1.
Nicolae Timofti
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Nicolae Timofti is a Moldovan politician and jurist who was President of Moldova from 23 March 2012 until 23 December 2016. He served as head of Moldovas Supreme Magistrate Council and was elected President by parliament on 16 March 2012, Timofti was born to Elena and Vasile Timofti in Ciutulești, Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union, and has four siblings. At the beginning of 1949, his family moved to Florești, on 6 July 1949, his paternal grandfather Tudor Timofti was deported by Soviet authorities to the Amur region, where he died in 1953. Timofti graduated from the law school of Moldova State University in 1972, after graduation, Timofti spent two years in the Soviet Army before beginning his career as a judge in 1976. He is a person who was with us when we started reforms in the 1990s, in 2005, Timofti was appointed to the Higher Judicial Chamber and, in 2011, he was named chairman of the Supreme Council of Magistrates. Former acting president and speaker of the Parliament of Moldova Mihai Ghimpu called Timofti. a progressive man, profile, Who Is Moldovas New President-Elect. News in Moldova about Nicolae Timofti
2.
Igor Dodon
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Igor Dodon is a Moldovan politician who has been 5th President of Moldova since 23 December 2016. Previously he was leader of the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova, Igor Dodon was born on 18 February 1975 in Sadova village in the Călărași District of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. He studied economics at the Agricultural State University of Moldova and received a doctorate in 1998 from the Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, from 1997 to 2005, he worked as an assistant professor and lecturer in the academic field. He is married and has three children, Dodon was appointed to the post of Associate Minister of Trade and Economics in May 2005, during the second Tarlev Cabinet. He assumed the position of Minister of Trade and Economics in September 2006 and he held the position until September 2009, when the government of Zinaida Greceanîi ended. Dodon also held the post of Associate Prime Minister under Greceanîi from 2008 until 2009, in June 2011, Dodon lost to Dorin Chirtoacă in the election for mayor of Chișinău. He took 49. 4% of the vote, Greceanîi and Veronica Abramciuc left at the same time. On 18 December 2011, Dodon joined the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova and was elected chairman of the party, on 16 March 2012, three former communists voted for the Alliance for European Integration candidate Nicolae Timofti as President of Moldova. Later, Dodon stated that he regretted his vote for Timofti, after he was elected as the President of Moldova, due to specifics of Moldovan law, Dodon resigned as PSRM chairman and left the party, being replaced by Zinaida Greceanîi as interim leader. Igor Dodon is considered a pro-Russian politician and in favor of the federalization of Moldova, in 2010, the Party of Communists started promoting a new official flag for Moldova. In March 2012, Igor Dodon and the Party of Socialists invited PCRM to initiate a referendum to change the flag of Moldova from the original tricolour to a red-blue bicolor flag. The proposed flag is considered by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova as a pure political invention. In October 2016, during the election campaign, Igor Dodon affirmed that Crimea. In January 2017 Dodon stated that Moldova wil not officially recognize Crimea as Russian I did not change its position does not change, but we must understand that we need to build friendships with Ukraine, we need to solve the Transnistrian problem. Media related to Igor Dodon at Wikimedia Commons Official web site of Igor Dodon Igor Dodon
3.
