1.
Composer
–
A composer is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music, instrumental music or music which combines both instruments and voices. The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation, many composers are also skilled performers, either as singers, instrumentalists, and/or conductors. Examples of composers who are well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach, Mozart. In many popular genres, such as rock and country. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers interpretations of the work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others, although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st century, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composers written intention came to be highly valued. This musical culture is almost certainly related to the esteem in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise. In Classical music, the composer typically orchestrates her own compositions, in some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. In the development of European classical music, the function of composing music initially did not have greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In as much as the role of the composer in western art music has seen continued solidification, for instance, in certain contexts the line between composer and performer, sound designer, arranger, producer, and other roles, can be quite blurred. The term composer is often used to refer to composers of music, such as those found in classical, jazz or other forms of art. In popular and folk music, the composer is usually called a songwriter and this is distinct from a 19th-century conception of instrumental composition, where the work was represented solely by a musical score to be interpreted by performers
Composer
–
French composer
Louis-Nicolas Clérambault composing at the keyboard
2.
Viola
–
The viola is a string instrument that is bowed or played with varying techniques. It is slightly larger than a violin and has a lower and deeper sound. Since the 18th century it has been the middle or alto voice of the family, between the violin and the cello. The strings from low to high are generally tuned to C3, G3, D4. In the past, the viola varied in size and style as did its names, the Italians often used the term, viola da braccio meaning literally, of the arm. Brazzo was another Italian word referring to the viola which the Germans adopted in the form, the French had their own names, Cinquiesme was a small viola, Haute Contre was a large viola and Taile meant Tenor. In the modern era, the French use the term Alto, the viola had enjoyed popularity in the heyday of five-part harmony up until the eighteenth century, taking three lines of the harmony and occasionally playing the melody line. Music that is written for the viola differs from that of most other instruments in that it uses the alto clef. Viola music switches to the treble clef when there are sections of music written in a higher register to make the notes easier to read. The viola often plays the voices in string quartets and symphonic writing. The viola occasionally plays a major, soloistic role in orchestral music, examples include Don Quixote by Richard Strauss and Harold en Italie by Hector Berlioz. In the earlier part of the 20th century, more composers began to write for the viola, encouraged by the emergence of specialized soloists such as Lionel Tertis and William Primrose. English composers Arthur Bliss, York Bowen, Benjamin Dale, Frank Bridge, Benjamin Britten and Ralph Vaughan Williams all wrote substantial chamber, many of these pieces were commissioned by, or written for Lionel Tertis. William Walton, Bohuslav Martinů, Toru Takemitsu, Tibor Serly, Alfred Schnittke, Paul Hindemith wrote a substantial amount of music for viola, including the concerto Der Schwanendreher. The concerti by Paul Hindemith, Béla Bartók, and William Walton are the big three of viola repertoire, the viola is similar in material and construction to the violin. A full-size violas body is between 25 mm and 100 mm longer than the body of a violin, with an average length of 41 cm. Small violas typically made for children typically start at 30 cm, for a child who needs a smaller size, a fractional-sized violin is often strung with the strings of a viola. Unlike the violin, the viola does not have a full size. The body of a viola would need to measure about 51 cm long to match the acoustics of a violin, there have been several experiments intended to increase the size of the viola, in the interest of improving the instruments sound
Viola
–
A viola shown from the front and the side
Viola
–
Playing a 17" viola in 3rd position.
Viola
–
Bow frogs, top to bottom: violin, viola, cello
Viola
–
This article is about the classical musical instrument. For the flower, see
Viola (plant). For the Portuguese guitar, see
viola caipira. For other uses, see
Viola (disambiguation).
3.
Violin
–
The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use, smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings. Violins are important instruments in a variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in varieties of folk music. They are also used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music. Electric violins are used in forms of rock music, further. The violin is sometimes called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass. The violin was first known in 16th-century Italy, with further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Europe it served as the basis for stringed instruments used in classical music, the viola. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by Sears, Roebuck and Co. and other mass merchandisers. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier or violinmaker, the parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood and on the use of a pickup and an amplifier and speaker). Violins can be strung with gut, Perlon or other synthetic, the earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked. Similar and variant types were probably disseminated along East-West trading routes from Asia into the Middle East, the first makers of violins probably borrowed from various developments of the Byzantine lira. These included the rebec, the Arabic rebab, the vielle, the earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words violino and vyollon are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, by this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe. The violin proved very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, the French king Charles IX ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560, one of these noble instruments, the Charles IX, is the oldest surviving violin. The Messiah or Le Messie made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine and it is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford
Violin
–
A standard modern violin shown from the front and the side
Violin
–
A young violinist at
Ruthin School
Violin
–
The cupola of Madonna dei Miracoli in
Saronno, with angels playing violin, viola and cello, dates from 1535 and is one of the earliest depictions of the violin family
4.
Conducting
–
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. A conductors directions will almost invariably be supplemented or reinforced by verbal instructions or suggestions to their musicians in rehearsal prior to a performance. The conductor typically stands on a podium with a large music stand for the full score. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras, communication is typically non-verbal during a performance. However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung, Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make adjustments, work out their interpretation. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions and selecting members. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles such as big bands are usually led by conductors. The principal conductor of an orchestra or opera company is referred to as a music director or chief conductor, or by the German words Kapellmeister or Dirigent. Conductors of choirs or choruses are sometimes referred to as director, chorus master, or choirmaster. Conductors of concert bands, military bands, marching bands and other bands may hold the title of director, bandmaster. Respected senior conductors are sometimes referred to by the Italian word, an early form of conducting is cheironomy, the use of hand gestures to indicate melodic shape. This has been practiced at least as far back as the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, other devices to indicate the passing of time came into use. Rolled up sheets of paper, smaller sticks and unadorned hands are all shown in pictures from this period, the large staff was responsible for the death of Jean-Baptiste Lully, who injured his foot with one while conducting a Te Deum for the Kings recovery from illness. The wound became gangrenous and Lully refused amputation, whereupon the gangrene spread to his leg, in instrumental music throughout the 18th century, a member of the ensemble usually acted as the conductor. This was sometimes the concertmaster, who could use his bow as a baton and it was common to conduct from the harpsichord in pieces that had a basso continuo part. In opera performances, there were sometimes two conductors – the keyboard player was in charge of the singers, and the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra. By the early 19th century, it became the norm to have a dedicated conductor, the size of the usual orchestra expanded during this period, and the use of a baton became more common, as it was easier to see than bare hands or rolled-up paper
Conducting
–
Steven Sametz conducting the Lehigh University Choir, sans baton
Conducting
Conducting
–
Andrew Lee Neer conducting with a baton in Detroit in 2011
Conducting
–
Giuseppe Verdi conducting his opera
Aida in 1881
5.
Mathis der Maler (opera)
–
Mathis der Maler is an opera by Paul Hindemith. The operas genesis lay in Hindemiths interest in the Reformation, Hindemith considered commissioning author Gottfried Benn to write the libretto, but wound up doing it himself. Hindemith completed the opera in 1935, by that time, however, the rise of Nazism prevented Hindemith from securing a performance in Germany, despite three years efforts. The operas obvious political message did not escape the governments notice and it was first performed on 28 May 1938 in Zurich, conducted by Robert Denzler. On 9 and 11 March in 1939 the Opera Mathis der Maler was performed in Amsterdam, conducted by Karl Schmid-Blosz, at the same time the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam made a documentary exhibition of the painting The Small Crucifixion and two drawings by Mathias Grunewald owned by Franz Koenigs. The British premiere was in Edinburgh on 29 August 1952, and it was first given in the United States on 17 February 1956, at Boston University, in contrast to the popular Symphony, Mathis der Maler, the large-scale opera itself is only occasionally staged. A notable US production was that of the New York City Opera in 1995, Hamburg State Opera staged the work in 2005. It was being performed at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona when the building was destroyed by a fire in January 1994, in a cloister courtyard Mathis musings and doubts about his vocation are interrupted by the peasant leader Schwalb and his child Regina. Moved by the plight, he offers his horse and stays to face the pursuing Sylvester who dares not arrest the cardinals favorite painter. Mathis, reunited with Reidingers daughter Ursula, is recognized by Sylvester, realizing he cannot change his friends mind, Albrecht grants him safe passage to join their cause. Mathis arrives to bid farewell and insists she cannot follow him to the war, when her father returns she gives her consent to the plan. At the end of scene 3, all men chant a paean to God, their religion, asked for their demands, one of the peasants replies, amongst others, that they do not accept any ruler save the emperor Mathis remonstrates and is beaten down. The federal army arrives and the disheartened peasants prepare for battle but are overrun, Schwalb is killed. He flees with the orphaned Regina, Albrecht discusses his debts and Luthers challenge with Capito and agrees to interview a rich bride. He is astonished when Ursula enters and, dubious of her avowals and she admits that she is motivated not by love but by her faith to attempt his conversion, and in turn reproaches him for his vacillations and his lack of vision. He appears to be moved by her plea, but when the others are called in he announces that he will reform his ways by striving to return to his vows. In the Odenwald forest Mathis lulls the haunted Regina to sleep with a description of a concert of angels, the chorus unite in an enactment of the temptation scene of the Isenheim Altarpiece before the scene suddenly changes to that of Anthonys visit to Saint Paul. Paul/Albrecht consoles Anthony/Mathis and calls him to his duty, go forth, Ursula cares for the dying Regina, who confuses Mathis painting of the dying Christ with her father
Mathis der Maler (opera)
–
Paul Hindemith
Mathis der Maler (opera)
–
Study of
John the Evangelist by
Matthias Grünewald, regarded in Hindemith's time as a self-portrait
Mathis der Maler (opera)
–
The temptation of
St. Anthony from the Isenheim Altarpiece
Mathis der Maler (opera)
–
This article is about the opera. For the symphony, see
Symphony: Mathis der Maler.
6.
Hanau
–
Hanau is a town in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main and its station is a major railway junction and it has a port on the river Main, making it an important transport centre. Hanau is known for being the birthplace of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, since the 16th century it was a centre of precious metal working with many goldsmiths. It is home to Heraeus, one of the largest family-owned companies in Germany, in 1963, the town hosted the third Hessentag state festival. Until 2005, Hanau was the centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis. The historic core of Hanau is situated within a semicircle of the river Kinzig which flows into the river Main just west of the town, after this change, Hanau for the first time also extended to the south bank of the Main river. The name is derived of Hagenowe which is an out of Haag. As a place of settlement Hanau was first mentioned in 1143, then it was the site of a castle which used the waters of the river Kinzig as a defense. The castle belonged to a family, calling themselves of Hanau since the 13th century. Starting from this castle a village developed and became a town in 1303, as a result of this history, the main church of Hanau stood outside its walls in the village of Kinzdorf. The villagers moved into the town, Kinzdorf became a village leaving only the church. Only in the 15th century was the status of the Hanau parish church transferred to the church of Mary Magdalene within the town walls, shortly after the first town walls were built at the beginning of the 14th century, the town outgrew this limit. These new fortifications enclosed three elements, The medieval castle, the town of Hanau and the Vorstadt. At the end of the 16th century, Count Philipp Ludwig II attracted Protestant refugees from the Netherlands and this was of high economic interest for him because these Walloons brought high-class trade, their knowledge of jewellery and other production of luxury items and therefore taxes to his county. Out of this tradition, goldsmiths are still trained in Hanau, Hanau also was the site of the first workshop to produce Faience within Germany. These new citizens were granted privileges and they formed their own community, church and it took more than 200 years to amalgamate both. The new town – larger than the old one – was protected by a very modern fortification in Baroque-style which proved a big asset only a few years later in the Thirty Years War. The town survived a siege in 1637 with only minor damage, in 1736 Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg, the last of the Counts of Hanau, died
Hanau
–
Goldsmiths' House (Hanau old town hall)
Hanau
–
Relic of the first (medieval) town-fortification
Hanau
–
The
battle of Hanau (1813)
Hanau
–
Historic spa of Wilhelmsbad - today a part of Hanau
7.
