1.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
2.
Marechal Cordeiro de Farias Square
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Marechal Cordeiro de Farias Square is a square located in the Higienópolis neighborhood of the district of Consolação, São Paulo, Brazil. It begins at the terminus of Paulista Avenue, and has corners on Minas Gerais, Itápolis avenues, the square is named after the Marshal Osvaldo Cordeiro de Farias, a Brazilian revolutionary, politician, and former governor of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Marechal Cordeiro de Farias Square is also known as the Square of Arches due to the sculpture of Lilian Amaral and it consists of twelve rainbow-colored arches from which the public can enter and exit. The work was commissioned to celebrate the centenary of Paulista Avenue in December 1991, the square has a bicycle parking facility and is noted as a terminus of the emerging bicycle routes of São Paulo
3.
Portuguese language
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Portuguese is a Romance language and the sole official language of Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Angola, and São Tomé and Príncipe. It also has co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, and has kept some Celtic phonology. Portuguese is also termed the language of Camões, after Luís Vaz de Camões, one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem, the museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was destroyed in a fire, but there are plans to reconstruct it, when the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BCE, they brought the Latin language with them, from which all Romance languages descend. Between 409 CE and 711 CE, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, Portuguese evolved from the medieval language, known today by linguists as Galician-Portuguese, Old Portuguese or Old Galician, of the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and this phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from the 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León, by then reigning over Galicia. In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period, the language was used for documents. For some time, it was the language of preference for poetry in Christian Hispania. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal, in the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries, the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century, some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende, Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin, and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Portuguese. Portuguese is the language of the majority of people in Brazil and Portugal, perhaps 75% of the population of Angola speaks Portuguese natively, and 85% are fluent. Just over 40% of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole is understood by all. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, there are also significant Portuguese speaking immigrant communities in many countries including Andorra, Bermuda, Canada, France, Japan, Jersey, Namibia, Paraguay, Macau, Switzerland, Venezuela. In some parts of former Portuguese India, namely Goa and Daman and Diu, in 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Equatorial Guinea made an application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010. In 2011, Portuguese became its official language and, in July 2014. Portuguese is a subject in The school curriculum in Uruguay
4.
Gentilic
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
5.
Rua Oscar Freire
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Rua Oscar Freire is a tree-lined street stretching from Alameda Casa Branca to Avenida Doutor Arnaldo in the Jardins district of São Paulo. It was named after Oscar Freire de Carvalho, a physician and forensic medicine professor from Bahia, according to Excellence Mystery Shopping International the Rua Oscar Freire is the 8th most luxurious street in the world and second in the Americas behind 5th Avenue in New York. National high end jewelry stores include Vivara and H Stern, sophisticated food shops and restaurants can also be found. Among them are A Figueira Rubaiyat, Fasano, Antiquarius and Gero, four of the citys most traditional and expensive restaurants, there is a Nespresso store, and in 2010 a Valrhona boutique was opened. In 2006, stores along the street funded a project to remove unsightly electrical poles and install underground fiber-optic lines instead, a new Line 4 - Yellow Metro station is being constructed in this street and the works are expected to be completed in 2016
6.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
7.
Antenna (radio)
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In radio and electronics, an antenna, or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a transmitter or radio receiver. In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio, typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors, electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a transverse electromagnetic field wave. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all directions equally. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie, the words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term aerial is used to mean a wire antenna, however, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his fathers estate near Bologna, Marconi discovered that by raising the aerial wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres, in Italian a tent pole is known as lantenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called lantenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were simply as aerials or terminals. Because of his prominence, Marconis use of the word spread among wireless researchers. In common usage, the antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure, enclosure. Especially at microwave frequencies, an antenna may include not only the actual electrical antenna. An antenna, in converting radio waves to electrical signals or vice versa, is a form of transducer, Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field
8.
