1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
4.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
5.
Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
6.
Gospel music
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Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
7.
Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
8.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
9.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
10.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
11.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
12.
Entrepreneurship
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What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
13.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
14.
Philadelphia International Records
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Philadelphia International Records is an American record label based in Philadelphia. It was founded in 1971 by the duo, Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff. It was famous for showcasing the Philadelphia soul music genre that was founded on the gospel, doo-wop and this Philly Soul sound later became a prominent and distinct era within R&B itself. During the 1970s the label released a string of hits which emphasized lavish orchestral instrumentation, heavy bass. Some of their most popular and best selling acts included Patti LaBelle, The OJays, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Teddy Pendergrass, MFSB, Billy Paul, between 1971 and the early 80s, the label sold over 170 gold and platinum records. Philadelphia International Records has been defunct since 1987, and finally shut down in 2001. As of 2007, Sony Music Entertainment owns all rights to the Philadelphia International Records music catalogue, in 1965, Huff joined Gambles band, The Romeos, a popular moniker at the time, by replacing future Philadelphia International Records producer and arranger Thom Bell on piano. Kenny Gamble and The Romeos had seen little success up to that point playing for their label, Arctic Records, the success of their biggest signing, The Intruders, brought attention to Gamble and Huff, which allowed them to create Neptune Records in 1969. Neptune Records, an ambitious project for the duo, was financed by Chess Records Group. When Chess Records Groups management changed hands in 1969, Neptune Records folded, with the collapse of Neptune Records, Gamble and Huff transferred their signed artists onto a new project, Philadelphia International Records. The label was set up in connection with Mighty Three/Assorted Music, Jones by Billy Paul,1972, When Will I See You Again by The Three Degrees,1974, and Youll Never Find Another Love Like Mine by Lou Rawls,1976. The label had a deal with CBS Records until 1984. Distribution of the catalog from 1976 onwards was then taken over by EMI, in 2007, Sonys Legacy Recordings regained the rights to Philadelphia Internationals full catalog and the following year, PIR/Legacy released a box set titled Love Train, The Sound of Philadelphia. Most of the released by the label was recorded and produced at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia. More than 30 resident studio musicians, known collectively as MFSB Mother Father Sister Brother, were based at this studio, some of these musicians also acted as arrangers, writers or producers for Philadelphia International as well as for other labels recording in the city. They included Bobby Martin, Norman Harris, Thom Bell, Ronnie Baker, Vince Montana and later, Jack Faith, Gamble and Huff worked as independent producers with a series of artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Jerry Butler, Wilson Pickett and Dusty Springfield. They also produced The Jacksons first two albums for Epic/CBS after the group had left Motown in 1976, the first, titled The Jacksons featured the platinum-selling single Enjoy Yourself, and a second album, Goin Places followed in 1977. Although on CBS subsidiary Epic, both albums and the singles carried a Philadelphia International logo
15.
MCA Records
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MCA Records was an American-based record company owned by MCA Inc. which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group, of which MCA Records was still part. MCAs country division, MCA Nashville, is an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger, as American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into the top film studio in town, producing hit after hit. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967 purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management. In 1937, the owner of Decca, E. R. Lewis, chose to split off the U. K. Decca company from the U. S. company, companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his U. S. Decca holdings when war did break out, MCAs U. S. -based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. U. K. Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world, after the war, British Decca formed a new U. S. subsidiary, London Records. During this time U. S. Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick, in 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label to release U. S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16,1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, early MCA releases were distributed by U. K. Decca but it moved to EMI in 1974. In 1979, distribution moved to CBS, while the last releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, as the U. S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest U. K. MCA Records material was released in the U. S. on either Kapp or Decca, Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide. In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records, in April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Deccas general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner, the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. Drift Away by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U. S in 1973. Beginning the same year the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U. S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler. The first MCA Records release in the U. S. was former Uni artist Elton Johns Crocodile Rock single in 1972, MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was inspired by the U. S. Decca label of the 1960s
16.
The Island Def Jam Music Group
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The Island Def Jam Music Group was an American record label group formed in 1998 by combining the operations of 14+ record labels including Island Records, Def Jam Recordings, and Mercury Records. In 2011, Motown Records was split from The Universal/Motown Records Group, on April 1,2014, Universal Music announced that Island Def Jams operations would be split between three entities, Island Records, Motown Records, and Def Jam Recordings. Despite being a new organization, Island Def Jam quickly made a name for itself in the music industry, the label gained notoriety for its untraditional and innovative approach when it came to breaking new artists, creating joint ventures, acquisitions, internet marketing, etc. IDJ had a great A&R team that oversaw chart-topping talent such as Jay-Z, Bon Jovi, DMX, Elton John and these savvy business moves are the reason IDJ prospered. In 2000, IDJMG announced that they would be launching Def Jam Germany and this move expanded urban music into a global phenomenon. In 2001, Island Def Jam created a label, Lost Highway Records. The label operated as an imprint of IDJs Mercury Records division, in Summer 2001, Island Def Jam acquired a controlling interest in the legendary rock label, Roadrunner Records. In December 2004, Island Def Jam acquired the remaining 50% interest in Roc-A-Fella Records, in 2011, Motown Records became an imprint of The Island Def Jam Music Group. In April 2014, UMG announced that Island Def Jam would cease to exist, IDJs operations were split up/separated between its flagship labels, Island Records, Def Jam Recordings, and Motown Records. Today, The Island Def Jam Music Group continues to one of the most impressive music catalogues in history. Chocolate City Records Artium Recordings Desert Storm Records Disturbing Tha Peace GOOD Music Radio Killa Records The Inc
17.