Frankfurt am Main
–
The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germanys second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the centre of the EU is about 40 km to the east of Frankfurts CBD. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with half of the population. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates, Frankfurt is an alpha world city and a global hub for commerce, culture, education, tourism and traffic. Its the site of many global and European headquarters, Frankfurt Airport is among the worlds busiest. Automotive, technology and research, services, consulting, media, Frankfurts DE-CIX is the worlds largest internet exchange point. Messe Frankfurt is one of the worlds largest trade fairs, major fairs include the Frankfurt Motor Show, the worlds largest motor show, the Music Fair, and the Frankfurt Book Fair, the worlds largest book fair. Frankfurt is home to educational institutions, including the Goethe University, the UAS, the FUMPA. Its renowned cultural venues include the concert hall Alte Oper, Europes largest English Theatre and many museums, Frankfurts skyline is shaped by some of Europes tallest skyscrapers. In sports, the city is known as the home of the top football club Eintracht Frankfurt, the basketball club Frankfurt Skyliners, the Frankfurt Marathon. Its the seat of German sport unions for Olympics, football, Frankfurt is the largest financial centre in continental Europe. It is home to the European Central Bank, Deutsche Bundesbank, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is one of the worlds largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and accounts for more than 90 percent of the turnover in the German market. Frankfurt is considered a city as listed by the GaWC groups 2012 inventory. Among global cities it was ranked 10th by the Global Power City Index 2011, among financial centres it was ranked 8th by the International Financial Centers Development Index 2013 and 9th by the Global Financial Centres Index 2013. Its central location within Germany and Europe makes Frankfurt a major air, rail, Frankfurt Airport is one of the worlds busiest international airports by passenger traffic and the main hub for Germanys flag carrier Lufthansa. Frankfurter Kreuz, the Autobahn interchange close to the airport, is the most heavily used interchange in the EU, in 2011 human-resource-consulting firm Mercer ranked Frankfurt as seventh in its annual Quality of Living survey of cities around the world. According to The Economist cost-of-living survey, Frankfurt is Germanys most expensive city, Frankfurt has many high-rise buildings in the city centre, forming the Frankfurt skyline. It is one of the few cities in the European Union to have such a skyline and because of it Germans sometimes refer to Frankfurt as Mainhattan, the other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt
Frankfurt am Main
–
Collage of Frankfurt, clockwise from top of left to right: Facade of the
Römer and
Frankfurt Cathedral, statue of
Charlemagne in
Frankfurt Historical Museum, view of Frankfurt skyline and
Main River
Frankfurt am Main
–
The legend of the Frankenfurt (ford of the Franks)
Frankfurt am Main
–
Frankfurt in 1612
Frankfurt am Main
–
Frankfurt in 1872
8.
Hoch Conservatory
–
Dr. Hoch’s Konservatorium - Musikakademie was founded in Frankfurt am Main on 22 September 1878. Through the generosity of Frankfurter Joseph Hoch, who bequeathed the Conservatory one million German gold marks in his testament, a school for music and the arts was established for all age groups. Instrumental to the foundation, prosperity and success of the Conservatory was its director Joachim Raff who did most of the work including setting the entire curriculum and it has played an important role in the history of music in Frankfurt. Many famous musicians have taught there, in the late 19th century, with teachers like Clara Schumann on the faculty, in the 1890s about 25% of the students were from other countries,46 were from England and 23 from America. In the 1920s, under director Bernhard Sekles, the Conservatory was far ahead of its time, Sekles initiated the world’s first Jazz Studies, there are also Ballet, Early Music and New Music departments. The following qualifications are available, Diplom in Music and Diplomas in Music Pedagogy in all instruments, voice, music theory, composition, performance, and Elementary Music Pedagogy. The German Federal Bank honored the Conservatory on the side of the former 100 DM bill with a picture of the original Conservatory building. Clara Schumann is pictured on the front side of the same bill,1857,14 July, Dr. Joseph Hoch makes the Hoch Conservatory foundation the main heir of his fortune. 1874, Dr. Hoch dies on 19 September,1876, The foundation is officially recognized. 1877,16 February, Recognition of the governing body by the Frankfurt Magistrate. June, Joachim Raff elected first director of the Hoch Conservatory,1878,22 September, Opening ceremony in the Frankfurt Saalhof. 20 October, Clara Schumanns 50th anniversary as a performer,1879,10 February, first internal student concert. 9 June, Frankfurt visit by Franz Liszt,1880, Differences between Raff and Julius Stockhausen, who resigns on 1 September. 1882, Joachim Raff dies on 24 June and his successor, Bernhard Scholz, appointed on 11. January, Secession of the followers of Raff, which leads in April to the opening of the Raff-Konservatorium, march, Bernhard Scholz takes over as director. 1884, Julius Stockhausen resigns for a second time,1886, September, Opening of the pre-school, Hans Pfitzner studies at the Hoch Conservatory until 1890. April, Inauguration of the new Conservatory building,1890, Dr. Theodor Mettenheimer takes over the chairmanship of the governors. The Hoch Conservatory takes over the training for the scholarships of the Mozart-Foundation,1896, Clara Schumann dies on 20 May
Hoch Conservatory
–
100 DM bill Front
Hoch Conservatory
–
100 DM bill Reverse
Hoch Conservatory
–
Clara Schumann, in 1878, taught at the Hoch Conservatory 1878-1892
Hoch Conservatory
–
Saalhof ca. 1900: Home of the Hoch Conservatory 1878-88
9.
Bernhard Sekles
–
Bernhard Sekles was a German composer, conductor, pianist and pedagogue. Bernhard Sekles was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Maximilian Seckeles, the family name Seckeles was changed by Bernhard Sekles to Sekles. From 1894 to 1895 he was the third Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater in Mainz, in 1896 he became a teacher at the Hochsche Konservatorium in Frankfurt am Main, here he started the first jazz class anywhere in 1928. He was the director of the Hochsche Konservatorium from 1923 to 1933, for his composition students, See, List of music students by teacher, R to S#Bernhard Sekles. He was one of the first German Jewish academics to lose his job when Hitler came to power in Germany and he died in his native Frankfurt am Main. Publishers, Schott, Eulenberg, Leukart, Brockhaus, Oehler, Rather, Der Zwerg und die Infantin, ballet, op. 22,1913, based on an Oscar Wilde fairy tale Scheherazade, opera,29,1916 Passacaglia und Fuge for large orchestra and organ, op. 17,1922 Gesichte, miniatures for small orchestra, op,29,1923 Der Dybuk, prelude for orchestra, op. 35,1928 Symphony N°1, op,37,1930 Trio for clarinet, violoncello and piano, op.9 Skizzen for piano, op.10 Serenade for 11 solo instruments, op. 14,1907 Divertimento for string quartet, op,20,1911 Passacaglia und Fuge im vierfachen Kontrapunkt for string quartet, op. 23,1914 Sonate in d-moll for violoncello and piano, op,31,1923 Suite Nr.1 for piano, op.34 Der Musik-Baukasten for piano,1930 Chaconne über ein achttaktiges Marschthema for viola and piano, op. 38,1931 Sonata for violin and piano, op.44 Lieder, op.6 Volkspoesien aus dem Rumänischen, for bartitone and piano, op. 7,1900 Aus >Hafis<,4 songs for bartitone and piano, op.11,1902 Aus dem Schi-King,18 Lieder for high voice and piano,15,19074 Lieder auf Gedichte von Friedrich Rückert for bartitone and piano, op. 18,19114 Lieder for female choir and piano, op,6,18996 volkstümliche Gesänge for soprano, male choir and piano, op. 12,1904 Variationen über >Prinz Eugen< for male choir, wind and percussion instruments,32,1926 Vater Noah for male choir, op. Leben und Werk des Frankfurter Komponisten und Pädagogen, Schneverdingen 2005 Theodor W. Adorno, geburtstag, in Gesammelte Schriften Band 18, Frankfurt/Main 1984, S.269 f. Theodor W. Adorno, Minima Moralia, Frankfurt/M. Bakers Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, New York, G. Schirmer,1958 Chamber Music, Rhapsody,28, Capriccio, Zuk Records 334,2011. Academic paper including some info on Sekles Free scores by Bernhard Sekles at the International Music Score Library Project
Bernhard Sekles
–
Bernhard Sekles, c. 1913
10.
Concertmaster
–
The Concertmaster is the second-most significant person in an orchestra, symphonic band or other musical ensemble after the conductor or director. Another common term in the U. S. is First Chair, in the U. K. the term commonly used is leader. In an orchestra, the concertmaster is the leader of the first violin section, there is another violin section, the second violins, led by the principal second violin. Any violin solo in a work is played by the concertmaster. The concertmaster sits to the left, closest to the audience, in what is called the first chair. The concertmaster makes decisions regarding bowing and other details of violin playing for the violins. He or she leads the orchestra in tuning before concerts and rehearsals, leading the orchestral tuning is not just a mere formality, if the concertmaster believes that a section is not adequately tuned, he or she will signal to the oboe player to play another A. Several larger orchestras have one or more assistant concertmasters, who lead the orchestra in the concertmasters absence, the concertmaster, along with the conductor and section principals, will normally participate in the auditions of important musicians in the orchestra. The concertmaster in a concert band is the principal clarinet, oboe, flute or saxophone. The first-chair clarinet concertmaster will, in practice, play all solos for their instrument. Often the lead flautist will receive similar responsibilities to the concertmaster, depending on several factors such as age, skill. The concertmaster will, in orchestral and wind band settings, also coordinate with other principals and section leaders, in most cases being their senior in terms of group pecking order. In brass bands, the role of concertmaster is often filled by the solo cornet or trumpet. The duties and tasks of the concertmaster are myriad, primarily, he or she acts as the conduit between conductor and orchestra and is accountable to both parties. One of the tasks of the concertmaster is to provide bowings for the 1st violins prior to rehearsal. This entails a great knowledge of playing styles in addition to complete idiomatic understanding of the mechanics of string playing. Ensemble cohesion emanates directly from the contact and connection between these vital front desk positions, the concertmaster assumes responsibility for the tone and execution of the entire section of 1st violins, in addition to performing any solo passages that occur in a given piece. Another primary duty of the concertmaster is to translate instructions from the conductor into specific technical language for the strings, full-time professional orchestras work with several conductors through the course of a regular season
Concertmaster
–
Lazar Shuster, Concertmaster of the
Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in 2012.
11.
String quartet
–
A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string players – two violin players, a viola player and a cellist – or a piece written to be performed by such a group. The string quartet is one of the most prominent chamber ensembles in classical music, with most major composers, from the mid to late 18th century onwards, writing string quartets. The string quartet was developed into its current form by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn, ever since Haydns day the string quartet has been considered a prestigious form and represents one of the true tests of the composers art. With four parts to play with, a composer working in anything like the key system has enough lines to fashion a full argument. The closely related characters of the four instruments, moreover, while they cover in combination an ample compass of pitch, do not lend themselves to indulgence in purely colouristic effects. Thus, in ways the string quartet is pre-eminently the dialectical form of instrumental music. Quartet composition flourished in the Classical era, with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, in the 21st century it remains an important and refined musical form. Some quartets play together for years in ensembles which may be named after the first violinist. Well-known string quartets can be found in the list of string quartet ensembles, the early history of the string quartet is in many ways the history of Haydns journey with the genre. However, these composers showed no interest in exploring the development of the quartet as a medium. The origins of the quartet can be further traced back to the Baroque trio sonata. A very early example is a sonata for string ensemble by Gregorio Allegri that might be considered an important prototype string quartet. By the early 18th century, composers were often adding a third soloist, thus when Alessandro Scarlatti wrote a set of six works entitled Sonata à Quattro per due Violini, Violetta, e Violoncello senza Cembalo, this was a natural evolution from the existing tradition. The string quartet in its now accepted form came about with Haydn, even the composition of Haydns earliest string quartets owed more to chance than artistic imperative. Haydns early biographer Georg August Griesinger tells the story thus, The following purely chance circumstance had led him to try his luck at the composition of quartets. A Baron Fürnberg had a place in Weinzierl, several stages from Vienna, and he invited from time to time his pastor, his manager, Haydn, Fürnberg requested Haydn to compose something that could be performed by these four amateurs. Haydn went on to nine other quartets around this time. These works were published as his Op.1 and Op.2, one quartet went unpublished and they have five movements and take the form, fast movement, minuet and trio I, slow movement, minuet and trio II, and fast finale
String quartet
–
A string quartet in performance. From left to right - violin 1, violin 2, viola, cello
String quartet
–
A string quartet in performance. From left to right - violin 1, violin 2, cello, viola
12.