TV Gazeta
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Rede Gazeta, also known as TV Gazeta or only Gazeta is a Brazilian television network based in São Paulo. TV Gazeta was founded in 1970 in São Paulo and it is part of Cásper Líbero Foundation. It was one of the first Brazilian TV stations to broadcast in color in 1970, together with Rede Record, Rede Bandeirantes, Rede Globo, Rede Tupi, in 1993 it merged with CNT, and its São Paulo local station became known CNT/Gazeta. In 2000 the partnership ended, and TV Gazeta turned into Rede Gazeta
9.
Asphalt
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Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
10.
Francisco Prestes Maia
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Francisco Prestes Maia was a Brazilian architect, civil engineer, urban planner, and professor, who served three terms as mayor of the city of São Paulo. Francisco Prestes Maia was born to Manuel Azevedo Maia and Carolina Prestes on March 19,1896 in Amparo, São Paulo, in 1917, Prestes Maia completed his engineering and architecture degree at the POLI, Polytechnic School of São Paulo. In 1918, he set up an estate office and also began working for the São Paulo state government. From 1924 to 1927, Prestes Maia taught architectural drawing courses part-time at his alma mater and he was promoted to full professor in 1927 and taught for another ten years. In 1937, he left the university in order to be able to continue working for the city, from 1926 to 1930, he served as the city’s Secretary of Transportation and Public Works. In 1930, Prestes Maia published his “Study for a Plan of Avenues for the City of São Paulo”, the Plano de Avenidas was given an award at the Fourth Pan-American Congress of Architects at Rio de Janeiro in July 1930. He met Maria de Lourdes Costa Cabral e Abreu in 1930 in Rio de Janeiro, the couple where not able to live together until the death of Prestes Maia’s mother in 1935, since Maria had been divorced and Carolina Prestes did not approve of their relationship. The two were not able to marry until late in his life, given that divorce was still illegal in Brazil. In 1938 Prestes Maia was named mayor of São Paulo for the first time by Ademar de Barros and he would be appointed again by Lucas Nogueira Garcez in 1942, immediately following his first term. After completing his term, he left office on November 10,1945 — roughly the same time that the same time that the Estado Novo was ending. Prestes Maia had two bids for political office following the overthrow of Getúlio Vargas. In 1961, Prestes Maia was finally elected by popular vote, francisco Prestes Maia died in São Paulo on 26 April 1965. Prestes Maia and his Plano de Avenidas had a impact on the geography of São Paulo. On August 27,1997 the city of São Paulo passed a law creating the Prestes Maia Urbanism Award to be awarded four years with the idea of proposing initiatives in urban planning and engineering. The Prestes Maia Award has only been given twice, in 1998, francisco Prestes Maia has many streets named for him throughout his home state of São Paulo. The largest of these is Avenida Prestes Maia, an expressway in downtown São Paulo that is part of the North-South Corredor. One particularly noteworthy building that is referred to as Prestes Maia is a 22-story abandoned factory in downtown São Paulo. The two tower blocks at 911 Avenida Prestes Maia are still registered to the former owner
11.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
12.
Casa das Rosas
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Casa das Rosas — Espaço Haroldo de Campos de Poesia e Literatura, is a museum and cultural center in the Paraíso neighborhood of São Paulo, Brazil. Designed and built by Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo, the classic French style mansion was the Ramos de Azevedo family home until 1985, the building was designed in 1930 and construction was completed in 1935. On 22 October 1985 the Casa das Rosas was listed by Condephaat as a landmark, after a renovation, the Casa das Rosas was reopened on 19 September 1995. In 2004 Casa das Rosas changed its name to include Espaço Haroldo de Campos de Poesia e Literatura, the Casa das Rosas has a legal mandate to, promote and disseminate poetry and literature in general, preserve the Haroldo de Campos Collection, preserve the building itself. Official website Casa das Rosas on Twitter
13.