Labelle
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Labelle was an American all-female singing group who were a popular vocal group of the 1960s and 1970s. The founding members were Patti LaBelle, Cindy Birdsong, Nona Hendryx, as The Bluebelles, and later Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles, the group found success with ballads in the doo-wop genre, most notably Down the Aisle, Youll Never Walk Alone and Over the Rainbow. After Birdsong departed to join The Supremes in 1967, the group, following the advice of Vicki Wickham, changed its look, musical direction and they are notable for being the first contemporary pop group and first black pop group to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. They were also the first black vocal group to appear on the cover of Rolling Stone Magazine, the group members each went on their own after the end of a tour in 1976, going on to have significant solo success. The group returned with their first new album in 32 years with 2008s Back to Now, in 1959, a fifteen-year-old teenager, Patricia Patti Holt won her first talent contest in high school. Following this, she sought to form her own singing group the year called the Ordettes. Holt formed the group with singers Jean Brown, Yvonne Hogen, the group gained a local following. Dawson was eventually replaced by Sundray Tucker, by 1961, Jean Brown and Yvonne Hogan had ditched the group to get married and Patti and Sundray carried on as soloists. Later in 1961, Patti and Sundrays manager Bernard Montague contacted two singers from the Trenton, NJ singing group the Del-Capris, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash, eventually Hendryx and Dash became official replacements for Brown and Hogan as the Ordettes. The group soon began working diligently by musician Morris Bailey, Bailey and Montagues schedule led to Tuckers parents to disband her from the group. Eventually, another singer, Cindy Birdsong, from Camden, New Jersey, was allowed to join the group after an audition, the group soon toured the chitlin circuit, gaining a following in the eastern U. S. In 1962, Chicago-based group The Starlets had traveled to Philadelphia to do sessions for producer Bobby Martin and record label owner Harold Robinson, one of the sessions included a cover of the standard, I Sold My Heart to the Junkman. At the time of the release, the group had a hit with the song Better Tell Him No and were unable to promote the song due to them being signed to another label. The song was credited under the name The Blue Belles, the Ordettes auditioned by singing the song. Before hearing the group, Robinson turned them down due to being unimpressed with Pattis looks but upon hearing Patti singing, he changed his mind, when I Sold My Heart became popular, Robinson sent the Ordettes to promote it under the assumed name of the Blue Belles. After a televised performance at American Bandstand featuring the Ordettes, the Starlets manager sued Harold Robinson, around the same time, Robinson was also sued for having another group use the name Blue Belles. Following the aftermath of the ordeals, Robinson gave Patti Holt a new name, Patti LaBelle, as a result, the record reached the top 40 on both the pop and R&B charts, formally launching the group to national stardom. Frequent performances at the Apollo Theater helped to give the group the nickname Sweethearts of the Apollo, Newtown released two albums on the group before Harold Robinson sold Newtown in 1963
18.
1960s in music
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In North America and Europe the decade was particularly revolutionary in terms of popular music, as it saw the evolution of rock. In the early-1960s, rock and roll in its purest form was gradually overtaken by pop rock, beat, psychedelic rock, blues rock, and folk rock, which had grown in popularity. The country- and folk-influenced style associated with the latter-half of 1960s rock music spawned a generation of popular singer-songwriters who wrote and performed their own work. Towards the decades end, genres such as Baroque pop, sunshine pop, bubblegum pop, from a classical point of view, the 1960s were also an important decade as they saw the development of experimental, jazz and contemporary classical music, notably minimalism and free improvisation. In Asia, various trends marked the popular music of the 1960s, in Japan, the decade saw the rise in popularity of several Western popular music groups such as The Beatles. The success of music and bands in the Japan started a new generation, known as Group Sounds. In South America, genres such as bossa nova, Nueva canción, Rock music began leaving its mark, and achieved success in the 1960s. Additionally, salsa grew popular towards the end of the decade, in the 1960s cumbia entered Chile and left a long-lasting impact on tropical music in that country. In the late 1950s, a culture of groups began to emerge, often out of the declining skiffle scene, in major urban centres in the UK like Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham. This was particularly true in Liverpool, where it has estimated that there were around 350 different bands active, often playing ballrooms, concert halls. Beat bands were influenced by American bands of the era, such as Buddy Holly. Among the most successful acts from Birmingham were the Spencer Davis Group. The first non-Liverpool, non-Brian Epstein-managed band to break through in the UK were Freddie and the Dreamers, who were based in Manchester, as were Hermans Hermits. By the end of 1962, the British rock scene had started with groups like the Beatles drawing on a wide range of American influences including soul music, rhythm and blues. Initially, they reinterpreted standard American tunes, playing for dancers doing the twist and these groups eventually infused their original rock compositions with increasingly complex musical ideas and a distinctive sound. In mid-1962 the Rolling Stones started as one of a number of groups increasingly showing blues influence, along with bands like the Animals and the Yardbirds. During 1963, the Beatles and other groups, such as the Searchers. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles, I Want to Hold Your Hand was the bands first No.1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion of the American music charts
19.