New Grove Dictionary
–
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, it is one of the largest reference works on Western music, in recent years it has been made available as an electronic resource called Grove Music Online, which is now an important part of Oxford Music Online. A Dictionary of Music and Musicians was first published in four volumes edited by George Grove with an Appendix edited by J. A. Fuller Maitland in the fourth volume, an Index edited by Mrs. E. Wodehouse was issued as a separate volume in 1890. In 1900, minor corrections were made to the plates and the series was reissued in four volumes. The original edition and the reprint are now available online. Grove limited the chronological span of his work to begin at 1450 while continuing up to the present day, the second edition, in five volumes, was edited by Fuller Maitland and published from 1904 to 1910, this time as Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians. The individual volumes of the edition were reprinted many times. An American Supplement edited by Waldo Selden Pratt and Charles N. Boyd was added in 1920 and this edition removed the first editions beginning date of 1450, though important earlier composers and theorists are still missing from this edition. These volumes are now freely available online. The third edition, also in five volumes, was a revision of the 2nd edition. The fourth edition, also edited by Colles, was published in 1940 in five volumes, in addition to the American Supplement, MacMillan also published a Supplementary Volume edited by Colles. The fifth edition, in nine volumes, was edited by Eric Blom and this was the most thoroughgoing revision of the work since its inception, with many articles rewritten in a more modern style and a large number of entirely new articles. Many of the articles were written by Blom personally, or translated by him, an additional Supplementary Volume, prepared for the most part by Eric Blom, followed in 1961. Blom died in 1959, and the Supplementary Volume was completed by Denis Stevens, the fifth edition was reprinted in 1966,1968,1970,1973, and 1975. The next edition was published in 1980 under the name The New Grove Dictionary of Music and its senior editor was Stanley Sadie with Nigel Fortune also serving as one of the main editors for the publication. It was reprinted with minor corrections each subsequent year until 1995, in the mid-1990s, the hardback set sold for about $2,300. A paperback edition was reprinted in 1995 which sold for $500, the second edition under this title was published in 2001, in 29 volumes. It was also available by subscription on the internet in a service called Grove Music Online
New Grove Dictionary
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The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
13.
Amar Quartet
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It made several recordings and many broadcasts. He continued to play in quartets during the war while in military service and he had written string quartets in 1915 and 1918, and in 1920 produced another which was accepted for performance in the new 1921 Donaueschingen Festival. However Gustav Havemann, leader of the Havemann Quartet engaged for it, refused to perform the work, the violinist Licco Amar remembered, «Shortly before the holidays I received a telegram from Donaueschingen from Heinrich Burkard, a music director completely unknown to me. I of course accepted with pleasure, without knowing any further details, I went to the Black Forest during the holidays and received the score and parts of the String Quartet, Op.16. I was most astonished when I came to Donaueschingen as agreed and was received by two young people, who in fact looked like children, at the railway station. One was Paul Hindemith and the other was his brother Rudolf and these two, who looked so slender, took possession of my baggage – I can still see this before me – and carried it away. In eight days we had rehearsed this quartet very well, whereby both Hindemith brothers proved themselves outstanding quartet partners, soon afterwards he left again permanently. The group was disbanded in 1929, the Amar Quartet performed about 500 concerts from 1921 until 1929. They played in the major German metropolises as well as in provincial towns. With travels to Denmark, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia, during the winters of 1927/28 and 1928/29, the Quartet undertook two extended concert tours to the Soviet Union, during which Hindemith was able to gain an impression of contemporary Russian music. He also encountered Dmitri Shostakovich at this time, the Amar Quartet presented an extraordinarily extensive and varied repertoire at its concerts, including not only string quartets but also works for trio, quintet or sextet combinations. They intentionally concentrated on works that were not considered works of classical. For this reason, quartets of Haydn and Beethoven were relatively rarely played on their programmes, instead the Amar Quartet played works of Schumann, Verdi, the ensemble rapidly became known for its unfussy, clear interpretations of the classics. The Amar Quartet was of towering importance in life of the 1920s thanks to its indefatigable commitment to contemporary music. The fact that the works of Paul Hindemith stood at the centre of these efforts is not surprising, but the Amar Quartet was also committed to performing the works of other composers. A considerable number of contemporary works were given by the Amar Quartet. The interpretations of music by the Amar Quartet met with unanimous enthusiasm amongst composer. Or maybe I do, for it was a rare event
Amar Quartet
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Amar Quartet (1922) f.l.t.r.: Maurits Frank, Licco Amar, Walter Caspar and Paul Hindemith
14.
International Society for Contemporary Music
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The International Society for Contemporary Music is a music organization that promotes contemporary classical music. There have been a total of 86 of these thus far, the next WMD is scheduled to take place in Vancouver, Canada in November 2017. Each year, during the World Music Days, ISCM members also convene in a General Assembly. Membership in the ISCM is organized through national sections that promote contemporary music in each country and these sections are usually organizations independent from the ISCM that send delegates to the ISCM General Assembly. Each member of the section is also a member of ISCM. National organizations that promote contemporary music, but have not been designated as the section of ISCM, are sometimes given an associate membership status. This status also applies to the members of these organizations, some individual music professionals receive the honorary membership status. Since 1991, the ISCM has also published an annual World New Music Magazine, a total of 24 issues have been produced thus far, and since 2006, each magazine has also been made available as a digital downloadable PDF from the ISCMs website. ISCM is a member of the International Music Council
International Society for Contemporary Music
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From left:
György Ligeti,
Lukas Ligeti, Mrs. Ligeti,
Conlon Nancarrow and
Michael Daugherty, ISCM World Music Days in
Graz, Austria, 1982
15.
Salzburg (city)
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Salzburg is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Salzburgs Old Town is internationally renowned for its architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centers north of the Alps. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997, the city has three universities and a large population of students. Tourists also visit Salzburg to tour the historic center and the scenic Alpine surroundings, Salzburg was the birthplace of 18th-century composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In the mid‑20th century, the city was the setting for the musical play, traces of human settlements have been found in the area, dating to the Neolithic Age. The first settlements in Salzburg continuous with the present were apparently by the Celts around the 5th century BC, around 15 BC the Roman Empire merged the settlements into one city. At this time, the city was called Juvavum and was awarded the status of a Roman municipium in 45 AD, Juvavum developed into an important town of the Roman province of Noricum. After the Norican frontiers collapse, Juvavum declined so sharply that by the late 7th century it became a ruin. The Life of Saint Rupert credits the 8th-century saint with the citys rebirth, when Theodo of Bavaria asked Rupert to become bishop c. 700, Rupert reconnoitered the river for the site of his basilica, Rupert chose Juvavum, ordained priests, and annexed the manor Piding. He traveled to evangelise among pagans, the name Salzburg means Salt Castle. The name derives from the barges carrying salt on the Salzach River, the Festung Hohensalzburg, the citys fortress, was built in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard, who made it his residence. It was greatly expanded during the following centuries, independence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. Salzburg was the seat of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, a prince-bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire, as the reformation movement gained steam, riots broke out among peasants in the areas in and around Salzburg. The city was occupied during the German Peasants War, and the archbishop had to flee to the safety of the fortress It was besieged for three months in 1525. It was in the 17th century that Italian architects rebuilt the city center as it is today along with many palaces,21,475 citizens refused to recant their beliefs and were expelled from Salzburg. Most of them accepted an offer by King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, the rest settled in other Protestant states in Europe and the British colonies in America. In 1772–1803, under archbishop Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo, Salzburg was a centre of late Illuminism, in 1803, the archbishopric was secularised by Emperor Napoleon, he transferred the territory to Ferdinando III of Tuscany, former Grand Duke of Tuscany, as the Electorate of Salzburg
Salzburg (city)
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Salzburg viewed from the
Festung Hohensalzburg
Salzburg (city)
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UNESCO World Heritage Site
Salzburg (city)
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Mozart was born in Salzburg, capital of the Archbishopric of Salzburg, a former ecclesiastical principality in what is now Austria, then part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
Salzburg (city)
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Salzburg in 1914
16.
Donaueschingen Festival
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The Donaueschingen Festival is a festival for new music that takes place every October in the small town of Donaueschingen in south-western Germany. Founded in 1921, it is one of the oldest festivals for music in the world. In 1913, the Donaueschingen Society of Friends of Music was founded under the auspices of the House of Fuerstenberg, the idea soon arose to establish a small festival for presenting young and promising artists. A committee of distinguished musicians, among them Ferruccio Busoni, Joseph Haas, Hans Pfitzner, Arthur Nikisch and Richard Strauss, the first concert was presented just a few months later. On 31 July 1921 the Donaueschingen Chamber Music Performances for the advancement of music gave world premiere performances of music by Alois Hába, Ernst Krenek. Three years later, guest composers included Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and Josef Matthias Hauer, in 1925, the festivals scope expanded from presenting only chamber music to include choral works, one year later, the offerings included music for wind orchestra. In 1927, the relocated to Baden-Baden. During the years 1931-1933,1935, 1940-1945, and 1948-1949, after the war, the Society of Friends of Music was able to re-establish the festival under the name Donaueschingen Festival of Contemporary Music. A cooperative agreement between the Südwestfunk in Baden-Baden and its orchestra shifted the emphasis to larger orchestral works. In 1951, Olivier Messiaen and his student Pierre Boulez offered new compositions, along with works by Hindemith. In 1972, the Karl Sczuka Prize for Hörspiel was awarded for the first time during the festival, since 1993, every festival has its own theme. In 1998, South-West German Radio Baden-Baden became successor of Südwestfunk, kassel (19969 – ISBN 3-7618-1232-9 Bennwitz, Hanspeter, Donaueschingen und die Neue Musik 1921-1955. List of electronic music festivals Official website of the Donaueschingen Festival at SWR radio
Donaueschingen Festival
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Pierre Boulez at the Donaueschingen Festival in 2008
17.
Avant garde
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The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox, with respect to art, culture, and society. It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability, the avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, the avant-garde also promotes radical social reforms. Several writers have attempted, with limited success, to map the parameters of avant-garde activity, the Italian essayist Renato Poggioli provides one of the best-known analyses of vanguardism as a cultural phenomenon in his 1962 book Teoria dellarte davanguardia. Other authors have attempted both to clarify and to extend Poggiolis study, bürgers essay also greatly influenced the work of contemporary American art-historians such as the German Benjamin H. D. Buchloh. Buchloh, in the collection of essays Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry critically argues for an approach to these positions. Subsequent criticism theorized the limitations of these approaches, noting their circumscribed areas of analysis, including Eurocentric, chauvinist, and genre-specific definitions. The concept of avant-garde refers primarily to artists, writers, composers and thinkers whose work is opposed to cultural values. For Greenberg, these forms were therefore kitsch, phony, faked or mechanical culture, for instance, during the 1930s the advertising industry was quick to take visual mannerisms from surrealism, but this does not mean that 1930s advertising photographs are truly surreal. In this way the autonomous artistic merit so dear to the vanguardist was abandoned and sales became the measure. It has become common to describe successful rock musicians and celebrated film-makers as avant-garde, nevertheless, an incisive critique of vanguardism as against the views of mainstream society was offered by the New York critic Harold Rosenberg in the late 1960s. Since then it has been flanked by what he called avant-garde ghosts to the one side, and this has seen culture become, in his words, a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing it. Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether, although most avant-garde composers have been men, this is not exclusively the case. Women avant-gardists include Pauline Oliveros, Diamanda Galás, Meredith Monk, there are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus, Happenings, and Neo-Dada, Avant-garde – Wikipedia book Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman. The Avant-garde in Russia, 1910–1930, New Perspectives, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0-87587-095-3, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-671-20422-X Berg, Hubert van den, and Walter Fähnders
Avant garde
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The Love of Zero, a 1927 film by
Robert Florey
Avant garde
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Marcel Duchamp,
Fountain, 1917. Photograph by
Alfred Stieglitz
18.
