1.
Rinteln
–
Rinteln is a small town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located on the banks of the Weser river above the Porta Westfalica, the town of Rinteln is in the broad valley between the hills of the Weserbergland and the North Lippe Bergland. In relation to some well known places, it is 60 kilometers west of Hanover and it is accessed by the A2 autobahn. The settlement of Rinteln was founded about 1150 on the bank of the Weser. Later, in 1235, the village of Neu-Rinteln was founded on the southern bank and it is the origin of the modern town, since the northern village was abandoned in 1350 due to the plague. The village grew to a town, that served as a southern stronghold of the Counts of Schaumburg. From 1621 until its dissolution in 1810 during the Westphalian rule under Jérôme Bonaparte, when the County of Schaumburg was divided in 1640, Rinteln became the capital of the eastern part, that retained the name Grafschaft Schaumburg hessischen Anteils. The Eulenburg in Rinteln became the seat of the counts, Rinteln remained the capital of the county and later of the district, until it was merged with the neighboring district of Schaumburg-Lippe in 1977. In 1875, the station was opened
Rinteln
–
Rinteln
2.
U2
–
U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
U2
–
U2 performing at
Madison Square Garden in November 2005, from left to right: The Edge; Larry Mullen, Jr. (drumming); Bono; Adam Clayton
U2
–
Bono performs in Norway during the
War Tour in 1983.
U2
–
The tree pictured on
The Joshua Tree album sleeve.
Adam Clayton said, "The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record."
U2
–
The Zoo TV Tour was a multimedia-intensive event, featuring a stage that used dozens of video screens.
3.
PJ Harvey
–
Polly Jean Harvey, MBE, known as PJ Harvey, is an English musician, singer-songwriter, writer, poet, and composer. Primarily known as a vocalist and guitarist, she is proficient with a wide range of instruments. Harvey began her career in 1988 when she joined local band Automatic Dlamini as a vocalist, guitarist, the bands frontman, John Parish, would become her long-term collaborator. In 1991, she formed a trio and subsequently began her professional career. The trio released two albums, Dry and Rid of Me before disbanding, after which Harvey continued as a solo artist. In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution To Music at the NME Awards, in June 2013, she was awarded an MBE for services to music. Harvey was born on 9 October 1969 in Bridport, Dorset, as the child of Ray and Eva Harvey, who owned a stone quarrying business. As a teenager, Harvey began learning saxophone and joined an instrumental group Bologne. She was also a guitarist with folk duo the Polekats, with whom she wrote some of her earliest material, after finishing school, Harvey attended Yeovil College and attended a visual arts foundation course. In July 1988, Harvey became a member of Automatic Dlamini, formed by John Parish in 1983, the band consisted of a rotating line-up that at various times included Rob Ellis and Ian Oliver. Harvey had met Parish in 1987 through mutual friend Jeremy Hogg, a second European tour took place throughout June and July 1989. Following the tour, the band recorded Here Catch, Shouted His Father, their studio album. This is the only Automatic Dlamini material to feature Harvey, but remains unreleased, Parish would subsequently contribute to, and sometimes co-produce, Harveys solo studio albums and has toured with her a number of times. As a duo, Parish and Harvey have recorded two albums where Parish composed the music and Harvey penned the lyrics. Additionally, Parishs girlfriend in the late 1980s was photographer Maria Mochnacz and she and Harvey became close friends and Mochnacz went on to shoot and design most of Harveys album artwork and music videos, contributing significantly to her public image. Harvey has said of her time with Automatic Dlamini, I ended up not singing very much, I wrote a lot during the time I was with them but my first songs were crap. I was listening to a lot of Irish folk music at the time, so the songs were folky and full of penny whistles and it was ages before I felt ready to perform my own songs in front of other people. In January 1991, following her departure from Automatic Dlamini, Harvey formed her own band with former bandmates Rob Ellis and Ian Oliver
PJ Harvey
–
PJ Harvey performing live in September 2007.
PJ Harvey
–
Harvey performing live during the White Chalk tour in 2007.
PJ Harvey
–
John Parish and Harvey performing live in 2009. Parish – who Harvey describes as her "musical soulmate" – has been working with Harvey for over 20 years.
4.
The Rapture (band)
–
The Rapture were a rock band from New York City, formed in 1998. The bands final line-up consisted of Luke Jenner, Vito Roccoforte, the band mixed influences from many genres including dance-punk, post-punk, acid house, disco, and electronica. They were forerunners of the revival during the early 2000s, as they mixed their early post-punk sound with electronic. The band began by releasing a mini-album, Mirror, in January 1999, afterward, in 2001, the band signed to Sub Pop and released the EP Out of the Races and Onto the Tracks. The band released the song House of Jealous Lovers in 2002 under their new record label DFA Records, after a re-recorded re-release of the song, it peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart in 2003 and later received critical acclaim from critics. Later that year, the released their first full-length studio album. The band entered a hiatus in 2008 after band member Luke Jenner left the band. Matt Safer, the long time bassist, also left the band permanently in 2009. After a re-signing to DFA Records, the released their third studio album, In the Grace of Your Love, in September 2011. In 2014, it was revealed that the Rapture had officially disbanded, in 1998, drummer Vito Roccoforte and guitarist/vocalist Luke Jenner formed the Rapture. They released a single, The Chair That Squeaks, on Hymnal Sound that same year, after heavy touring, they released a debut mini-album, Mirror, on Gravity Records in 1999. Bassist Matt Safer joined the band prior to the 2001 release of the six-song EP Out of the Races, with the help of the DFA production team, the band released House of Jealous Lovers in 2002 and eventually released their first full-length album Echoes. The album secured two Top 40 singles in the UK and also was met with acclaim, being awarded Album of the Year by pitchforkmedia. com. Gabriel Andruzzi joined the band full-time after the record was completed to help tour, in January 2004, the Rapture toured with Franz Ferdinand on the NME Awards Tour. Later that year, the band toured on the stage of the Curiosa Festival alongside Interpol, Mogwai. The albums main song, Echoes, was used as opening for the British series Misfits, the Rapture released their second full-length album, Pieces of the People We Love, on Universal Motown Records in September 2006 after Strummer folded. Paul Epworth, Ewan Pearson and Danger Mouse produced the album, recorded mostly in New York city at Sear Sound but also recorded a few songs in Los Angeles to work with Danger Mouse. The bulk of the recording being handled by Epworth and Pearson, the title track features Cee Lo Green on backing vocals
The Rapture (band)
–
Performing at the 2011
Southbound Festival
5.
Dublin
–
Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
Dublin
–
Clockwise from top:
Samuel Beckett Bridge,
Trinity College,
Custom House,
Dublin Castle,
O'Connell Bridge, and
Convention Centre Dublin.
Dublin
–
Father Mathew Bridge, formerly Dublin Bridge, is understood to be near the ancient "Ford of the Hurdles" (Baile Átha Cliath), the original crossing point on the River Liffey.
Dublin
–
Dublin Castle was the fortified seat of
British rule in Ireland until 1922.
Dublin
–
Henrietta Street, developed in the 1720s, is the earliest Georgian Street in Dublin.
6.
Republic of Ireland
–
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
Republic of Ireland
–
The
Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by
Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).
Republic of Ireland
–
Flag
Republic of Ireland
–
In 1922 a new parliament called the
Oireachtas was established, of which
Dáil Éireann became the
lower house.
Republic of Ireland
–
Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)
7.
Paddy Casey
–
Paddy Casey is an Irish singer-songwriter from Dublin. He received his first guitar when he was 12 and left soon after. At about the age of 24 he was approached by Sony A&R Scout Hugh Murray at the International Bar in Dublin, Sony gave Casey some Studio time in Sun Studios Dublin where he recorded 9 tracks in 2 days. Sony decided that liked the tracks so much that they wanted to release them as they were. They offered Paddy a recording contract and he was signed by Sony, and was eventually taken in by U2s management company, Principle Management. Casey released his first album Amen in 1999 and this album was produced by Pat Donne and was certified triple platinum in Ireland and did fairly well Worldwide. Casey played a range of different instruments in the time spent recording it. Sweet Suburban Sky surfaced the following year on the soundtrack to the award-winning US TV teen drama Dawsons Creek, Paddy received nominations for Best Irish Songwriter and Best Male Singer at the Hot Press Awards. Hot Press readers themselves voted the album Best Debut Album, as well as voting Paddy the year’s Most Promising Act, touring saw Casey providing support to artists like R. E. M. Ian Brown, Ani DiFranco and The Pretenders, Casey returned in 2003 with the multi-platinum album, Living. Living was produced by Fred De Faye, Paddy Casey and Pat Donne and it spawned the Irish chart hits Saints and Sinners, The Lucky One Bend Down Low and Want It Cant Have It. Living spent the majority of the year in the top ten, in 2004 he won his first of two consecutive Meteor Irish Music Awards for Best Irish Male. He also garnered good reviews for a performance at that years Oxegen Festival,2004 saw Living confirmed as the highest selling Irish album of the year. He had a residency at the Olympia Theatre. The year ended with a sold out performance at Dublins RDS and he returned to Ireland to finish the album in his kitchen. He worked on the rest of the album with the producer from “AMEN” Pat Donne, titled Addicted To Company, it was released in Ireland on September 7,2007, and in the US on April 1,2008. In March 2008, MTV US promoted him as MTV Buzzworthy Artist on their TV channel and website and on its student-led brand and he toured the album extensively and also toured with KT Tunstall and Augustana amongst others. On April 3,2008 Paddy performed on the hit American CBS chat show the Late Show with David Letterman, after returning from the US Paddy chose to part ways with Sony, and Paul McGuinness and For the next few years
Paddy Casey
–
Paddy Casey Amen(So Be It) album cover.
8.
Westphalia
–
Westphalia is a region in northwestern Germany and one of the three historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has an area of 7,802 sq mi and 7.9 million inhabitants, the region is almost identical with the Province of Westphalia which was a part of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1815 to 1918 and the Free State of Prussia from 1918 to 1946. In 1946, Westphalia merged with the Northern Rhineland, another part of Prussia. In 1947, the state with its two parts was joined by a third one, Lippe, a former principality and free state. All of the 17 districts and 9 independent cities of Westphalia, the Westphalian language, a variant of the German language, spreads north of Westphalias borders into southwest Lower Saxony. Being a part of the North German Plain, most of Westphalias north is flat, in the south the German Central Uplands emerge. Westphalia is divided into the following landscapes, other important rivers are the Ems and the Lippe. The Langenberg and the Kahler Asten in the Sauerlands part of the Rothaar Mountains are Westphalias, Westphalia is divided into three governmental districts. These are subdivided into districts and independent cities. All districts and independent cities of the districts of Arnsberg. The District of Lippe as successor of the Free State of Lippe in the Governmental District of Detmold is rather considered to be a historic region. The traditional symbol of Westphalia is the Westphalian Steed, a horse on a red field. It is derived from the Saxon Steed in the coat of arms of the medieval Duchy of Saxony which most of todays Westphalia was part of. In official contexts the coat of arms of Westphalia is being used by the Westphalia-Lippe Regional Association which represents these two historic parts of North Rhine-Westphalia. The coat of arms of Lower Saxony uses a different version of the Saxon Steed since the state also covers parts of the Old Saxons duchy. The colors of Westphalia are white and red, the flag of the Westphalia-Lippe Regional Association uses these colors with the Westphalian coat of arms in its center. The flag of North Rhine-Westphalia is a combination of the Northern Rhinelands colors green/white, the flag of the Prussian Province of Westphalia already displayed the colors white and red. The flag of Lower Saxony shows the colors of Germany and the Saxon Steed, composed in Iserlohn in 1886 by Emil Rittershaus, the Westfalenlied is an unofficial anthem of Westphalia
Westphalia
–
Westphalian (German) ladies peasant costume - illustration by Percy Anderson for Costume Fanciful, Historical and Theatrical, 1906
Westphalia
–
Westphalia within the federal state of
North Rhine-Westphalia bordering on
Northern Rhineland in the west and
Lippe in the northeast
Westphalia
–
Ratification of the
Peace of Westphalia of 1648 in
Münster by Gerard Terborch (1617–1681)
9.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
10.