1970s in music
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In North America, Europe, and Oceania, the decade saw the rise of disco, which became one of the biggest genres of the decade, especially in the mid-to-late 1970s. In Europe, a variant known as Euro disco rose in popularity towards the end of the 1970s, aside from disco, funk, smooth jazz, jazz fusion, and soul remained popular throughout the decade. It is this influx of music that soon transformed into rock. Rock music played an important part in the Western musical scene, other subgenres of rock, particularly glam rock, hard rock, progressive, art rock and heavy metal achieved various amounts of success. Other genres such as reggae were innovative throughout the decade and grew a significant following, hip hop emerged during this decade, but was slow to start and did not become significant until the late 1980s. A subgenre of classical, film scores, remained popular with movie-goers and its rising popularity, mixed with the popular music of the period, led to the creation of synthpop. Pop also had a popularity role in the 1970s, in Asia, music continued to follow varying trends. In Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula, the Nueva canción movement peaked in popularity and was adopted as the music of the hippie, Liberation Theology, Cumbia music began its internationalization as regional scenes rose outside Colombia. Merengue experienced mainstream exposure across Latin America and the southern US border states, in Africa, especially Nigeria, the genre known as Afrobeat gained a following throughout the 1970s. By the second half of the decade, many acts had also achieved stardom, namely, AC/DC, Kiss, Aerosmith, Van Halen. Arena rock grew in popularity through rock acts such as Styx, by the mid-1970s, Linda Ronstadt, along with other newer artists such as Emmylou Harris and The Eagles, were enjoying mainstream success and popularity that continues to this day. The Eagles themselves emerged as one of the most successful acts of all time. Many American bands in the seventies began experimenting with synthesizers. The original American bands included Talking Heads, The Cars, in the 1980s, Britain would respond with the synthpop style, which broadened the definition of new wave. Combining elements of rock and pop music, bands such as The Romantics, The Knack. Also seeing mild success is Loverboy, the mid-1970s saw the rise of punk music from its protopunk-garage band roots in the 1960s and early 1970s. The Ramones, Patti Smith, and Blondie were some of the earliest American Punk rock acts to make it big in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Punk music has also heavily associated with a certain punk fashion and absurdist humour which exemplified a genuine suspicion of mainstream culture
20.
Lady Marmalade
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Lady Marmalade is a song written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan. The song is famous for its sexually suggestive chorus of Voulez-vous coucher avec moi. which translates into English as Do you want to sleep with me, the song was originally recorded in 1974 by the group Eleventh Hour. It first became a hit when covered by the American girl group Labelle. Labelle held the spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week. The song has had many cover versions over the years, in 1998, girl group All Saints released a cover of the song that peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart. The 2001 version by singers Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Pink, soundtrack was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 for 5 weeks. Lady Marmalade was the song to reach number one by two different musical acts in America. The song was written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan, and was inspired by Crewes experiences in New Orleans, a sex worker named Lady Marmalade shows up to a man named Joe, flirts with him and takes him home. Joe drinks wine and he screams French words while she is in the, the song was first recorded by The Eleventh Hour, a disco group made up of studio musicians fronted by Nolan on vocals. It was released in 1974 as a track on the Eleventh Hours Greatest Hits LP which did not chart, Crewe showed the song to Allen Toussaint in New Orleans, and Toussaint then decided to record the song with Labelle. Labelles version of Lady Marmalade was produced by Allen Toussaint and Vicki Wickham and it was released on August 3,1974 as the first single from Nightbirds, their first album after signing with Epic Records. Patti LaBelle sang lead vocals on Lady Marmalade with backing vocals being contributed by band mates Nona Hendryx, the song is best known for the French lyric Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir. in the refrain. Although Lady Marmalade is about a prostitute, Patti LaBelle, the female vocal of the band, said. Nobody, I swear this is Gods truth, nobody told me what Id just sung a song about, steve Huey from AllMusic selected the song as one of the best tracks on Labelles 1995 compilation Lady Marmalade, The Best of Patti and Labelle. Critic Robert Christgau described it as great synthetic French-quarter raunch, Lady Marmalade is billed as the song that made Labelle one of the hottest girl groups of the 1970s. Along with the track, What Can I Do for You, Lady Marmalade peaked at number seven on the disco/dance charts. The single also charted at seventeen in the United Kingdom. Billboard ranked it as the No.22 song for 1975, Labelle performed Lady Marmalade on Soul Train on December 7,1974
21.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
22.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
23.
1976 in music
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A list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1976. January 5 – Former Beatles road manager Mal Evans is shot dead by Los Angeles police after refusing to drop what police only later determine is an air rifle, January 13 – A trial begins for seven Brunswick Records and Dakar Records employees. The record company employees are charged with stealing more than $184,000 in royalties from artists, January 19 – Concert promoter Bill Sargent makes an offer of $30 million to the Beatles if they will reunite for a concert. February 15 – Bette Midler bails seven members of her out of jail after they are arrested on charges of cocaine. February 19 – Former Tower of Power lead singer Rick Stevens is arrested and charged with the murders of three men in San Jose, California. February 20 – Kiss have their footprints added to the sidewalk outside Hollywoods Graumans Chinese Theater, february 24 – Having been released one week before, The Eagles Their Greatest Hits compilation becomes the first album in history to be certified platinum by the RIAA. The new platinum certification represents sales of at least 1 million copies for albums and 2 million copies for singles, march 4 – ABBA arrive at Sydney airport for a promotional tour in Australia. March 6 – EMI Records reissues all 22 previously released British Beatles singles, all 23 singles hit the UK charts at the same time. March 7 – A wax likeness of Elton John is put on display in Londons Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, march 9 – The Whos Keith Moon collapses onstage ten minutes into a performance at the Boston Garden. March 15 – Members of The Plastic People of the Universe are arrested in communist Czechoslovakia and they were sentenced from 8 to 18 months in jail. March 20 – Alice Cooper marries Sheryl Goddard in an Acapulco restaurant, march 25 – Jackson Brownes wife Phyllis commits suicide. March 26 – In Paris, France, Wings guitarist Jimmy McCulloch breaks one of his fingers when he slips in his hotel following the final performance on the bands European tour. The injury ended up delaying the bands United States tour by three weeks, april 3 – British pop group Brotherhood of Man win the 21st Eurovision Song Contest in The Hague, Netherlands, with the song Save Your Kisses For Me. It goes on to be the biggest selling Eurovision winner ever, april 14 – Stevie Wonder announces that he has signed a $13 million-plus contract with Motown Records. April 23 – The Ramones release their eponymous titled debut studio album Ramones, april 24 – Saturday Night Live producer Lorne Michaels makes a semi-serious on-air offer to pay the Beatles $3000 to reunite live on the show. On May 22, Michaels raises his offer from $3,000 to $3,200, april 28 – The Rolling Stones open their European tour in Frankfurt, Germany. April 29 – When his tour stops in Memphis, Tennessee, Bruce Springsteen jumps the wall at Elvis Presleys mansion, Graceland, security guards stop Springsteen and escort him off the grounds. May 1 - The Alan Parsons Project release their album, Tales of Mystery
24.
