise money to build Saint Patricks Cathedral on Mulberry Street and he was considered one of the leading black New Yorkers of his day. His ghostwritten memoir was published in 1854, Born on June 27,1766 in modern-day Haiti, Pierre Toussaint was born a slave. Pierre was the son of Ursule at the Artibonite plantation, the plantation was located on the Artibonite River near Saint-Marc on the colonys west coast. His fathers name is not known and he was known to have a sister Rosalie. His maternal grandmother, Zenobe Julien, was also a slave and was freed by the Bérards for her service to the family. His maternal great-grandmother, Tonette, had born in Africa. He was reared as a Catholic, Pierre was educated as a child by the Bérard familys tutors and was trained as a house slave. The senior Bérards returned to France, taking Zenobe Julien with them, upon their arrival in New York, Bérard had Pierre apprenticed to one of New Yorks leading hairdressers. The master returned to Saint-Domingue to see his property, after Jean Bérard died in St. Domingue of pleurisy, Pierre, who was becoming increasingly successful as a hairdresser in New York, voluntarily took on the support of Madame Bérard. His master had allowed him to much of his earnings from being hired out. Madame Bérard eventually remarried, to a Monsieur Nicolas, also from Saint-Domingue, on her deathbed, she made her husband promise to free Pierre from slavery. As a very popular hairdresser among the upper echelon of New York society and he saved his money and paid for his sister Rosalies freedom. They both still lived in what was then the Nicolas house, due to connections among the French emigrant community in New York, Toussaint met people who knew the Bérards in Paris. He began a correspondence with them lasted for some decades, particularly with Aurora Bérard. The Bérards had lost their fortune in the French Revolution, during which Auroras father died in prison and her other siblings had married in France
30.
Marcos Xiorro
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Although his rebellion was unsuccessful, he achieved legendary status among the islands slave population and has become part of Puerto Rican folklore. It is not known when Xiorro was born, or from what people, what is known is that he was known as a Bozal slave, one who had been recently brought to the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico directly from Africa. Xiorro was owned by Vicente Andino, a Militia Captain who owned a plantation in the municipality of Bayamon. A 100-lashes punishment was given to those who committed a violent act or incited a rebellion, ramón Power y Giralt was a Puerto Rican naval hero, a captain in the Spanish navy who had risen to become vice-president of the Spanish Cortes. Power Y Giralt was amongst the delegates who proposed that slavery be abolished in Puerto Rico and he sent a letter to his mother, Josefa Giralt, suggesting that if the proposals were approved, she should be the first one to grant her slaves their freedom. A slave named Benito contributed to the rumor by circulating the mistaken news that the Cortes Generales y Extraordinarias de la Nacion had granted slaves their freedom and these false rumors led to various confrontations between the slaves, military and slave masters. In July 1821, Xiorro planned and organized a conspiracy against the slave masters and this was to be carried out on July 27, during the festival celebrations for Santiago. According to his plan, several slaves were to escape from various plantations in Bayamón and they were to proceed to the sugarcane fields of Miguel Figueres, and retrieve cutlasses and swords which had been hidden in those fields. Xiorro, together with Mario, a slave from the McBean plantation and they would burn the city and kill the whites. After this, they planned to unite with slaves from the towns of Rio Piedras, Guaynabo. With this critical mass of slaves, all armed and emboldened from a series of victories, they would invade the capital city of San Juan. Miguel Figueres had a slave named Ambrosio who told him about the plans of the rebellion. The whistleblower also had personal and financial interest, as the colony rewarded slaves who reported any kind of slave conspiracy by granting them freedom. Figueres told the mayor of Bayamón, who mobilized 500 soldiers for defense and they pursued the slaves, quickly capturing the ringleaders and followers of the conspiracy. A total of 61 slaves were imprisoned in Bayamón and San Juan, on August 15,1821, the court completed the trials. A total of 17 slaves were punished, and Mario and Narciso, Xiorro was captured on August 14 in the city of Mayaguez. He was tried separately and his fate is unknown, but he was likely executed, in the years that followed, many of the slaves who had been imprisoned and returned to their masters, later escaped from their plantations. The Spanish authorities believed that Jean-Pierre Boyer, the president of Haiti, during the years of slavery there were other minor revolts
31.
Jordan Anderson
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Jordan Anderson or Jourdon Anderson was a Black-American former slave noted for a letter he dictated, known as Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master. It was addressed to his master, Colonel P. H. Anderson. It has been described as a example of documented slave humor of the period. Anderson was born around 1825 somewhere in Tennessee, in 1848, Jordan Anderson married Amanda McGregor. The two eventually would have children together. In 1864, Union Army soldiers camped on the Anderson plantation, there he found work as a servant, janitor, coachman, or hostler, until 1894, when he became a sexton, probably at the Wesleyan Methodist Church, a position he held until his death. His employer, Valentine Winters, was father-in-law to McDermont, Anderson died in Dayton on April 15,1907 of exhaustion at 81 years old, and is buried in Woodland Cemetery, one of the oldest garden cemeteries in the United States. Amanda died April 12,1913, she is buried next to him, harvest season was approaching with nobody to bring in the crops, the colonel was making a last-ditch effort to save the farm. On August 7, from his home in Ohio, Jordan Anderson dictated a letter in response through his abolitionist employer, Valentine Winters, who had it published in the Cincinnati Commercial. The letter became a media sensation with reprints in the New York Daily Tribune of August 22,1865. How it was with poor Matilda and Catherine, the letter concludes, Say howdy to George Carter, and thank him for taking the pistol from you when you were shooting at me. The people mentioned in the letter are real and include George Carter, Miss Mary and Miss Martha are Colonel Andersons wife, Mary, and their daughter, Martha. Colonel Anderson, having failed to attract his former slaves back, two years later he was dead at the age of 44. Dr. Valentine Winters Anderson, Jordan Andersons son, was a friend and collaborator with Paul Laurence Dunbar. A character called Jeremiah Anderson, who is asked by his master to return to the plantation. Michael Johnson, a historian at Johns Hopkins University, investigated the people and places mentioned in order to verify the documents authenticity. He found that 1860 slave records named a Colonel P. H. Anderson in the county. Jordan Anderson, his wife, and children appear in the 1870 census of Dayton, they are listed as black
32.