Anton Webern
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Anton Friedrich Wilhelm von Webern was an Austrian composer and conductor. As an exponent of atonality and twelve-tone technique, Webern exerted influence on contemporaries Luigi Dallapiccola, Křenek, Weberns music was among the most radical of its milieu, both in its concision and in its rigorous and resolute apprehension of twelve-tone technique. Webern was born in Vienna, then Austria-Hungary, as Anton Friedrich Wilhelm von Webern and he was the only surviving son of Carl von Webern, a civil servant, and Amelie who was a competent pianist and accomplished singer—possibly the only obvious source of the future composers talent. He never used his middle names and dropped the von in 1918 as directed by the Austrian governments reforms after World War I and he lived in Graz and Klagenfurt for much of his youth. Webern memorialized the Preglhof in a diary poem An der Preglhof and in the tone poem Im Sommerwind, once Weberns father sold the estate in 1912, Webern referred to it nostalgically as a lost paradise. Art historian Ernst Dietz, Weberns cousin and at time a student at Graz, may have introduced Webern to the work of Arnold Böcklin and Giovanni Segantini. Segantinis work was an inspiration for Weberns 1905 single-movement string quartet. In 1902 Webern began attending classes at Vienna University, there he studied musicology with Guido Adler, writing his thesis on the Choralis Constantinus of Heinrich Isaac. He studied composition under Arnold Schoenberg, writing his Passacaglia, op.1 as his piece in 1908. He met Alban Berg, who was also a pupil of Schoenberg and these two relationships would be the most important in his life in shaping his own musical direction. After graduating, he took a series of conducting posts at theatres in Ischl, Teplitz, Danzig, Stettin, there he helped run Schoenbergs Society for Private Musical Performances from 1918 through 1922 and conducted the Vienna Workers Symphony Orchestra from 1922 to 1934. Letters document their correspondence in many subsequent years, and she would in turn provide him with facilities to private lessons as a convenience to Webern, his family. As early as 1933, an Austrian gauleiter on Bayerischer Rundfunk mistakenly and his familys financial situation deteriorated until, by August 1940, his personal records reflected no monthly income. It was thanks to the Swiss philanthropist Werner Reinhart that Webern was able to attend the premiere of his Variations for Orchestra, op.30 in Winterthur. Reinhart invested all the financial and diplomatic means at his disposal to enable Webern to travel to Switzerland, in return for this support, Webern dedicated the work to him. On the other, some private correspondence attests to his Nazi sympathies, Weberns patriotism led him to endorse the Nazi regime in a series of letters to Joseph Hueber, who was serving in the army and himself held such views. Webern described Hitler on May 2,1940 as this man who created the new state of Germany. Only later did Krasner himself realize how self-admittedly foolhardy he had been and in danger he had placed himself
Anton Webern
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Anton Webern in
Stettin, October 1912
Anton Webern
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The Preglhof in
Oberdorf, Webern's childhood home
19.
Arnold Schoenberg
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Arnold Franz Walter Schoenberg or Schönberg was an Austrian composer, music theorist, and painter. He was associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, by 1938, with the rise of the Nazi Party, Schoenbergs works were labeled degenerate music, because he was Jewish. He moved to the United States in 1934, Schoenbergs approach, both in terms of harmony and development, has been one of the most influential of 20th-century musical thought. Many European and American composers from at least three generations have consciously extended his thinking, whereas others have reacted against it. Schoenberg was known early in his career for simultaneously extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic styles of Brahms, later, his name would come to personify innovations in atonality that would become the most polemical feature of 20th-century art music. In the 1920s, Schoenberg developed the technique, an influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term developing variation and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motifs without resorting to the dominance of a melodic idea. Schoenbergs archival legacy is collected at the Arnold Schönberg Center in Vienna, Arnold Schoenberg was born into a lower middle-class Jewish family in the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna, at Obere Donaustraße 5. His father Samuel, a native of Bratislava, was a shopkeeper and he took only counterpoint lessons with the composer Alexander Zemlinsky, who was to become his first brother-in-law. In his twenties, Schoenberg earned a living by orchestrating operettas, while composing his own works and he later made an orchestral version of this, which became one of his most popular pieces. Strauss turned to a more conservative idiom in his own work after 1909, Mahler adopted him as a protégé and continued to support him, even after Schoenbergs style reached a point Mahler could no longer understand. Mahler worried about who would look after him after his death, Schoenberg, who had initially despised and mocked Mahlers music, was converted by the thunderbolt of Mahlers Third Symphony, which he considered a work of genius. Afterward he spoke of Mahler as a saint, in 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church. According to MacDonald this was partly to strengthen his attachment to Western European cultural traditions and he would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life. In October 1901, he married Mathilde Zemlinsky, the sister of the conductor and composer Alexander von Zemlinsky and he and Mathilde had two children, Gertrud and Georg. Gertrud would marry Schoenbergs pupil Felix Greissle in 1921, during the summer of 1908, his wife Mathilde left him for several months for a young Austrian painter, Richard Gerstl. This period marked a change in Schoenbergs work. This was the first composition without any reference at all to a key, also in this year, he completed one of his most revolutionary compositions, the String Quartet No
Arnold Schoenberg
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Arnold Schoenberg, Los Angeles, 1948
Arnold Schoenberg
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Arnold Schönberg in Payerbach, 1903
Arnold Schoenberg
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Schoenberg's Der Rote Blick (Red Gaze), 1910
Arnold Schoenberg
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Arnold Schoenberg, by
Egon Schiele 1917
20.
Berlin University of the Arts
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The Universität der Künste Berlin, UdK, situated in Berlin, Germany, is the largest art school in Europe. It is an art and design school, and one of the four research universities in the city. The university is known for being one of the biggest and most diversified universities of the arts world-wide and it has four colleges specialising in fine arts, architecture, media and design, music and the performing arts with around 3,500 students. Thus the UdK is one of three universities in Germany to unite the faculties of art and music in one institution. The teaching offered at the four colleges encompasses the full spectrum of the arts, having the right to confer doctorates and post-doctoral qualifications, Berlin University of the Arts is also one of Germany’s few art colleges with full university status. Almost all the courses at Berlin University of the Arts are part of a centuries-old tradition. In the same way, the University of the Arts is publicly recognized for being on the edge in the areas of Visual Arts, Fashion Design, Industrial Design. Its roots institutions date back to the foundation of Academie der Mal-, Bild- und Baukunst, in 1975, both art schools merged under the name Hochschule der Künste Berlin, HdK. The organization received the title of a university on 1 November 2001, the exchange program with UDK is a direct enrollment program offered during the fall, spring and academic year to students interested in the arts and with four semesters of German language study. Each academic year the school receives 100 exchange students on the basis of institutional agreements, students participating in the exchange are required to subsidize their own accommodations with little help from the school. Annually, the university opens its doors to the public in its four colleges, course “Art in Context” at the Berlin University of the Arts, Study Art and Music in Berlin
Berlin University of the Arts
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Berlin University of the Arts
21.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
22.
William Walton
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Sir William Turner Walton, OM was an English composer. During a sixty-year career, he wrote music in several genres and styles. His best-known works include Façade, the cantata Belshazzars Feast, the Viola Concerto, born in Oldham, Lancashire, the son of a musician, Walton was a chorister and then an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. On leaving the university, he was taken up by the literary Sitwell siblings, who provided him with a home and a cultural education. His earliest work of note was a collaboration with Edith Sitwell, Façade, which at first brought him notoriety as a modernist, in middle age, Walton left Britain and set up home with his young wife Susana on the Italian island of Ischia. By this time, he had ceased to be regarded as a modernist and his only full-length opera, Troilus and Cressida, was among the works to be so labelled and has made little impact in opera houses. In his last years, his works back into critical fashion, his later compositions. Walton was a worker, painstakingly perfectionist, and his complete body of work across his long career is not large. His most popular compositions continue to be performed in the twenty-first century. Walton was born into a family in Oldham, Lancashire. His father, Charles Alexander Walton, was a musician who had trained at the Royal Manchester College of Music under Charles Hallé, charless wife, Louisa Maria, had been a singer before their marriage. William Waltons musical talents were spotted when he was still a young boy and he was more successful as a singer, he and his elder brother sang in their fathers choir, taking part in performances of large-scale works by Handel, Haydn, Mendelssohn and others. Walton was sent to a school, but in 1912 his father saw a newspaper advertisement for probationer choristers at Christ Church Cathedral School in Oxford. The boy and his mother missed their intended train from Manchester to Oxford because Waltons father had spent the money for the fare in a public house. Louisa Walton had to borrow the fares from a greengrocer, although they arrived in Oxford after the entrance trials were over, Mrs Walton successfully pleaded for her son to be heard, and he was accepted. He remained at the school for the next six years. At the age of sixteen Walton became an undergraduate of Christ Church and it is sometimes said that he was Oxfords youngest undergraduate since Henry VIII, and though this is probably not correct, he was nonetheless among the youngest. He came under the influence of Hugh Allen, the dominant figure in Oxfords musical life, Allen introduced Walton to modern music, including Stravinskys Petrushka, and enthused him with the mysteries of the orchestra
William Walton
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William Walton in 1928
William Walton
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Christ Church, Oxford, where Walton was a chorister and then an undergraduate
William Walton
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Edith Sitwell, Walton's patron and collaborator. 1915 portrait by
Roger Fry
William Walton
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Portsmouth Point by
Thomas Rowlandson inspired Walton's overture of the same name.
23.
Lionel Tertis
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Lionel Tertis, CBE was an English violist and one of the first viola players to find international fame. He was also a noted teacher, Tertis was born in West Hartlepool, the son of Polish-Jewish immigrants. He initially studied the violin in Leipzig and at the Royal Academy of Music in London, there he was encouraged by the Principal, Alexander Mackenzie, to take up the viola instead. Under the additional influence of Oskar Nedbal, he did so and rapidly became one of the best known violists of his time, touring Europe and the USA as a soloist. As Professor of Viola at the RAM, he encouraged his colleagues and students to compose for the instrument, in 1906, Tertis was temporarily in the famous Bohemian Quartet to replace the violist/composer Oskar Nedbal and later he took the viola position in the Gerald Walenn Quartet. Composers such as Arnold Bax, Frank Bridge, Gustav Holst, Benjamin Dale, York Bowen and William Walton wrote pieces for him. The Walton piece was his Viola Concerto, however, Tertis did not give the premiere as he found it difficult to comprehend at the time. He owned a 1717 Montagnana from 1920 to 1937 which he found during one of his tours to Paris in 1920. According to his memoirs, it was shown to me in a condition, without bridge. No case was available – it was such a large instrument 17 1/8 inches – so my wife came to the rescue by wrapping it in her coat. Tertis preferred a large viola to get a rich tone from his instrument. Knowing that some would find a 17-1/8-inch instrument too large he created his own Tertis model, along with William Murdoch, Albert Sammons, and Lauri Kennedy, Tertis formed the Chamber Music Players. In 1936, while at the height of his powers, he announced his retirement from the platform to concentrate on teaching. He appeared as soloist only one time, at a special concert in 1949 to an invited audience at the RAM to help raise money for his fund to encourage the composition of music for the viola. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1950 New Years Honours, Tertis composed several original works and also arranged many pieces not originally for the viola, such as Edward Elgars Cello Concerto. He was the author of a number of publications about string playing, the viola in particular and they include Cinderella No More and My Viola and I. Lionel Tertis died in Wimbledon, London, the Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition was established in 1980 to honour his memory. In February 2007, the British violist Roger Chase initiated The Tertis Project, Chase performs on the Montagnana viola that belonged to Tertis
Lionel Tertis
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Lionel Tertis
Lionel Tertis
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English Heritage blue plaque erected 18/05/2015
24.