Patti LaBelle (album)
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Patti LaBelle is the debut solo album by singer Patti LaBelle, released in 1977. Prior to recording the album, LaBelle initially thought of retiring from the industry after nearly twenty years as the lead singer of the hugely successful girl group Labelle. After further evaluation, LaBelle and her husband sorted out their differences, edwards was then hired by his wife to be her manager as she carefully plotted her solo career. Signing a solo contract with Epic Records, Labelles former label, while the song only scaled the high sixties on the Billboard R&B chart, it soon became one of her famous show-stoppers while performing the song. LaBelle performed the song at her first solo concert in London, getting a standing ovation, the album, when released, performed successfully, reaching number 62 on the Billboard 200 and number 31 on the R&B albums chart, while critics hailed the album. Joy to Have Your Love Funky Music Since I Dont Have You Dan Swit Me You Are My Friend You Cant Judge a Book by the Cover I Think About You Do I Stand a Chance, most Likely You Go Your Way 2011 Remaster 10. Joy to Have Your Love 11, Dan Swit Me Patti LaBelle - lead vocals, background vocals, vocal arrangements Leo Nocentelli, Ray Parker, Jr. - guitar David Shields, George Porter, Jr. Mac Cridlin, Ray Parker, Jr
25.
If Only You Knew
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If Only You Knew was a single written and produced primarily by Dexter Wansel and Cynthia Biggs for American singer Patti LaBelles sixth solo album, Im in Love Again. While respected for her longevity in the business, LaBelles recordings were not easily marketable as producers struggled to find a hit for the singer. The label helped to produce her first album for PIR, The Spirits In It, the duo had composed a previous song for LaBelle, Shoot Him on Sight, off The Spirits in It. During the 1982 recording sessions, Wansel and Biggs presented LaBelle with a song titled If Only You Knew. Because LaBelle was busy at work at Broadway and on projects, it took over a year before songs from her second album. When it came to release a track from the album, Gamble & Huff chose If Only You Knew as the first single since they felt the song had hit potential among the featured on the album. If Only You Knew was given its title after Gamble settled a dispute between Wansel and Biggs over a lyric line, If Only You Knew was recorded in July 1982 at Philadelphias Sigma Sound Studios and written and composed by Dexter Wansel and Cynthia Biggs with Wansel as its producer. It was released a later in October 1983 as the first song off LaBelles second Philadelphia International album. Wansel featured drums, bass, rhythm guitar and strings, which was arranged by longtime PIR arranger, the song starts off in E major and is D flat in the verses. It was also LaBelles first ever single to hit number-one on the R&B chart. Besides Lady Marmalade with Labelle and On My Own with Michael McDonald, the success of the song helped Im In Love Again reach gold status in the U. S. her first solo album to do so. If Only You Knew has gone on to be one of the signature songs in her solo career. LaBelle re-recorded the song for her 1990s live albums, Live. in 1992, in 1998, but only performing the first verse of the original song. The most notable covers of the song were by jazz singer Phil Perry, who recorded it on his 1994 album, Pure Pleasure and Keke Wyatt, who recorded it on her debut solo album, Soul Sista. Wyatt said LaBelle called her to congratulate her on her recording of the song, saying humorously, you sing it. Singer-actress DAtra Hicks also covered it for her album, Finally My Time, singer Oke also covered the song in 2001. Another sample of the came from Chicano rapper Capone, who had a song with the same name. Rapper Bizzy Bone included the sample of the song as an interpretation of his composition, Nobody Can Stop Me, in 2010, both Jasmine V and Ciara recorded the song If Only, which interpolated parts of the LaBelle song
26.
New Attitude (song)
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New Attitude is a song performed by Patti LaBelle and written by Sharon Teresa Robinson, Jon Gilutin, and Bunny Hull. It was released in December 1984 and helped launch LaBelles solo career as a pop singer after the singer had spent seven years without a crossover pop hit following the break-up of Labelle. In 1984, Patti LaBelle began taking part in films, participating in her first acting role in the acclaimed film, A Soldiers Story. Around the same time, producers of the film, Beverly Hills Cop, were putting together a soundtrack for the film. New Attitude, a song about a woman changing her outlook on life both emotionally and physically, was composed by Sharon Robinson, Jon Gilutin and Bunny Hull and produced by Harold Faltermeyer. The song was different from previous LaBelle recordings, which had been mostly pop ballads with occasional stabs at dance music and R&B, focusing on a synthpop direction. Prior to that, LaBelle had recorded a similar song, Ill Never, Never Give Up from her first gold album. It was LaBelles first MCA single, released in December 1984, the song climbed to number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Dance Music chart in a remixed form in 1986. It also peaked at three on the Hot R&B Singles chart in 1986. The singer shot the first music video of her career with the song, the song appears on the soundtrack for Beverly Hills Cop. The song is used as the theme song of each hour for the Dr. Laura Schlessinger show. It also appears in an episode of The Simpsons where Marge buys a pretzel franchise, the song also appears on The Nanny episode I Dont Remember Mama. The song was covered by The Chipettes for the 1985 Alvin, the song also appears in the film Boat Trip. The song appears in Miss Congeniality 2, Armed and Fabulous during the drag queen scene, the song appears in the scene on the television show Sister, Sister while Lisa sings the song. The song was used in the opening number of Miss Universe 1985 in Miami. The song was used in a 2006 TV commercial for OneTouch Ultra featuring LaBelle
27.