Juscelino Kubitschek
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Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, known also by his initials JK, was a prominent Brazilian politician who served as the 21st President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961. His term was marked by prosperity and political stability, being most known for the construction of a new capital. A leader who favored long-term planning and who set high goals for Brazils future and he stands among the politicians whose legacy is held most favorably, and was highly respected by the people. Kubitschek was born into a family in Diamantina, Minas Gerais. His father, João César de Oliveira, who died when Juscelino was two old, was a traveling salesman. He was raised by his mother, a schoolteacher named Júlia Kubitschek, an excellent student, Kubitschek was trained as a medical doctor and elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil from his home state in 1934. With the imposition of Getúlio Vargas dictatorship in 1937, Kubitschek returned to practicing medicine, however, he was soon appointed mayor of Belo Horizonte in 1940. There, he realized the project of a lake to supply water to the city and also an architectural complex. He was again elected to the National Congress of Brazil in 1945, in 1955, he ran for president with the slogan fifty years of progress in five and won. He was sworn in on January 31,1956, as President of what was known as the Republic of the United States of Brazil. Kubitscheks presidency was marked by a time of political optimism and he launched the Plan of National Development, also known as the Plano de metas, famous by the motto, Fifty years of progress in five. The plan had 31 goals distributed in six groups, energy, transports, food, base industries, education and the main goal. This plan sought to stimulate the diversification and expansion of the Brazilian economy and his government was marked by a time of political stability and maintenance of the democratic regime. Kubitschek used his political ability to reconcile Brazilian society. He managed to rebuild the government structure, as he transferred the capital from Rio de Janeiro to its new location in Brasilia and he avoided any direct clash with his political adversaries, like the UDN, the main opposition party of the Kubitschek administration. He also gave political amnesty to the men who took part in the Revolta de Jacareacanga and Aragarças military revolts. Although his main project was to develop the industry, it was with the Goals plan, launched in 1956. He exempted from all the machines and industrial equipments imports
14.
Favela
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A favela, Portuguese for slum, is a low-income historically informal urban area in Brazil. The first favela, presently known as Providência in the center of Rio de Janeiro, appeared in the late 19th century, some of the first settlements were called bairros africanos. Over the years, many former enslaved Africans moved in, even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs. However, most modern favelas appeared in the 1970s due to rural exodus, unable to find places to live, many people found themselves in favelas. The term favela was coined in the late 1800s, at the time, soldiers were brought from the conflict against the settlers of Canudos, in the Eastern province of Bahia, to Rio de Janeiro and left with no place to live. When they served the army in Bahia, those soldiers had been familiar with Canudoss Favela Hill – a name referring to favela, a skin-irritating tree in the spurge family indigenous to Bahia. When they settled in the Providência hill in Rio de Janeiro, they nicknamed the place Favela hill from their common reference, the favelas were formed prior to the dense occupation of cities and the domination of real estate interests. Following the end of slavery and increased urbanization into Latin America cities and these poor and new migrants sought work in the city but with little to no money, they could not afford urban housing. In the 1920s the favelas grew to such an extent that they were perceived as a problem for the whole society, at the same time the term favela underwent a first institutionalization by becoming a local category for the settlements of the urban poor on hills. The housing crisis of the 1940s forced the poor to erect hundreds of shantytowns in the suburbs. Urbanization in the 1950s provoked mass migration from the countryside to the cities throughout Brazil by those hoping to take advantage of the economic opportunities urban life provided and those who moved to Rio de Janeiro, however, chose an inopportune time. The change of Brazils capital from Rio to Brasília in 1960 marked a slow but steady decline for the former, as industry, unable to find work, and therefore unable to afford housing within the city limits, these new migrants remained in the favelas. Despite their proximity to urban Rio de Janeiro, the city did not extend sanitation, electricity and they soon became associated with extreme poverty and were considered a headache to many citizens and politicians within Rio. In the 1970s, Brazils military dictatorship pioneered a favela eradication policy, during Carlos Lacerdas administration, many were moved to public housing projects such as Cidade de Deus, later popularized in a wildly popular feature film of the same name. Poor public planning and insufficient investment by the government led to the disintegration of these projects into new favelas, by the 1980s, worries about eviction and eradication were beginning to give way to violence associated with the burgeoning drug trade. Changing routes of production and consumption meant that Rio de Janeiro found itself as a point for cocaine destined for Europe. Although drugs brought in money, they accompanied the rise of the small arms trade. Most of the current favelas really expanded in the 1970s, as a boom in the more affluent districts of Rio de Janeiro initiated a rural exodus of workers from poorer states in Brazil
15.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
16.
