1.
Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
2.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City is a particular church of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in the midwestern region of the United States. Its ecclesiastical territory includes 46 counties in western Oklahoma, the Most Reverend Paul Stagg Coakley is the current archbishop. As such, he is the metropolitan of the province which includes the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City, the Diocese of Tulsa. Previously the bishop of the Diocese of Salina in Kansas, Archbishop Coakley was appointed to Oklahoma City on December 16,2010, the diocese had its roots through French Benedictine monks who entered Indian Territory in 1875 to establish a Catholic presence. The Diocese of Oklahoma City was established in 1905 with Belgian Theophile Meerschaert as its first bishop, St. Josephs Church in downtown Oklahoma City served the diocese as its first cathedral until Our Lady of Perpetual Help replaced it in 1931. In the 1930s the name was changed to the Diocese of Oklahoma City and it first achieved international attention when, in 1949, it became home to the National Shrine of the Infant Jesus of Prague. † Francis Kelley, Bishop, died in office, † Eugene J. McGuinness, Bishop of Oklahoma City-Tulsa, died in office. Named coadjutor bishop of Oklahoma City-Tulsa on November 11,1944, † Victor Reed, Bishop of Oklahoma City-Tulsa, died in office. Was consecrated a bishop on March 5,1958, john R. Quinn, Bishop of Oklahoma City-Tulsa, Archbishop of Oklahoma City, appointed archbishop of San Francisco on February 16,1977, installed on April 26, resigned on December 27,1995. Paul Stagg Coakley, Archbishop † = deceased The official news, Bishop McGuinness High School, Oklahoma City Mount St. Mary High School, Oklahoma City Cristo Rey High School, Oklahoma City St. Gregorys University official website
3.
Eusebius J. Beltran
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Eusebius Joseph Beltran is an American prelate. He served as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma from 1993 until 2010, prior to his appointment to Oklahoma City, Beltran was bishop of the Diocese of Tulsa, Oklahoma from 1978 to 1992. Beltran was ordained in 1960 and did pastoral and curial work in the Archdiocese of Atlanta until 1978 and he also participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 during the civil rights movement. Eusebius Beltran was born in Ashley, Pennsylvania, to Joseph and his father was a Spanish immigrant and coal miner, who later died of black lung disease. He was raised in Wilkes Barre and attended Marymount School and he took the name Joseph as his confirmation name. Beltrans father later moved the family to Georgia in search of employment, aspiring to become a missionary, he became a seminarian for the Diocese of Savannah following his graduation from high school. Beltran returned to Pennsylvania for eight years, studying at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook and he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Francis Hyland on May 14,1960, for the Diocese of Atlanta, which had been formed in 1956. Beltran then did pastoral and curial work in the Atlanta diocese until 1978 and he also participated in the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 during the civil rights movement. On February 28,1978, Beltran was appointed Bishop of Tulsa, Oklahoma and he was consecrated on April 20 by Archbishop Charles Salatka, with Archbishop Thomas Donnellan and Bishop Andrew McDonald serving as co-consecrators. His mother, Helen, died shortly afterwards, on November 24,1992, Beltran was elevated to the position of Archbishop of Oklahoma City by Pope John Paul II. He was installed on January 22,1993, Beltran continues to perform works of charity. Beltrans sermons were featured in number of the newspaper during his reign. Therefore he deserves no recognition at a Catholic institution, upon reaching his 75th birthday in 2009, Beltran submitted to the Vatican a letter of resignation, as required by Catholic canon law. His request was accepted on December 16,2010, during a conference at which his successor, Bishop Paul Stagg Coakley of the Diocese of Salina. The installation of Archbishop Coakley took place on February 11,2011, in 1999, Catholic priest James Francis Rapp was arrested and plead no contest to sexually abusing two boys in Duncan, Oklahoma. During a subsequent civil trial, it was discovered that Beltran knew about Rapps prior history of abuse as early as 1994, Beltran received medical documents and psychiatric evaluations of Rapp that advised the priest should not be allowed to work with children. Archive of Homilies of Archbishop Beltran
4.
Eugene John Gerber
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Eugene John Gerber is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Dodge City from 1976 to 1982, eugene Gerber was born in Kingman, Kansas, to Cornelius and Lena Gerber. The fourth of seven children, he has two brothers, Jerome and Larry, and four sisters, Kathleen, Helen, Leola, at his baptism on May 1,1931, the officiating priest predicted to Gerbers father, Some day this boy will become a priest. He was raised on a farm in Waterloo, and entered Immaculate Conception Seminary in Conception, Missouri, two years later, he transferred to Kingman High School, where he was known as a Frank Sinatra look-alike and graduated in 1949. Gerber studied accounting at Wichita State University before returning to Immaculate Conception Seminary and he became a subdeacon and later deacon in 1958. Gerber was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Mark Carroll on May 19,1959, in 1962, he became an instructor at Notre Dame High School, teaching algebra and religion, and working as a guidance counselor. He also served as moderator of the Catholic Youth Organization, in May 1963, Gerber was named Assistant Chancellor for the Diocese of Wichita and associate pastor of Holy Savior Church. He also earned a Bachelors Education from Wichita State in June 1963, in addition to his role as Assistant Chancellor, Gerber became secretary to Bishop Leo Bryne and associate pastor of St. Thomas Aquinas Church in August 1964. He was later made Vice Chancellor of the diocese, business manager of the diocesan newspaper, in 1969, Gerber was appointed to the Governing Board of the Holy Family Center for the mentally disabled. He became diocesan director of the Cursillo movement in 1970, continuing as Chancellor, he served as pastor of Blessed Sacrament Church from 1973 to 1975. In October 1975, he was sent to Rome to undertake his studies in theology. He received a Licentiate of Sacred Theology summa cum laude from the Angelicum, upon his return to the United States in February 1976, he resumed his work as Chancellor, as well as becoming chaplain to the Sisters of St. Joseph and Vicar for Religious. On October 16,1976, Gerber was appointed the third Bishop of Dodge City by Pope Paul VI and he received his episcopal consecration on the following December 14 from Bishop David Maloney, with Bishops Marion Forst and Richard Hanifen serving as co-consecrators. After Ignatius J. Strecker, Gerber is the native of the Wichita diocese to become a bishop. He was formally installed as Bishop the next day, on December 15 and he served on the National Conference of Catholic Bishops Ad Hoc Committee on Parish Renewal for four years. Gerber was later named the sixth Bishop of Wichita on November 17,1982, within the next twenty days, both of his parents died. Gerber was installed on February 9,1983 and he received Thomas J. Olmsted as a coadjutor bishop in April 1999, and resigned as Bishop on October 4,2001. He has since served as a chaplain to the Discalced Carmelite Sisters, locally, Bishop Gerber served on the Board of Directors for the Wichita Urban League, the Board of Via Christi Health Systems, HopeNet, Kansas Foodbank Warehouse, Inc. and Wichita Grand Opera
5.