Stir It Up (Patti LaBelle song)
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The single is also the second of a couple of songs she recorded for MCA Records immediately after signing her new contract with that company. Her first full-length album for MCA, Winner in You, would follow the next year, the song was also used as the theme song to the short-lived sitcom Stir Crazy, based on the 1980 hit movie. The music video features Patti LaBelle singing the track in a studio with session musicians. This intercuts with a woman running through the streets. She recruits other passers-by who follow her to the studio where Patti is singing, the city shots were filmed in New York City. In 1985, the peaked at number 41 on the U. S. Pop Singles chart and number five on the U. S. Black Singles chart, LaBelle re-recorded Stir It Up alongside Joss Stone for the soundtrack to the 2005 Disney animated feature film Chicken Little. This version was produced by Mark Hammond and reached number 61 on the Japanese J-Wave Tokio Hot 100 airplay chart, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
28.
Winner in You
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Winner in You is the eighth studio album by American R&B singer Patti LaBelle, released April 28,1986, on MCA Records. Recording sessions took place during 1985–1986, production was handled by several record producers, including Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, and Nickolas Ashford, among others. The album peaked at one on the US Billboard 200 chart. It was LaBelles only album to chart outside of the United States, charting in the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, upon its release, Winner in You received moderate reviews from music critics. The album has certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album has gone to sell over 7 million copies worldwide, the first single to be released off of Winner in You was On My Own, featuring Michael McDonald. It peaked at one on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as the Billboard Hot R&B Songs. The second single to be released was Oh, People and it peaked at number twenty-nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and number seven on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. It was the single to chart internationally, peaking at thirty-one on the Dutch Singles Chart. The third single to be released was Kiss Away the Pain and it was not as successful as the two prior singles, only reaching number thirteen on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The final single to be released was Something Special, and it performed as well as Kiss Away the Pain, from 1986 to 1987, LaBelle toured Europe to promote her album. The album peaked at one on the US Billboard 200. The album also entered at number thirty-one on Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and it spent 29 weeks on the Billboard 200 and spent 33 weeks on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. On June 27,1986, Winner in You was certified 3x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, Winner in You attained respectable international charting. In the Netherlands, it entered at number twenty-eight on the Mega Album Top 100, in New Zealand, it entered at number ten on the Top 40 Albums. In Sweden, it entered at number seventeen on the Albums Top 60, in the United Kingdom, it entered at number thirty-four and peaked at number 30 on the UK Albums Chart. Winner in You received average reviews from critics, Ron Wynn on Allmusic gave the album three out of five stars. Wynn claims this is the album that made LaBelles solo career and he enjoys the songs Oh, People and Kiss Away the Pain, which he believed needed to chart higher on the Billboard Top 40
29.
Michael McDonald (musician)
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Michael McDonald is an American singer, songwriter, keyboardist and record producer. McDonalds music career more than forty years. His early career included singing with Steely Dan and he joined The Doobie Brothers in 1976 and remained an integral member until 1982, after which he released the first of eight solo albums. During his career, he has collaborated with a number of artists, including Kenny Loggins, Van Halen, Patti LaBelle, Aretha Franklin, Toto, Grizzly Bear. He has also recorded for television and film soundtracks, during his career, McDonald has won five Grammy Awards. Michael McDonald was born on February 12,1952, into an Irish American Catholic family in Ferguson, Missouri, McDonald attended McCluer High School where he played in local bands including Mike and the Majestics, Jerry Jay and the Sheratons, the Reebtoors and The Guild. He was discovered while playing with a group called Blue and moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1974, McDonald became a member of Steely Dans touring group, singing lead and backing vocals. He also became one of the many in-studio adjunct members of the band and he appeared on subsequent Steely Dan recordings including 1976s The Royal Scam and 1977s Aja. He also played keyboards on some Steely Dan tracks, McDonald continued to provide backing vocals for Steely Dan through their 1980 release, Gaucho. In 2006, he joined Steely Dan on the summer tour. McDonald co-wrote You Belong to Me with Carly Simon, which appeared on the album Livin on the Fault Line, McDonald reunited as a guest performer with the Doobie Brothers several times since the bands initial dissolution in 1982. He re-teamed with the Doobie Brothers for the track Dont Say Goodbye on the thirteenth studio album. In March 2014, he reunited with the Doobie Brothers to record an album featuring the greatest hits of the Doobies 40-plus-year career. This project was completed in conjunction with Sony Music Nashville, on the album, McDonald shares lead vocals with Sara Evans for What a Fool Believes, Love and Theft for Takin it to the Streets, and Amanda Sudano-Ramirez for You Belong to Me. The album, titled Southbound, was released on November 4,2014, on November 5,2014, McDonald and the Doobie Brothers were featured musical guests on the 47th annual CMA Awards to celebrate the release of Southbound. They were joined by Hunter Hayes, Jennifer Nettles, and Hillary Scott in their performance of Listen to the Music, at the end of the awards ceremony, they were also joined by host Brad Paisley for Takin It to the Streets. After the Doobies first farewell tour, McDonald released his first solo album, If Thats What It Takes. He continued to collaborate with artists during this period
30.
Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
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According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award was presented to artists that performed newly recorded solo R&B vocal performances. Solo numbers by members of a group were not eligible for the award as separate entries from the duo or group performances. Albums were also considered for the accolade until 1992, as a part of the major overhaul of Grammy categories, the award was discontinued in 2011. The Female R&B Vocal Performance category, Male R&B Vocal Performance category, the award for the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance was first presented to Aretha Franklin at the 10th Grammy Awards ceremony in 1968 for the song Respect. Franklin received the most wins with eleven, followed by Anita Baker with five, Franklin also holds the record for the most nominations with twenty-three, while Chaka Khan is second with eight nominations. Fantasia Barrino became the recipient of the award, when her song Bittersweet won the award in 2011. The award was presented to artists from the United States each year, ^ Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year. List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart List of Grammy Award categories List of number-one rhythm and blues hits Official site of the Grammy Awards I
31.