Cairo
–
Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Cairo has long been a center of the political and cultural life. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world, as well as the worlds second-oldest institution of higher learning, Al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, with a population of 6.76 million spread over 453 square kilometers, Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live in proximity to the city. Cairo, like many other mega-cities, suffers from high levels of pollution, Cairos metro, one of only two in Africa, ranks among the fifteen busiest in the world, with over 1 billion annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005, Egyptians often refer to Cairo as Maṣr, the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the citys importance for the country. In Coptic the city is known as Kahire, meaning Place of the Sun, possibly referring to the ancient city of Heliopolis, the location of the ancient city is the suburb of Ain Shams. The ancient Egyptian name for the area is thought to be Khere-Ohe, The Place of Combat, sometimes the city is informally referred to as Kayro. The area around present-day Cairo, especially Memphis, had long been a point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location just upstream from the Nile Delta. However, the origins of the city are generally traced back to a series of settlements in the first millennium. Around the turn of the 4th century, as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance and this fortress, known as Babylon, remained the nucleus of the Roman, and, later, the Byzantine, city and is the oldest structure in the city today. It is also situated at the nucleus of the Coptic Orthodox community, many of Cairos oldest Coptic churches, including the Hanging Church, are located along the fortress walls in a section of the city known as Coptic Cairo. Following the Muslim conquest in 640 AD the conqueror Amr ibn As settled to the north of the Babylon in an area became known as al-Fustat. Originally a tented camp Fustat became a permanent settlement and the first capital of Islamic Egypt, in 750, following the overthrow of the Ummayad caliphate by the Abbasids, the new rulers created their own settlement to the northeast of Fustat which became their capital. This was known as al-Askar as it was laid out like a military camp, a rebellion in 869 by Ahmad ibn Tulun led to the abandonment of Al Askar and the building of another settlement, which became the seat of government. This was al-Qattai, to the north of Fustat and closer to the river, Al Qattai was centred around a palace and ceremonial mosque, now known as the Mosque of ibn Tulun. In 905 the Abbasids re-asserted control of the country and their returned to Fustat
Cairo
–
Cairo القاهرة al-Qāhirah
Cairo
–
Louis Comfort Tiffany (American, 1848-1933). On the Way between Old and New Cairo, Citadel Mosque of Mohammed Ali, and Tombs of the Mamelukes, 1872. Oil on canvas.
Brooklyn Museum
Cairo
–
A rendition of
Fustat from A. S. Rappoport's History of Egypt
Cairo
–
Cairo map 1847
25.
Ankara
–
Ankara, formerly known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of the Republic of Turkey. With a population of 4,587,558 in the center and 5,150,072 in its province. Ankara was Atatürks headquarters from 1920 and has been the capital of the Republic since its founding in 1923, the government is a prominent employer, but Ankara is also an important commercial and industrial city, located at the center of Turkeys road and railway networks. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits, the long-haired Angora goat, the area is also known for its pears, honey, and muscat grapes. Ankara is an old city with various Hittite, Phrygian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine. The historical center of town is a hill rising 150 m over the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya River. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel, as with many ancient cities, Ankara has gone by several names over the ages. It has been identified with the Hittite cult center Ankuwaš, although remains a matter of debate. In classical antiquity and during the period, the city was known as Ánkyra in Greek and Ancyra in Latin. Following its annexation by the Seljuk Turks in 1073, the city known in many European languages as Angora. The form Angora is preserved in the names of breeds of different kinds of animals. The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c, 2000–1700 BC by the Indo-European Hittites. In Phrygian tradition, King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias mentions that the city was far older. Persian sovereignty lasted until the Persians defeat at the hands of Alexander the Great who conquered the city in 333 BC, Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at Babylon in 323 BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara, by that time the city also took its name Ἄγκυρα which, in slightly modified form, provides the modern name of Ankara. Other centers were Pessinos, todays Balhisar, for the Trocmi tribe, the city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers, an aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries
Ankara
–
From top to bottom and left to right:
Atatürk's Mausoleum,
Kızılay Square,
Kocatepe Mosque, A general view of the city centre,
Atakule Tower and
Ulus Square.
Ankara
Ankara
–
Alaca Höyük bronze standard on display at the
Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara.
Ankara
–
The
Dying Galatian was a famous statue commissioned some time between 230–220 BC by King
Attalos I of
Pergamon to honor his victory over the
Celtic Galatians in
Anatolia. Roman marble copy of a
Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BC, at the
Capitoline Museums, Rome.
26.
Turkey
–
Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
Turkey
–
Some
henges at
Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 12,000 BC, predating those of
Stonehenge,
England by almost ten millennia.
Turkey
–
Flag
Turkey
–
The Lion Gate in
Hattusa, capital of the
Hittite Empire. The city's history dates back to the 6th millennium BC.
Turkey
–
The
Library of Celsus in
Ephesus was built by the
Romans in 135 AD. The
Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, built by king
Croesus of
Lydia in the 6th century BC, was one of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
27.
Turkish State Opera and Ballet
–
The State Opera and Ballet is the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, with venues in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, Mersin, Antalya and Samsun. The directorate is bound to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, in 1840, Gaetano Donizettis Belisario became the first opera to be translated into Turkish, and was performed at the newly built theatre by Italian architect Bosco. The theater was transferred to Tütüncüoğlu Michael Naum Efendi in 1844, an important public opera performance was Giuseppe Verdis Ernani, staged by an Italian company in Beyoğlu in 1846. Also in 1846, Naum Efendis theatre was destroyed by fire and was replaced by a new one, during the period of 1846–1877, operas of Verdi, performed mostly by Italian companies, reached a wide audience. The foundation of the new Republic of Turkey in 1923 was followed by Atatürks Reforms, the first Turkish opera, Özsoy, composed by Ahmet Adnan Saygun with the lyrics of Münir Hayri Egeli, premiered in 1934. It was shortly followed by Adnan Sayguns Taşbebek and Necil Kazım Akses’s Bay Önder, the two lecturers were offered permanent posts at the conservatory, an offer which Paul Hindemith was not able to accept. Nevertheless, he kept visiting Ankara and inspecting the activities at the music school, carl Ebert stayed in Ankara as the director of the conservatory theatre school and opera studio for the following nine years. On May 16,1940, the State Conservatory was firmly established under law, comprising music, opera, ballet, in 1940, the second act of Puccinis Madame Butterfly was performed in Turkish by the staff of the conservatory opera studio, followed in 1941 by Tosca. The organization of the orchestra and chorus was completed between 1950 -1953. Management of the theatre and the opera were separated in 1958, creating the directorates of Turkish State Theatres and State Opera and Ballet. In 1959, the İstanbul City Opera was established by the effort of Aydın Gün. Kevork Tavityan is its current director and this was followed by the establishment of İzmir State Opera and Ballet in 1983, Mersin State Opera and Ballet in 1992, and Antalya State Opera and Ballet in 1999
Turkish State Opera and Ballet
–
Ankara Opera House (Opera Sahnesi) is the first among three opera and ballet venues in Ankara
Turkish State Opera and Ballet
–
Facade of the İzmir State Opera and Ballet
28.
Nazism
–
National Socialism, more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, as well as other far-right groups. Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race and it aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, unified on the basis of racial purity. The term National Socialism arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of socialism, the Nazi Partys precursor, the Pan-German nationalist and anti-Semitic German Workers Party, was founded on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organisation, following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism. The full name of Adolf Hitlers party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the shorthand Nazi was formed from the first two syllables of the German pronunciation of the word national. The term was in use before the rise of the NSDAP as a colloquial and derogatory word for a peasant, characterizing an awkward. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the first word of the name, Nationalsozialistische. The NSDAP briefly adopted the Nazi designation, attempting to reappropriate the term, the use of Nazi Germany, Nazi regime, and so on was popularised by German exiles abroad. From them, the spread into other languages and was eventually brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, Nazism is a name for the ideology the party advocated. The majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as a form of far-right politics, far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate over other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements. Adolf Hitler and other proponents officially portrayed Nazism as being neither left- nor right-wing, but the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms, a major inspiration for the Nazis were the far-right nationalist Freikorps, paramilitary organisations that engaged in political violence after World War I. The Nazis stated the alliance was purely tactical and there remained substantial differences with the DNVP, the Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. After the elections in 1932, the alliance broke after the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag, the Nazis denounced them as an insignificant heap of reactionaries. The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their socialism, their violence. Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was pressured to abdicate the throne and flee into exile amidst an attempted communist revolution in Germany, there were factions in the Nazi Party, both conservative and radical
Nazism
–
Foreground, left to right: Führer
Adolf Hitler;
Hermann Göring; Minister of Propaganda
Joseph Goebbels;
Rudolf Hess
Nazism
Nazism
–
Nazis alongside members of the far-right
reactionary and
monarchist German National People's Party (DNVP), during the brief Nazi-DNVP alliance in the
Harzburg Front from 1931 to 1932
Nazism
–
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, considered one of the fathers of German nationalism
29.
Degenerate art
–
Degenerate art was a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe Modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German, Jewish, or Communist in nature, and these included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art. Degenerate Art also was the title of an exhibition, held by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung, designed to inflame public opinion against modernism, the exhibition subsequently traveled to several other cities in Germany and Austria. Similar restrictions were placed upon music, which was expected to be tonal and free of any jazz influences, films and plays were also censored. The early twentieth century was a period of wrenching changes in the arts, in the visual arts, such innovations as Fauvism, Cubism, Dada and Surrealism—following Symbolism and Post-Impressionism—were not universally appreciated. The majority of people in Germany, as elsewhere, did not care for the new art which many resented as elitist, morally suspect, under the Weimar government of the 1920s, Germany emerged as a leading center of the avant-garde. It was the birthplace of Expressionism in painting and sculpture, of the musical compositions of Arnold Schoenberg. Films such as Robert Wienes The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, the Nazis viewed the culture of the Weimar period with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from a conservative aesthetic taste, and partly from their determination to use culture as a propaganda tool, on both counts, a painting such as Otto Dixs War Cripples was anathema to them. It unsparingly depicts four badly disfigured veterans of the First World War, then a familiar sight on Berlins streets, rendered in caricatured style. Featured in the Degenerate Art exhibition, it would hang next to a label accusing Dix—himself a volunteer in World War I—of an insult to the German heroes of the Great War. As dictator, Hitler gave his personal taste in art the force of law to a never before seen. Only in Stalins Soviet Union, where Socialist Realism was the style, had a modern state shown such concern with regulation of the arts. In the case of Germany, the model was to be classical Greek and Roman art, Art historian Henry Grosshans says that Hitler saw Greek and Roman art as uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was an act of violence by the Jews against the German spirit. Such was true to Hitler even though only Liebermann, Meidner, Freundlich, took upon himself the responsibility of deciding who, in matters of culture, thought and acted like a Jew. By propagating the theory of degeneracy, the Nazis combined their anti-Semitism with their drive to control the culture, the term Entartung had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author Max Nordau devised the theory presented in his 1892 book, Entartung. He attacked Aestheticism in English literature and described the mysticism of the Symbolist movement in French literature as a product of mental pathology, explaining the painterliness of Impressionism as the sign of a diseased visual cortex, he decried modern degeneracy while praising traditional German culture
Degenerate art
–
Adolf Hitler and
Adolf Ziegler visit the
Degenerate Art Exhibition, 1937. The wall behind them calls attention to the works of the
Dada artists with depreciatory comments
Degenerate art
–
A still from
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
Degenerate art
–
Das Magdeburger Ehrenmal (the Magdeburg cenotaph), by
Ernst Barlach was declared to be degenerate art due to the "deformity" and emaciation of the figures—corresponding to
Nordau's theorized connection between "mental and physical degeneration."