James Patrick Keleher
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James Patrick Keleher is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Belleville and Archbishop of Kansas City, James Keleher was born on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, to James and Rita Keleher. His mother was born in County Kerry, Ireland, and came to Chicago in the 1920s and his father was a salesman for Will & Baumer Candle Company, a liturgical candle manufacturer. He belonged to St. Felicitas Church, and briefly considered a career as a firefighter as child, after attending Mount Carmel High School for one year, he entered Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary, from where he graduated in 1951. He then studied philosophy and theology at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary in Mundelein, at age 26, Keleher was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Samuel Stritch on April 12,1958. He then continued his studies at Mundelein until 1962, when he obtained a Doctorate in Sacred Theology with a dissertation on the writings of St. Augustine, in addition to his studies, he served as chaplain and confessor to the Benedictine Sisters of Perpetual Adoration. In 1962 he was named a pastor at St. Henrys Church in the Rogers Park section of Chicago. In addition to his duties, Keleher was academic dean and teacher of religion. He then served as dean of formation at Niles College and at Mundelein Seminary, during this period, he also furthered his studies in spiritual theology at Rome. In 1978 he was named president and rector of Mundelein Seminary, on October 23,1984, Keleher was appointed the sixth Bishop of Belleville by Pope John Paul II. He received his consecration on the following December 11 from Cardinal Joseph Bernardin, with Bishops William Michael Cosgrove. Following the retirement of Archbishop Ignatius Jerome Strecker, Keleher was named the third Archbishop of Kansas City, Kansas and he was installed at the Cathedral of St. Peter the Apostle on the following September 8. After eleven years as archbishop, he resigned on January 15,2005
6.
George Kinzie Fitzsimons
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George Kinzie Fitzsimons was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Salina from 1984 to 2004, George Fitzsimons was born in Kansas City, Missouri, to George K. and Margaret Mary Fitzsimons, both native Kansans. He belonged to St. Francis Xavier Church as a child, various lay ministries that were expanded and developed included Liturgists, Religious Education Coordinators, Youth ministers, Ministers to the elderly and Pastoral Assistants. In 1952-53, before joining the priesthood, Lt Fitzsimons served as an aviator with US NAVY Patrol Squadron VP49. After serving in the U. S. Air Force and briefly in business, Fitzsimons was ordained a priest by Bishop John Cody on March 18,1961. He then served as a pastor, high school teacher, college chaplain. On May 20,1975, Fitzsimons was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Kansas City-St, joseph and Titular Bishop of Pertusa by Pope Paul VI. Fitzsimons was named the eighth Bishop of Salina, Kansas, on March 28,1984 and he was serving as pastor of Christ the King Church in Kansas City at the time of his appointment. He was installed by Archbishop Strecker at Sacred Heart Cathedral, Salina on the following May 29 and he initiated the RENEW parish spiritual growth program. Marymount College closed in 1989 because of financial difficulties, due to a declining population and priest shortage, he was also forced to merge several parishes but did erect St. Nicholas of Myra Church in Hays and St. Thomas More Church in Manhattan. After reaching the retirement age of 75, Bishop Fitzsimons resigned as Bishop on October 21,2004. Bishop Emeritus Fitzsimons then resided at St. Patrick Parish in Ogden, in 2008, his lower left leg was amputated due to a severe infection, he then used a prosthesis. He died at age 84 in Ogden on July 28,2013
7.
Norfolk, Virginia
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Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 242,803, in 2015, Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area, officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, the city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay. It also shares borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south. Norfolk is one of the oldest cities in Hampton Roads, and is considered to be the historic, urban, financial, the city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point. The largest Navy base in the world, Naval Station Norfolk, is located in Norfolk along with one of NATOs two Strategic Command headquarters. As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property, including beaches on the Chesapeake Bay. It is linked to its neighbors by a network of Interstate highways, bridges, tunnels. In 1619, the Governor of the Virginia Colony, Sir George Yeardley incorporated four jurisdictions, termed citties and these formed the basis for colonial representative government in the newly minted House of Burgesses. What would become Norfolk was put under the Elizabeth Cittie incorporation, in 1634 King Charles I reorganized the colony into a system of shires. The former Elizabeth Cittie became Elizabeth City Shire, after persuading 105 people to settle in the colony, Adam Thoroughgood was granted a large land holding, through the head rights system, along the Lynnhaven River in 1636. When the South Hampton Roads portion of the shire was separated, one year later, it was split into two counties, Upper Norfolk and Lower Norfolk, chiefly on Thoroughgoods recommendation. This area of Virginia became known as the place of entrepreneurs, the House of Burgesses established the Towne of Lower Norfolk County in 1680. In 1691, a final county subdivision took place when Lower Norfolk County split to form Norfolk County, in 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. By 1775, Norfolk developed into what contemporary observers argued was the most prosperous city in Virginia and it was an important port for exporting goods to the British Isles and beyond. In part because of its merchants numerous trading ties with other parts of the British Empire, after fleeing the colonial capital of Williamsburg, Lord Dunmore, the Royal Governor of Virginia, tried to reestablish control of the colony from Norfolk. Dunmore secured small victories at Norfolk but was forced into exile by the American rebels and his departure brought an end to more than 168 years of British colonial rule in Virginia. On New Years Day,1776, Lord Dunmores fleet of three ships shelled the city of Norfolk for more than eight hours, the damage from the shells and fires started by the British and spread by the patriots destroyed over 800 buildings, almost two-thirds of the city
8.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina is a Roman Catholic diocese covering thirty-one counties in Kansas. The episcopal see is in Salina, Kansas and it was founded as the Diocese of Concordia on August 2,1887 and on December 23,1944, was renamed Diocese of Salina. Pope Benedict XVI named Monsignor Edward Joseph Weisenburger as the 11th Bishop of the Diocese of Salina on February 6,2012 and he was consecrated on May 1,2012. Johns Catholic High School, Beloit St. Diocese of Concordia
9.
Your Excellency
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Excellency is an honorific style given to certain members of an organisation or state. Generally people addressed as Excellency are heads of state, heads of government, governors, ambassadors, certain ecclesiastics, royalty, and others holding equivalent rank and the FIFA President. It is sometimes misinterpreted as a title of office in itself, in reference to such an official, it takes the form His or Her Excellency, in direct address, Your Excellency, or, less formally, simply Excellency. The abbreviation HE is often used instead of His/Her Excellency, alternatively it may stand for His/Her Eminence, in most republican nations, the head of state is formally addressed as His Excellency. If a republic has a head of government, that official is often addressed as Excellency as well. If the nation is a monarchy, however, the customs may vary, in the case of Australia, all ambassadors, high commissioners, governors and the governor-general and their spouses are entitled to the use of Excellency. Governors of colonies in the British Empire were entitled to be addressed as Excellency, in various international organizations, notably the UN and its agencies, Excellency is used as a generic form of address for all republican heads of state and heads of government. Judges of the International Court of Justice are also called Your Excellency, in some monarchies the husbands, wives, or children, of a royal prince or princess, who do not possess a princely title themselves, may be entitled to the style. For example, in Spain spouses or children of a born infante or infanta are addressed as Excellency, also, former members of a royal house or family, who did have a royal title but forfeited it, may be awarded the style afterwards. Examples are former husbands or wives of a prince or princess, including Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg. In some emirates, only the Emir, heir apparent and prime minister are called His Highness and their children are styled with the lower treatment of His/Her Excellency. In Spain members of the nobility, holding the dignity of grandee, are addressed as The Most Excellent Lord/Lady. Some of the high ranking counts, Excellency can also attach to a prestigious quality, notably in an order of knighthood. By a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Ceremonial of 31 December 1930 the Holy See granted bishops of the Roman Catholic Church the title of Most Reverend Excellency. In the years following the First World War, the title of Excellency. The adjective Most Reverend was intended to distinguish the title from that of Excellency given to civil officials. The instruction Ut sive sollicite of the Holy Sees Secretariat of State, dated 28 March 1969, cardinals, even those who were bishops, continued to use the title of Eminence. In some English-speaking countries, the honorific of Excellency does not apply to other than the nuncio
10.