Liverpool
–
Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
Liverpool
–
From top left:
Pier Head and the
Mersey Ferry;
St George's Hall and the
Walker Art Gallery,
Liverpool Catholic Cathedral;
Liverpool Anglican Cathedral;
Georgian architecture in
Canning;
Princes Dock
Liverpool
–
"Liverpool in 1680" the earliest known image of Liverpool
Liverpool
–
A map of Liverpool's original seven streets (north to the left)
Liverpool
–
Inaugural journey of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first ever commercial railway line.
11.
Royal Air Force
–
The Royal Air Force is the United Kingdoms aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. The RAF describe its mission statement as, an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission. The mission statement is supported by the RAFs definition of air power, Air power is defined as the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events. Today the Royal Air Force maintains a fleet of various types of aircraft. The majority of the RAFs rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces, most of the RAFs aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on operations or at long-established overseas bases. It was founded on 1 April 1918, with headquarters located in the former Hotel Cecil, during the First World War, by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps, at that time it was the largest air force in the world. The RAFs naval aviation branch, the Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924, the RAF developed the doctrine of strategic bombing which led to the construction of long-range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the Second World War. The RAF underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War, under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan of December 1939, the air forces of British Commonwealth countries trained and formed Article XV squadrons for service with RAF formations. Many individual personnel from countries, and exiles from occupied Europe. By the end of the war the Royal Canadian Air Force had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations, additionally, the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine percent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres. In the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe, the largest RAF effort during the war was the strategic bombing campaign against Germany by Bomber Command. Following victory in the Second World War, the RAF underwent significant re-organisation, during the early stages of the Cold War, one of the first major operations undertaken by the Royal Air Force was in 1948 and the Berlin Airlift, codenamed Operation Plainfire. Before Britain developed its own nuclear weapons the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under Project E and these were initially armed with nuclear gravity bombs, later being equipped with the Blue Steel missile. Following the development of the Royal Navys Polaris submarines, the nuclear deterrent passed to the navys submarines on 30 June 1969. With the introduction of Polaris, the RAFs strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one and this tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by Tornado GR1s. For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of Western Europe against potential attack by the Soviet Union, with many squadrons based in West Germany. With the decline of the British Empire, global operations were scaled back, despite this, the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period
Royal Air Force
–
A later version of the
Spitfires which played a major part in the
Battle of Britain.
Royal Air Force
–
Royal Air Force emblem
Royal Air Force
–
The
Avro Lancaster heavy bomber was extensively used during the strategic bombing of Germany.
Royal Air Force
–
The
Handley Page Victor bomber was a
strategic bomber of the RAF's
V bomber force used to carry both conventional and
nuclear bombs.
12.
County Kerry
–
County Kerry is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and is part of the province of Munster. It is named after the Ciarraige who lived in part of the present county, Kerry County Council is the local authority for the county and Tralee serves as the county town. The population of the county was 147,554 in 2016, Kerry is the fifth-largest of the 32 counties of Ireland by area and the 15th-largest by population. It is the second-largest of Munsters six counties by area, uniquely, it is bordered by only two other counties, County Limerick to the east and County Cork to the south-east. The diocesan see is Killarney, which is one of Irelands most famous tourist destinations, the Lakes of Killarney, an area of outstanding natural beauty are located in Killarney National Park. The tip of the Dingle Peninsula is the most westerly point of Ireland, there are nine historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, the county is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and on the north by the River Shannon. Just off the coast are a number of islands, including the Blasket Islands, Valentia Island, skellig Michael is a World Heritage Site, famous for the medieval monastery clinging to the islands cliffs. The county contains the extreme west point of Ireland, Dunmore Head on the Dingle Peninsula, or including islands, Tearaght Island, the most westerly inhabited area of Ireland is Dún Chaoin, on the Dingle Peninsula. The River Feale, the River Laune and the Roughty River flow through Kerry, the North Atlantic Current, part of the Gulf Stream, flows north past Kerry and the west coast of Ireland, resulting in milder temperatures than would otherwise be expected at the 52 North latitude. This means that plants such as the strawberry tree and tree ferns, not normally found in northern Europe. Because of the area and the prevailing southwesterly winds, Kerry is among the regions with the highest rainfall in Ireland. Owing to its location, there has been a reporting station on Valentia for many centuries. The Irish record for rainfall in one day is 243.5 mm, in 1986 the remnants of Hurricane Charley crossed over Kerry as an extratropical storm causing extensive rainfall, flooding and damage. Kerry means the people of Ciar which was the name of the tribe who lived in part of the present county. The legendary founder of the tribe was Ciar, son of Fergus mac Róich, in Old Irish Ciar meant black or dark brown, and the word continues in use in modern Irish as an adjective describing a dark complexion
County Kerry
–
The Three Sisters, West Kerry.
County Kerry
–
Near Teeravane, County Kerry, Ireland
County Kerry
–
Dingle Peninsula
13.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
Ireland
–
Satellite image of Ireland on 11 October 2010
Ireland
–
The
Gowran Ogham Stone,
Christianised c.6th Century. On display in
St. Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran.
Ireland
–
The Uragh Stone Circle a
Neolithic stone circle in Gleninchaquin Park,
County Kerry
14.
Jesuit
–
The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
Jesuit
–
Ignatius of Loyola
Jesuit
–
Society of Jesus
Jesuit
–
Church of
Saint-Pierre de Montmartre, Paris.
Jesuit
–
Fresco of Approving of bylaw of Society of Jesus depicting
Ignatius of Loyola receiving papal bull
Regimini militantis Ecclesiae from
Pope Paul III. The fresco was created by
Johann Christoph Handke in the Church of Our Lady Of the Snow in
Olomouc after 1743.
15.
Clongowes Wood College
–
Clongowes Wood College is a voluntary secondary boarding school for boys, located near Clane in County Kildare, Ireland. One of five Jesuit schools in Ireland, it had 450 students in 2011/2012 when the fees were €16,800 per annum, the schools current headmaster is Mr Chris Lumb Mr Lumb is the first lay headmaster of Clongowes in its 200-year history. Fr Leonard Maloney previous headmaster Fr Michael Sheil, S. J. retired as Rector in 2006, in September 2011 Fr Michael Sheil, S. J. returned as Rector. The school is a boarding school for boys from Ireland. The school is divided into three groups, known as lines, the Third Line is for First and Second years, the Lower Line for Third and Fourth years, and the Higher Line for Fifth and Sixth years. Each year is known by a name, drawn from the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum, Elements, Rudiments, Grammar, Syntax, Poetry, the medieval castle was originally built in the 13th century by Stuart Cullen, an early Anglo-Norman warrior and landowner in North Kildare. He had been given lands in the area of Kill, Celbridge, and Mainham by his brother, Rurai Blaney, who had come to Ireland with Strongbow. It is the residence of the community and was improved by a chocolate box type restoration in the 18th century. It was rebuilt in 1718 by Stephen Fitzwilliam Browne and extended in 1788 by Thomas Wogan Browne and it is situated beside a ditch and wall - known as ramparts - constructed for the defence of the Pale in the 14th century. The building was refurbished in 2004 and the reception area was moved back there from the 1999 building. The castle is connected to the buildings by an elevated corridor hung with portraits. This gallery was demolished and rebuilt in 2004 as part of a redevelopment programme for the school buildings. In 1929 another wing was built at a cost of £135,000 and it houses the main classrooms and the Rudiments, Grammar, Syntax, and Humanities dormitories. The Boys Chapel has a reredos, a large pipe-organ in the gallery. School tradition has it that the portrait of Pontius Pilate in the station was based on the school rector. The moat that outlines the nearby forest of the college is the old border of The Pale, the school traces its history back to a 799-acre estate owned by the Wogan family in 1418 under the reign of Henry IV. The name Clongowes comes from the Irish for meadow and for blacksmith, the estate was originally known as Clongowes de Silva. The estate later passed to the Eustace family and became part of the border of the Pale in 1494
Clongowes Wood College
–
Aeterna Non Caduca (Eternal not falling)
Clongowes Wood College
–
The castle is connected to the modern buildings by an elevated corridor hung with portraits
Clongowes Wood College
–
Staff Reading/Common Room
Clongowes Wood College
–
School Crest in Staff Dining Room
16.
Trinity College, Dublin
–
Trinity College is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, a research university in Ireland. It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland, originally it was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the dissolved Augustinian Priory of All Hallows. Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland, although Catholics and Dissenters had been permitted to enter as early as 1793, certain restrictions on their membership of the college remained until 1873. From 1871 to 1970, the Catholic Church in Ireland forbade its adherents from attending Trinity College without permission, women were first admitted to the college as full members in January 1904. Trinity College is now surrounded by Dublin and is located on College Green, the college proper occupies 190,000 m2, with many of its buildings ranged around large quadrangles and two playing fields. Academically, it is divided into three faculties comprising 25 schools, offering degree and diploma courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Library of Trinity College is a deposit library for Ireland. The first University of Dublin was created by the Pope in 1311, following this, and some debate about a new university at St. The first Provost of the College was the Archbishop of Dublin, Adam Loftus, two years after foundation, a few Fellows and students began to work in the new College, which then lay around one small square. During the eighteenth century Trinity College was seen as the university of the Protestant Ascendancy, Parliament, meeting on the other side of College Green, made generous grants for building. The first building of this period was the Old Library building, begun in 1712, followed by the Printing House, during the second half of the century Parliament Square slowly emerged. The great building drive was completed in the nineteenth century by Botany Bay. In December 1845 Denis Caulfield Heron was the subject of a hearing at Trinity College, Heron had previously been examined and, on merit, declared a scholar of the college but had not been allowed to take up his place due to his Catholic religion. Heron appealed to the Courts which issued a writ of mandamus requiring the case to be adjudicated by the Archbishop of Dublin, the decision of Richard Whately and John George de la Poer Beresford was that Heron would remain excluded from Scholarship. This decision confirmed that the position remained that persons who were not Anglicans could not be elected to Scholarship, Fellowship or be made a Professor. However within less than three decades of this all disabilities imposed on Catholics were repealed as in 1873, all tests were abolished. Prior to 1956 it was the responsibility of the local Bishop, the nineteenth century was also marked by important developments in the professional schools. The Law School was reorganised after the middle of the century, the Engineering School was established in 1842 and was one of the first of its kind in Ireland and Britain
Trinity College, Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin
–
Trinity College The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin
Trinity College, Dublin
–
The
Book of Kells is the most famous of the volumes in the Trinity College Library. Shown here is the Madonna and Child from Kells (folio 7v).