Degenerate art
–
Cover of the exhibition program: Degenerate Art exhibition, 1937. Note the word "Kunst", meaning art, in
scare quotes
30.
Sancta Susanna
–
Sancta Susanna is an early opera by Paul Hindemith in one act, with a German libretto by August Stramm. Composed over a period in January/February 1921, its premiere was on 26 March 1922. The work is his third and final in a triptych of expressionist influenced one-act operas - the previous two being Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen op. 12, and Das Nusch-Nuschi op.20 – and much like the works, scandalised Frankfurt’s concert going public, affording the young composer heightened critical attention. Sancta Susanna examines the relationship between celibacy and lust in Christianity, depicting the descent of a nunnery into sexual frenzy, thus in the libretto stage directions dominate over speech, which is highly fragmented through ellipses and incomplete phrases. Hindemith did not however, divorce himself entirely from formalism, the controversy generated by the opera upon its premiere is reflected in the difficulty Hindemith faced, getting the work performed in the first place. Among his problems was finding a competent and willing conductor, fritz Busch, who had premiered the composer’s earlier operas, and who was seen as both progressive, and a champion of Hindemith’s work, refused to offer his services on moral grounds. Even as recently as 2007, performances of the work have attracted criticism from Christian organisations, an old nun, contralto Klementia, contralto Susanna soprano The opera opens in a convent at night, the protagonist, Susanna, lying in prayer in front of an altar. She is approached by a number of figures, the most prominent of whom is Sister Clementia, who states that Susanna is sick, and ‘scarcely live on this earth any longer’. Susanna, no longer capable of abstaining, discards her veil, rips the loin cloth from the crucifix in front of her, and demands such punishment from the nuns, who have now congregated around her. Musically, this consists of a giddying sequence in woodwind and strings, abruptly cut off by a piercingly dissonant. Following this, vocal and brass forces compete – the nuns all now chanting ‘Satana’ - in what is both a deafening and densely scored series of chordal exchanges, Hindemith’s Opera Trilogy, _____ ‘Paul Hindemith’, Grove Music Online Scott, Marion. ‘Paul Hindemith, His Music and Its Characteristics’, Proceedings of the Musical Association, 56th Sess. pp. 91–108 Skelton, Geoffrey. ‘Sancta Susanna’, Grove Music Online Stramm, August, Marx, Henry, O’Brien, Edward J. ‘Sancta Susanna’, The Drama Review, TDR19, thomas, Christopher J. ‘Recordings’, Opera Quarterly 6,139
Sancta Susanna
–
Paul Hindemith
31.
Berlin Sports Palace
–
Berlin Sportpalast was a multi-purpose indoor arena located in the Schöneberg section of Berlin, Germany. Depending on the type of event and seating configuration, the Sportpalast could hold up to 14,000 people and was for a time the biggest meeting hall in Berlin. The Sportpalast is most known for speeches and rallies took place during the Third Reich. In later years, the Sportpalast also hosted non-winter sporting events such as six-day bicycle races, the Sportpalast was also used as a meeting hall for a variety of events, including political rallies and the Bockbierfest with Bavarian bands, dancing, and roasted meat. Because of the size and propaganda potential of the Sportpalast, Goebbels is said to have labeled the hall as Unsere große politische Tribüne — our big political grandstand, in 1937 it was the site of an Assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler by an unknown person in a SS uniform. At wars end in 1945, the Sportpalast was in damaged condition with its roof destroyed. The building did not reopen for public ice sports until 1951, a new roof was constructed later, with the building reopening in 1953. Among the notables who performed at the Sportpalast in its postwar years was world-famous figure skater Sonja Henie, with the division of the city between East and West in the Cold War, the Sportpalast was situated in West Berlin. Although it was no longer the citys preeminent meeting hall, the Sportpalast in the years hosted varied sorts of events. The Blitz Berlin Observer article Picture from 1973 Adolf Hitlers first speech as Reich Chancellor in Berlins Sport Palace 1933-02-10
Berlin Sports Palace
–
Postcard depiction of new Sportpalast, 1910.
Berlin Sports Palace
–
Max Schmeling at Sportpalast, 1928.
Berlin Sports Palace
–
Goebbels '
Total War speech, early 1943. The banner says "Total war - shortest war."
Berlin Sports Palace
–
Reopened Sportpalast, 1955.
32.
Joseph Goebbels
–
Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. He advocated progressively harsher discrimination, including the extermination of the Jews in the Holocaust, Goebbels, who aspired to be an author, obtained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Heidelberg in 1921. He joined the Nazi Party in 1924, and worked with Gregor Strasser in their northern branch and he was appointed as Gauleiter for Berlin in 1926, where he began to take an interest in the use of propaganda to promote the party and its programme. After the Nazi Seizure of Power in 1933, Goebbels Propaganda Ministry quickly gained and exerted controlling supervision over the media, arts. He was particularly adept at using the new media of radio. Topics for party propaganda included antisemitism, attacks on the Christian churches, as the war drew to a close and Nazi Germany faced defeat, Magda Goebbels and the Goebbels children joined him in Berlin. They moved into the underground Vorbunker, part of Hitlers underground bunker complex, Hitler committed suicide on 30 April. In accordance with Hitlers will, Goebbels succeeded him as Chancellor of Germany, the following day, Goebbels and his wife committed suicide, after poisoning their six children with cyanide. Paul Joseph Goebbels was born on 29 October 1897 in Rheydt, both of his parents were Catholics with modest family backgrounds. His father Fritz was a clerk, his mother Katharina was ethnically Dutch. Goebbels had five siblings, Konrad, Hans, Maria, Elisabeth, and Maria, in 1932, Goebbels published a pamphlet of his family tree to refute the rumors that his grandmother was of Jewish ancestry. During childhood, Goebbels suffered from ill health, which included a bout of inflammation of the lungs. He had a right foot that turned inwards, due to a congenital deformity. It was thicker and shorter than his left foot and he underwent a failed operation to correct it just prior to starting grammar school. Goebbels wore a metal brace and special shoe because of his shortened leg and he was rejected for military service in World War I due to his deformity. Goebbels was educated at a Christian Gymnasium, where he completed his Abitur in 1917 and he was the top student of his class and was given the traditional honor to speak at the awards ceremony. His parents initially hoped that he would become a Catholic priest and he studied literature and history at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, Freiburg, and Munich, aided by a scholarship from the Albertus Magnus Society. By this time Goebbels had begun to distance himself from the church, historians, including Richard J. Evans and Roger Manvell, speculate that Goebbels lifelong pursuit of women may have been in compensation for his physical disabilities
Joseph Goebbels
–
Official portrait of Goebbels
Joseph Goebbels
–
Cover of the novel
Michael, published by the
NSDAP in 1929
Joseph Goebbels
–
Goebbels speaks at a political rally (1932). This body position, with arms
akimbo, was intended to show the speaker as being in a position of authority.
Joseph Goebbels
–
Goebbels giving a speech in Berlin (1934). This hand gesture was used while delivering a warning or threat.
33.
Nazi Germany
–
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
Nazi Germany
–
Hitler became Germany's head of state, with the title of
Führer und Reichskanzler, in 1934.
Nazi Germany
–
Flag
Nazi Germany
–
Joseph Goebbels,
Reich Minister of Propaganda
Nazi Germany
–
Ethnic Germans in
Saaz, Czechoslovakia, greet German soldiers with the
Nazi salute, 1938
34.
Ernest Ansermet
–
Ernest Alexandre Ansermet, was a Swiss conductor. Ansermet was born in Vevey, Switzerland, although he was a contemporary of Wilhelm Furtwängler and Otto Klemperer, Ansermet represents in most ways a very different tradition and approach from those two musicians. Originally he was a professor, teaching at the University of Lausanne. He began conducting at the Casino in Montreux in 1912, traveling in France for this, he met both Debussy and Ravel, and consulted them on the performance of their works. During World War I, he met Stravinsky, who was exiled in Switzerland, in 1918, Ansermet founded his own orchestra, the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. Also, Ansermet was one of the first in the field of music to take jazz seriously. After World War II, Ansermet and his orchestra rose to prominence through a long-term contract with Decca Records. From that time until his death, he recorded most of his repertoire, Ansermet disapproved of Stravinskys practice of revising his works, and always played the original versions. Ansermets reputation suffered after the War due his collaboration with the Nazis, in his last years, he and his ensemble surprised many by issuing discs devoted to Haydn, Beethoven and Brahms. These performances were not at all conventionally Germanic, and were much censured at the time of their appearance, in May 1954, Decca recorded Ansermet and the orchestra in Europes first commercial stereophonic recordings. They went on to record the first stereo performance of the complete The Nutcracker by Tchaikovsky on LP, Ansermet also conducted early stereo recordings of Debussys Nocturnes and the Prélude à laprès-midi dun faune. Part of his recording of The Rite of Spring, augmented by a rehearsal recording unobtainable elsewhere, was used by Decca on the companys 1957 stereo demonstration LP, the conductors clear and methodical counting of beats is a distinct feature of this rehearsal sequence. Ansermet was an ardent man who argued his opinions vehemently and he was notable in Britain for his argumentative rehearsals with British orchestras, who were used to the more jovial style of Sir Thomas Beecham or the more restrained manner of Sir Adrian Boult. His last recording, of Stravinskys The Firebird, was made in London with the New Philharmonia Orchestra, which included a recording of the rehearsal sessions made as a memorial to him. Another late recording for Decca, also issued as an album, was with LOrchestre de la Suisse Romande. Ansermet composed some pieces and compositions for orchestra, among them a symphonic poem entitled Feuilles de Printemps. He also orchestrated Debussys Six épigraphes antiques in 1939 and he died on 20 February 1969 in Geneva at the age of 85. Les fondements de la musique dans la conscience humaine, New edition, edited by J. -Claude Piguet, Rose-Marie Faller-Fauconnet, et al
Ernest Ansermet
–
This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013)
Ernest Ansermet
–
Ernest Ansermet (1965)
Ernest Ansermet
–
Ansermet and
Wilhelm Kempff (1965)
35.
Yale University
–
Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity
Yale University
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Charter creating Collegiate School, which became
Yale College, October 9, 1701
Yale University
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Yale University
Seal
Yale University
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A Front View of Yale-College and the College Chapel, Daniel Bowen, 1786.
Yale University
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First diploma awarded by
Yale College, granted to Nathaniel Chauncey, 1702.
36.
Norman Dello Joio
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Norman Dello Joio was an American composer whose output spanned over half a century, and won a Pulitzer in 1957. Dello Joio was born Nicodemo DeGioio in New York City to Italian immigrants and he began his musical career as organist and choir director at the Star of the Sea Church on City Island in New York at age 14. His father was an organist, pianist, and vocal coach and he taught Norman piano starting at the age of four. In his teens, Norman began studying organ with his godfather, Pietro Yon, in 1939, he received a scholarship to the Juilliard School, where he studied composition with Bernard Wagenaar. While he was a student, he worked as organist at St. Annes Church, in 1941, he began studying with Paul Hindemith, who encouraged him to follow his own lyrical bent, rather than sacrificing it to the atonal systems then popular. He received numerous awards and much recognition and he was a prolific composer in a variety of genres, but is perhaps best known for his choral music. Dello Joio also wrote pieces for high school and professional string orchestra, including the difficult piece Choreography. He won the 1957 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his Meditations on Ecclesiastes and his Variations, Chaconne and Finale won the New York Critics Circle Award in 1948. It is a version of his Piano Sonata No.3. In 1965, Dello Joio received the Emmy Award for the most outstanding music written for television in the 1964-1965 Season for his score to the 1964 NBC television special The Louvre, the composer created a five-movement suite for wind band entitled Scenes from The Louvre. The suite was commissioned by Baldwin-Wallace College for their symphonic band and he taught at Sarah Lawrence College from 1944 to 1950, and at the Mannes College of Music. He also served as professor and dean at Boston Universitys College of Fine Arts, in 1978, he retired and moved to Long Island. He donated his archive of manuscripts and papers to the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Despite infirmities, Dello Joio remained active as a composer until his years, continuing to produce chamber, choral. He died in his sleep on July 24,2008 at the age of 95 at his home in East Hampton, Dello Joios early works already reveal certain characteristics of his style. He likes to use traditional chants as a cantus firmus with richly contrapuntal settings and it is amusing, but not at all incongruous, to find Gregorian melodies and jazzy rhythms rubbing shoulders, for they are blended in a creatively spontaneous texture. One of the most notable uses of his music is his score for choreographer Martha Grahams Diversion of Angels, interview with Norman Dello Joio by Bruce Duffie, November 17,1985
Norman Dello Joio
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Norman Dello Joio
37.