Saint Silvester Road Race
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The Saint Silvester Road Race is a long-distance running event, the oldest and most prestigious street race in Brazil. Regarded as the international event in Latin American athletics, the Brazilian competition is held yearly in the city of São Paulo on December 31. This day is Saint Silvesters Day, as it is the day in which the Catholic saint, São Paulos race was originally known as a marathon, although the course of the race, whose length has varied considerably over the years, was never that of a full marathon. Because of that, the organization dropped the term marathon, starting to refer to the event as a race. Cásper Líbero, a millionaire of the early 20th century Brazil, is credited with originally coming up with the idea for the race. He used it as a means of promoting his newspaper, in 1928, the year of the races 4th edition, he founded one of the first sports newspapers of the country, the Gazeta Esportiva, which then became the races official organizer and sponsor. The race would be the main advertising element of this sports newspaper, the race was held for the first time on December 31,1925 and has not been interrupted or suspended even once during its history, not even for the duration of World War II. Originally, it was intended for men only, and participation was restricted to citizens of the city of São Paulo, at that time, the event was not yet open to foreign participation. That meant that athletes from other countries could not come in to participate, because of this, Italian Heitor Blasi was the only foreigner to have won the race before 1947. In 1945 the field was opened so that runners could participate. That year marked the beginning of a 34-year-long period during which no Brazilian man won the event, until José João da Silva, from Pernambuco, the event would remain a men-only affair until 1975, when the United Nations declared that year as the International Year of Women. In commemoration of this, the organizers held the womens race for the first time. The womens race started as an event, and the first Brazilian victory would come only in its 20th edition. Until December 31,1982, a Globo Television Network is First broadcast on television via satellite to the whole Brazil for Saint Silvester Road Race. Globo as television network formed in September 1,1969 and national programming in 1975, since 1993, a shorter race for children is held a few days before the main event. Until 1988, the took place at last night, approaching the New Years. The time of the race was altered for first afternoon, the direction was reversed, and men and women. In 1991, the length of the race was extended to 15,000 meters and this variance needed to be corrected in order to meet the requirements of the Federation of Athletics
17.
New Year's Eve
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In the Gregorian calendar, New Years Eve, the last day of the year, is on December 31 which is the seventh day of the Christmas season. In many countries, New Years Eve is celebrated at evening gatherings, where many people dance, eat, drink alcoholic beverages. Some Christians attend a watchnight service, the celebrations generally go on past midnight into January 1. Samoa, Tonga and Kiritimati, part of Kiribati, are the first places to welcome the New Year while American Samoa, New Year traditions and celebrations in Canada vary regionally. New Years Eve is generally a social holiday, in some areas, such as in rural Quebec, people ice fish in the old days. Since 2000, the highlight of New Years Eve celebrations is in Montreals old port, which comes alive with concerts that take place and fireworks at midnight. From 1956 to 1976, Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians serenaded Canada on the CBC, via a feed from CBS, after Lombardos death in 1977, the Royal Canadians continued on CBC and CBS until 1978. Following the finale of the series, the original cast continued to participate in New Years Eve specials in the years following. Similarly, the CBCs French language network Ici Radio-Canada Télé airs its own yearly New Years Eve comedy special, Bye Bye. Unlike Year of the Farce, Bye Bye has been presented by comedians, originally running from 1968 to 1998. Mexicans celebrate New Years Eve, by eating a grape with each of the chimes of a clocks bell during the midnight countdown. Mexican sweet bread is baked with a coin or charm hidden in the dough, when the bread is served, the recipient of the slice with the coin or charm is said to be blessed with good luck in the New Year. At the same time, they are expressed for all the good things during the year that is ending so that they continue in the new year. Mexicans celebrate with a dinner with their families, the traditional meal being turkey or pork loin. Afterwards many people attend parties outside the home, for example, in Mexico City there is a street festival on New Years Eve centered on the Zocalo, the citys main square. Celebrations include firecrackers, fireworks and sparklers and shouts of ¡Feliz Año Nuevo, in Puerto Rico, New Years Eve is celebrated with friends and family. The Puerto Rico Convention Center in San Juan is the attraction for Puerto Ricans during the celebration. It has Latin music and fireworks at midnight along with the signature song Auld Lang Syne in Spanish, in the United States, New Years Eve is celebrated with formal parties, family-oriented activities, and other large public events
18.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day
19.