Trinity College, Dublin
–
Bram Stoker
17.
Dublin University
–
The University of Dublin, corporately designated the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin, is a university located in Dublin, Ireland. It is the awarding body for Trinity College, Dublin. It was founded in 1592 when Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter for Trinity College, as the mother of a university, the University of Dublin is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland. It is a member of the Irish Universities Association, Universities Ireland, the University of Dublin was modelled on the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge as a collegiate university, Trinity College being named by the Queen as the mater universitatis. The founding Charter also conferred a general power on the College to make provision for university functions to be carried out, no other college has ever been established, and Trinity remains the sole constituent college of the university. The project of establishing another college within the University was seriously considered on at least two occasions, but the required finance or endowment was never available, the most recent authoritative statement of the position is in the Universities Act,1997. In the section relating to interpretation it specifies that, -3. to date the other rights have not been exercised. Current Officers of the University are either unpaid and purely honorary, or have duties relating to the college also, for which they are paid, traditionally, sports clubs also use the moniker University rather than College. The university is governed by the university senate, chaired by the chancellor or their pro-chancellor, consequently, the Senate does not determine its own composition. However this is countered by the role of the Visitors, each meeting of the Senate is headed by a Caput, consisting of the Chancellor, the Provost of Trinity College and the Senior Master Non-Regent. The practical significance of the Caput is that no meeting of the Senate may be convened with out it, Meetings of the Senate are of two kinds. In each academic year, the Senate holds not less than four Stated Meetings for the Conferring of Degrees, of these Meetings, the proceedings of these meetings, conducted in a highly formal and scripted manner, are carried out in Latin. Although voting takes place at meetings, discussion does not. Voting takes place to elect a Senior Master Non Regent, or on whether degrees should be conferred on named candidates, Honorary Degrees, while being conferred at a commencements are not even formally voted on there. Voting on a candidate for an Honorary degree takes place at a business meeting of the Senate, so if any objection to a proposed Honorary Degree award is to be made. It follows that no objection to an Honorary Degree can be made at a Public Commencements, at the first Public Commencements of the academic year the Senior Master Non-Regent is elected on the proposition of the Chancellor and the Provost. The Senate votes on the name put forward by a voice vote, the Senior Master Non Regent is elected for a one-year term, but may be re elected. The Senior and Junior Proctors and the Registrar also make the declaration which is appropriate to their respective offices, in attendance also are, usually, the Registrar and the Junior and Senior Proctors
Dublin University
–
Front Square of Trinity College
Dublin University
–
University of Dublin coat of arms
18.
T.C.D. Miscellany
–
Trinity College is the sole constituent college of the University of Dublin, a research university in Ireland. It is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland, originally it was established outside the city walls of Dublin in the buildings of the dissolved Augustinian Priory of All Hallows. Trinity College was set up in part to consolidate the rule of the Tudor monarchy in Ireland, although Catholics and Dissenters had been permitted to enter as early as 1793, certain restrictions on their membership of the college remained until 1873. From 1871 to 1970, the Catholic Church in Ireland forbade its adherents from attending Trinity College without permission, women were first admitted to the college as full members in January 1904. Trinity College is now surrounded by Dublin and is located on College Green, the college proper occupies 190,000 m2, with many of its buildings ranged around large quadrangles and two playing fields. Academically, it is divided into three faculties comprising 25 schools, offering degree and diploma courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The Library of Trinity College is a deposit library for Ireland. The first University of Dublin was created by the Pope in 1311, following this, and some debate about a new university at St. The first Provost of the College was the Archbishop of Dublin, Adam Loftus, two years after foundation, a few Fellows and students began to work in the new College, which then lay around one small square. During the eighteenth century Trinity College was seen as the university of the Protestant Ascendancy, Parliament, meeting on the other side of College Green, made generous grants for building. The first building of this period was the Old Library building, begun in 1712, followed by the Printing House, during the second half of the century Parliament Square slowly emerged. The great building drive was completed in the nineteenth century by Botany Bay. In December 1845 Denis Caulfield Heron was the subject of a hearing at Trinity College, Heron had previously been examined and, on merit, declared a scholar of the college but had not been allowed to take up his place due to his Catholic religion. Heron appealed to the Courts which issued a writ of mandamus requiring the case to be adjudicated by the Archbishop of Dublin, the decision of Richard Whately and John George de la Poer Beresford was that Heron would remain excluded from Scholarship. This decision confirmed that the position remained that persons who were not Anglicans could not be elected to Scholarship, Fellowship or be made a Professor. However within less than three decades of this all disabilities imposed on Catholics were repealed as in 1873, all tests were abolished. Prior to 1956 it was the responsibility of the local Bishop, the nineteenth century was also marked by important developments in the professional schools. The Law School was reorganised after the middle of the century, the Engineering School was established in 1842 and was one of the first of its kind in Ireland and Britain
T.C.D. Miscellany
T.C.D. Miscellany
–
Trinity College The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin
T.C.D. Miscellany
–
The
Book of Kells is the most famous of the volumes in the Trinity College Library. Shown here is the Madonna and Child from Kells (folio 7v).
T.C.D. Miscellany
–
Bram Stoker
19.
John Boorman
–
He has directed a total of 22 films and has received five Academy Award nominations. Boorman was born in Shepperton, Surrey, England, the son of Ivy and he was educated at the Salesian School in Chertsey, Surrey, even though his family was not Roman Catholic. Boorman first began by working as a drycleaner and journalist in the late 1950s and he ran the newsrooms at Southern Television in Southampton and Dover before moving into TV documentary filmmaking, eventually becoming the head of the BBCs Bristol-based Documentary Unit in 1962. While not as successful commercially as Lesters film, it drew good reviews from distinguished critics such as Pauline Kael and Dilys Powell, Lee Marvin gave the then-unknown director his full support, telling MGM he deferred all his approvals on the project to Boorman. Returning to the United Kingdom, he made Leo the Last and this film exhibited the influence of Federico Fellini and even starred Fellini regular Marcello Mastroianni, and won him a Best Director award at Cannes. This film became Boormans first true box office success, earning him several award nominations, at the beginning of the 1970s, Boorman was planning to film The Lord of the Rings and corresponded about his plans with the author, J. R. R. Tolkien. Ultimately the production proved too costly, though elements and themes can be seen in Excalibur. A wide variety of films followed, zardoz, starring Sean Connery, was a post-apocalyptic science fiction piece, set in the 24th century. Boorman was selected as director for Exorcist II, The Heretic, a move that surprised the industry given his antipathy to the original film. Boorman declared, Not only did I not want to do the original film and it was based on Chardins intoxicating Idea that biological evolution was the first step In Gods plan, starting with inert rock, and culminating In humankind. Despite Boormans continued rewriting throughout shooting, the film was rendered incomprehensible, the film, released in June 1977, was a critical and box office disaster. Boorman was denounced by author William Peter Blatty, the author of the original novel The Exorcist, Boorman later admitted that his approach to the film was a mistake. The Heretic is often considered not just the worst film of The Exorcist series, Excalibur, a long-held dream project of Boormans, is a retelling of the Arthurian legend, based on Le Morte DArthur. The production was based in the Republic of Ireland, where Boorman had relocated, for the film he employed all of his children as actors and crew and several of Boormans later films have been family business productions. The film, one of the first to be produced by Orion Films, was a moderate success, Hope and Glory is his most autobiographical movie to date, a retelling of his childhood in London during The Blitz. Produced by Goldcrest Films, with Hollywood financing the film, it proved a box office hit in the US, receiving numerous Oscar, BAFTA, however, his 1990 US-produced comedy about a dysfunctional family, Where the Heart Is, was a major flop. Rospo Pallenbergs original screenplay was adapted into a book of the name by award-winning author Robert Holdstock. When his friend David Lean died in 1991, Boorman was announced to be taking over direction of Leans long-planned adaptation of Nostromo, beyond Rangoon and The Tailor of Panama both explore unique worlds with alien characters stranded and desperate
John Boorman
–
Boorman at the
San Sebastián International Film Festival, September 2006
20.
Zardoz
–
Zardoz is a 1974 Irish-American science fiction fantasy film written, produced, and directed by John Boorman and starring Sean Connery and Charlotte Rampling, and featuring Sara Kestelman. The film, Connerys second post-James Bond role—after The Offence—was shot by cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth on a budget of US$1.57 million, in a future post-apocalyptic Earth in the year 2293, the human population is divided into the immortal Eternals and mortal Brutals. The Brutals live in a wasteland, growing food for the Eternals, Zed, a Brutal Exterminator, hides aboard Zardoz during one trip, temporarily killing its Eternal operator-creator Arthur Frayn. Arriving in the Vortex, Zed meets two Eternals — Consuella and May, overcoming him with psychic powers, they make him a prisoner and menial worker within their community. Consuella wants Zed destroyed immediately, others, led by May, in time, Zed learns the nature of the Vortex. The Eternals are overseen and protected from death by the Tabernacle, given their limitless lifespan, the Eternals have grown bored and corrupt. The needlessness of procreation has rendered the men impotent and meditation has replaced sleep, others fall into catatonia, forming the social stratum the Eternals have named the Apathetics. To give time and life more meaning the Vortex developed complex social rules whose violators are punished with artificial aging, the most extreme offenders are condemned to permanent old age and the status of Renegades. Zed is less brutal and far more intelligent than the Eternals think he is, zardozs aim was to breed a superman who would penetrate the Vortex and save mankind from its hopelessly stagnant status quo. Zed finally understands the origin of the name Zardoz—Wizard of Oz—bringing him to an awareness of Zardoz as a skillful manipulator rather than an actual deity. He becomes infuriated with this realization and decides to plumb the deepest depths of this enormous mystery, as Zed divines the nature of the Vortex and its problems, the Eternals use him to fight their internecine quarrels. Led by Consuella, the Eternals decide to kill Zed and to age Friend, Zed escapes and, aided by May and Friend, absorbs all the Eternals knowledge, including that of the Vortexs origin, to destroy the Tabernacle. Zed helps the Exterminators invade the Vortex and kill most of the Eternals—who welcome death as a release from their eternal, some few Eternals do escape the Vortexs destruction, heading out to radically new lives as fellow mortal beings among the Brutals. Zed brings the immortals salvation by bringing them death, Zardoz ends in a wordless sequence of images accompanied by the sombre second movement of Beethovens Seventh Symphony, snatches of which are heard throughout the film. Consuella, having fallen in love with Zed, gives birth to a boy within the remains of the giant stone head. In matching green suits, they sit with the boy standing between them, who matures as they age in a series of fades, the youth leaves his parents, who take hands and grow very old, eventually decomposing into skeletons and finally vanishing. Nothing remains in the space but painted hand-prints on the wall, originally, Burt Reynolds was cast in the lead role but had to pull out due to over-scheduling and was replaced by Connery. It was reported that Stanley Kubrick was a technical advisor on the film
Zardoz
–
Theatrical release poster
Zardoz
–
Sean Connery as Zed, wearing what the UK's
Channel 4 described as "a red
nappy, knee-high leather boots, pony tail and
Zapata moustache."
21.