Mel Powell
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Mel Powell was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer, and the founding dean of the music department at the California Institute of the Arts. He served as an educator for over 40 years, first at Mannes College of Music and Queens College, then Yale University. During his early career he worked as a jazz pianist, Mel Powell was born Melvin D. Epstein on February 12,1923, in The Bronx, New York City to Russian Jewish parents, Milton Epstein and Mildred Mark Epstein. He began playing piano at age four, taking lessons from, among others, a passionate baseball fan, his home was within sight of Yankee Stadium. A hand injury while playing baseball as a boy, however, Powell dreamed of life as a concert pianist until his older brother took him to see jazz pianist Teddy Wilson play, and later to a concert featuring Benny Goodman. In a 1987 interview with The New Yorker magazine Powell said I had never heard anything as ecstatic as this music, by the age of 14 Powell was performing jazz professionally around New York City. As early as 1939, he was working with Bobby Hackett, George Brunies and he changed his last name from Epstein to Powell in 1941 shortly before joining Benny Goodmans band. Powells style was rooted in the style that was the direct precursor to swing piano. One composition from his Goodman years, The Earl, is perhaps his best-known from that time and it is notable that the song—dedicated to Earl Fatha Hines, one of Powells piano heroes—was recorded without a drummer. After nearly two years with Goodman, Powell played briefly with the CBS radio band under director Raymond Scott before Uncle Sam came calling. With World War II at its height, Powell was drafted into the U. S. Army, but fought his battles from a piano stool, having been assigned to Glenn Millers Army Air Force Band from 1943 to 1945. Near the wars end, Powell was stationed in Paris, where he played with Django Reinhardt and it was around this time, the mid-to-late 1940s, that Powell moved to Hollywood and ventured into providing music for movies and cartoons—notably Tom and Jerry. In 1948 he played himself in the movie A Song Is Born, appearing along with other famous jazz players. It was during his time in Hollywood that he met and married actress Martha Scott, Mel Powell had a major health crisis in the late 1940s when he developed muscular dystrophy. From 1948 to 1952 he studied at Yale University with German composer, but Powell did not completely turn his back on jazz. While teaching in the 1950s, he played piano and recorded music with Benny Goodman again. Powell composed for orchestra, chorus, voice, and chamber ensemble throughout the 1960s, 1970s, in 1969 he returned to California to serve as founding dean of the California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California. After serving as Provost of the Institute from 1972 to 1976 he was appointed the Roy O. Disney Professor of music, notable students include composer Ann Millikan
Mel Powell
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Mel Powell
Mel Powell
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Powell and actress wife Martha Scott at home in 1947. An award to Powell from Downbeat magazine rests on the table.
38.
University at Buffalo
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The State University of New York at Buffalo is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst, New York, United States. It is commonly referred to as the University at Buffalo or SUNY Buffalo, the university was founded in 1846 as a private college, but in 1962 merged with the State University of New York system. By enrollment, UB is the largest in the SUNY system, UB also has the largest endowment and research funding, as a comprehensive university center in the SUNY system. As of 2017, the university enrolls 29,806 students in 13 colleges, the university offers over 100 bachelors,205 masters,84 doctoral, and 10 professional areas of study. According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the University at Buffalo is a Doctoral University with the Highest research activity. In 1989, UB was elected to the Association of American Universities, the university was founded by U. S. President and U. S. Vice President, Millard Fillmore, who served as the schools first chancellor, in the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education 2017 inaugural ranking, UB was ranked as the #1 public university in New York and #28 in the nation. Buffalo has consistently placed in the top cluster of U. S, U. S. News and World Reports 2017 edition of Americas Best Colleges ranked UB 99th on their list of best national universities and 43rd among public universities. City leaders of Buffalo sought to establish a university in the city from the earliest days of Buffalo and this university was chartered by the state on April 8,1836. However, the collapsed and no classes were ever offered. James Platt White was instrumental in obtaining a charter for the University of Buffalo from the legislature in 1846. He also taught the first class of 89 men in obstetrics, State Assemblyman Nathan K. Hall was also particularly active in procuring the charter. The doors first opened to students in 1847 and after associating with a hospital for teaching purposes, founder Millard Fillmore served as the schools first chancellor. Upon his ascension to the presidency after President Taylors death, Fillmore stayed on as part-time chancellor, the first lectures were delivered in a wooden building over the old post office, corner of Seneca and Washington streets. The first building built for the university was a stone building at the corner of Main and Virginia streets, built in 1849–50, through donations, public subscription. There were continuous expansions to the medical programs, including a separate pharmacy division. In 1887, a law school was organized in Buffalo, which became associated with Niagara University just to the north of Buffalo. After four years, in 1891, the law school was acquired by the University of Buffalo as the University of Buffalo Law School, the establishment may have been influenced by the 1910 Flexner Report which criticized the preparation of the medical students at the university
University at Buffalo
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Official White House portrait of
Millard Fillmore
University at Buffalo
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State University of New York at Buffalo
University at Buffalo
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Pub Scene, students singing
University at Buffalo
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Clark Hall on UB's South Campus
39.
Cornell University
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Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornells motto, the university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the one in New York. Of its seven colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including its agricultural. Of Cornells graduate schools, only the college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension program in every county of New York. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens are considered. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race, the student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 7,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and more than 120 countries. Cornell University was founded on April 27,1865, the New York State Senate authorized the university as the land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site, fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the first two buildings and traveled to attract students and faculty, the university was inaugurated on October 7,1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day. Cornell developed as an innovative institution, applying its research to its own campus as well as to outreach efforts. For example, in 1883 it was one of the first university campuses to use electricity from a dynamo to light the grounds. Cornell has had active alumni since its earliest classes and it was one of the first universities to include alumni-elected representatives on its Board of Trustees. Today the university has more than 4,000 courses, since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and it has partnerships with institutions in India, Singapore, and the Peoples Republic of China. Former president Jeffrey S. Lehman described the university, with its international profile. On March 9,2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for a new Bridging the Rift Center to be built, Cornells main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
Cornell University
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Ezra Cornell
Cornell University
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Cornell University
Cornell University
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Andrew Dickson White
Cornell University
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The Arts Quad on Cornell's main campus with iconic
McGraw Tower in the background
40.
Wells College
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Wells College is a private coeducational liberal arts college located in Aurora, Cayuga County, New York, on the eastern shore of Cayuga Lake. The college has cross-enrollment with Cornell University and Ithaca College, and is considered Cornell Universitys sister school and it is strengthening its off-campus study programs and has created centers in sustainability, business and entrepreneurship, and book arts. Undergraduate students are required to participate in at least two off-campus internships during their time at Wells, Wells College is located in the Finger Lakes region of New York. It is about an hour from Syracuse and Rochester and a drive from both Ithaca and Auburn. It is part of the Aurora Village-Wells College Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the college has five residence halls, seven academic buildings, and an average student body of 550. The student to faculty ratio is 9,1, the Wells motto is Habere et Dispertire - To Have and To Share. Wells was established as a college in 1868 by Henry Wells, founder of Wells Fargo. Wells had the building for Wells Seminary constructed on property he donated, on August 9,1888, the Colleges main building burned to the ground. The building was replaced in 1890 by the current Main Building, Henry Wells 1852 mansion, Glen Park, was purchased by the Alumnae Association in 1906 and given to the College for its use. It is now part of the campus as a hall for upper class women. In 1965, Walter Netsch designed the Louis Jefferson Long Library, the design of this award-winning building inspired two other buildings on campus, Barler Music Hall and Campbell Art Building. In 1886, Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston, Wells Class of 1885 and she was the first First Lady to be a college graduate and the only First Lady to be wed in the White House. She served on the Colleges Board of Trustees for 50 years, after 136 years as a womens college, Wells announced on October 2,2004 that it would become a co-educational institution in 2005. This drew student protests on campus, some parents of students also became involved in the protests. Some of the said that their protests were patterned after ones at Mills College in the early 1990s. A website called Wells for Women was established After the colleges decision to adopt coeducation was approved by its board, students filed a lawsuit, the college adopted coeducation in 2005. Classes at Wells are taught seminar-style by professors — not teaching assistants —, the Washington Monthlys College Rankings ranks Wells College as #30 among all liberal arts colleges in the United States—as well as the top such college in New York state—in the September 2006 issue. In 2006, Wells was ranked 12th in the nation by the Princeton Review for being best at encouraging class discussion
Wells College
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Wells College tower
Wells College
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Wells College
41.
Harvard
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
Harvard
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Engraving of
Harvard College by
Paul Revere, 1767
Harvard
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Harvard University
Harvard
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John Harvard statue,
Harvard Yard
Harvard
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Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.
42.
Franz Reizenstein
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Franz Theodor Reizenstein was a German-born British composer and concert pianist. He left Germany for sanctuary in Britain in 1934 and went on to have his career there, including teaching at the Royal Manchester College of Music and Boston University, Franz Reizensteins parents were Dr. Albert Reizenstein and Lina Kohn, both of Nuremberg, Germany. The family was Jewish and counted many professionals, scientists, bankers, Reizenstein grew up in Nuremberg and was considered a child prodigy. He composed his first pieces when he was 5, and by the age of 17 he had written a string quartet and his well-to-do and artistic family encouraged him to play chamber music at home. Eventually he was sent to study under Paul Hindemith at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik, in 1934 he emigrated to England at the age of 23 to escape the Nazis, one of nearly 70 Jewish composers to do so from 1933–1945. Once in England, he furthered his studies under Ralph Vaughan Williams at the Royal College of Music and he also studied the piano for eleven years with Solomon Cutner. He eventually became a professor at the Royal Academy of Music, amongst his pupils at the Royal Academy of Music was Philip Martin whom he taught piano and composition. Reizenstein published his first piece, the Suite for Piano, Op.6 and he gained more attention with the virtuosic and flamboyant Prologue, Variations and Finale, Op.12, composed for the violinist Max Rostal. It was inspired by a tour which he took to South America. Reizenstein performed as a pianist as well as working as a composer, at the start of World War II, Reizenstein, as a German, was interned in Central Camp in Douglas, Isle of Man. He continued to compose while within the camp although he was soon released and he composed several chamber and piano works, which are highly regarded, as well as a number of orchestral works, overtures and concertos. He also wrote two operas, Men Against the Sea and Anna Kraus, and composed lavish orchestral scores for the Hammer horror film The Mummy, Reizenstein contributed the Concerto Popolare to Gerard Hoffnungs first music festival in 1956. Hoffnungs festivals were comedy events, trading on the knowledge of the audience. The premise of the Concerto Popolare is that the orchestra believes it is playing Tchaikovskys First Piano Concerto, a pitched musical battle ensues, dragging in other themes. The soloist at the premiere was Yvonne Arnaud, who had been chosen after Hoffnungs first choice, Eileen Joyce, also popular was his set of Variations on The Lambeth Walk, for solo piano, each variation being a parody of the style of a major classical composer. The composers parodied are Chopin, Verdi, Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert, Wagner and he married in England, and he and his wife had a son. Through his mothers Kohn family, Reizenstein was related to the writer Catherine Yronwode, Franz Reizenstein online archive Franz Reizenstein biography Franz Reizenstein at the Internet Movie Database
Franz Reizenstein
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Franz Reizenstein
43.