Archbishop
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In Christianity, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In some cases, like the Lutheran Church of Sweden, it is the denomination leader title, an archbishop may be granted the title, or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached. Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which the bishop who is the ordinary of one of them has certain powers and he is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. As well as the more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Roman Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank. In some cases, such a see is the one in a country, such as Luxembourg or Monaco. In others, the title of archdiocese is for reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance. Some of these archdioceses are suffragans of a metropolitan archdiocese, an example is the Archdiocese of Avignon, which is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille, Another such example is the Archdiocese of Trnava, Slovakia. Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese and these are usually aggregated to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the Archdiocese of Hobart in Australia, associated with the Metropolitan ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, the ordinary of such an archdiocese is an archbishop, however, especially in the Anglican Communion, not all archbishops dioceses are called archdioceses. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of the see is considered sufficient, the rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head, the bishop transferred is then known as the Archbishop-Bishop of his new see. An example is Gianfranco Gardin, appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso on 21 December 2009, the title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for titular sees as well as for residential ones, the Annuario Pontificio marks titular sees of the former class with the abbreviation Metr. and the others with Arciv. Many of the sees to which nuncios and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the title of archbishop. They are usually referred to as Archbishop of the see, not as its Archbishop-Bishop, until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see. There can be several Archbishops Emeriti of the see, the 2008 Annuario Pontificio listed three living Archbishops Emeriti of Taipei. There is no Archbishop Emeritus of a see, an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see
11.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
12.
Prelate
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A prelate is a high-ranking member of the clergy who is an ordinary or who ranks in precedence with ordinaries. The word derives from the Latin prælatus, the past participle of præferre, which means carry before, be set above or over or prefer, hence, the archetypal prelate is a bishop, whose prelature is his particular church. All other prelates, including the regular prelates such as abbots and it equally applies to Cardinals and certain Superior Prelates of the Offices of the Roman Curia who are not bishops, such as the auditors of the Holy Roman Rota and Protonotaries Apostolic. All these enjoy the title of monsignor. ”, at present, the only Personal Prelature in the Catholic Church is that of Opus Dei, founded by St. Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer in 1928 and raised to the status of a personal prelature in 1982. In the Armenian Apostolic Church, prelate refers to a diocesan bishop, a territorial prelature is, in Roman Catholic usage, a prelate whose geographic jurisdiction, called territorial prelature, does not belong to any diocese. As of 2013, there were 44 territorial prelatures, all in the Latin Church, the term also is used in a generic sense, in which case it may equally refer to an apostolic prefecture, an apostolic vicariate or a territorial abbacy. The institution was later reaffirmed in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, such a prelature is an institution having clergy and lay members which would carry out specific pastoral activities. Personal prelatures are fundamentally secular organizations operating in the world, whereas religious institutes are religious organizations operating out of the world, the first personal prelature is Opus Dei, which was elevated to a personal prelature by Pope John Paul II in 1982 through the Apostolic constitution Ut sit. Catholic Church hierarchy § Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law Ordinariate for the faithful of eastern rite Personal ordinariate
13.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
14.
Metairie, Louisiana
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Metairie is a census-designated place in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States and is a major part of the New Orleans Metropolitan Area. Metairie is the largest community in Jefferson Parish and the fifth-largest CDP in the United States and it is an unincorporated area that would be Louisianas fourth-largest city if it were incorporated. The zip codes that serve the community are 70001-70006, métairie is the French term for a small tenant farm which paid the landlord with a share of the produce, also known as sharecropping. In the 1760s, many of the original French farmers were tenants, after the US Civil War, the Acolapissa Native Americans used this ridge as a road, and it is the oldest road in the New Orleans area. Paved in the 1920s, it is called Metairie Road, an electric streetcar was installed running along Metairie Road in the late 1910s, opening the area to greater development. Upscale housing tracts were constructed off the road in the 1920s and it is today the most prestigious area of Metairie. The areas to the north and northwest of Metairie Road were not developed until after World War II, the land between Metairie Ridge and Lake Pontchartrain, which was cypress swamps and marshlands, was drained with the Wood Pump. With development of new land for residences, Metairies population grew in the 1940s as a result of cheaper land, lower taxes. In 1990, Metairie made history when one of its districts elected white supremacist David Duke to the Louisiana state legislature for a single term. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused a new migration from Orleans Parish and it has been a racially neutral migration, with equal numbers of black and white residents moving to Jefferson Parish. The 2010 Census showed that Metairie has increasingly become more diverse, Veterans Boulevard was laid out alongside a drainage canal, and became a commercial center of the region. The Central Business District of Metairie is located on Causeway Blvd near Lake Pontchartrain, Metairie also has one of the handful of major malls located in the New Orleans metro area. Lakeside Shopping Center is the mall in the New Orleans metropolitan area. In the 1970s and early 1980s, an area of bars, Fat City is now the most racially diverse area in the New Orleans Metropolitan Area and is home to a vibrant restaurant scene. Several New Orleans radio and television stations have transmitter facilities in Metairie and Jefferson Parish, Metairie has a large Mardi Gras season that touts itself as more family-friendly than the New Orleans Mardi Gras. The 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane with winds of 125 mph directly hit Metairie, much of the community was under six feet of water. Hurricane Betsy, a category three storm, hit the area in 1965, causing wind damage and moderate flooding. On August 29,2005, Metairie was hit hard by the effects of Hurricane Katrina, including widespread wind damage
15.
Overland Park, Kansas
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Overland Park /ˈoʊvərlənd ˈpɑːrk/ is the second most populous city in the U. S. state of Kansas. Located in Johnson County, it is also the second most populous city in the Kansas City metropolitan area, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 173,372. One of those subdivisions was named Overland Park, and was the site for the first airplane flight west of the Mississippi with shows by the Wright brothers, sponsored by Strang, the city was incorporated as a first class city on May 20,1960. Its initial population was 28,085 and was bounded by Antioch Road, 107th Street, Chadwick, by 1990 the population was 111,790 and in 1995 the incorporated land area was 56.6 square miles. Since 1995, the population has grown to 173,250 in 2008 with 75.33 square miles of land area, Overland Park is now the second most populous city in Kansas. In early 2008, the city voted to annex an additional 15 square miles south of existing city limits. The annexation was approved for an additional 8 miles and went into effect March 10, after the annexation, the city spans nearly the entire distance between the northern and southern borders of Johnson County. The city lies on the edge of the Osage Plains a few miles south of the Kansas River. One of the tributaries, Turkey Creek, flows northeast through the extreme northern part of the city. South of Turkey Creek, the majority of the city lies in the watershed of the Blue River, several of the rivers tributaries run east-northeast across the city, from north to south, these include Indian Creek, Tomahawk Creek, and Negro Creek. In the far part of the city, two more tributaries, Coffee Creek and Wolf Creek, join to form the main stem of the Blue River itself. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 75.37 square miles of which 74.84 square miles is land and 0.53 square mile is water. As a suburb of Kansas City, Overland Park is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area, Most of Overland Park, specifically the part of it lying north of 159th Street, lies within the area of Johnson County referred to as Shawnee Mission. Overland Park lies in the zone between North Americas humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate zones, typically experiencing hot, humid summers and cold. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 173,372 people,71,443 households, the population density was 2,316.5 people per square mile. There were 76,280 housing units at a density of 1,019.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 84. 4% White,4. 3% African American,0. 3% American Indian,6. 3% Asian,2. 1% from other races, hispanics and Latinos of any race were 6. 3% of the population. 29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 3.04
16.