Safra Group
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The Safra Group is an international network of companies controlled by the Safra family, comprising banking and financial institutions, industrial operations, real estate and agribusiness. It is present in the US, Europe, the Middle East, Latin America, Asia, in the early nineteenth century, Safra Frères et Cie. the familys first financial institution, was founded. Further economic expansions prompted the family to new branches in Beirut, followed by Istanbul. In the early 1900s, Beirut was chosen as headquarters of the newly founded Bank Jacob Safra, following the end of World War II, Jacob Safra expanded the new banking activities toward Europe and later to Latin America and the United States. Each bank has its own slogan in its local language for marketing purposes and they all involve security and solidity. However, the Safra Group general slogan is present in every Safra Company and has been kept graven in stone for over a century, Jacob Safra Safra National Bank of New York has a core business of private banking. It has branches in and around New York and in Florida, as well as offices in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile. The bank is a member of both the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Safra Securities Corp. is a member of the National Association of Securities Dealers. It offers CDs, investment funds, money market instruments, in addition to wealth management, the bank also performs brokerage services, bond trading, and correspondent banking. Safra National Bank is owned by the Safra family, noted benefactors of hospitals, synagogues, Bank Jacob Safra Switzerland is a full-service commercial banking institution headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is also present in Zurich, Lugano, Gibraltar, the majority of its operations consist of financial services and private wealth management. J. Safra Sarasin is the sixth largest Swiss Bank, J. Safra Sarasin is represented worldwide in 26 locations in Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America. The Groups head office is in Basel, Switzerland, Banco Safra S. A. is Brazils sixth largest commercial bank. Banco Safra S. A. operates in all areas of the financial sector, the bank is a player in trade finance, asset management and treasury operations. Banco Safra Limited is an owned subsidiary of Banco Safra S. A. incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Known as Safra Cayman, the institution provides trade-financing services to its clients and correspondent banks, as well as other branches and it also offers a broad range of commercial and financial services, especially in the trade finance area. The Group controls about 71.5 billion in assets of which 36.9 are client assets, joseph Safra Edmond Safra Banco Safra Safra National Bank of New York Bank Jacob Safra Switzerland
20.
Central Bank of Brazil
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The Central Bank of Brazil is Brazils central bank. It was established on December 31,1964, the Central Bank is linked with the Ministry of Finance. Like other central banks, the Brazilian central bank is the monetary authority of the country. It received this authority when it was founded by three different institutions, the Bureau of Currency and Credit, the Bank of Brazil, one of the main instruments of Brazils monetary policy is the Banco Central do Brasils overnight rate, called the SELIC rate. The Bank is active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum in Mexico. Presidents of the bank have been, Ilan Goldfajn - 09/06/2016–present Alexandre Tombini - 01/01/2011 - 09/06/2016 Henrique Meirelles - 01/01/2003 - 31/12/2010, arminio Fraga - 03/04/1999 - 01/01/2003
21.