Citizenship of the United States
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Citizenship in the United States is a status that entails specific rights, duties and benefits. State citizenship may affect tax decisions and eligibility for some state-provided benefits such as higher education, in Article One of the Constitution, the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization is granted explicitly to Congress. A citizen of another country naturalized as a U. S. citizen may retain their previous citizenship, a U. S. citizen retains U. S. citizenship when becoming the citizen of another country, should that countrys laws allow it. Citizenship can be renounced by American citizens who hold another citizenship via a formal procedure at a U. S. Embassy. United States citizens have the right to reside and work in the United States, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights, however, non-citizens, unlike citizens, may have the right taken away. For example, they may be deported if convicted of a serious crime, freedom to enter and leave the United States. United States citizens have the right to enter and leave the United States freely, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights. Unlike permanent residents, U. S. citizens do not have an obligation to maintain residence in the U. S. – they can leave for any length of time, voting for federal office in all fifty states and the District of Columbia is restricted to citizens only. States are not required to extend the franchise to all citizens, for example, several states bar citizen felons from voting, even after they have completed any custodial sentence. The United States Constitution bars states from restricting citizens from voting on grounds of race, color, previous condition of servitude, sex, failure to pay any tax, or age. Historically, many states and local jurisdictions have allowed non-citizens to vote, however, citizens are not compelled to vote. Freedom to stand for public office, most states have similar requirements, for example California requires that legislators have been citizens for three years, and the Governor have been a citizen for five years, upon taking office. Constitution requires that one be a natural born Citizen and a U. S. resident for fourteen years in order to be President of the United States, the Constitution also stipulates that otherwise eligible citizens must meet certain age requirements for these offices. Jury duty is imposed upon citizens. Johns Hopkins University political scientist Benjamin Ginsberg writes, The professional military has limited the need for citizen soldiers, in the United States today, everyone except those whose income is derived from tax-exempt revenue is required to file a federal income tax return. American citizens are subject to income tax on worldwide income regardless of their country of residence. Consular protection outside the United States, while traveling abroad, if a person is arrested or detained by foreign authorities, the person can request to speak to somebody from the U. S. Embassy or Consulate. Consular officials can provide resources for Americans incarcerated abroad, such as a list of attorneys who speak English
Citizenship of the United States
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United States citizenship confers the right to acquire a
U.S. passport. The one shown above is a post-2007 issued passport.
Citizenship of the United States
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The U.S. military has been an
all-volunteer force since the end of the Vietnam War, but male U.S. citizens and non-citizens are still required to register for the
military draft within 30 days of their 18th birthday.
Citizenship of the United States
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U.S. citizens may be summoned to
serve on a jury.
Citizenship of the United States
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Citizens are required to file U.S. taxes even if they do not live in the U.S.
44.
Neues vom Tage
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Neues vom Tage is a comic opera in three parts by Paul Hindemith, with a German libretto by Marcellus Schiffer. The opera is a satire of life, celebrity and marriage. The opera became notorious for a scene with a soprano singing in the bath about the wonders of modern plumbing. It was first performed on 8 June 1929, at the Kroll Opera House, Berlin, Hindemith revised the opera, changing the text and adding a little new music, for the Teatro San Carlo, Naples on 7 April 1954. The United States premiere of the work was at the Santa Fe Opera in 1961, stanley Sadie ISBN 0-333-73432-7 Page about the Aachen production in 2000
Neues vom Tage
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Paul Hindemith
45.
Balzan Prize
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Each year the foundation chooses the fields eligible for the next years prizes, and determines the prize amount. These are generally announced in May, with the announced the September the following year. Since 2001 the prize money has increased to 1 million Swiss Francs per prize, the Balzan Prize committee comprises twenty members of the prestigious learned societies of Europe. He left an inheritance to his daughter Angela Lina Balzan. Before her death, she left instructions for the foundation and since then it has two headquarters, the Prize administered from Milan, the Fund from Zurich, the first award was in fact 1 million Swiss francs to the Nobel foundation in 1961. After 1962 a gap of 16 years followed when prizes recommenced with an award of half a million Swiss francs to Mother Teresa, award ceremonies alternate between Bern and the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, and frequently winners have later won a Nobel Prize. The amount of each of the four Balzan Prizes will be 750,000 Swiss francs, all awards are decided by a single committee. Four prizes have been awarded annually since 1978, the award fields vary each year and can be related to either a specific or an interdisciplinary field. The prizes go beyond the traditional subjects both in the humanities and in the sciences, with an emphasis on innovative research, every 3 to 7 years the foundation also awards the Prize for humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples. It was last awarded in 2014 to Vivre en Famille, see, List of Balzan Prize recipients The Balzan Foundation – Official site The Balzan Foundation - List of Balzan prizewinners Prizes named after people
Balzan Prize
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The 2008 Balzan Prize winners with
Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy
46.
Wihuri Sibelius Prize
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The Wihuri Sibelius Prize is a music prize awarded by the Wihuri Foundation for International Prizes to prominent composers who have become internationally known and acknowledged. The Wihuri Sibelius Prize is one of the biggest and most prestigious prizes in the world of classical music. The first Sibelius Prize was awarded to Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, by 2015, the Wihuri Foundation for International Prizes has awarded altogether 16 Wihuri Sibelius Prizes, the latest award climbing up to €150.000. The Wihuri Sibelius Prize winner is selected by a committee that consists of experts from Finnish music institutions. The prize may be awarded to individuals or organizations regardless of nationality, religion
Wihuri Sibelius Prize
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Antti Wihuri handing over the Wihuri Sibelius Prize to
Paul Hindemith in 1955. In the back President
Juho Kusti Paasikivi.
47.
Romantic music
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Romantic music is an era of Western classical music that began in the late 18th or early 19th century. In the Romantic period, music became more expressive and emotional, expanding to encompass literary, artistic, famous early Romantic composers include Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Bellini, and Berlioz. The late 19th century saw an expansion in the size of the orchestra and in the dynamic range. Also, public concerts became a key part of middle class society, in contrast to earlier periods. Famous composers from the half of the century include Johann Strauss II, Brahms, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Verdi. A prominent mark of late 19th century music is its nationalistic fervor, as exemplified by such figures as Dvořák, Sibelius, other prominent late-century figures include Saint-Saëns, Fauré, Rachmaninoff and Franck. The Romantic movement was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a revolt against social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography and education. One of the first significant applications of the term to music was in 1789, in the Mémoires by the Frenchman André Grétry, in the first of these essays Hoffmann traced the beginnings of musical Romanticism to the later works of Haydn and Mozart. It was also through the writings of Hoffmann and other German authors that German music was brought to the centre of musical Romanticism, the attributes have also been criticized for being too vague. For example, features of the ghostly and supernatural could apply equally to Mozarts Don Giovanni from 1787, events and changes that happen in society such as ideas, attitudes, discoveries, inventions, and historical events always affect music. For example, the Industrial Revolution was in effect by the late 18th century. This event had a profound effect on music, there were major improvements in the mechanical valves. The new and innovative instruments could be played with greater ease, another development that had an effect on music was the rise of the middle class. Composers before this period lived on the patronage of the aristocracy, many times their audience was small, composed mostly of the upper class and individuals who were knowledgeable about music. The Romantic composers, on the hand, often wrote for public concerts and festivals, with large audiences of paying customers. Composers of the Romantic Era, like Elgar, showed the world that there should be no segregation of musical tastes, during the Romantic period, music often took on a much more nationalistic purpose
Romantic music
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Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, by
Caspar David Friedrich is an example of Romantic painting.
48.
Expressionist
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Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War and it remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film. The term is sometimes suggestive of angst, in a general sense, painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are sometimes termed expressionist, though in practice the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual perspective has been characterized as a reaction to positivism, though an alternate view is that the term was coined by the Czech art historian Antonin Matějček in 1910, as the opposite of impressionism, An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself. Immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures, in 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, a few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinskys Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903, among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and Auguste Macke. However, the term Expressionism did not firmly establish itself until 1913, though mainly a German artistic movement initially and most predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910–30, most precursors of the movement were not German. Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it overlapped with other major isms of the modernist period, with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism, more explicitly, that the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism. The term refers to a style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions. It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there are examples of art production in Europe from the 15th century onward which emphasize extreme emotion. Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art historian Michel Ragon, according to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that Expressionism doesnt shun the violently unpleasant effect, while Baroque does. Expressionism throws some terrific fuck yous, Baroque doesnt, brazil, Anita Malfatti, Cândido Portinari, Di Cavalcanti, Iberê Camargo and Lasar Segall. Estonia, Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt Finland, Tyko Sallinen, Alvar Cawén, Juho Mäkelä, there were a number of groups of expressionist painters, including Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke. Der Blaue Reiter was based in Munich and Die Brücke was based originally in Dresden, Die Brücke was active for a longer period than Der Blaue Reiter, which was only together for a year. The Expressionists had many influences, among them Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh and they were also aware of the work being done by the Fauves in Paris, who influenced Expressionisms tendency toward arbitrary colours and jarring compositions
Expressionist
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The Scream by
Edvard Munch (1893), which inspired 20th-century Expressionists
Expressionist
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Portrait of Eduard Kosmack by
Egon Schiele
Expressionist
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"View of Toledo" by
El Greco, 1595/1610 has been indicated to have a particularly striking resemblance to 20th-century expressionism. Historically however it is an example of
Mannerism. [
citation needed]
Expressionist
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Wassily Kandinsky, On White II, 1923
49.
Counterpoint
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In music, counterpoint is the relationship between voices that are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradition, strongly developing during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period, the term originates from the Latin punctus contra punctum meaning point against point. Counterpoint generally involves musical lines with strongly independent identities, Counterpoint has been used to designate a voice or even an entire composition. In each era, contrapuntally organized music writing has been subject to rules—sometimes strict ones, chords are the simultaneous soundings of notes, whereas harmonic, vertical features are considered secondary and almost incidental when counterpoint is the predominant textural element. Counterpoint focuses on melodic interaction—only secondarily on the produced by that interaction. In the words of John Rahn, It is hard to write a beautiful song and it is harder to write several individually beautiful songs that, when sung simultaneously, sound as a more beautiful polyphonic whole. The way that is accomplished in detail is, some examples of related compositional techniques include, the round, the canon, and perhaps the most complex contrapuntal convention, the fugue. All of these are examples of imitative counterpoint, Species counterpoint generally offers less freedom to the composer than other types of counterpoint and therefore is called a strict counterpoint. The student gradually attains the ability to free counterpoint according to the given rules at the time. The idea is at least as old as 1532, when Giovanni Maria Lanfranco described a concept in his Scintille di musica. Zacconi, unlike later theorists, included a few extra contrapuntal techniques, a succession of later theorists quite closely imitated Fuxs seminal work, often with some small and idiosyncratic modifications in the rules. The following rules apply to melodic writing in each species, for each part, if the final is approached from below, then the leading tone must be raised in a minor key, but not in Phrygian or Hypophrygian mode. Thus, in the Dorian mode on D, a C♯ is necessary at the cadence, permitted melodic intervals are the perfect fourth, fifth, and octave, as well as the major and minor second, major and minor third, and ascending minor sixth. The ascending minor sixth must be followed by motion downwards. The three notes should be from the triad, if this is impossible, they should not outline more than one octave. In general, do not write more than two skips in the same direction, if writing a skip in one direction, it is best to proceed after the skip with motion in the other direction. The interval of a tritone in three notes should be avoided as is the interval of a seventh in three notes, there must be a climax or high point in the line countering the cantus firmus. This usually occurs somewhere in the middle of exercise and must occur on a strong beat, an outlining of a seventh is avoided within a single line moving in the same direction
Counterpoint
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This is an example of a double passing tone in which the two middle notes are a dissonant interval from the cantus firmus. A fourth and a diminished fifth.
Counterpoint
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Extract from
Fugue no. 17 in A-flat major,
BWV 862, from book 1 of
The Well-Tempered Clavier by
Bach Play (
help ·
info)
Counterpoint
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This is an example of a descending double neighbor figure against a cantus firmus.
Counterpoint
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This is an example of an ascending double neighbor figure against a cantus firmus.