Vlad Filat
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Vladimir Filat, commonly referred to as Vlad Filat, is a Moldovan businessman and politician, founder of Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova. He was the Prime Minister of Moldova from 25 September 2009 to 25 April 2013 and he also was appointed as the Interim President of Moldova for a brief period of time in 2010. Vlad is the child of Maria and Vasile Filat and was born on May 6,1969, in Lăpușna. Alongside his two sisters and brother Ion, Vlad grew up in a part of Lăpușna called Talcioc, in 1986, he graduated from high school in his hometown. Between 1986 and 1987, he worked at the radio station until he was called up for military service. He carried out his military service in the Soviet Army. From 1989 to 1990, he studied at the Cooperation College of Chișinău, as a student, he was the leader of the League of students from Bessarabia in Romania, an organization formed by Moldovan students in Romania. In Iași, among his classmates was Alexandru Tănase, while he was a student in Iași, he met his wife Sanda in the autumn of 1991, they dated for only three months before they married. Between 1994–1998, Vlad Filat initiated and conducted business in Romania. He was general director of RoMold Trading SRL in Iași and the president of the Administrative Council of Dosoftei company in Iași, Filat was a member of the Democratic Party of Moldova from 1997, when the party was founded, until 2007. He was a State minister in the Ion Sturza cabinet of Alliance for Democracy, in 2000, Filat was elected Vice-President of the Democratic Party. In the 2005 parliamentary election, he became a member of the Moldovan Parliament, until March 2009, he was Vice-President of the Parliamentary Commission for Security, Public Order, and Defense. He was also a member of the EU-Moldova Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and he ran for Mayor of Chișinău in the 2007 local election and won 8. 32% of the vote, in fourth place. Soon after the election, in September 2007, he left the Democratic Party after ten years of political activity inside the party. Filat has been the President of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova since December 2007, after the July 2009 parliamentary election, alongside Mihai Ghimpu, Marian Lupu, and Serafim Urechean, Vlad Filat signed the Alliance For European Integration in a press-conference on August 8,2009. Towards the end of August 2009, he became the candidate of the Alliance For European Integration for the post of Prime Minister of Moldova, on the same day, Ghimpu signed a decree nominating Filat for the office of prime minister. The Alliance for European Integration gave a vote of confidence to the new government headed by PM Vladimir Filat at a meeting on September 25,2009. On March 8,2013 Filat was dismissed by motion of censure following charges of corruption, abuse of power, in spite of this, President Nicolae Timofti decreed that members of the government should continue to exert their public duties until a new government were to be formed
4.
Chiril Gaburici
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Chiril Gaburici is a Moldovan businessman and former Prime Minister of Moldova. He was the Liberal Democratic Partys candidate for the post of Prime Minister, the President invited him to form a government on 14 February 2015. He had 15 days to obtain approval of his cabinet. On 18 February 2015, Parliament approved his cabinet and he was sworn in the same day. He resigned on 12 June 2015 after the Prosecutor Generals Office began an investigation into the falsification of his school diplomas. On 22 June he was succeeded by Natalia Gherman, chiril Gaburici was born on 23 November 1976 in Logănești. He was the first Moldovan manager of the company Moldcell, in 2012, he went to Azercell, Azerbaijan. Political Alliance for a European Moldova – governing coalition
5.
Natalia Gherman
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Natalia Snegur-Gherman is a Moldovan politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration and Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova from May 2013 to January 2016. Born in Chișinău in 1969, she is the daughter of Mircea Snegur and she studied at the Moldova State University and completed postgraduate studies at Kings College London. In 2009, she became Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration and Chief Negotiator on the Moldova–European Union Association Agreement, in 2013 she became Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration and Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova, serving until January 2016. From June to July 2015, following Chiril Gaburicis resignation, she served as the acting Prime Minister of Moldova, in February 2016, she was nominated as Moldovas candidate for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 2016 selection process for Ban Ki-moons successor. Gherman was born in 1969 in Chișinău, then part of the Soviet Union and she is the daughter of Mircea Snegur, who served as the first President of Moldova from 1991 to 1997. For her undergraduate education, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Moldova State University, in 1999, she completed a Master of Arts postgraduate degree in war studies at Kings College London. She began working in the Moldovan diplomatic service in 1991, as the Second, from 1994 to 1997, she served as Counsellor and Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN Agencies in Vienna and the OSCE. From 1997 to 2001, she was Deputy Head of the Department of European Security, from 2001 to 2002, she was a Minister-Counsellor at the Moldovan Embassy in Brussels, as well as Deputy Head of the Mission of Moldova to NATO. In 2002, she became the Moldovan Ambassador to Austria and Permanent