Virgin Prunes
–
Virgin Prunes were an Irish post-punk band formed in 1977. They disbanded in 1986 after the departure of singer Gavin Friday, the other members continued under the name The Prunes until they split up in 1990. The band consisted of friends of U2s Bono. Friday and Guggi first gave the teenage Hewson his alter-ego and now-famous moniker, later shortened simply to Bono, Friday and fellow vocalist Guggi, along with third vocalist Dave-iD Busaras, guitarist Dik Evans, bassist Strongman and drummer Pod, completed the original lineup. Pod left the group and was replaced by Haa-Lacka Binttii, with Binttii on drums, tape loops and keyboards, the band secured a deal with Rough Trade Records. They released their first single, Twenty Tens on their own Baby Records label in late 1980, followed by a single, Moments and Mine. Two other tracks recorded with Binttii were released during 1980 before conflicts with other members forced him out of the band, Red Nettle was included on NME compilation C81 and Third Secret appeared on Cherry Red compilation Perspectives and Distortion. A New Form of Beauty was a project originally contained four chapters and was released in various formats -7 single,10 single,12 single. All four parts appeared on an Italian version of A New Form of Beauty, in November 1982, the Virgin Prunes released their debut album. If I Die, I Die as well as Heresie, a French box set. Commissioned by Yann Farcy after seeing them perform at the Rex Club in Paris, in 1984, both Guggi and Dik Evans, unhappy with the music business, left the band. This forced drummer DNellon to switch to guitar and allowed Pod to return as the bands drummer, the Virgin Prunes started to record but abandoned the album Sons Find Devils, which has never been released. A retrospective video titled Sons Find Devils was released in 1985, in May 1985, rarities compilation Over the Rainbow was released. In July 1986, the band, now a four-piece, finally released a new album, The Moon Looked Down, later that year, Friday left the group. His departure was confirmed in the notes of the bands 1987 live album The Hidden Lie. Dik Evans played on Lite Fantastik while 17-year-old Justin Kavanagh from the Dublin hardcore band Mutant Asylum took the helm as guitarist for Blossoms & Blood, in 1993, Kavanagh went on to form Gormenghast and Snifferdog. Binttiis youngest brother, Jonathan Figgis, was the boy who appeared on the cover of the second Virgin Prunes single, Moments, in 1998, Cleopatra Records rereleased the Sons Find Devils video, along with a soundtrack album on CD. This was the first commercially available Virgin Prunes material to be released since 1993 and, for a few years, the only commercially available full-length Virgin Prunes album on compact disc. Friday went on to have a successful solo career in both music and film, while Guggi remained an influential artist in Dublin and Busaras continued to record as a solo artist in Ireland
Virgin Prunes
–
Jolyon Thomas (tablet),
Dik Evans (
guitar) and Dave Mooney (
bass), performing at
Gavin Friday 's 29 November 2011 show, at the
Olympia Theatre,
Dublin,
Ireland
22.
Bono
–
Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma
Bono
–
Bono in 2014
Bono
–
The hearing aid shop, Bonavox, that provided Hewson with the nickname "Bono Vox".
Bono
–
Bono on stage in 1983
Bono
–
Bono (right) with
Sting during
A Conspiracy of Hope in 1986
23.
Bill Graham (author)
–
Bill Graham was an Irish journalist and author. He attended Trinity College, Dublin and resided in Howth, in addition to authoring several books, Graham wrote for Hot Press magazine from its founding. He died of an attack at forty-four on 11 May 1996 being survived by his mother Eileen. Grahams long time colleague and Hot Press editor Niall Stokes described him, In many ways and he inspired a whole generation of Irish fans and musicians to look at the world in a different and broader light. And he was good on more than music too, and he was also ahead of the game in terms of his appreciation of the importance of the politics of food and the position of the developing world in the new era. Graham was instrumental in the formation of Irish rock band U2, at a recent exhibition of early group photos, McGuinness remembered the role Bill Graham played by introducing him to the band. Despite being widely known as the man who discovered U2, it was a title he disavowed and he wrote enthusiastically about the band, giving them their first exposure. Both guitarist The Edge and Bono have explained Grahams role in the bands development, john Waters observed that It is often said that Bill discovered U2. Bill created U2, through his enthusiasm for them and he gave them a reflection of their own possibilities and they only looked back that once. He had a knowledge of virtually every form of popular. And Waters goes on to him as the first Irish writer to write about the connection between Irish political culture and Irish rocknroll. Book written by Graham include Enya, The Latest Score, U2, In the name of love, I blame dear old Bill for lots of things. Ill be honest, without him, I probably would never have been a writer in the first place. I used to say that to him up when wed meet. I mean, there are a lot of things to carry the rap for, bills feature took my breath away. Here was someone writing with a degree of passion, fervour, belief, enthusiasm, knowledge. I must have read that piece about a hundred times, I had already heard the big music, but now Id seen the big picture. And I had found the fever and his funeral drew many of biggest bands from the world of Irish music including Clannad, Altan, U2 and Hothouse Flowers, along with singers Simon Carmody and Gavin Friday
Bill Graham (author)
–
Bill Graham,.
24.
Meteor Music Awards
–
A Meteor Ireland Music Award was an accolade bestowed upon professionals in the music industry in Ireland and further afield. They had been bestowed each year since 2001, replacing the IRMA Ireland Music Awards held in the 1990s, promoted by MCD Productions, the ceremony at which these accolades are bestowed upon worthy recipients was referred to colloquially as The Meteors, though occasionally also by its full title. Event organisers confirmed in January 2011 that there would be no awards ceremony that year, the Meteor Ireland Music Awards were the equivalent to the Canadas Juno Awards, the United States Grammy Awards, the Echo Awards in Germany and the United Kingdoms BRIT Awards. The awards take their name from their sponsors, Meteor, each year there was a mix of live performances and award presentations at a ceremony conducted in the Point Theatre, Dublin and the RDS, Dublin. Originally held in the Point Theatre in Dublin, in 2008 the award ceremony moved to the Royal Dublin Society until its end in 2011, official website Site of MCD – awards promoters List of winners through the years Highlights of 2006 Awards sponsored by eircom Photos at ShowBiz Ireland
Meteor Music Awards
–
Example of a Meteor Award
Meteor Music Awards
–
Meteor Award
25.
Point Theatre
–
The Point Theatre was a concert and events venue in Dublin, Ireland, that operated from 1988 to 2007, enjoyed by in excess of 2 million people. It was located on the North Wall Quay of the River Liffey, the Point was closed in the summer of 2007 for a major redevelopment and underwent a rebranding as The O2 in July 2008. Prior to the redevelopment the capacity was 8,500. Following the acquisition of O2 Ireland by 3 Ireland, it was renamed in September 2014 as the 3Arena and it hosted the Eurovision Song Contest on three separate occasions in the 1990s and the 1999 MTV European Music Awards. The building was constructed in 1878 as a depot to serve the nearby busy port. Among railwaymen it was known as The Point Store. Melissa Etheridge being the act for Huey Lewis and the News was the first to play there. U2 played four nights at the venue near the end of their Lovetown Tour from 26–31 December 1989 and their 31 December concert was broadcast live on radio stations around the world and would later receive an official online release via iTunes. Riverdance was first performed in the Point Depot, as the act during the Eurovision Song Contest 1994. Tragedy struck the Point on 11 May 1996, when a 17-year-old fan, singer Billy Corgan warned the crowd that people were getting hurt, while at one point, bassist Darcy Wretzky announced, Theres a girl dying backstage, do you care. The show was abandoned, and a show in Belfast the following night was cancelled out of respect. Gardaí were said to be investigating why the bars in the Point remained open for the teen-packed show, the 1999 MTV Europe Music Awards were held in the Point Depot on 11 November. Hosted by Ronan Keating, there were performances from Mariah Carey, The Corrs, Whitney Houston, Iggy Pop, Marilyn Manson, the largest winner was Britney Spears who won four awards. The final event to place before closure and rebranding was a boxing card featuring local boxer. Frank Sinatra performed at the venue on 9,10 and 11 October 1991, kylie Minogue performed at the venue in November 1991, on her Lets Get To It European tour, which was filmed for a VHS release the following year. She returned to the Point in May 2005 with her Showgirl Tour and she played six nights at the Dublin venue, just weeks before she was told she had breast cancer. Irish band Westlife performed at the venue for a record breaking 13 consecutive nights at year 2001 on their Where Dreams Come True Tour from 19, March 2001 to 31, on 19 June 1992, Def Leppard began their Seven Day Weekend Tour of Europe in the Point Depot. The show was the first time Def Leppard had brought their in the stage show outside the United States
Point Theatre
–
The rocket, located just outside the venue itself.
Point Theatre
–
McFly performed at the Point in 2006.
26.
Guy Oseary
–
Guy Harley Oseary is an Israeli American talent manager, investor, writer and businessman who began his career in entertainment at 17 at what was to become Maverick. He is the manager for Madonna and U2, Guy Oseary was born on October 3,1972, in Jerusalem, to a Jewish family. He was raised in California and attended Beverly Hills High School, in 2006, he married Brazilian model Michelle Alves, with whom he has four children. Oseary guided Maverick to sell over 100 million albums worldwide and secured its spot as one of the leading boutique labels. He also serves as producer on NBCs Last Call with Carson Daly. In May 2004, Guy Oseary partnered with Jason Weinberg and Stephanie Simon to become a principal in Untitled Entertainment and he won Top Manager at the Billboard Touring Awards in 2006 and 2009. In 2007, Guy Oseary negotiated a 360 deal partnering Madonna with Live Nation worth $120 million. ”Oseary is also the manager for Amy Schumer, Guy Oseary has authored four books, including a book on Jewish influences in the music industry titled Jews Who Rock. His second book, On the Record, is a collection of accounts on how to break into the music industry from many of the most successful artists, producers. He also authored two coffee table books with his own photography of Madonnas 2006 and 2008–09 tours respectively titled Madonna, Confessions and Madonna, in 2010, Madonna and Oseary founded gym chain Hard Candy Fitness. Theyve also partnered with Iconix Brand Group to launch the lifestyle brand Truth or Dare by Madonna, Guy Oseary appears in cameos in movies such as Charlies Angels, Charlies Angels, Full Throttle, and You Dont Mess with the Zohan. He also made a cameo in Madonnas 1992 music video for her single Deeper and Deeper, list of Israeli Americans Guy Oseary at AllMusic Guy Oseary at the Internet Movie Database Guy Oseary at CrunchBase
Guy Oseary
–
Oseary in 2013
Guy Oseary
–
Michael Arrington interviewing Oseary and
Ashton Kutcher at
TechCrunch Disrupt 2013 in
New York
27.