Shawnee Mission West High School
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Shawnee Mission West High School is a fully accredited public high school located in Overland Park, Kansas, United States, serving students in grades 9-12. Shawnee Mission West is one of public high schools located within Shawnee Mission. The official school colors are black and gold and the mascot is the Viking. Shawnee Mission West is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association, athletic teams compete in the 6A division and are known as the Vikings. Extracurricular activities are offered in the form of performing arts, school publications. Shawnee Mission West was established in 1962 due to the numbers of students from the Overland Park. Prior to its creation, the Shawnee Mission School District included Shawnee Mission North High School, students from North and East were given the opportunity to transfer to the new high school if they lived within the boundaries of the new high school. Since then, it has been remodeled several times, additions have also been made to the school, the most famous of which is the bridge, an actual bridge between halves of the school that later had classrooms added beneath it. The bridge now serves as a social and dining area for the students, the former principal, Dr. Karl Krawitz, was named the NEA III District Educator of the Year for 2004-2005. Shawnee Mission West is home to both a school newspaper, the EPIC, and yearbook, SAGA. Shawnee Mission West has a student body population that is 11% African-American, statistically, Shawnee Mission West is the most ethnically diverse high school in the county as well. Shawnee Mission West draws its student population from both Overland Park, Lenexa, and from a portion of Shawnee. The Vikings compete in the Sunflower League and are classified as a 6A school, throughout its history, Shawnee Mission West has won several state championships in various sports. Many graduates have gone on to participate in Division I, Division II, SM West won state championships in 1972,1985, and 2012 in football, in addition to runner-up finishes in 1977 and 2006. Of late, the SM West football team, and its Viking Power slogan have become a dominant force in class 6A football under head coach Tim Callaghan. In November 2006 the Vikings defeated Lawrence Free State High School in the Sub-State playoffs and they were the first Shawnee Mission school to reach the state championship game since West won in 1985. On November 24,2012, the Vikings won the rematch with the Hutchinson Salthawks 19-14 in Topeka, KS, in recent years, the girls tennis team has taken the region by storm. In 2006, the won the Sunflower League, which had been largely dominated by Shawnee Mission East for the past eight years
17.
University of Kansas
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The University of Kansas, often referred to as KU or Kansas, is a public research university in the U. S. state of Kansas. The main campus in Lawrence, one of the largest college towns in Kansas, is on Mount Oread, two branch campuses are in the Kansas City metropolitan area, the Edwards Campus in Overland Park, and the universitys medical school and hospital in Kansas City. There are also educational and research sites in Parsons, Topeka, Garden City, Hays, and Leavenworth, the university is one of the 62 members of the Association of American Universities. The university overall employed 2,814 faculty members in fall 2015, on February 20,1863, Kansas Governor Thomas Carney signed into law a bill creating the state university in Lawrence. The law was conditioned upon a gift from Lawrence of a $15,000 endowment fund, if Lawrence failed to meet these conditions, Emporia instead of Lawrence would get the university. The site selected for the university was a known as Mount Oread. Robinson and his wife Sara bestowed the 40-acre site to the State of Kansas in exchange for land elsewhere, the philanthropist Amos Adams Lawrence donated $10,000 of the necessary endowment fund, and the citizens of Lawrence raised the remaining cash by issuing notes backed by Governor Carney. On November 2,1863, Governor Carney announced that Lawrence had met the conditions to get the university. The schools Board of Regents held its first meeting in March 1865, work on the first college building began later that year. The university opened for classes on September 12,1866, during World War II, Kansas was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK,90.7 FM, and KANU,91.5 FM. The university is host to several including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum. The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses, the university offers more than 345 degree programs. In its 2017 list, U. S. News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 118th place among National Universities and 56th place among public universities. The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, uSN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U. S. universities. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920, in 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design was formed with three programs, architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering, the design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning. S in 2012. The University of Kansas School of Business is a business school on the main campus of the University of Kansas in Lawrence
18.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
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Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
20.
Consecrated life
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Consecrated life, in the canon law of the Catholic Church, is a stable form of Christian living by those faithful who are called to follow Jesus Christ in a more exacting way recognized by the Church. It is characterized by the profession of the evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity. The Benedictine vow as laid down in the Rule of Saint Benedict,58,17, is analogous to the more usual vow of religious institutes. Consecrated persons are not part of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, unless they are also ordained bishops and they led lives dedicated to God, each in his own way. Many of them, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, thus the Church, by virtue of her authority, gladly accepted and approved them. Consecrated life may be lived either in institutes or individually, while those living it are either clergy or lay people, the state of consecrated life is neither clerical nor lay by nature. Institutes of consecrated life are either religious institutes or secular institutes and they manifest to everyone the interior aspect of the mystery of the Church, that is, personal intimacy with Christ. Hidden from the eyes of men, the life of the hermit is a silent preaching of the Lord, here is a particular call to find in the desert, in the thick of spiritual battle, the glory of the Crucified One. Sacred virgins are one of oldest forms of consecrated life, and they share with the Church her own title of Virgin, Bride, and Mother and have a specifically spousal vocation with Jesus Christ. Consecrated virgins have come from all walks of life and their numbers include a Doctor of the Church, consecrated widows may be established who, like virgins, profess chastity apart from the world by a public profession. These women and men, through a vow of chastity as a sign of the Kingdom of God, consecrate their state of life in order to devote themselves to prayer. The Code of Canon Law and the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches envisage new forms of consecrated life being approved by the Holy See, societies of apostolic life are dedicated to pursuit of an apostolic purpose, such as educational or missionary work. They resemble institutes of consecrated life but are distinct from them, the members do not take religious vows, but live in common, striving for perfection through observing the constitutions of the society to which they belong. Some societies of apostolic life, but not all of them, although societies of apostolic life may in externals resemble religious life, a major distinction is that they are not themselves consecrated and their state of life does not change. Each major development in life, particularly in the Latin West. The Greek word for desert, eremos, gave this form of living the name eremitic life. Though the eremitic life would eventually be overshadowed by the far more numerous vocations to the cenobitic life, the Middle Ages saw the emergence of a variant of the hermit, the anchorite, and life in Carthusian and Camaldolese monasteries has an eremitic emphasis. The Greek Orthodox and the Russian Orthodox Churches have their own eremitic traditions, the eremitic life was apparently healthy for some, but led to imbalance in others
21.
Fontgombault Abbey
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In 1091, Pierre de lÉtoile founded a Benedictine monastery on the banks of the Creuse River, near the spring or fount of Gombaud. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the abbey experienced vigorous growth, the abbey was sacked and laid waste by the Calvinists in 1569. It was not restored until the end of the 17th century, in 1741, the Benedictine community, reduced to five members, was replaced by a community of Lazarists, who established a seminary and used it as a center for missions in the region. The buildings were destroyed during the French Revolution, when the monastery was nationalised. It was eventually bought back for religious uses in 1849 by the Trappists, in 1905, the Trappists were expelled from France under the Association Laws and the monastery was secularised and sold a second time. The purchaser was Louis Bonjean, who set up a factory in the premises. At his death in 1914, the buildings were put to use as a hospital for wounded soldiers of the Belgian army. The expelled Trappists went on to form the Monastery of Our Lady of Jordan, from 1919 to 1948, the buildings were used as a diocesan seminary, which eventually closed for lack of vocations. In 1948, the empty buildings were restored to the original purpose when 22 monks from Solesmes Abbey settled it afresh as a Benedictine community. Mass is celebrated in Latin using the traditional pre-Vatican II rite as in the 1962 Roman Missal, as Benedictines of the Solesmes Congregation, Gregorian chant is at the heart of the communitys liturgical practice, and recordings of the chant at Fontgombault are available at the abbey shop. Abbayes de Provence, Fontgombault Abbey Diocese of Bourges, webpage on Fontgombault Abbey
22.