Representative to the OSCE, in 2006, she left Brussels for Stockholm, becoming the Moldovan Ambassador to Sweden, Norway and Finland. For her merits in promoting relations between Sweden and Moldova, Gherman was awarded the Order of the Polar Star at the rank of Commander 1st Class and she left this role in 2009, upon her appointment as a Deputy Minister. On 29 June 2009, she was appointed as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, in November 2009, she was appointed as the Chief Negotiator in the talks with the European Union over the Moldova–European Union Association Agreement. She also assisted in the talks led to the liberalization of the visa requirements for Moldovans travelling to the EU. As Deputy Prime Minister, Iurie Roșca supported Gherman, on 30 May 2013, she was appointed as the full Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, whilst concurrently being appointed to the role of Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova. She was also responsible for chairing the National Committee for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, in this role, she participated in the Global Forum on Migration and Development and contributed to the High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development. In 2014, The Guardian chose her as one of Seven women to watch in global politics who are leading change all over the world and they claimed that she could well be a future prime minister or president. Also in 2014, she was awarded Moldovas highest national honour, in the November 2014 election, Gherman was elected as a Member of Parliament, and became a member of the Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Policy and European Integration. Following Chiril Gaburicis resignation as Prime Minister of Moldova on 22 June 2015 and she served until 30 July 2015, when Valeriu Streleț became Prime Minister, and she resumed her previous roles in the Streleț Cabinet. On 20 January 2016, she was succeeded in the roles of Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, on 19 February, this nomination was made public by the President of the General Assembly
6.
Alexandru Oleinic
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Alexandru Oleinic is a Moldovan politician. He was the Minister of Information Technologies and Communications in the First Vlad Filat Cabinet, alexandru Oleinic was born on December 8,1959 in Cupcini. He is a member of the Party Alliance Our Moldova, government of Moldova Archived 23 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine
7.
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
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Moldavia, officially the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known to as Soviet Moldavia, was one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union existed from 1940 to 1991. The republic was formed on August 2,1940 from parts of Bessarabia, a region annexed from Romania on June 28 of that year, and parts of the MASSR, an autonomous republic within the Ukrainian SSR. After the Declaration of Sovereignty on June 23,1990 and until 23 May 1991 it was known as the Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova. From 23 May 1991 until the declaration of independence on 27 August 1991, geographically, the Moldavian SSR was bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. On August 24,1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a 10-year non-aggression treaty, the secret protocol placed the Romanian province of Bessarabia in the Soviet sphere of influence. On June 26, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic was thereafter created following the entrance of Soviet troops on June 28,1940. 90% of the territory of MSSR was on the bank of the river Dniester. As such, the strategically important Black Sea coast and Danube frontage were given to the Ukrainian SSR, considered more reliable than the Moldavian SSR, by the end of World War II the Soviet Union had reconquered all of the lost territories, reestablishing Soviet authority there. On June 22,1941, during the first day of the German invasion of the Soviet Union,10 people were killed in Răzeni by Soviet authorities, a memorial was opened in 2009. The Soviet authorities targeted several socio-economic groups due to their situation, political views. They were deported to or resettled in Siberia and northern Kazakhstan, according to a report by the Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania, no less than 86,604 people were arrested and deported in 1940-1941 alone. Modern Russian historians put forward a number of 90,000 for the same period. NKVD/MGB also struck at anti-Soviet groups, which were most active in 1944-1952, a de-kulakisation campaign was directed towards the rich Moldavian peasant families, which were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia as well. Religious persecutions during the Soviet occupation targeted numerous priests, after the Soviet occupation, the religious life underwent a persecution similar to the one in Russia between the two World Wars. Other deportation campaigns were directed towards the ethnic Germans and religious minorities, collectivisation was implemented between 1949 and 1950, although earlier attempts were made since 1946. According to Charles King, there is evidence that it was caused by the Soviets and directed towards the largest ethnic group living in the countryside. The main cause was the Soviet requisitioning of large amounts of products, but it was also aggravated by war, the draught of 1946. With the regime of Nikita Khrushchev replacing that of Joseph Stalin, in the 1970s and 1980s Moldavia received substantial investment from the budget of the USSR to develop industrial, scientific facilities, as well as housing
8.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
9.