TV3 (Ireland)
–
TV3 is a commercial free-to-air television channel operated within Ireland by the TV3 Group operated by Virgin Media Ireland and owned by Liberty Global. The channel launched on 20 September 1998 becoming the Republic of Irelands first commercial television channel, in October 1988, the Independent Radio and Television Commission was set up to regulate new independent stations. Following this TV3 was intended to be the Republic of Irelands third terrestrial channel, the original broadcasting licence was granted to a consortium Tullamore Beta Ltd in 1990. Initially their signal coverage was much poorer than that of RTÉ, TV3s broadcast was further delayed when IRTC revoked the broadcasting licence due to delays in broadcasting the channel. After a court battle the licence was restored in 1993. By 1993 an agreement was made to sell 49 per cent of the company to UTV, however, UTV pulled out of negotiations in 1995, after TV3 tried to convince existing MMDS and cable television providers to drop UTV and replace it with TV3. Cable operators declined to drop UTV Northern Ireland from its line-up, in 1997, Canadian communications company Canwest bought a major stake in the new company. In 2001, Granada purchased a 45% share in the company, by 2006 the group was sold to Doughty Hanson & Co. In 2015, Liberty Global confirmed it planned to purchase the TV3 Group, a timeshift channel TV3 +1 launched on 2 December 2014 on UPC Ireland. The channel was added to Sky Ireland on 8 April 2015, however, the channel is unavailable to viewers on Saorview, as TV3 are in dispute with its operator 2RN. TV3 HD is a high definition version of TV3, both domestic and imported programming is available in HD, mainly sporting content, TV3 HD launched on Virgin Media Ireland and Sky Ireland on 11 August 2015. The service is unavailable on Saorview. TV3 broadcasts a range of programming which in its early years depended heavily on international acquisitions. In 2008, the TV3 Group produced a three-year strategy to increase the amount of productions on the channel. Under its contract with the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland, TV3 is required since 2008 to have 30% of its coming from Ireland though TV3 now produces 40% Irish produced content. In 2010 TV3 announced a target of 50% Irish programming by 2012, TV3 has also confirmed its plan to build a major new studio in 2011 which will be fully HD capable with audience capacity. The company has a staff of 200 employees to run three television channels and one on-demand online service. On average, TV3 spend about €10 million on internal productions which are generally for daytime viewers and it does not have a history of strong prime-time content, generally its home produced programmes consist of at least one independently produced programme, e. g
TV3 (Ireland)
–
1998–2006
TV3 (Ireland)
–
Logo in 1989 at the IRTC announcement of a third channel.
TV3 (Ireland)
–
2006–2009
28.
Phantom FM
–
TXFM was a Dublin based radio station, founded in 1996 as a pirate radio station. TXFM broadcasts under a contract awarded by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, the station ceased broadcasting on October 26,2016. TXFM plays mostly alternative rock with an emphasis on artists, as well as alternative dance. Apart from general programming TXFM also has run many specialist shows dedicated to a genre of rock or to premiering new Irish. Since 2003, they have operated as an radio station. Funding for Phantom during their pirate era came from sponsorship and advertising from local bands and promoters, a number of times during this period, the station went off air for licence applications. After two successful temporary licenses, Phantom applied for an alternative rock license offered by the BCI for Dublin in July 2004 and they finally won a licence for an alternative rock station for Dublin in November 2004, beating the Zed FM consortium, XFM and two other applicants. Phantoms expected launch was delayed due to a legal challenges against the BCI regarding the license from Scrollside Ltd. /Zed FM, an unsuccessful challenge to the High Court was followed by an appeal to the Supreme Court which was rejected on 6 April 2006. Phantom returned to the airwaves on 31 October 2006, broadcasting on 105.2 FM, Phantom 105.2 won the award for best music driven local station at the 2007 PPI Awards. In 2010, Communicorp took a 30% stake and the station was relocated to Marconi House in January 2011 where it shares facilities with Today FM, ricky Geraghty has replaced Ger Roe as CEO and Keith Walsh has replaced Fiona Scally as Programme Director. In August 2012 it was announced that a number of presenters would be leaving the station in a bid to cut costs. They include Pearl, Dee Reddy, Shane Galvin, James Byrne, co-host of Pure Morning, Michelle Doherty also left in mid-September to pursue an acting career. Subsequently, Dee Reddy and Derek Byrne were reinstated, Keith Walsh left Phantom in December 2013 for 2FM. TXFM is operated by the holders of the Alternative Rock franchise for Dublin City and County, on 14 February 2014, the board of directors of Dublin Rock Radio Ltd, trading as Phantom 105.2 announced that up to twenty staff would be made redundant. The station would then be rebranded as TXFM with closer operational links with Today FM, also owned by Communicorp, on 16 March 2014 the station ceased broadcasting as Phantom 105.2. The last live show was Power House presented by John Caddell, back to back music was then broadcast with the station being renamed 105.2 with no reference to Phantom. Charlotte Flood is an assistant on Today FM. She was reinstated on TXFM in 2015 and it was subsequently confirmed that TXFM would relaunch on 31 March 2014, with a mix of existing and new presenters
Phantom FM
–
Logo of Phantom FM until 2014.
Phantom FM
–
Phantom 105.2's Claire Beck and Dee Reddy interviewing Foals at the 2013 Longitude Festival in Dublin.
29.
Universal Records
–
Universal Music Group is an American-French global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the Paris-based French media conglomerate Vivendi. UMGs global corporate headquarters are in Santa Monica, California and it is considered one of the Big Three record labels, along with Sony Music and Warner Music Group. Universal Music was once the music attached to film studio Universal Pictures and its origins go back to the formation of the American branch of Decca Records in September 1934. The Decca Record Co. Ltd. of England spun American Decca off in 1939, MCA Inc. merged with American Decca in 1962. The present organization was formed when its parent company Seagram purchased PolyGram in May 1998, however, the name had first appeared in 1996 when MCA Music Entertainment Group was renamed Universal Music Group. The PolyGram acquisition included Deutsche Grammophon which traces its ancestry to Berliner Gramophone making Deutsche Grammophon UMGs oldest unit, UMGs Canadian unit traces its ancestry to a Berliner Gramophone breakaway firm the Compo Company. With the 2004 acquisition of Universal Studios by General Electric and merging with GEs NBC and this is the second time a music company has done so, the first being the separation of Time Warner and Warner Music Group. On June 25,2007, Vivendi completed its €1.63 billion purchase of BMG Music Publishing, after receiving European Union regulatory approval, doug Morris stepped down from his position as CEO on January 1,2011. Former chairman/CEO of Universal Music International Lucian Grainge was promoted to CEO of the company, Grainge later replaced him as chairman on March 9,2011. Morris became the chairman of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1,2011. With Grainges appointment as CEO at UMG, Max Hole was promoted to COO of UMGI, starting in 2011 UMGs Interscope Geffen A&M Records will be signing contestants from American Idol/Idol series. On January 2011, UMG announced it was donating 200,000 master recordings from the 1920s to 1940s to the Library of Congress for preservation, in March 2011, Barry Weiss became chairman & CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group & Universal Republic Records. Both companies are restructuring under Weiss, in December 2011, David Foster was named Chairman of Verve Music Group. Among the other companies that had competed for the music business was Warner Music Group which was reported to have made a $2 billion bid. However, IMPALA has said it would fight the merger, coincidentally, UMG sister company StudioCanal has owned the EMI Films library for several years. On September 21,2012, the sale of EMI to UMG was approved in Europe, UMG divested Mute Records, Parlophone, Roxy Recordings, MPS Records, Cooperative Music, Now Thats What I Call Music. Jazzland, Universal Greece, Sanctuary Records, Chrysalis Records, EMI Classics, Virgin Classics, the Beatles recorded music library was allowed to remain with UMG despite being considered part of Parlophone and is now managed by UMGs reorganized Capitol Music Group worldwide. Robbie Williams, who had recorded for Chrysalis, had his transferred to Universals Island Records
Universal Records
–
Universal Records (defunct record label)
30.
Arts Council of Ireland
–
The Arts Council is the arts council of Ireland. It was established in 1951 by the Government of Ireland, to encourage interest in Irish art and this includes encouragement of traditional Irish arts, support for contemporary Irish arts, and finance for international arts events in Ireland. The Arts Council of Ireland is the official Cultural Contact Point between the EU Commissions Cultural Programme and Ireland, the Arts Council of Ireland is a founding member of the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies. Visual Artists Ireland, the all-Ireland non-governmental organisation representing Irish artists nationally and internationally, is supported by the Arts Council of Ireland, the arts council consists of 12 members and a chair, each appointed for a five-year term by the Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Pat Moylan was appointed chairman in January 2009
Arts Council of Ireland
–
Arts Council of Ireland logo
31.
Charles Haughey
–
Charles James Charlie Haughey was Taoiseach of Ireland, serving three terms in office. He was also the leader of Fianna Fáil. Haughey also served as Minister for Health and Social Welfare, Minister for Finance, Minister for Agriculture and he also served as a Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice during the early years of his parliamentary career. Haughey is generally regarded as the dominant Irish politician of his generation, upon entering government in the early 1960s, Haughey became the symbol of a new vanguard of Irish ministers. As Taoiseach, he is credited by economists as starting the positive transformation of the economy in the late 1980s. However, his career was marked by several major scandals. Haughey was implicated in the Arms Crisis of 1970, which destroyed his career. Revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal forced him to resign as Taoiseach, after Haugheys retirement from politics, further revelations of corruption, embezzlement, tax evasion and a 27-year extra-marital affair tarnished his reputation. He died of cancer in 2006 at the age of eighty. He was born in Castlebar, County Mayo in 1925, the third of seven children of Seán Haughey and Sarah McWilliams, Haugheys father was in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence, then in the National Army of the Irish Free State. Seán Haughey left the army in 1928 and the moved to County Meath, there he developed multiple sclerosis and the family moved again to Donnycarney. In his youth he was a sportsman, playing Gaelic football with the Parnells GAA Club in Donnycarney. He won a Dublin Senior Football Championship medal in 1945, Haughey read Commerce at University College Dublin where he took a First Class Honours degree in 1946. It was at UCD that Haughey became increasingly interested in politics and was elected Auditor of the Commerce and he also met there with one of his future political rivals, Garret FitzGerald. He joined the Local Defence Force during The Emergency in 1941 and he continued to serve in the FCÁ until entering Dáil Éireann in 1957. Haughey qualified as an accountant and also attended Kings Inns and was subsequently called to the Irish Bar. Shortly afterwards he set up the firm of Haughey, Boland & Company with Harry Boland. On 18 September 1951 he married Maureen Lemass, the daughter of the Fianna Fáil Minister and future Taoiseach Seán Lemass and they had four children together, Eimear, Conor, Ciarán and Seán
Charles Haughey
–
Charles Haughey
32.
Midem
–
Midem is the acronym for Marché International du Disque et de lEdition Musicale, which is organised annually in and around the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès in Cannes, France. The trade show, which is billed as the international business event for the music ecosystem, has been held since 1967. While delegates from recording, artist management, and publishers network, also live music is on show in the evenings. The event is developing like the industry and is now focused on the music business, the technology sector, and brands. Midem provides a forum for talks, political and legal discussions. It is a market where global distribution and music deals are sealed and it also is a platform for showcasing new artists, musical trends and music-related products. In January 2013, Midem was attended by 6,400 delegates from 3,000 companies, the event was covered by 350 international journalists. Although there are attendees from all over the world, the majority of delegates have been from Western Europe, in 2015 many more international delegates registered
Midem
–
MIDEM
33.
Wimbledon F.C.