Erlanger, Kentucky
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Erlanger is a home rule-class city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States. It had a 2010 census population of 18,368, Erlanger is part of the Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city was named after the Parisian family bank of Emile dErlanger, in current usage, the name is pronounced in an anglicized way, with neither a French nor German accent. Erlanger is commonly referenced as the E-Town or The E, nearby Elsmere was originally known as South Erlanger. Erlanger is located at 39°0′49″N 84°35′39″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.4 square miles, of which 8.3 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles is water. As of the 2000 census, there were 16,676 people,6,597 households, the population density was 2,002.4 people per square mile. There were 6,865 housing units at a density of 824.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 60% White, 27% African American,0. 02% Native American,0. 04% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 42% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 10% of the population. 28. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 4.09. In the city, the population was out with 26. 4% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,33. 0% from 25 to 44,20. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,835, and the median income for a family was $40,442. Males had an income of $21,585 versus $19,296 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,834, about 27. 0% of families and 29. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42. 0% of those under age 18 and 33. 6% of those age 65 or over. The Kenton County and Boone County lines intersect within Cherry Hill and this subdivision also is home to Cherry Hill Swim Club. Approximately one-half of the subdivision is within an area of Boone County. A large sector of the city known as North Central Erlanger commonly referred to the area between Erlanger Rd. near Super Bowl, and Rosary Dr. near Eagle Ridge Apartments. This area includes low income apartment housing such as Greenfield, Town & Country, Willow Glen and this is an impoverished area, far more than surrounding neighborhoods and cities
23.
Holy orders
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In the Christian churches, Holy Orders are ordained ministries such as bishop, priest or deacon. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament, the Anglo-Catholic tradition within Anglicanism identifies more with the Roman Catholic position about the sacramental nature of ordination. Denominations have varied conceptions of Holy Orders, in the Anglican churches and some Lutheran churches the traditional orders of bishop, priest and deacon are bestowed using ordination rites. The extent to which ordination is considered sacramental in these traditions has, however, many other denominations do not consider ministry as being sacramental in nature and would not think of it in terms of holy orders as such. Historically, the word order designated a civil body or corporation with a hierarchy. The word holy refers to the Church, in context, therefore, a holy order is set apart for ministry in the Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church considers ordination to be a Sacred Mystery, although all other mysteries may be performed by a presbyter, ordination may only be conferred by a bishop, and ordination of a bishop may only be performed by several bishops together. Cheirotonia always takes place during the Divine Liturgy and it was the mission of the Apostles to go forth into all the world and preach the Gospel, baptizing those who believed in the name of the Holy Trinity. In the Early Church those who presided over congregations were referred to variously as episcopos or presbyteros and this link is believed to continue in unbroken succession to this day. Over time, the ministry of bishops and presbyters or priests came to be distinguished, in Orthodox terminology, priesthood or sacerdotal refers to the ministry of bishops and priests. A bishop is the Teacher of the Faith, the carrier of Sacred Tradition, a bishop is consecrated through the laying on of hands by several bishops. The consecration of a bishop takes place near the beginning of the Liturgy, since a bishop can, in addition to performing the Mystery of the Eucharist, also ordain priests and deacons. Customarily, the consecrated bishop ordains a priest and a deacon at the Liturgy during which he is consecrated. A priest may serve only at the pleasure of his bishop, a bishop bestows faculties giving a priest chrism and an antimins, he may withdraw faculties and demand the return of these items. After the Aër is taken from the candidate to cover the chalice and diskos, the candidate is then taken to the southeast corner of the Holy Table and kneels on both knees, resting his forehead on the edge of the Holy Table. Afterwards, the bishop brings the newly ordained priest to stand in the Holy Doors and he then clothes the priest in each of his sacerdotal vestments, at each of which the people sing, Worthy. A deacon may not perform any Sacrament and performs no liturgical services on his own but serves only as an assistant to a priest and may not even vest without the blessing of a priest. After being vested as a deacon and given a liturgical fan, the Anglican churches hold their bishops to be in apostolic succession, although there is some difference of opinion with regard to whether ordination is to be regarded as a sacrament
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Deacon
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Deacon is a ministry in Christian Churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions. In many traditions the diaconate, the term for an office, is a clerical office. The word deacon is derived from the Greek word diákonos, which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning servant, waiting-man, minister, or messenger. One commonly promulgated speculation as to its etymology is that it literally means through the dust, female deacons are mentioned by Pliny the Younger in a letter to the emperor Trajan dated c. The title deaconess is not found in the Bible, however, a woman, Phoebe, is mentioned at Romans 16, 1–2 as a deacon of the church in Cenchreae. Nothing more specific is said about her duties or authority, the exact relationship between male and female deacons varies. A biblical description of the qualities required of a deacon, and of his household, can be found in 1 Timothy 3, prominent historical figures who played major roles as deacons and went on to higher office include Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, Thomas Becket and Reginald Pole. On June 8, A. D.536 a serving Roman deacon was raised to Pope and his father, Pope Agapetus, had died and the office had been vacant for over a month. The title is used for the president, chairperson, or head of a trades guild in Scotland. The diaconate is one of the orders in the Catholic, Anglican, Eastern Orthodox. The other major orders are those of bishop and presbyter, the diaconate continued in a vestigial form as a temporary, final step along the course toward ordination to priesthood. In Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, deacons assist priests in their pastoral and administrative duties and they have a distinctive role in the liturgy of the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church, deacons have a profound presence in the Divine Liturgy. In the Western Church, Pope St. Today, deacons are also granted permission to preach, beginning around the fifth century, there was a gradual decline in the permanent diaconate in the Latin church. It has however remained a part of the Eastern Catholic Churches. These men are known as permanent deacons in contrast to those continuing their formation, there is no sacramental or canonical difference between the two, however, as there is only one order of deacons. The permanent diaconate formation period in the Roman Catholic Church varies from diocese to diocese as it is determined by the local ordinary, although they are assigned to work in a parish by the diocesan bishop, once assigned, deacons are under the supervision of the parish pastor. Unlike most clerics, permanent deacons who also have a profession have no right to receive a salary for their ministry
25.
David Monas Maloney
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David Monas Maloney was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Wichita from 1967 to 1982, one of eight children, David Maloney was born in Littleton, Colorado, to James Edward and Margaret Maloney. His father was an engineer and later served as Mayor of Littleton, after graduating from Littleton High School, he studied at the University of Colorado and at St. Thomas Seminary in Denver, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1933. He then furthered his studies in Rome and earned a Licentiate of Sacred Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1937, Maloney was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani on December 8,1936. In 1940 he earned a doctorate in law from the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare. On November 5,1960, Maloney was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Denver and he received his episcopal consecration on January 4,1961 from Archbishop Egidio Vagnozzi, with Bishops Urban John Vehr and Hubert Newell serving as co-consecrators. Representing the ailing Bishop Vehr, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965, Maloney was named the fifth Bishop of Wichita, Kansas, by Pope Paul VI on December 2,1967. In 1969 he joined other Catholic bishops in Kansas in opposing changes in law that proposed allowing physicians to perform abortions in licensed and accredited hospitals. In 1977 he publicly declared that he would defy a city ordinance that prohibited discrimination in employment, housing, after fourteen years as bishop, Maloney resigned on July 16,1982. He later died at St. Francis Regional Medical Center in Wichita, aged 82
26.