1991 in music
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List of notable events in music that took place in the year 1991. The single has been rushed to market in response to the imminent Gulf War,16 January – The sixth annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony is held in New York. The event goes forward despite an atmosphere due to the Presidents announcement of the Gulf War the same evening. The inductees are Ike & Tina Turner, Jimmy Reed, John Lee Hooker, LaVern Baker, The Byrds, The Impressions, Wilson Pickett and Howlin Wolf. 18 January – Three people are crushed to death during an AC/DC concert in Salt Lake City, Utah, 18–27 January – The massive nine-day festival Rock in Rio II is held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The headliners are Prince, INXS, Guns N Roses, New Kids on the Block, George Michael and Happy Mondays. 19 January – Janet Jackson with seventh single from Janet Jacksons Rhythm Nation 1814, Love Will Never Do,27 January – Whitney Houston sings The Star-Spangled Banner at the Super Bowl. The recording is released and becomes a hit single. 31 January – DJ Magazine is founded,27 February – James Brown is granted an early parole and released from jail, following his arrest after a high-speed car chase through two states in 1989. Pop Will Eat Itself documented the affair with their song, Not Now James,28 February – Hollywoods Record Plant Studios recording studio closes down. Among the albums recorded at the Record Plant were The Eagles Hotel California, Fleetwood Macs Rumours,11 March – Janet Jackson signs a $30 million contract with Virgin Records, making her the highest paid female recording artist ever. 16 March – Seven members of country music singer Reba McEntires band and her road manager are killed when their plane crashes in California. McEntire travels on a separate plane,20 March Michael Jackson signs a contract with Sony for 1 billion dollars. Eric Claptons four-year-old son, Conor, dies after falling 49 stories from a New York City apartment window,24 March – The Black Crowes are dropped as the opening act of ZZ Tops tour for repeatedly insulting the tours sponsor, Miller Beer. 27 March – New Kids on the Block star Donnie Wahlberg is arrested in Louisville,28 March – George Harrison, Phil Collins and others attend funeral services for Eric Claptons late son, Conor. 28 April – Bonnie Raitt marries actor Michael OKeefe in New York,4 May – The Eurovision Song Contest 1991 is held in Rome, Italy and, after a highly controversial voting segment, Swedens Fångad av en stormvind by Carola is declared the winner. 7 May – In Macon, Georgia, a judge dismisses a wrongful lawsuit against Ozzy Osbourne. The suit was filed by a couple that believed their son was inspired to attempt suicide by Osbournes music
32.
Burnin' (Patti LaBelle album)
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Burnin is the 1991 album by Patti LaBelle. It won the category of Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 1992 Grammy Awards jointly with a single by Lisa Fischer, the album track Temptation was written by Cuban-American singer Martika, who originally released it on her album Martikas Kitchen. Burnin, released as CD, LP, cassette and DCC, has been certified gold in the United States by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 copies and it reached #71 on the Billboard 200 and #13 on the R&B album charts. The following year, LaBelle released her first solo live album, featuring several songs from Burnin as it was recorded during this albums promotional tour. However, despite being related to Burnin for that reason, Live, also features several songs from her past catalogue, two brand new studio songs and two covers of pop standards. Feels Like Another One features rap by Big Daddy Kane, when You Love Somebody features Luther Vandross as one of the background vocalists. Temptation is a track for CD and cassette. Crazy Love is a track for CD and LP. As of 2012, both tracks are available for digital download, Burnin - Patti LaBelle at AllMusic
33.
41st Annual Grammy Awards
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The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24,1999 at Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998, lauryn Hill was the main recipient, winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist. Her album was the first Hip Hop act ever to win the coveted award, also the ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women, every artist nominated for Album of the Year were all female. Madonna won four awards while musicians the Dixie Chicks, Vince Gill, celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On, which received a total of four awards. It is widely remembered for Ricky Martins performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life, Best Orchestral Performance Pierre Boulez & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Mahler, Symphony No
34.
1990s in music
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Furthermore, hip hop grew and continued to be highly successful in the decade, with the continuation of the genres golden age. In Europe, Eurodance, Bubblegum dance and Europop music were highly successful, the decade also featured the rise of contemporary country music as a major genre, which had started in the 1980s. Its difficult to gauge the impact of 1990s music in popular culture. The Red Hot Chili Peppers became an important band in the rise of rock with their album Blood Sugar Sex Magik bringing worldwide attention to alternative rock. Combining funk rock with more rock, the Chili Peppers were able to achieve mainstream success climaxing with the release of Californication. E. M. This style was typified by such as Tool, Helmet. A subgenre of rock, grunge bands picked up popularity for the early 1990s. Grunge music, and the culture marketed around it, was out of the Pacific Northwest American states of Washington and Oregon in the 1980s. Artists such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam brought alternative rock to popularity in 1991, however, many bands were uncomfortable with their success, and were equally suspicious of the grunge label. Pearl Jam released its album, Ten, a month before Nevermind in 1991. By the second half of 1992, Ten became a success, being certified gold. Pearl Jam fused the riff-heavy stadium rock of the 1970s with the grit, during the mid-1990s many grunge bands broke up or became less visible. The death of Kurt Cobain in early 1994, as well as the problems for Pearl Jam. At the same time as the grunge bands went into decline. Some of the most successful acts of the 90s were Candlebox, Bush, Collective Soul, Creed, Our Lady Peace, Foo Fighters, Live. The genre would have another wave of successful acts throughout much of the part of the next decade which includes bands like Nickelback, Creed, Lifehouse,3 Doors Down. Although, some of bands were formed during the late 1990s. Following the immense success of rock in the 1990s, the term indie rock became associated with the bands
35.