–
Wimbledon Football Club was an English football club formed in Wimbledon, south-west London, in 1889 and based at Plough Lane from 1912 to 1991. Founded as Wimbledon Old Centrals, the club were a team for most of their history. The team rose quickly from obscurity during the 1980s and were promoted to the then top-flight First Division in 1986, the team remained in the First Division and its successor the FA Premier League until they were relegated in 2000. In 2001, after rejecting a variety of local sites and others further afield. A group of supporters responded by forming a new club, AFC Wimbledon, Wimbledon played their first match in Milton Keynes in 2003, and adopted the name Milton Keynes Dons in 2004. Wimbledon Old Central Football Club were formed in 1889, taking its name from the Old Central School on Wimbledon Common where players had been pupils. The clubs first match was a 1–0 victory over Westminster, Wimbledon won the Clapham League again in 1900–01, as well as two minor trophies. The club was restarted a year later under the name Wimbledon Borough, though Borough was dropped from the name after barely a year. The club continued to play on Wimbledon Common and at other locations in the Wimbledon area until 1912. Wimbledon joined the Athenian League for 1919–20, and in the season in its new division finished as runners-up. The club then joined the Isthmian League, winning four Isthmian League titles during the 1930s, and reaching the FA Amateur Cup final in 1934–35, Wimbledon began to prosper. The club reached another FA Amateur Cup final in 1946–47, Wimbledon won the Isthmian League for the fifth time in 1958–59 before starting a period of domination that saw three successive championships – 1961–62, 1962–63 and 1963–64. Following these successes the decision was taken to turn professional for the 1964–65 season, Wimbledon had continued success in their new league, finishing as runners-up at the first attempt. They then became the first non-League team that century to beat a First Division side away from home by defeating Burnley at Turf Moor. In the fourth round the good form continued, as the team held the reigning First Division champions Leeds United to a 0–0 draw at Elland Road. Goalkeeper Dickie Guy saved a penalty from Peter Lorimer to earn a replay, after winning the Southern League three times running from 1974–75 to 1976–77, Wimbledon were elected to The Football League in place of Workington for the 1977–78 season. The 1977–78 season was a satisfactory Football League debut for Wimbledon, Allen Batsford had resigned as manager on 2 January 1978 to be succeeded by Dario Gradi, who guided the club to promotion in 1978–79. Wimbledons first stay in the Third Division was not a successful one, the team struggled, and were relegated in bottom place, winning just 10 league games all season
Wimbledon F.C.
–
Wimbledon take on
Oxford United at
Plough Lane in a
Third Division match during
1981–82
Wimbledon F.C.
–
Badge used 1981–2003; see below for others
Wimbledon F.C.
–
Cup-winning captain and goalkeeper
Dave Beasant, pictured in 2003
Wimbledon F.C.
–
John Hartson (left, pictured in 2007) and
Egil Olsen (right, seen in 2010) joined the club as player and manager respectively in 1999 and were involved during the
1999–2000 season, Wimbledon's last in the Premier League. Olsen left the side in May 2000, just before relegation, while Hartson remained with the side until February 2001.
34.
Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes
–
Wimbledon Football Club relocated to Milton Keynes in September 2003,16 months after receiving permission to do so from an independent commission appointed by the Football Association. Hugely controversial, the moves authorisation prompted disaffected Wimbledon supporters to form AFC Wimbledon, Wimbledon F. C. spent most of its history in non-League football before being elected to the Football League in 1977. A series of club owners believed that its potential was limited by its home ground at Plough Lane. Meanwhile, the Milton Keynes Development Corporation envisaged a stadium in the town hosting top-flight football and was keen on the idea of an established League team relocating there. The Wimbledon chairman Ron Noades briefly explored moving Wimbledon to Milton Keynes in 1979, Charlton Athletic briefly mooted a relocation in 1973, and in the 1980s the Milton Keynes Development Corporation offered a new ground to Luton Town, who almost became MK Hatters. Wimbledon rose through the professional divisions unusually rapidly in what has called a fairytale. In 1991, after the Taylor Report ordered the redevelopment of English football grounds, much to the anger of most Wimbledon supporters, Hammam proposed new locations for the team outside London, including the Irish capital Dublin. He sold the club to two Norwegian businessmen, Kjell Inge Røkke and Bjørn Rune Gjelsten, in 1997 and the year sold Plough Lane for a supermarket redevelopment. Røkke and Gjelsten appointed a new chairman, Charles Koppel, who announced on 2 August 2001 that Wimbledon intended to relocate to Milton Keynes, Koppel said the club would otherwise go out of business. The League and FA stated opposition but the commissioners ruled in favour, the vast majority of the teams fans switched allegiance to AFC Wimbledon in protest. Wimbledon F. C. s relocation was delayed for over a year by the lack of a ground in Milton Keynes meeting Football League standards. Winkelmans Inter MK Group bought the club in 2004 and concurrently changed its name, badge. The teams new ground, Stadium mk, opened three years later, MK Dons initially claimed Wimbledon F. C. s heritage and history, but renounced this in 2007. AFC Wimbledon received planning permission for a new ground on Plough Lane in 2015, Milton Keynes, in northern Buckinghamshire, was established by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government as a new town on 23 January 1967. This site was chosen as it was equidistant from London and Birmingham, close to roads and railways. About 40,000 people lived on the Milton Keynes site before 1967, when Milton Keynes was founded, no football club within its boundaries was professional and none played in the Football League. Before the 1986–87 season, clubs could not be relegated out of the Leagues Fourth Division, from the inaugural post-war season through to 1985–86, clubs already in the League were supplanted on only six occasions. Which lack clubs in League membership, Chester reported, in 1968, amalgamations of old clubs would provide vacancies for new clubs to enter the League
Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes
–
Graffiti on the locked gates of
Wimbledon F.C. 's traditional home ground,
Plough Lane, in 2006. The club, nicknamed "
the Wombles " or "the Dons", last played first-team matches there in 1991, and the stadium was demolished in late 2002. Blocks of flats have covered the site since 2008.
Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes
–
Liz Leyh's
Concrete Cows, a symbol of
Milton Keynes created in 1978 (2006 photograph)
Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes
–
Wimbledon playing against
Oxford United at
Plough Lane during the
1981–82 season
Relocation of Wimbledon F.C. to Milton Keynes
–
Luton Town considered leaving
Kenilworth Road (1980 image) for Milton Keynes in the 1980s, reportedly as the "MK Hatters".
35.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
36.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
The New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
The New York Times
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First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.
The New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
The New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
37.
New York Times Company
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The New York Times Company is an American media company which publishes its namesake, The New York Times. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. has served as chairman since 1997 and it is headquartered in Manhattan, New York. The company was founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond and George Jones in New York City, the company moved into the cable channel industry purchasing a 40% interest in the Popcorn Channel, a theatrical movie preview and local movie times, in November 1994. The company completed its purchase of The Washington Posts 50 percent interest in the International Herald Tribune for US$65 million on January 1,2003, on March 18,2005, the company acquired About. com, an online provider of consumer information for US$410 million. In 2005, the company reported revenues of US$3.4 billion to its investors, the Times, on August 25,2006, acquired Baseline StudioSystems, an online database and research service on the film and television industries for US$35 million. The company announced that it had finalized the sale of its Broadcast Media Group on May 7,2007, for approximately $575 million. On July 14,2009, the announced that WQXR was to be sold to WNYC. This US$45 million transaction, which involved Univision Radios WCAA moving to the 96.3 FM frequency from 105.9 FM, ended the Times 65-year-long ownership of the station. On December 27,2011, The Boston Globe reported that the company would sell its Regional Media Group to Halifax Media Holdings LLC, owners of The Daytona Beach News-Journal, the Boston Globe and The Telegram & Gazette of Worcester were not part of the sale. In 2011, the Times sold Baseline StudioSystems back to its owners, Laurie S. Silvers and Mitchell Rubenstein. Facing falling revenue from print advertising in its publication in 2011, The New York Times. As of 2012, it has been successful, garnering several hundred thousand subscriptions. In 2013, the New York Times Company sold The Boston Globe and other New England media properties to John W. Henry, according to the Times Company, the move was made in order to focus more on its core brands. Alongside its namesake newspaper, the company owns the International New York Times. Since 1967, the company has listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol NYT. In 2015, Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim became the top New York Times stockholder, at the April 2005 board meeting, Class B shareholders elected nine of the fourteen directors of the company. The company sponsors a series of national and local awards designed to highlight the achievements of individuals, in 2007, it inaugurated its first Nonprofit Excellence Award, awarded to four organizations for the excellence of their management practices. Only nonprofits in New York City, Long Island, or Westchester were eligible, jointly with the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the American Library Association, The New York Times Company sponsors an award to honor librarians for service to their communities
New York Times Company
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The New York Times Building
New York Times Company
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The New York Times Company
New York Times Company
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2008 I Love My Librarian award recipients Linda Allen and Margaret "Gigi" Lincoln talk with
Janet Robinson in
The New York Times Building.
38.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
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ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
39.
Irish Examiner
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Its main national rivals are The Irish Times, and the Irish Independent. The Irish Examiner is available on the Irish Newspaper Archives website up to 2003 you will only find Black-And-White microfilm pages, the paper was founded by John Francis Maguire under the title The Cork Examiner in 1841 in support of the Catholic Emancipation and tenant rights work of Daniel OConnell. Historical copies of The Cork Examiner, dating back to 1841, are available to search, during the Spanish Civil War, the Cork Examiner took a strongly pro-Franco tone in its coverage of the conflict. Though originally appearing under The Cork Examiner title, it has re-branded in recent years to The Examiner, the newspaper was part of the Thomas Crosbie Holdings group. Thomas Crosbie Holdings went into receivership in March 2013, the newspaper was acquired by Landmark Media Investments. As of 2004, its Chief Executive is Thomas J. Murphy, the newspaper was based at Academy Street, Cork for over a century, before moving to new offices at Lapps Quay, Cork in early November 2006. Tim Vaughan resigned as editor in August 2016, in March 2017, it was reported that The Irish Times was considering a bid to acquire the Irish Examiner. Circulation was 57,217 for the period January 2006 to June 2006, circulation was 50,346 for the period January 2009 to June 2009. Circulation was 46,687 for the period January 2009 to June 2010, circulation was 46,001 for the period July 2009 to December 2009. Circulation was 42,083 for the period July 2011 to December 2011, circulation was 39,555 for the period July to December 2012. Circulation was 37,009 for the period July to December 2013, circulation was 35,028 for the period January to June 2014. Circulation was 34,422 for the period July to December 2014, circulation was 33,198 for the period January to June 2015. Circulation was 32,648 for the period July to December 2015, circulation was 30,964 for the period January to June 2016. Circulation was 30,090 for the period July to December 2016, Irish Media, A Critical History Since 1922 By John Horgan. Remember When - Pictures from the Irish Examiner Archive,2010 Collins Press Official website - Irish Examiner
Irish Examiner
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Cork Examiner presses smashed by Republican forces before the
Free State army could arrive in Cork, 9-10 August 1922
40.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
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Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
41.
The Edge
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David Howell Evans, better known by his stage name The Edge, is an Irish musician and songwriter best known as the lead guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist of the rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with the band as well as one solo record, as a guitarist, the Edge has crafted a minimalistic and textural style of playing. His use of a delay effect yields a distinctive ambient. The Edge was born in England to a Welsh family, and was raised in Ireland after the Evans family moved there, in 1976, at Mount Temple Comprehensive School he formed a band with his fellow students and elder brother Dik that would evolve into U2. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements and they eventually became one of the most successful acts in popular music, with albums such as 1987s The Joshua Tree and 1991s Achtung Baby. With U2, the Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record Zooropa, the Edge met his second and current wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band. As a member of U2 and as an individual, the Edge has campaigned for human rights and he co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. Several music publications have ranked the Edge among the greatest guitarists of all time, david Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital, in the County of Essex in England, on 8 August 1961. He is the child of Welsh parents Garvin and Gwenda Evans, who originated in Llanelli. Garvin was an engineer who worked for the electricity board. The Edge has an elder brother Richard and a sister called Gillian. He received his formal education at St Andrews National School, Malahide. As a child he received piano and guitar lessons. Among the several other pupils who also responded to the note were Bono and this band went through a number of versions before becoming known as U2 in March 1978. U2 began its public life in small venues in Dublin in 1977. In December 1979 they performed their first concerts outside Ireland, in London and their debut album Boy was released in 1980. In 1981, leading up to the October Tour, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, during this period he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers, in which bandmates Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved. Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music later became Sunday Bloody Sunday
The Edge
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Performing at
Gillette Stadium in 2009
The Edge
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The Edge at a
U2 concert in
Anaheim (2005)
The Edge
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The Edge in June 2005
The Edge
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Edge's 1964
Vox AC30 on stage in
Foxborough for the
U2 360° Tour.