Mount St. Mary's University
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Mount St. Marys University is a private, liberal arts, Catholic university in the Catoctin Mountains near historic Emmitsburg, Maryland. The university has more than 40 majors, minors, concentrations and special programs, the university also offers eight masters degree programs and six postgraduate certificate programs. The campus includes the second largest Catholic seminary in the United States, lay students can pursue a Master of Theology Arts at the seminary. Dr. Karl Einolf served briefly as acting university president, following the recent resignation of Mr. Simon Newman, the current, two-year interim president is Brigadier General Timothy Trainor PhD, former academic dean of the United States Military Academy. The seminarys rector and president is Monsignor Andrew R. Baker, the chancellor of the seminary is the current Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, the Most Reverend William E. Lori. Mount Saint Marys was founded by French émigré Father John DuBois, in 1805, Father DuBois bought land near Emmitsburg, Maryland on the mountain that Catholic colonists had christened St. Marys Mountain, and laid the cornerstone for Saint-Marys-on-the-Hill church. Parishioners from two local congregations built a one-story, two room log cabin for Father DuBois, and that cabin was the first structure of Mount Saint Marys, the church was completed in 1807. Father DuBois first opened a school for children. Then, in 1808, the Society of St. Sulpice closed Pigeon Hill, its seminary in Pennsylvania. This marked the beginning of Mount St. Marys. Father DuBois was appointed president of the college, Father Simon Bruté, whom President John Quincy Adams called the most learned man of his day in America, joined Mount St. Marys as teacher and vice-president in 1812. DuBois Hall, named for Father DuBois, was completed in 1826 in what had been a swampy thicket on the mountain, the first charter for a university was obtained in 1830. Until the early 1900s, Mount St. Marys also acted as a boarding school, some remnants of the boarding school, such as Bradley Hall, still exist. The Mount was known as Mount Saint Marys College and Seminary until June 7,2004, Elizabeth Ann Seton, founder of the Sisters of Charity and the first native born United States citizen to be canonized as a saint, came to Emmitsburg in 1809. She lived on the campus of Mount St. Marys while her own school was being built, for a while, she lived in the same log cabin that had been built for Father DuBois. In June 1809, Mother Seton established Saint Josephs Academy and Free School for girls and this school is considered to be the foundation of the entire Catholic parochial school system in the United States. Mother Seton wrote classroom textbooks and trained her Catholic sisters to become teachers, Saint Josephs Academy and Free School developed into Saint Joseph College High School, Saint Josephs High School, and Saint Joseph College, a four-year liberal arts college for women. There was a shared history between Saint Joseph and Mount St. Marys
27.
Emmitsburg, Maryland
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Emmitsburg is a town in Frederick County, Maryland, United States, just south of the Mason-Dixon line separating Maryland from Pennsylvania. Founded in 1785, Emmitsburg is the home of Mount St. Marys University, the Seton Shrine is one of the top eight Catholic pilgrimage destinations in the United States. The National Emergency Training Center campus is in Emmitsburg on the campus of Saint Joseph College. The campus includes the Emergency Management Institute, the National Fire Academy, the population as of the 2010 U. S Census was 2,814. The current mayor of Emmitsburg is Don Briggs, the current commissioners are Glenn Blanchard, Jennifer Mellor, Tim ODonnell, Joseph Ritz III and Cliff Sweeney. Emmitsburg was named for its founder, William Emmit in 1785, however, settlement preceded the town, particularly since British authorities restricted colonists expansion during and after the French and Indian War. The Toms Creek Methodist Church was founded in 1757 for the benefit of settlers in the area as well as travelers, in the same year, Lutherans led by pastor George Bager built a church, which they shared with a German Reformed congregation until 1798. After the American Revolutionary War, Catholic missionary Rev, jean Dubois established a mission church, and then seminary at Emmitsburg. Later Elizabeth Ann Seton established a convent, with a school, half the town was burned to the ground in a mysterious fire on the night of June 23. Folklore has it that The Great Fire, as it was known, was started by a Union sympathizer to prevent advancing Confederates from taking supplies from the town. However fate spared the town a battle between the forces, which instead took place 12 miles north of it in Pennsylvania near the town of Gettysburg. The town was held by the retreating Confederates on July 4. Emmitsburg is located at 39°42′17″N 77°19′31″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.52 square miles, all of it land. Emmitsburg is situated in the transition between the subtropical climate zone and the humid continental climate zone, with hot, humid summers. It is known for being located near the base of Catoctin Mountain, as of the census of 2010, there were 2,814 people,997 households, and 670 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,851.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 1,070 housing units at an average density of 703.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 0% White,2. 0% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 7% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 5% of the population. 26. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.22
28.
Chaplain
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The concepts of multifaith, secular, generic and/or humanist chaplaincy are also gaining increasing support, particularly within healthcare and educational settings. School chaplains are a fixture in religious and, more recently, in religious schools the role of the chaplain tends to be educational and liturgical. In secular schools the role of the chaplain tends to be that of a mentor, Chaplains provide care for students by supporting them during times of crisis or need. Many chaplains run programs to promote the welfare of students, staff and parents including programs to help deal with grief. Chaplains also build relationships with students by participating in extra activities such as breakfast programs, lunchtime groups. School chaplains can also liaise with external organisations providing support services for the school, with stagnant incomes and rising prices putting pressure on independent school budgets, cutting the post of school chaplain can seem an easy saving. In Australia chaplains in schools have, controversially, been funded by the federal government. Australian chaplains assist school communities to support the spiritual, social, Chaplaincy services are provided by non denominational companies. As of August 2013 there are 2339 chaplains working in Australian secular schools, similarly, in Scotland the focus of school chaplaincy is on welfare and building positive relationships joining students on excursions and sharing meals. Chaplains are also non-denominational and act as a link between the community and society. Like Australian chaplains it is expected that they will not proselytise, in Ireland chaplaincy takes a very different approach in which chaplains are expected to teach up to four hours of class instruction per week and are usually Catholic. Chaplaincy duties include visiting homes, religious services, retreats and celebrations, Chaplains often also oversee programs on campus that foster spiritual, ethical, religious, and political and cultural exchange, and the promotion of service. Each day communities respond to disasters or emergencies. Most often, these incidents are managed effectively at the local level, however, there are some incidents that may require a collaborative approach that includes personnel from,1. A combination of specialties or disciplines,3, Chaplain Fellowship Disaster Response certifies first responder chaplain for crisis and disaster response. At the scene of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City, for example, New York City Fire Department Chaplain Fr. Judge was killed by flying debris from the South Tower when he re-entered the lobby of the North Tower of the World Trade Center, environmental chaplaincy is an emerging field within chaplaincy. Environmental chaplains provide spiritual care in a way that honors humanitys deep connection to the earth, environmental chaplains may also bear witness to the Earth itself and represent the merging of science and spirituality
29.
Wichita, Kansas
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Wichita is the largest city in the state of Kansas and the 48th-largest city in the United States. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County, as of the 2010 United States Census, the city population was 382,368, as of 2014, it was estimated to have increased to 389,965. In 2015, the population of the Wichita metropolitan area was 644,610. The city began as a trading post on the Chisholm Trail in the 1860s and it subsequently became a key destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads, earning it the nickname Cowtown. In the 1920s and 1930s, businessmen and aeronautical engineers established a number of aircraft manufacturing companies in Wichita including Beechcraft, Cessna. The city transformed into a hub of U. S. aircraft production, in 1937, the city of Wichita established their official flag. As an industrial hub and the largest city in the state, Wichita is a center of culture, media. It hosts several museums, theatres, parks, and entertainment venues. Several universities are located in the city including Wichita State University, the citys daily newspaper, The Wichita Eagle, has the highest circulation of any newspaper in Kansas, and the Wichita broadcast television market includes the western two-thirds of the state. Wichita is also home to the Century II Performing Arts & Convention Center and Kansass largest airport, archaeological evidence indicates human habitation near the confluence of the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers, the site of present-day Wichita, as early as 3000 B. C. In 1541, a Spanish expedition led by explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado found the area populated by the Quivira, or Wichita, conflict with the Osage in the 1750s drove the Wichita further south. Prior to American settlement of the region, the site was located in the territory of the Kiowa, the Wichita returned in 1864 due to the American Civil War and established a settlement on the banks of the Little Arkansas. During this period, trader Jesse Chisholm established a trading post at the site, after the war, the Wichita permanently relocated south to Indian Territory. In 1868, trader James R. Mead established another trading post at the site, and surveyor Darius Munger built a house for use as a hotel, community center, Business opportunities attracted area hunters and traders, and a new settlement began to form. That summer, Mead and others organized the Wichita Town Company, in 1870, Munger and German immigrant William Dutch Bill Greiffenstein filed plats laying out the citys first streets. Wichita formally incorporated as a city on July 21,1870, Wichitas position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives traveling north from Texas to access railroads which led to markets in eastern U. S. cities. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached the city in 1872, as a result, Wichita became a railhead for the cattle drives, earning it the nickname Cowtown. Across the Arkansas River, the town of Delano became an entertainment destination for cattlemen thanks to its saloons, brothels
30.