2000s in music
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This article includes an overview of the major events and trends in popular music in the 2000s. Following after the success of Radiohead and The Verve in the 1990s, post punk bands such as Bloc Party, Foals and Editors also saw some popularity. Britpop act Oasis also remained popular in the 2000s, spawning four number one albums in the UK until the disbandment of the group in autumn 2009. U2 continued their popularity into the 2000s, releasing three critically acclaimed albums, and were credited with influencing many prominent acts of the such as Coldplay. Regional indie rock such as New Yorkshire also appeared at this point in the decade. Indie music itself increased in popularity due to the increased commercialization of alternative, American indie/rock band The Killers also became very popular in Britain with their singles Mr. Brightside, When You Were Young and Smile Like You Mean It. Radiohead enjoyed further success in the 2000s, moving away from their sound of the Kid A/Amnesiac era to a more typical Alternative rock sound. Coldplay also enjoyed success with four number one albums and a U. S, no.1 single with Viva la Vida, the first English band to do so since The Beatles. Muse saw a similar level of acclaim, with the rock trio releasing three chart-topping albums. The late 2000s saw the revival and influence of synthpop music, notable acts include Hot Chip, Junior Boys, Little Boots and La Roux. The era also saw success for singer-songwriters, including David Gray, Dido, James Blunt, James Morrison, KT Tunstall. Grime, a distinctly British version of hip hop, became popular, with artists such as Dizzee Rascal. Girl groups Sugababes, Girls Aloud and t. A. T. u, spanned successful careers throughout most of the decade, whilst 1990s act Spice Girls announced their breakup in 2001 and later reformed in 2007. S Club 7 broke up in 2003, after 5 years of chart success. Irish singer Enya continued to enjoy success during the 2000s, her 2000 album A Day Without Rain sold 15 million copies. Audience-voted reality talent shows became popular with UK TV audiences in the 2000s. Such programmes included Popstars, Pop Idol, Fame Academy and The X Factor, the Eurovision Song Contest also retained its important status within European music. Britney Spears retained an impact throughout the continent and was one of the most successful artists of the decade in that region
36.
Back to Now
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Back to Now is the seventh and latest studio album by American R&B female group Labelle, released on October 21,2008. The album is the groups first in thirty years though they had sung on songs together on occasion. So the title Back To Now is really signifiying that this record represents us really getting back to where we were and its basically a continuation from where we stopped off. The first single is Roll Out, which features and is produced by Wyclef Jean which had the three Labelle members Patti LaBelle, Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash singing in autotune, the album is also notable for the modest R&B charted ballad, Superlover. An iTunes edition of the features the groups cover of Sylvesters disco hit. It also charted on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, debuting at number 9, Back to Now is Labelles seventh overall, and third highest-ranked album to chart in the United States. Back to Now on Verve Records Labelle Official
37.
A Soldier's Story
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A Soldiers Story is a 1984 American drama film directed by Norman Jewison, based on Charles Fullers Pulitzer Prize-winning Off Broadway production A Soldiers Play. A black officer is sent to investigate the murder of a sergeant in Louisiana near the end of World War II. The film was first shown at the Toronto International Film Festival and it won the New York Drama Critics Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award, the Theater Club Award, and three Village Voice Obie Awards. It won the Golden Prize at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival and it was also nominated for three Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Supporting Actor, and Screenplay Adaptation. The time is 1944 during World War II, vernon Waters, a master sergeant in a company of black soldiers, is very drunk and staggering along a road along Fort Neal, a segregated Army base in Louisiana. Waters last words amidst his raucous laughter were They still hate you, before he is shot to death with a.45 caliber pistol. From the outset, Davenport is faced with obstacles, colonel Nivins will only give him three days to conduct his investigation. Even Captain Taylor, the one officer in favor of a full investigation, is uncooperative. While some black soldiers are happy and proud to see one of their own race wearing captains bars, others are distrustful and evasive. However, most are former players from the Negro Leagues and grouped as a unit in order to play ball. Their success as a team playing against white soldiers gives them a deal of popularity. But as Davenport probes deeper, he uncovers Waters true tyrannical nature and his disgust with his black soldiers. An interview with Private Peterson revealed how he stood up to Waters when he berated the men after another winning game, in retaliation, the sergeant challenged Peterson to a fight and beat him badly. Confronting him with the evidence, Waters provoked C. J. into striking him, whereupon the weapons charge was dismissed and C. J. was then charged with striking a superior officer. When C. J. s best friend Bernard Cobb visits him in jail, C. J. is suffering from intense claustrophobia, when Davenport asked Corporal Cobb what happened to C. J. he is told that the man hanged himself in his cell while awaiting trial. In protest, the platoon threw the last game of the season, the team was disbanded by Taylor and the players assigned to a smoke generating company. Davenport then finds out that two white officers coming from an exercise, Captain Wilcox and Lieutenant Byrd, had an altercation with the drunk sergeant a short time before his death. Though Taylor is convinced that Wilcox and Byrd are lying and is eager to arrest them, Davenport releases them
38.