Petrobras
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Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. — Petrobras, more commonly known as simply Petrobras, is a semi-public Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The companys name translates to Brazilian Petroleum Corporation — Petrobras, the company was ranked #58 in the most recent Fortune Global 500 list. A. However, Brazil represented 92% of Petrobras worldwide production in 2014 and accounted for 97% of Petrobras worldwide reserves on 31 December 2014. As of 31 December 2014, the company had 8,112.8 million barrels of oil equivalent of proved developed reserves and 4,599.7 million barrels of oil equivalent of proved undeveloped reserves in Brazil. Of these reserves,62. 7% were located in the offshore Campos Basin, the largest growth prospect for the company is the Lula oil field in the Santos Basin. In 2015, the company produced 2.284 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, of which 89% was petroleum, reserves held outside of Brazil accounted for 8. 4% of production in 2014. The majority of reserves are in South America, the company has assets in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Paraguay. Petrobras owns refineries in Texas, Okinawa, Japan, and Bahía Blanca, the company also owns exploration blocks in the Gulf of Mexico and through joint ventures has production in Nigeria, Benin, Gabon, and Namibia. The privately held shares are traded on BM&F Bovespa, where they are part of the Ibovespa index, Petrobras is a major supporter of the arts in Brazil. Petrobras was created in 1953 under the government of Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas with the slogan The Oil is Ours and was given a monopoly in Brazil. In 1953, Brazil only produced 2,700 barrels of oil per day, in 1967, the company established a Petrobras Quimica S. A, subsidiary focused on petrochemicals and the conversion of naphtha into ethene. Petrobras began processing oil shale in 1953, developing Petrosix technology for extracting oil from oil shale, an industrial-size retort began processing shale in the 1990s. In 2006, Petrobras claimed that this industrial retort had a capacity to process 260 tonnes/hour of oil shale. In 1994, Petrobras placed into service Petrobras 36, the worlds largest oil platform, the platform sank after an explosion in 2001 and was a complete loss. In 1997, the government approved Law N.9.478, in 1999, the National Petroleum Agency signed agreements with other companies, officially ending the companys monopoly. In 2000, Petrobras achieved a record for oil exploration in deep waters. In 2002, Petrobras acquired the Argentine company Perez Companc Energía from the Perez Companc family and its foundation and this acquisition included assets in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. The company had 1.1 billion barrels of oil reserves
22.
Citibank
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Citibank is the consumer division of financial services multinational Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, Citibank provides credit cards, mortgages, personal loans, commercial loans, and lines of credit. The bank has a total of 2,649 branches in 19 countries, the U. S. branches are concentrated in six metropolitan areas, New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D. C. and Miami. In 2016, the United States accounted for 70% of revenues, aside from the U. S. and Mexico, most of the companys branches are in Poland, Russia, India and the United Arab Emirates. As a result of the crisis of 2007–2008 and huge losses in the value of its subprime mortgage assets, Citigroup. On November 23,2008, in addition to an investment of $25 billion. By 2010, Citibank had repaid the loans from the Treasury in full, including interest, the City Bank of New York was founded on June 16,1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood, during Taylors ascendancy, the bank functioned largely as a treasury and finance center for Taylors own extensive business empire. In 1865, the joined the U. S. s new national banking system. By 1868, it was one of the largest banks in the United States, by 1893 it was the largest bank in New York, which was forbidden to U. S. national banks. In 1918, IBC became a wholly owned subsidiary and was merged into the bank. The same year, the bank evacuated all of its employees from Moscow and Petrograd as the Russian Civil War had begun, by 1919, the bank had become the first U. S. bank to have $1 billion in assets. Charles E. Mitchell, also called Sunshine Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921 and in 1929 was made chairman, under Mitchell the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. In 1933 a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for his part in tens of millions of dollars in losses, excessive pay, senator Carter Glass said of him, Mitchell, more than any 50 men, is responsible for this stock crash. In following years, branches in Germany and Japan closed, with the handling, in 1945, $5.6 billion in Treasury securities for War. In 1960, his cousin, David Rockefeller, became president of Chase Manhattan Bank. Following its merger with the First National Bank in 1955, the changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its First National City Charge Service credit card – popularly known as the Everything Card – in 1967, in 1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B
23.