Jared Maurice Arter
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Jared Maurice Arter was born into slavery, in Jefferson County, West Virginia. His father was Jeremiah Arter, who was not very present in Jared’s life because of his slave status, when Jared was about seven, his father died after falling down some stairs and being paralyzed at a mill. Jared’s mother’s name was Hannah Frances Stephenson Arter and she was a slave who was thirty-eight years younger than Jared’s father. Arter lived near Harpers Ferry during the part of his life, and when he was nine, he witnessed the hanging of four of the abolitionist John Browns men, Cook, Coppie, Green. A couple years after this, in the midst of the Civil War, under the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, Arter’s family was freed from slavery. Shortly after being freed, Arter’s mother took most of the family, including Arter, to Washington, there a family was found for Arter by the name of Wealch where he stayed for short while. In 1865, Arter’s mother got a proposition from a businessman from New York to educate her two boys, on the condition that they would be bound to him until they were twenty-one. Arter jumped at the opportunity to get an education, and spent the next several years working for the Ayer family. Even after leaving the Ayer residence, Arter continued his education for years while working along the way. He attended Newfield and Ithaca, a school in New York, Washington. He received a PhD at Pennsylvania State College, and a BD at Hillsdale College, in 1873, Arter came to accept Christianity as his sole faith, and became a soldier of the cross. In 1887 he was ordained to the ministry, and was given work at Curtis Free Baptist Church. From 1895-1898 Arter was an instructor at the Virginia Theological Seminary and College in Lynchburg and he also taught at Storer College and was the superintendent of a school in Hilltop in Fayette County, West Virginia. Arter married twice, once on July 10,1890, to Emily Carter, in his first marriage he had five children, four of whom died before they were twenty. After getting an education himself, Arter devoted his life to educating others and he did not finish his own schooling until the spring of 1894. Though he loved teaching others about the Bible he also had a love of history, biology, in 1921 Arter was serving as pastor of Curtis Free Will Baptist Church in Harpers Ferry. He was a Republican, missionary baptist, and mason, Arter is the author of the slave narrative, Echoes From a Pioneer Life. At the time of Arters funeral, Dr. N. C, brackett said, If we had two or three William Arters in every community of this country the race problem would be settled
33.
Solomon Bayley
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Solomon Bayley was an African American slave who was born in Delaware. He is best known for his 1825 autobiography entitled A Narrative of Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of Solomon Bayley, Formerly a Slave in the State of Delaware, North America. In his autobiography, Bayley quoted that his grandmother was born in Guinea. Bayleys writings illustrated how his owner took him to Virginia and after arriving there, in 1799, while he was living in Camden, Delaware, his owner recaptured him. Bayley was eventually able to buy his own freedom for $80, shortly thereafter, he purchased the freedom for his wife and children. He worked as a farmer after being freed from slavery, although he harbored a desire to enter the Methodist ministry, despite the episodic nature of the work, Bayleys religious faith and dependence on God are constants throughout. His escape and recapture are covered in detail, in addition to the general outline of Bayleys life, he includes information about his wife, mother, and two daughters who died young. The plot line of most of the narrative constitutes a picaresque journey of incredible incidents, the narrative describes a double journey from slavery to freedom, spiritual and physical. Bayley’s rhetorical structure frequently oscillates between an interpretive perspective that is both African and Western, Bayley’s merging of African and Western belief creates a liminal space for Bayley in which he does not have to abandon one to adopt the other. Bayley belonged to the same Methodist church as the man who was attempting to sell Bayley’s wife, in the 19th century, African Americans petitioned various levels of government on a variety of issues. When necessary, they used the courts. Numerous individuals addressed the topics of freedom and economic discrimination in their appeals. To explain his thinking about using the legal avenues open to him, Solomon Bayley wrote, I thought where the law made liberty the right of any man, he could not be wrong in trying to recover it. Bayley threatened to take his master to court for transporting his family out of state and his firm stance led to an out-of-court settlement and an arrangement to buy his freedom over time. Bayley later purchased the freedom of his wife, Thamar, following the path of Solomon Bayley, many others, when their masters violated the law, successfully petitioned the courts to achieve what was rightfully theirs. List of slaves Bayley, Solomon, A Narrative of Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of Solomon Bayley, Formerly a Slave in the State of Delaware, North America, London, Harvey and Darton. THE GROWTH OF DELAWARES ANTEBELLUM FREE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY, U. S. Courthouse, Wilmington, Delaware, the African American Witness to the Sacred Gift of Life, a lecture given at the Orthodox Peace Fellowship conference at St. Tikhon’s Monastery, South Canaan, Pennsylvania. Raboteau, A. J. Survival, Resistance, and Transmission, New Histological and Methodological Perspectives for the Study of Slave Religion, The North Star, Volume 8, retrieved 2007-08-18 Slavery article by Albert J. Raboteau that includes Solomon Bayley WebRoots