42.
Adam Clayton
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Adam Charles Clayton is an Irish musician, best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band U2. He has resided in County Dublin since the time his family moved to Malahide when he was five years old in 1965. Clayton is well known for his bass playing on such as Gloria, New Years Day, Bullet the Blue Sky, With or Without You, Mysterious Ways, Get on Your Boots. He has worked on solo projects throughout his career, such as his work with fellow band member Larry Mullen, Jr. on the 1996 version of the Theme from Mission. Clayton, as a part of U2, has won 22 Grammy Awards, Adam Charles Clayton is the oldest child of Brian and Jo Clayton, born on 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England. His father was a pilot with the Royal Air Force, who moved into civil aviation, when he was 4 years old, Claytons father worked in Kenya as a pilot with East African Airways, the family being resident in Nairobi. In 1965 the family moved to Malahide, County Dublin in the Republic of Ireland, the Clayton family became friends with the Evans family. When he was eight years old, Clayton was sent to the junior boarding Castle Park School in Dalkey. He did not enjoy or respond well to its ethos not being particularly sports orientated and he was interested in pop music, which students were not allowed to listen to. He joined the Schools Gramphone Society, which met to listen to classical music and he also took piano lessons for a short time. At age 13, Clayton entered the private St. Columbas College secondary school in Rathfarnham, here he made friends with other pupils who were enthusiastic about the pop/rock music acts of the period, including The Who, The Beatles, The Grateful Dead, and Carole King. In response he bought a £5 acoustic guitar from a junk-shop near the Dublin quays, john Leslie, who shared a bunk bed with Clayton at St. Columbas, persuaded him to join in with a school band where Clayton would play the bass guitar for the first time. His mother purchased a bass for him when he was 14 years old on the basis of a promise that he would commit himself to learn to play the instrument. McCormick and Martin left the band soon after its inception, while the band was a five-piece it was known as Feedback. The name was changed to The Hype, but changed to U2 soon after Dik Evans left. Clayton stood in as the nearest thing that the band had to a manager in its early life, handing over the duties to Paul McGuinness in May 1978. In 1981, around the time of U2s second, spiritually charged album, October, Bono, The Edge, and Mullen had joined a Christian group, and were questioning the compatibility of rock music with their spirituality. However, Clayton, with his more ambiguous religious views, was less concerned, Clayton made international headlines in August 1989 when he was arrested in Dublin for carrying a small amount of marijuana
Adam Clayton
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Clayton playing in Charlottesville, Virginia on 1 October 2009
Adam Clayton
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Adam Clayton performing at a
Vertigo Tour concert in 2005.
Adam Clayton
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Adam Clayton with Warwick Star Bass, 2010
43.
Larry Mullen Jr.
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Laurence Joseph Larry Mullen Jr. is an Irish musician and actor, best known as the drummer of the Irish rock band U2. A member of the band since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with U2, Mullen was born and raised in Dublin, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, where, in 1976, he co-founded U2 after posting a message on the schools notice board. His drumming style developed from his playing martial beats in a marching band. Some of his most famous contributions to the U2 catalogue include Sunday Bloody Sunday, Pride, Where the Streets Have No Name, Zoo Station, Mysterious Ways, through his work with U2, Mullen has received 22 Grammy Awards. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked Mullen the 96th-greatest drummer of all time, as a member of the band, he has been involved in philanthropic causes throughout his career, including Amnesty International. He has sporadically acted in films, most notably in Man on the Train and his father was a civil servant and his mother a homemaker. He has a sister, Cecilia, and had a younger sister. He attended the School of Music in Chatham Row to learn piano at the age of eight and, then, began drumming in 1971, at the age of 9, after Joes death, Bonnies daughter, Monica, took over from him. But Mullen gave up the lessons and started playing by himself and his mother died in a car accident in 1976. Mullen lost interest again and left the band after they asked him to cut his shoulder-length hair and he saved money and his father helped him out to buy a drum kit made by a Japanese toy company, which was for sale by a friend of his sister Cecilia. He set up the kit in his bedroom and his parents gave him certain times to practice, then his father got him into the Post Office Workers Band, which played orchestral melodies with percussion, along with marching band standards. He attended Scoil Colmcille, Marlborough Street, Dublin and he took the exams for Chanel College and St. Pauls, two Catholic schools his father wanted his son to attend. Mullens father suggested that he place a notice on the Mount Temple bulletin board, U2 was founded on 25 September 1976 in Mullens kitchen in Artane. McCormick and Martin soon left, and the name was changed to The Hype. Just before they won a talent contest in Limerick, Ireland, they changed their name again, for the time, to U2 at a farewell concert for Dik Evans. Mullen left school in 1978, having taken his Intermediate Certificate exams, the school offered him the chance to complete his Leaving Certificate exams. He and his sister Cecelia worked for an American company in Dublin, Mullen worked there for a year in the purchasing department, with the prospect of becoming a computer programmer in their geology section. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked Mullen the 96th-greatest drummer of all time, when the band was first being signed to CBS Records, they refused to sign the band unless Mullen was fired
Larry Mullen Jr.
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Mullen in 2006
Larry Mullen Jr.
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Mullen (right) performing with U2 in 2009
Larry Mullen Jr.
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Mullen playing keyboards
44.
Boy (album)
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Boy is the debut studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and was released on 20 October 1980 on Island Records and it contains many songs from the bands 40-song catalogue at the time, including two tracks that were re-recorded from their original versions on the bands debut release, the EP Three. The album was slated to be produced by Martin Hannett, who produced the bands first single for Island,11 OClock Tick Tock. Boy was recorded from July–September 1980 at Dublins Windmill Lane Studios and it was also their first time working with Lillywhite. He employed unorthodox production techniques, such as recording Mullens drums in a stairwell, the band found Lillywhite to be very encouraging and creative, and he subsequently became a frequent producer of their recorded work. Thematically, the lyrics reflected on adolescence, innocence, and the passage into adulthood, Boy received generally positive reviews and included U2s first single to receive airplay on US radio, I Will Follow. It peaked at number 52 in the UK and number 63 in the US, the albums release was followed by the groups first tour of continental Europe and the US, the Boy Tour. In 2003, the album was included at number 417 on Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, in 2008, a remastered edition of Boy was released. Originally, Joy Division producer Martin Hannett was penciled in to produce the album, Boy was recorded at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin from July to September 1980, with Steve Lillywhite producing. Lillywhite had first come to prominence for his work on the 1978s debut single of Siouxsie, U2, who listened to Siouxsie and the Banshees, used Lillywhites skills to add the distinctive glockenspiel part on I Will Follow. The drums were recorded in the stairwell of the reception area due to Lillywhites desire to achieve this wonderful clattery sound. They had to wait until the receptionist went home in the evenings as the phone rang through the day, some of the songs, including An Cat Dubh and The Ocean, were written and recorded at the studio. Many of the songs were taken from the bands 40-song repertoire at the time, including Stories for Boys, Out of Control, guitarist the Edge recorded all the songs using his natural stained Gibson Explorer. He drew inspiration from music he was listening to at the time, including Television and Siouxsie, I Will Follow focused on the trauma of the early death of Bonos mother when he was a young teenager. Boy was originally released on 20 October 1980, the model boy on the cover is Peter Rowen (brother of Bonos friend, Guggi. He also appeared on the covers of Three, War, The Best of 1980–1990, the photographer, Hugo McGuiness, and the sleeve designer, Steve Averill, went on to work on several more U2 album covers. The image was changed to a picture of the band for the American and Canadian release. Sandy Porter is credited as the photographer for the American cover, however, the photo of Rowen appeared on the inner sleeve of the album in the US and Canada
Boy (album)
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Boy
45.
October (U2 album)
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October is the second studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and released on 12 October 1981 on Island Records, inspired by Bonos, the Edges, and Larry Mullen Jr. s memberships in a Christian group called the Shalom Fellowship, the record features spiritual and religious themes. Their involvement with Shalom Fellowship led them to question the relationship between the Christian faith and the rock and roll lifestyle, and threatened to break up the group. After completing the Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material for October, just as they did for their debut album, Boy, from the previous year, the group recorded at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing. The sessions were complicated by Bonos loss of a briefcase containing in-progress lyrics for the new songs, forcing a hurried, October was preceded by the release of lead single Fire in July 1981, while a second single, Gloria, coincided with the album release. The record received mixed reviews and limited radio play, in 2008, a remastered edition of October was released. After completing their Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material and they wrote part of October during an extended sound check at First Avenue in Minneapolis. The band entered the studio in July 1981 to record October, the band already booked studio time through the end of August and thus had to continue recording in spite of this, even improvising lyrics on some songs. Bono said of the process of October, I remember the pressure it was made under, I remember writing lyrics on the microphone. Lillywhite was pacing up and down the studio, and the ironic thing about October is that theres a sort of peace about the album, even though it was recorded under that pressure. A lot of people found October hard to accept at first, I mean and its a powerful word, its lovely to say. Its implying more than get up and dance, baby, I think October goes into areas that most rock n roll bands ignore. When I listen to the album, something like Tomorrow, it moves me. The briefcase was recovered in October 2004, and Bono greeted its return as an act of grace. The record placed an emphasis on religion and spirituality, particularly in the songs Gloria, With a Shout, about the album, Bono declared in 2005, Can you imagine your second album—the difficult second album—its about God. The songs mainly refine U2s formula of riff-rockers with songs such as Gloria and Rejoice, in particular, guitarist The Edge incorporates piano in songs such as I Fall Down, Stranger In a Strange Land, Scarlet, and October. Tomorrow, a lament to Bonos mother, who died when he was young, borrows the riff from Cry, an older song the band has used as an introduction to The Electric Co. live. October was released on 12 October 1981, both of the albums two singles preceded the albums release, Fire and Gloria were released as singles in July and October 1981, respectively
October (U2 album)
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October
46.