Fifth Avenue
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Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare going through the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States. It stretches from West 143rd Street in Harlem to Washington Square North at Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village and it is considered among the most expensive and best shopping streets in the world. The lower stretch of Fifth Avenue extended the stylish neighborhood of Washington Square northwards, Fifth Avenue is the central scene in Edith Whartons 1920 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Age of Innocence. The novel describes New Yorks social elite in the 1870s and provides context to Fifth Avenue. Originally a narrower thoroughfare, much of Fifth Avenue south of Central Park was widened in 1908, the midtown blocks, now famously commercial, were largely a residential district until the start of the 20th century. In 1906 his department store, B. Altman and Company, the result was the creation of a high-end shopping district that attracted fashionable women and the upscale stores that wished to serve them. Lord & Taylors flagship store is located on Fifth Avenue near the Empire State Building. In the 1920s traffic towers controlled important intersections from 14th to 59th Streets, traffic crosses the river on the Madison Avenue Bridge. Fifth Avenue serves as the line for house numbering and west-east streets in Manhattan. It separates, for example, East 59th Street from West 59th Street, the most expensive street in the world moniker changes depending on currency fluctuations and local economic conditions from year to year. For several years starting in the mid-1990s, the district between 49th and 57th Streets was ranked as having the worlds most expensive retail spaces on a cost per square foot basis. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Fifth Avenue as being the most expensive street in the world, some of the most coveted real estate on Fifth Avenue are the penthouses perched atop the buildings. The American Planning Association compiled a list of 2012 Great Places in America and this historic street has many world-renowned museums, businesses and stores, parks, luxury apartments, and historical landmarks that are reminiscent of its history and vision for the future. Below is a list of sites on Fifth Avenue with their designation dates,500 Fifth Avenue Building – December 14,2010 Aeolian Building – – December 10,2002 George W. It recognizes structures, buildings, sites, and districts associated with important events, people, Fifth Avenue from 142nd Street to 135th Street carries two-way traffic. Fifth Avenue carries one-way traffic southbound from 135th Street to Washington Square North, the changeover to one-way traffic south of 135th Street took place on January 14,1966, at which time Madison Avenue was changed to one way uptown. From 124th Street to 120th Street, Fifth Avenue is cut off by Marcus Garvey Park, Fifth Avenue is one of the few major streets in Manhattan along which streetcars did not operate. Instead, Fifth Avenue Coach offered a more to the taste of fashionable gentlefolk
24.
Mexico City
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Mexico City, or City of Mexico, is the capital and most populous city of Mexico. As an alpha global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas and it is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres. The city consists of sixteen municipalities, the 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people, with a land area of 1,485 square kilometres. The Greater Mexico City has a domestic product of US$411 billion in 2011. The city was responsible for generating 15. 8% of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product, as a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Ricas and about the same size as Perus. Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians, the other being Quito. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the district was created in 1824. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution has controlled both of them, in recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29,2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District and is now in transition to become the countrys 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded by the Mexica people in 1325. According to legend, the Mexicas principal god, Huitzilopochtli indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, when the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. After landing in Veracruz, Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the native peoples. Cortés put Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him, the Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he soon died, the next king was Cuauhtémoc. Cortés began a siege of Tenochtitlan in May 1521, for three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans. Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island, the Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest. Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order and he did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown
25.