A Different World
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A Different World is an American sitcom and a spin-off of The Cosby Show which aired for six seasons on NBC from September 24,1987 to July 9,1993. The series originally centered on Denise Huxtable and the life of students at Hillman College and it was inspired by student life at Hampton University and Spelman College and Howard University. After Bonets departure in the first season, the remainder of the series focused more on Southern belle Whitley Gilbert. While it was a spin-off from The Cosby Show, A Different World typically addressed issues that were avoided by The Cosby Show writers, one episode that aired in 1990 was one of the first American network television episodes to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It was ultimately decided that Denise, who was of college age, meg Ryan was originally cast for this role, but she decided to pursue a film career, so Marisa Tomei was cast. During the summer of 1988, Lisa Bonet announced that she, Allen was in favor of having a young pregnant student in the show, but Cosby said that Lisa Bonet may be pregnant but not Denise Huxtable. It was felt that viewers would not accept Denise as an unwed mother, however, Tomei left the show, and she and Marie-Alise Recasner were replaced by Cree Summer and Charnele Brown, respectively. Darryl M. Bell and Sinbad were promoted to the principal cast and these changes led to the placement of Whitley and Dwayne at the center of a wider ensemble, dealing with more relevant issues of the day. Denises kid sister Rudy visits Hillman and becomes smitten with Whitley, in season two, the episode titled No Means No deals with date rape. Freddie has a crush on Hillmans new top-notch baseball star Garth Parks, Dwayne hears Garth discuss a disturbing incident involving another woman. Dwayne goes to Walter for advice, and Walter tells him about date rape, Dwayne tries to warn Freddie, but she does not believe Garth would do such a thing. Later at a dance, Garth goes off alone with Freddie and attempts to rape her, at the end of the episode, Walter takes Garth to the police station for his assault on Freddie and the rape of the other woman. In January 1991, Blair Underwood guest-starred in the episode War, a Different World became the first situation comedy to address this topic, and War and Peace was one of the highest-rated episodes of season four. The episode is based on the surrounding the book The Blackmans Guide to Understanding the Blackwoman. This book, written by controversial African American author Shahrazad Ali, blamed many of the problems within the black family, Kim is disheartened with the display of several mammy dolls in a cultural exhibit, while Whitley learns that some of her African-American ancestors were slave owners. In some regions of the U. S. blacks owning black slaves would ensure that they would not be sold to leave the town, the season five episode Cats in the Cradle deals with racism, from both sides of the proverbial fence. They are all arrested by the campus police and they share with the campus police chief the perspectives of the incident, shown from each side. Predictably, it shows drastically different takes, the racist act by the white students is not alone, however, as Dwayne is guilty of the same prejudice by assuming the white campus chief is racist
39.
American Horror Story: Freak Show
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American Horror Story, Freak Show is the fourth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It premiered on October 8,2014 and concluded on January 21,2015, the season is mainly set in 1952 Jupiter, Florida, telling the story of one of the last remaining freak shows in the United States, and their struggle for survival. This is the first season of the series that is not strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, ben Woolf also makes a return to the series. Like its predecessors, Freak Show was met mostly positive reviews. It ultimately became FXs most-watched program ever, surpassing its previous installment, in addition, Paulson won for Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series at the 5th Critics Choice Television Awards. The fourth season is set in Jupiter, Florida in 1952, after their mother is found stabbed to death, Bette and Dot are discovered stabbed themselves at their farmhouse. The news makes headlines, and soon Elsa discovers the twins existence, believing the sisters to be her troupes saviors, she brings them back to camp. Bette sees the show as their haven but Dot believes that they are being exploited for their appearance, meanwhile, serial killer Twisty the Clown is responsible for recent murders and kidnappings that plagued the town. A detective arrives at the show to arrest Bette and Dot for the recent string of murders. After calling them all freaks and threatening to them out of town, Jimmy kills the detective. After a performance, which was out by a wealthy widow named Gloria Mott and her emotionally stunted son Dandy Mott, Dandy demands to buy the twins, offering Elsa $15,000. Enraged by his life, Dandy sets out to join the freak show. Hoping to cheer her son up, Gloria finds Twisty on the side of the road and brings him home to surprise Dandy, Dandy searches inside his bag and finds a severed head, causing Twisty to knock Dandy out and run away. Dandy follows him back to a school bus in the middle of the woods, where he discovers a kidnapped woman and boy. New to the troupe are Dell and his wife Desiree, who fled Chicago after Dell murdered a man having sex with Desiree. Elsa allows him to be the bodyguard, but he soon becomes more than she can handle after he degrades her. Ethel is less happy about Dells arrival, it is revealed that he and Ethel were once married. When she learns that her liver is failing, Ethel makes Dell promise to look after Jimmy when she dies, con artists Stanley and Maggie Esmerelda set their eyes on Elsas troupe, hoping to make some money by selling the freaks corpses to a museum
40.
TV One (U.S. TV network)
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TV One is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by Radio One, having acquired Comcasts stake in the TV network in 2015. As of February 2015, TV One is available to approximately 57 million pay television households in the United States, TV One launched on January 19,2004, on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, as a competitor to the longer-established Black Entertainment Television. At the time of its launch, the channel was in approximately 2.2 million homes in 16 markets, on July 7,2008, the networks president and CEO Johnathan Rodgers announced that TV One would provide extensive coverage of the Democratic National Convention that August. In 2011, TV Ones original co-owner Comcast acquired NBCUniversal, effectively integrating TV One and the other Comcast Entertainment Group channels into NBCUniversals portfolio. In August 2012, TV One updated its look and logo, as part of a plan to tell stories about how African-American life unfolds. On July 9,2013, TV One announced that it would debut its first live one-hour, the program, News One Now, premiered on November 4,2013. In December 2014, Brad Siegel was hired as president of TV One, Siegel was formerly president of Turner Entertainment Networks, and vice chairman of Up TV, which he co-founded in 2004. In March 2015, Radio One announced a deal to buy out Comcasts 47. 9% share of TV One for $550 million. In mid to late 2015, Radio One purchased, from Comcast, in February 2016, TV One updated their logo again, along with a new slogan, Represent
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