War (U2 album)
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War is the third studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and was released on 28 February 1983 on Island Records, U2 recorded the album from September–November 1982 at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing, the groups third consecutive album made at the studio with the producer. Musically, it is also harsher than the previous releases. The album has been described as the record where the band turned pacifism itself into a crusade, War was a commercial success for the band, knocking Michael Jacksons Thriller from the top of the charts to become the bands first number-one album in the UK. It reached number 12 in the US and became their first gold-certified album there, while poorly received by British critics at the time of release, War has since gained critical acclaim. In 2012, the album was ranked number 223 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the group supported the album with the War Tour through the end of 1983. In August 1982, Bono and Ali honeymooned in Jamaica and it has been noted that it was not a typical honeymoon, as Bono reportedly worked on the lyrics for the upcoming album. The lyrics to New Years Day had its origins in a love song Bono wrote for his wife, the band began recording the album in September 1982 at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin with producer Steve Lillywhite, their third consecutive record at the studio with the producer. The albums opener, Sunday Bloody Sunday, an ardent protest song, stems from a guitar riff, following an argument with his girlfriend, and a period of doubt in his own song-writing abilities, the Edge – feeling depressed. Channeled fear and frustration and self-loathing into a piece of music, Early versions of the song opened with the line, Dont talk to me about the rights of the IRA, UDA. After Bono had reworked the lyrics, the band recorded the song, the opening drum pattern soon developed into the songs hook. A local violinist, Steve Wickham, approached the Edge one morning at a bus stop, in the studio for only half a day, Wickhams electric violin became the final instrumental contribution to the song. During the sessions for Sunday Bloody Sunday, Lillywhite encouraged drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. to use a click track, a chance meeting with Andy Newmark – a drummer who used a click track religiously – changed Mullens mind. Mullen used the track to stay in time for other songs on the album. Mullen said of the album in a 1983 interview, I think the drumming has always been pretty simple, for War I use a click track, something I havent used before, its a way of keeping time in my headphones. When I listened to the music in time with the click track I knew I had to bring it down to the real basics, hopefully for the next LP it will be more complicated, Ill move on. I think of it as a progression for myself because I learned a lot recording this album, just about my own style. I think there is a style on War where there isnt on the previous albums
War (U2 album)
–
War
47.
The Unforgettable Fire
–
The Unforgettable Fire is the fourth studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 1 October 1984, the band wanted a different musical direction following the harder-hitting rock of their 1983 album War. They employed Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois to produce and assist in experimenting with a more ambient, the resulting change in direction was at the time the bands most dramatic. Recording began in May 1984 at Slane Castle, where the band lived, wrote, the album was completed in August 1984 at Windmill Lane Studios. It features atmospheric sounds and lyrics that lead vocalist Bono describes as sketches, two songs feature lyrical tributes to Martin Luther King Jr. The Unforgettable Fire received generally favourable reviews from critics and produced the bands biggest hit at the time, Pride, as well as the live favourite Bad, a 25th Anniversary edition of the album was released in October 2009. The title is a reference to The Unforgettable Fire—an art exhibit about the bombing of Hiroshima. The band saw the exhibit in November 1983 in Japan while on the War Tour, U2 feared that following the overt rock of their 1983 War album and War Tour, they were in danger of becoming another shrill, sloganeering arena-rock band. The success of the 1983 Under a Blood Red Sky live album, as bassist Adam Clayton recalls, We were looking for something that was a bit more serious, more arty. The band had recorded their first three albums with producer Steve Lillywhite, and rather than create the son of War, they sought experimentation, both Lillywhite and the band agreed that it was time for a change of producers and not to repeat the same formula. The band had considered using Jimmy Iovine to produce a new record, however, they found their early musical ideas for the album to be too European for an American producer. They also considered approaching Conny Plank, whose credits included Can and Kraftwerk. Guitarist The Edge had an appreciation of musician Brian Enos work. The band were fond of his work with Talking Heads. Having never worked with such as U2s, Eno was also initially reluctant. When the band played him Under a Blood Red Sky, his eyes glazed over, Eno had brought along his engineer Daniel Lanois to his meeting with U2 intending to recommend Lanois work with the band instead. Enos earlier doubts were resolved by Bonos power of persuasion and his perception of what he called U2s lyrical soul in abundance. Eno commented that the band were struggling against it as if they were frightened of being overpowered by some softness
The Unforgettable Fire
–
The first phase of recording took place in
Slane Castle.
The Unforgettable Fire
–
The Unforgettable Fire
48.
The Joshua Tree
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The Joshua Tree is the fifth studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 9 March 1987 on Island Records, inspired by American tour experiences, literature, and politics, U2 chose America as a theme for the record. Recording began in January 1986 in Ireland, and to foster a relaxed, creative atmosphere, Recording was completed in November 1986, additional production continued into January 1987. Throughout the sessions, U2 sought a cinematic quality for the record, one that would evoke a sense of location, in particular and they represented this in the sleeve photography depicting them in American desert landscapes. The Joshua Tree received critical acclaim, topped the charts in over 20 countries, according to Rolling Stone, the album increased the bands stature from heroes to superstars. The album won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1988, the group supported the record with the Joshua Tree Tour throughout 1987. Frequently featured on lists of the greatest records, The Joshua Tree is one of the worlds best-selling albums. U2 commemorated the records 20th anniversary with a remastered re-release, and its 30th anniversary with announcements of a concert tour. In 2014, it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the US Library of Congress, before The Joshua Tree, U2 had released four studio albums and were an internationally successful band, particularly as a live act having toured every year in the 1980s. The groups stature and the anticipation for a new album grew following their 1984 record The Unforgettable Fire, their subsequent tour. U2 began writing new material in mid-1985 following the Unforgettable Fire Tour, I saw the spoiled child of the Western world. I started thinking, They may have a desert. And thats what attracted me to the desert as a symbol of some sort, in 1985, Bono participated in Steven Van Zandts anti-apartheid Sun City project and spent time with musicians Keith Richards and Mick Jagger. When Richards and Jagger played blues, Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre, Bono realised that U2 had no tradition, and he felt as if they were from outer space. This inspired him to write the blues-influenced song Silver and Gold, nascent friendships with Bob Dylan, Van Morrison and Richards encouraged Bono to look back to rocks roots and to focus on his skills as a songwriter and lyricist. He explained, I used to think that writing words was old-fashioned, I wrote words on the microphone. For The Joshua Tree, I felt the time had come to words that meant something. Dylan told Bono of his own debt to Irish music, while Bono further demonstrated his interest in music traditions in his duet with Irish Celtic, the group referred to this approach as working within the primary colours of rock music—guitar, bass, and drums
The Joshua Tree
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Brian Eno and
Daniel Lanois produced the album, their second time working with U2.
The Joshua Tree
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The Joshua Tree
The Joshua Tree
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Sting and Bono performing during
A Conspiracy of Hope. U2's appearance on the tour helped them focus their new material.
The Joshua Tree
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In August 1986, U2 moved recording of the album to
Windmill Lane Studios (pictured in 2008).
49.
Rattle and Hum
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Rattle and Hum is the sixth studio album by Irish rock band U2, and a companion rockumentary film directed by Phil Joanou, both released in 1988. The film and the album feature live recordings, covers, to a greater extent than on their previous album, The Joshua Tree, the band explores American roots music and incorporates elements of blues rock, folk rock, and gospel music in their sound. The motion picture was filmed primarily in the United States in late 1987 during The Joshua Tree Tour, although Rattle and Hum was intended to represent the band paying tribute to rock legends, some critics accused U2 of trying to place themselves amongst the ranks of these artists. While critical reception was mixed, the album was a success, reaching the number one spot in several countries. While in Hartford during the 1987 The Joshua Tree Tour, U2 met film director Phil Joanou who made a pitch to the band to make a feature-length documentary about the tour. Joanou suggested they hire Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme, or George Miller to direct the film, Joanou met the band again in Dublin to discuss the plans and again in France in September before the band chose him as director. The movie was originally titled U2 in the Americas and the band planned to film in Chicago and it was later decided that the Chicago venue wasnt suitable, and instead U2 used the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver to film. Following the success of Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky, which had filmed in Denver four years earlier. With production problems and estimated costs of $1.2 million the band cancelled the plans for December concerts in South America, at the suggestions of concert promoter, Barry Fey, the band instead booked the Sun Devil Stadium in Arizona. The movie is a rockumentary, which was financed by the band. After going over budget, the film was bought by Paramount Pictures and released in theatres in 1988 and it was produced by Michael Hamlyn and directed by Phil Joanou. Paul Wasserman served as the publicist and it incorporates live footage with studio outtakes and band interviews. The album is a mix of material and new studio recordings that furthers the bands experimentation with American music styles and recognises many of their musical influences. It was produced by Jimmy Iovine and also released in 1988, the title, Rattle and Hum, is taken from a lyric from Bullet the Blue Sky, the fourth track on The Joshua Tree. Several vinyl copies have the message We Love You A. L. K. Etched into side one, a reference to the production manager Anne Louise Kelly. The album opens with a cover of The Beatles Helter Skelter. Its inclusion on the album was intended by the band to reflect the confusion of The Joshua Tree Tour, Bono opens Helter Skelter with this statement, this is a song Charles Manson stole from The Beatles
Rattle and Hum
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Rattle and Hum
Rattle and Hum
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Theatrical release poster
50.
Achtung Baby
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Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 18 November 1991 on Island Records, thematically, Achtung Baby is darker, more introspective, and at times more flippant than their previous work. Seeking inspiration from German reunification, U2 began recording Achtung Baby at Berlins Hansa Studios in October 1990, the sessions were fraught with conflict, as the band argued over their musical direction and the quality of their material. After tensions and slow progress nearly prompted the group to disband, morale and productivity improved during subsequent recording sessions in Dublin, where the album was completed in 1991. To confound the publics expectations of the band and their music, U2 chose the records facetious title and colourful multi-image sleeve. Achtung Baby is one of U2s most successful records, it received reviews and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 Top Albums. Five songs were released as singles, all of which were chart successes, including One, Mysterious Ways. The album has sold 18 million copies worldwide and won a Grammy Award in 1993 for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Achtung Baby has since been acclaimed by writers and music critics as one of the greatest albums of all time. The record was reissued in October 2011 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of its original release, U2s high exposure and their reputation for being overly serious led to accusations of grandiosity and self-righteousness. By the bands 1989 Lovetown Tour, they had become bored with playing their greatest hits. U2 believe that audiences misunderstood the groups collaboration with blues musician B. B. King on Rattle and Hum and the Lovetown Tour, and they described it as an excursion down a dead-end street. Bono said that, in retrospect, listening to black music enabled the group to create a work such as Achtung Baby, while their experiences with folk music helped him to develop as a lyricist. Towards the end of the Lovetown Tour, Bono announced on-stage that it was the end of something for U2, following the tour, the group began, what was at the time, their longest break from public performances and album releases. Reacting to their own sense of stagnation and to their critics. They wrote God Part II from Rattle and Hum after realising they had excessively pursued nostalgia in their songwriting, the song had a more contemporary feel that Bono said was closer to Achtung Babys direction. Much of the material they wrote was experimental, and according to Bono, ideas deemed inappropriate for the play were put aside for the bands use. During this period, Bono and the Edge began increasingly writing songs together without Mullen or bassist Adam Clayton, in mid-1990, Bono reviewed material he had written in Australia on the Lovetown Tour, and the group recorded demos at STS Studios in Dublin. The demos later evolved into the songs Whos Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses, Until the End of the World, Even Better Than the Real Thing, and Mysterious Ways
Achtung Baby
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Prior to recording Achtung Baby,
The Edge and
Bono (pictured in 2009) began working more closely together on songwriting without the other band members.
Achtung Baby
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Achtung Baby
Achtung Baby
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The initial recording sessions took place at Berlin's
Hansa Studios in late 1990 in a former
SS ballroom.
Achtung Baby
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Bono as his alter ego "The Fly" in 1992. He conceived this character during the band's sessions in Dublin.