Moldova
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Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian, Republica Moldova, listen, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, Bessarabia remained a province of the Russian Empire until 1917, when during the Russian Revolution it became an autonomous and then nominally independent Moldavian Democratic Republic. In 1918, following a vote of its assembly, Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania, the decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924, created within the Ukrainian SSR, on a territory east of Bessarabia, a so-called Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, the Soviets decided to split the region between a newly established Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Ukrainian SSR. The Moldavian SSR included two-thirds of the territory of Bessarabia, on 27 August 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The current Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994, the strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms, Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. The name Moldova derives from the Moldova River, the valley of this served as a political centre at the time of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in 1359. The origin of the name of the river remains unclear, the dogs name, given to the river, extended to the Principality. For a short time in the 1990s, at the founding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the country began to use the Romanian name, Moldova. Officially, the name Republic of Moldova is designated by the United Nations, in 2010, Oldowan flint tools were discovered at Bayraki that are 800, 000–1.2 million years old. This demonstrates that humans were present in Moldova during the early Paleolithic era. The inhabitants of this civilization, which lasted roughly from 5500 to 2750 BC, practiced agriculture, raised livestock, hunted, in antiquity, Moldovas territory was inhabited by Dacian tribes. Between the 1st and 7th centuries AD, the south was intermittently under the Roman, and then Byzantine Empires. The Principality of Moldavia, established in 1359, was bounded by the Carpathian Mountains in the west, the Dniester River in the east, and the Danube River and Black Sea to the south. Its territory comprised the territory of the Republic of Moldova, the eastern eight counties of Romania. Like the present-day republic and Romanias north-eastern region, it was known to the locals as Moldova, Moldavia was invaded repeatedly by Crimean Tatars and, beginning in the 15th century, by the Turks. In 1538, the principality became a tributary to the Ottoman Empire, the title used in the document of 6 July 1600 was The King of the country of Romania, Ardeal and of all of Moldavia
10.
Democratic Party of Moldova
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The Democratic Party of Moldova is a social-democratic political party in Moldova. The party is associated with its chief financial backer, the oligarch Vladimir Plahotniuc. It had grown out of the movement that supported independent candidate Petru Lucinschi in the 1996 presidential elections and it formed the basis of the For a Democratic and Prosperous Moldova alliance during the 1998 parliamentary election. In April 2000 the party was re-established under its current name, the PDM received 5% of the vote in the 2001 parliamentary election, but failed to win a seat. The party then joined the Democratic Moldova Electoral Bloc for the 2005 election, however, after the elections the three constituent parties Bloc split into separate parliamentary groups. The Social Liberal Party merged into the PDM on 10 February 2008, the April 2009 parliamentary election saw the party receive 3% of the vote and failed to win a seat. However, the PDM increased its share of the vote to 13% in the elections in July 2009. The PDM subsequently joined the ruling Alliance for European Integration coalition government alongside the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, the Liberal Party and Our Moldova Alliance. In the 2010 parliamentary election, the PDM received 12. 7% of the vote and 15 seats, in the 2014 parliamentary election on 30 November 2014, the PDM received 15. 8% of the vote and 19 seats. On 18 February 2015, the PDM joined the Political Alliance for a European Moldova minority government led by Prime Minister Chiril Gaburici of the PLDM
11.