Paseo de la Reforma
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Paseo de la Reforma is a wide avenue that runs diagonally across the heart of Mexico City. It was designed by Ferdinand von Rosenzweig in the 1860s and modeled after the boulevards of Europe, such as the Ringstrasse in Vienna. After the French intervention in Mexico overthrew the constitutional President Benito Juárez and he commissioned a grand avenue linking the city center with his imperial residence, Chapultepec Castle, which was then on the southwestern edge of town. The project was originally named Paseo de la Emperatriz in honor of Maximilians consort, after her return to Europe and Maximilians subsequent execution, the restored Juárez government renamed the Paseo in honor of the Reform War. It is now home to many of Mexicos tallest buildings such as the Torre Mayor, more modern extensions continue the avenue at an angle to the old Paseo. To the northeast it continues toward Tlatelolco, where it changes its name near the Plaza de las Tres Culturas, there it divides into Calzada de Guadalupe and Calzada de los Misterios that continue toward La Villa. Many monuments to people and events in Mexicos history and the history of the Americas are situated on, the base contains the tombs of several key figures in Mexicos war of independence. Near the central section of Reforma, across from the Alameda, is the Monument to the Revolution and this is an enormous dome supported by four arches. It was originally planned, by Porfirio Díaz, to be a part of a new parliament building, after Díazs overthrow it became a monument to the revolution that deposed him. Madero and several other heroes of the Mexican Revolution are buried here, during President Díazs regime, Paseo de la Reforma became very popular among elite families as a residential area. Few of these houses built in different European architectural styles remain. Although there is no single block that has kept its former architecture, although most of the modern buildings are unremarkable, the Art Deco Loteria Nacional building and the functionalist IMSS building are an exception. Today Paseo de la Reforma houses offices ranging from the Mexican Federal Government to Banks, the newer buildings show a mix of contemporary styles and the commonly used style for office buildings. Reforma is home to the embassies of the United States, Colombia, Japan, the European Union, today, the Reforma is filled with tourist attractions, luxurious restaurants and hotels, office buildings, public art exhibitions, and new construction. Reforma has become a place for the Mexicans to celebrate or protest. Most protest rallies commonly go along Reforma from El Ángel to the Zócalo or from the Zócalo to Los Pinos, many parades also make their way through Reforma. El Ángel roundabout is a place for the celebration of the victories of the national football team. Since 2003, Mexico Citys government started a program for Paseo de la Reforma
26.
Broadway (Manhattan)
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Broadway /ˈbrɔːdweɪ/ is a road in the U. S. state of New York. It is the oldest north–south main thoroughfare in New York City, dating to the first New Amsterdam settlement, the name Broadway is the English language literal translation of the Dutch name, Brede weg. Broadway is known widely as the heart of the American theatre industry, Broadway was originally the Wickquasgeck Trail, carved into the brush of Manhattan by its Native American inhabitants. Wickquasgeck means birch-bark country in the Algonquian language and this trail originally snaked through swamps and rocks along the length of Manhattan Island. Upon the arrival of the Dutch, the trail became the main road through the island from Nieuw Amsterdam at the southern tip. The Dutch explorer and entrepreneur David Pietersz. de Vries gives the first mention of it in his journal for the year 1642, the Dutch named the road Heerestraat. Although current street signs are simply labeled as Broadway, in a 1776 map of New York City, in the mid-eighteenth century, part of Broadway in what is now lower Manhattan was known as Great George Street. An 1897 City Map shows a segment of Broadway as Kingsbridge Road in the vicinity of what is now the George Washington Bridge. In the 18th century, Broadway ended at the town north of Wall Street, where traffic continued up the East Side of the island via Eastern Post Road. The western Bloomingdale Road would be widened and paved during the 19th century, on February 14,1899, the name Broadway was extended to the entire Broadway/Bloomingdale/Boulevard road. Broadway once was a street for its entire length. The present status, in which it runs one-way southbound south of Columbus Circle, on 6 June 1954, Seventh Avenue became southbound and Eighth Avenue became northbound south of Broadway. On 3 June 1962, Broadway became one-way south of Canal Street, with Trinity Place, northbound traffic on Broadway now needs to take Amsterdam Avenue to 73rd Street, make a sharp turn on the very narrow 73rd and then right turn on Broadway. Otherwise, and effectively, the traffic on Broadway has been diverted into Amsterdam Avenue. In August 2008, two lanes from 42nd to 35th Streets were taken out of service and converted to public plazas. Additionally, bike lanes were added on Broadway from 42nd Street down to Union Square, the city decided that the experiment was successful and decided to make the change permanent in February 2010. Additionally, portions of Broadway in the Madison Square and Union Square have been dramatically narrowed, Broadway runs the length of Manhattan Island, roughly parallel to the North River, from Bowling Green at the south to Inwood at the northern tip of the island. South of Columbus Circle, it is a southbound street
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