Curate
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A curate is a person who is invested with the care or cure of souls of a parish. In this sense curate correctly means a parish priest, but in English-speaking countries the term curate is used to describe clergy who are assistants to the parish priest. The duties or office of a curate are called a curacy, the term is derived from the Latin curatus. In other languages, derivations from curatus may be used differently, in French, the curé is the chief priest of a parish, as is the Italian curato, the Spanish cure, and the Filipino term kura pároko, which is derived from Spanish. In the Catholic Church, the English word curate is used for a priest assigned to a parish in a subordinate to that of the parish priest. The parish priest is the priest who has responsibility for the parish. He may be assisted by one or more priests, referred to as curates, assistant priests. In the Church of England today, curate refers to priests who are in their first post after ordination, once in possession of their benefices, rectors and vicars enjoyed a freehold, and could only be removed after due legal process, and for a restricted number of reasons. Perpetual curates were placed on a footing in 1838 and were commonly styled vicars. Clergy who assist the curate were, and are, properly called assistant curates, a house provided for an assistant curate is sometimes colloquially called a curatage. Assistant curates are also licensed by the bishop, but only at the request of the curate, for example, Geoffrey Francis Fisher served as Curate of Trent near Sherborne after retiring as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1961. With the 1968 Pastoral Measure and subsequent legislation, the Church of England has undergone a process of reform which still continues today. Ministers in the Church of England whose main income comes from sources other than their work as clergy may be termed Self Supporting Ministers or Curate. Terms like rector and curate were carried overseas with the spread of Anglicanism, in Anglican parishes with a Charismatic or evangelical tradition, the roles of curates are usually seen as being an assistant leader to the overall leader, often in a larger team of pastoral leaders. Many of the larger Charismatic and Evangelical parishes have larger ministry teams with a number of leaders, some ordained. Originally a bishop would entrust a priest with the cure of souls of a parish, when, in medieval Europe, this included the legal freehold of church land in the parish, the parish priest was a perpetual curate, an assistant would be a curate. The words perpetuus and temporalis distinguish their appointments but not the length of service, a curate is appointed by the parish priest and paid from parish funds. A perpetual curate is a priest in charge of a parish who was appointed, as the church became more embedded into the fabric of feudal Europe, various other titles often supplanted curate for the parish priest
31.
Derby, Kansas
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Derby is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States and the largest suburb of Wichita. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 22,158, for many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, in 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U. S. state, in 1867, Sedgwick County was established within the Kansas Territory, which included the land for modern day Derby. In 1870, settlers John Haufbauer and J. H. Minich built the first houses, smithies, in 1871, the community was named El Paso, after El Paso, Illinois, and was laid out and platted. In 1880, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway changed the name of its station to Derby, after railroad official C. F. Derby, to avoid confusion with El Paso. In 1903, the city incorporated with the name El Paso, the aviation industry had begun its growth in Wichita during the 1920s, and when the demands of the war required more airplanes, businesses like Boeing, Cessna, and Beechcraft flourished. Boeing was located a few north of the city, which provided a close place for workers to live. Throughout the Cold War, Boeing maintained military contracts and kept jobs nearby, in 1952, the United States Air Force took over Wichita Municipal Airport and founded McConnell Air Force Base between Wichita and Derby. Many airmen found homes in Derby when space on base became occupied, from 1950 to 1956, the city population grew from 432 to approximately 5000 people. In 1956, the city name was changed to Derby. Derby is located at 37°33′9″N 97°15′41″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.60 square miles, of which,9.56 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles is water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Derby has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. The city manager is hired by the City Council and Mayor to carry out policies, oversee City operations, the Governing Body establishes goals and policies which the staff executes under the supervision of the city manager. The mayor is elected by the city at large, and eight members are elected to represent four wards. Elections are nonpartisan and held in November of odd-numbered years, Rock River Rapids Aquatic Park is the premier water park in the region, covering 12 acres just off Derby’s bustling Rock Road
32.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
33.
Pontifical Gregorian University
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The Pontifical Gregorian University is a pontifical university located in Rome, Italy. It was originally a part of the Roman College founded in 1551 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola, in 1584 the university was given a grandiose home by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was renamed. Only the theology and philosophy departments survived the turmoil in Italy after 1870. Its international faculty serves around 3800 students from over 150 countries, Saint Francis Borgia, the vice-king of Catalonia who became a Jesuit himself, provided financial patronage. With a small library connected to it, this school was called the Collegio Romano, in September of the same year, the site was transferred to a larger facility behind the Church of San Stefano del Cacco due to the large number of students seeking enrollment. After only two years of existence, the Roman College already counted 250 alumni, in January 1556, Pope Paul IV authorized the College to confer academic degrees in theology and philosophy, thereby raising the school to the rank of university. During the following two decades, due again to a number of students, the university changed its location twice. During this period, a chair in philosophy was added, and a chair in Arabic was added to the already existing chairs in Latin, Greek. With the university counting more than a thousand pupils at this point, two blocks near the Via del Corso were expropriated, and the architect Bartolomeo Ammannati was commissioned to design a grand new edifice for the institute. The new building was inaugurated in 1584, in became known as the Piazza Collegio Romano. For his sponsorship of the Roman College, Gregory XIII became known as its founder and father, the university in its new space was able to augment the number of disciplines that were taught. New chairs of Church history and liturgy were added, at this time, the university also attained great prestige in the fields of mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The illustrious Jesuit mathematician, physicist, and inventor Athanasius Kircher also subsequently taught there, not long after the new quarters were opened, the student body increased to over two thousand. The university chapel, too small for so many students, was rebuilt as the Church of SantIgnazio between 1626 and 1650, becoming one of the major Baroque churches of the area. In 1773, following the suppression of the Society of Jesus and it was reverted to the Jesuits on 17 May 1824 by Pope Leo XII, after the refoundation of their order. It was at point that Pope Pius IX permitted the school to assume the title of Pontifical University. With the difficult situation after Romes takeover, the endeavors of the university were dramatically affected. Due to a lack of space, the university had to all faculties except for theology
34.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Wichita
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Wichita is a Roman Catholic diocese in Kansas. The diocese is home to 120,527 Catholics in 91 parishes and it is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas. The diocese was established on August 2,1887 from territory taken from the Diocese of Leavenworth, now the Archdiocese of Kansas City and it lost territory in 1951 when the Diocese of Dodge City was established
35.
Newman University, Wichita
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Newman University is a coeducational Catholic liberal arts university named for John Henry Cardinal Newman and founded by the Adorers of the Blood of Christ in Wichita, Kansas, United States. The mission of Newman University is to empower students to transform society, Newman offers more than forty undergraduate and several graduate programs and now serves more than 3,000 students. Most classes are under 20 students, following the example of Maria—who was elevated to sainthood in 2003—the ASC were primarily a teaching order. The sisters came to the United States beginning in 1870, settling near St. Louis, in 1893, they were missioned to Westphalia, KS, and by 1902, they had come as far west as Wichita, Kansas. They purchased a piece of land, which Henry Dugan. Here the Adorers established St. John’s Institute, a school for girls. The following year a school was added. This former Dugan property would become the heart of the Newman University campus. The college officially opened on September 12,1933, with “no personnel, no finances, despite the obstacles, the college steadily developed, training the sisters as teachers and providing education for lay women in teacher education, nursing, secretarial science and home economics. The objective of the college was the “development of a true and finished Christian character” to enable students to be honorable, the first graduating class of 1935 numbered 17. In the 1950s, Sacred Heart had expanded its curriculum, degree offerings and faculty, De Mattias Hall, a facility that included a stage, gymnasium, and music and art classrooms, was also completed, it was torn down approximately 50 years later. Men were admitted to the college in 1958 but could enroll only in the evening courses, in the 1960s, Sacred Heart became coeducational, entered intercollegiate athletics and received accreditation from the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary schools. Three campus buildings were completed during the decade, McNeill Hall, through the 1970s many new programs were introduced, including women’s intercollegiate athletics and a nursing degree program. The 1980s witnessed development of plans to define the mission of the college. Sister Tarcisia established Newman’s Mentor Wall, housed in the Gorges Atrium, she chose Sylvia Gorges, ASC and it was during the tenures of these two women religious that the majority of the Newman campus was built and renovated. In the fall of 2007, Newman welcomed its 11th president, Noreen M. Carrocci, Ph. D. the first lay woman to serve in this position. Dr. Carrocci joined the Newman community as it completed another successful fund drive, resulting in construction of a 56,000 sq. ft. library and campus center named for the Dugan family. This plaza honors 230 ASC, who served on campus since 1902
36.
Pastor
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A pastor is usually an ordained leader of a Christian congregation. When used as an ecclesiastical styling or title, the term may be abbreviated to Pr or Ps, a pastor also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. The word pastor derives from the Latin noun pastor which means shepherd and relates to the Latin verb pascere - to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat. The term pastor also relates to the role of elder within the New Testament, many Protestant churches call their ministers pastors. Present-day usage of the word is rooted in the Biblical image of shepherding, the Hebrew Bible uses the Hebrew word רעה. English-language translations of the New Testament usually render the Greek noun ποιμήν as shepherd, the two words occur a total of 29 times in the New Testament, most frequently referring to Jesus. For example, Jesus called himself the Good Shepherd in John 10,11, the same words in the familiar Christmas story refer to literal shepherds. 1 Corinthians 9,7 - Paul says, of himself and the apostles, in the United States, the term pastor is used by Catholics for what in other English-speaking countries is called a parish priest. The Latin term used in the Code of Canon Law is parochus, the parish priest is the proper clergyman in charge of the congregation of the parish entrusted to him. Many Protestants use the term pastor as a title or as a job title, United Methodists, for example, ordain to the office of deacon and elder, each of whom can use the title of pastor depending upon their job description. These pastors may be lay people, seminary students, or seminary graduates in the ordination process, and cannot exercise any functions of clergy outside the charge where they are appointed. The use of the pastor can also be regional in some denominations, including some parts of the Methodist, Presbyterian, Seventh-day Adventist, American Churches of Christ. The use of the pastor to refer to the common Protestant title of modern times dates to the days of John Calvin. Both men, and other Reformers, seem to have revived the term to replace the Catholic priest in the minds of their followers, the pastor was considered to have a role separate from the board of presbyters. In some Lutheran churches, ordained clergy are called priests, while in others the term pastor is preferred, ordained clergy are called priests in the Episcopal Church, as in all other branches of the Anglican Communion. Bercot, David W. Will The Real Heretics Please Stand Up, newAdvent. org, The Catholic Encyclopedias entry on the term pastor. LifeWay. com, Articles to help the pastor in the roles of preacher, missionary, leader, shepherd, and person
37.
Pope John Paul II
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Pope Saint John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła, was Pope from 1978 to 2005. He is called by some Catholics Saint John Paul the Great and he was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978, which was called after Pope John Paul I, who had been elected in August after the death of Pope Paul VI, died after thirty-three days. Cardinal Wojtyła was elected on the day of the conclave. John Paul II is recognised as helping to end Communist rule in his native Poland, John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Churchs relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. He upheld the Churchs teachings on such matters as artificial contraception and the ordination of women and he was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated a large number of the worlds bishops, a key goal of his papacy was to transform and reposition the Catholic Church. His wish was to place his Church at the heart of a new alliance that would bring together Jews, Muslims. He was the second longest-serving pope in history after Pope Pius IX. Born in Poland, John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since the Dutch Pope Adrian VI, John Paul IIs cause for canonisation commenced in 2005 one month after his death with the traditional five-year waiting period waived. A second miracle attributed to John Paul IIs intercession was approved on 2 July 2013, John Paul II was canonised on 27 April 2014, together with Pope John XXIII. On 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added John Paul IIs optional memorial feast day to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints, in response to worldwide requests. It is traditional to celebrate saints feast days on the anniversary of their deaths, Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice. He was the youngest of three born to Karol Wojtyła, an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska, whose mothers maiden surname was Scholz. Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died in childbirth in 1929 when Wojtyła was eight years old and his elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmunds work as a physician led to his death from scarlet fever. As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing football as goalkeeper, during his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with Wadowices large Jewish community. School football games were organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side. I remember that at least a third of my classmates at school in Wadowice were Jews
38.
Motto
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A motto is a maxim, a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group or organization. A motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world. In heraldry, a motto is depicted below the shield in a banderole, this placement stems from the Middle Ages, in which the vast majority of nobles possessed a coat of arms. In the case of Scottish heraldry it is mandated to appear above the crest, spanish coats of arms may display a motto in the bordure of the shield. In heraldic literature, the rallying cry respectively battle banner are also common, which date back to the battle cry. In English heraldry mottos are not granted with armorial bearings, in Scottish heraldry, mottos can only be changed by re-matriculation, with the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Although very unusual and perhaps outside standard heraldic practice, there are examples of the particular appearance of the motto scroll. Ships and submarines in the Royal Navy each have a badge and motto, Latin has been very common for mottos, but for nation states their official language is generally chosen. A canting motto is one that contains word play, for example, the motto of the Earl of Onslow is Festina lente, punningly interpreting on-slow. In literature, a motto is a sentence, phrase, poem, or word prefixed to an essay, chapter, novel and it is a short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle for the written material that follows. For example, Robert Louis Stevensons Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes uses mottos at the start of each section, epigram Hendiatris Inscription List of Latin phrases List of mottos List of national mottos Slogan Tagline United in diversity United we stand, divided we fall
39.
United States presidential election, 2008
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The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,2008, Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama, a U. S. Senator from Illinois, and his running mate Joe Biden, a long-time U. S, Senator from Delaware defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain, a long-time current U. S. Senator from Arizona, and his running mate Sarah Palin, a Governor of Alaska, Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States, and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president. The incumbent president, George W. Bush, of the Republican Party, was ineligible to be elected to a term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Johnson in 1964, Obamas successes in obtaining a major partys nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community. She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the election to Donald Trump in 2016. She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary, similarly, Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket, and the second woman overall to appear on a major partys presidential ticket. Obamas total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number won by a presidential candidate. The total of 131 million votes cast in the election represented over 43% of the total U. S. population and this was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States. Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a nominee and still remains incumbent. As of 2017, this is the last time Nebraska, Indiana and this election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956, with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960. In 2004, President George W. Bush won reelection, defeating the Democratic nominee, after Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections, Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. Bushs approval ratings had been declining from their high point of almost 90% after the September 11 attacks. By September 2006, Bushs approval rating was below 40%, and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006, Bushs approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25–37% range. In the United States, there are two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are also several minor parties, usually called third parties, though most media, each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party