Alliance for European Integration
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The Alliance for European Integration was the ruling coalition in Moldova from the July 2009 election until it lost a no confidence vote on February 13,2013. It was succeeded by the Pro-European Coalition, after the April 2009 election and the civil unrest, the climate in Moldova became very polarised. The parliament failed to elect a new president, for this reason, the parliament was dissolved and snap elections were held. The July 29 polls were won by the Communist Party with 44. 7% of the vote and that gave the former ruling party 48 MPs, and the remaining 53 seats in the 101-member chamber went to four opposition parties. 51 votes are needed to elect the speaker and prime minister, after the July 2009 elections, the alliance was formed by the following parties, Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Party, and Our Moldova Alliance. On August 8,2009, the four Moldovan parties agreed to create a coalition that pushed the Communist party into opposition. The name of the coalition is the Alliance for European Integration, on 25 September 2009, the Alliance for European Integration has voted a pro-European government. After the 2010 elections, the alliance increased its majority from 53 seats to 59 seats, although the Our Moldova Alliance did not return to parliament, the leaders of the three remaining parties of the alliance pledged signed a new coalition agreement on 30 December 2010. The new cabinet was installed on 14 January 2011, when a vote took place in parliament. The leaders of the four parties – Vlad Filat, Mihai Ghimpu, Marian Lupu, the coalition said it wants an association agreement with the European Union. Also, the coalition said it wants strategic relations with both Russia and the United States, in a press conference on October 21,2009, Iurie Leancă announced that official negotiations on the association agreement Moldova-EU will start on January 12,2010. Commission for constitutional reform in Moldova is a commission instituted on December 1,2009 by acting President Ghimpu to adopt a new version of the Constitution of Moldova. The first session of Moldovas parliament has been scheduled for August 28, on August 28,2009, Mihai Ghimpu was elected as the Speaker of the Moldovan Parliament, through secret voting, getting all 53 votes of the Alliance For European Integration. Mihai Ghimpu on August 28,2009, I thank my colleagues for their trust, I hope that while in this post I will cooperate for a free press, independent legal system, and a state of law of which all the Moldovan citizens will be proud. Constitutional Court of Moldova confirmed the legitimacy of Mihai Ghimpus position as acting president, in the same day, Ghimpu signed a decree nominating Filat for the office of prime minister. The Alliance cabinet of Vlad Filat took office after winning the approval of parliament on September 25,2009, Filat said that his first official visit as premier will be made to Brussels. He added that the agenda of the first official meetings will include visits to Paris, Berlin, Bucharest, on September 11,2009, Mihai Ghimpu became the acting president of Moldova. The interim position was possible following the resignation of Moldovan President, Vladimir Voronin, one of the goals of the Alliance is to elect the new president
12.
Pro-European Coalition
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The Pro-European Coalition was the ruling coalition in Moldova from 30 May 2013 until 18 February 2015. Its leaders were Vlad Filat, Marian Lupu, and Ion Hadârcă, the previous Alliance for European Integration collapsed after it lost a no confidence vote on March 5,2013. It was succeeded by the Political Alliance for a European Moldova, leancă Cabinet - list of coalition ministers. The agreement Pro European Coalition set up was made public
13.
Political Alliance for a European Moldova
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The Political Alliance for a European Moldova was the pro-European governing coalition in Moldova from 18 February to 24 July 2015. On 24 July 2015 the Liberal Party joined a new majority coalition and its leaders were Chiril Gaburici, Vlad Filat and Marian Lupu. the Alliance was a minority coalition that from its outset relied on parliamentary support from the Moldovan Communist Party. On 22 June 2015 Gaburici resigned as Prime Minister due to an investigation into the veracity of his educational qualifications and he was replaced on an interim basis by Foreign Minister Natalia Gherman, also of the PLDM. On 24 July 2015 it was announced that Liberal Party would join a new majority coalition, Gaburici Cabinet - list of coalition ministers
14.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
15.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
16.
Gagauzia
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Gagaúzia, formally known as the Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia, is an autonomous region of Moldova. Its name comes from the Gagauz people, gagaúz Yerí literally means place of the Gagauz. According to some theories, the Gagauz people descend from the Seljuq Turks who settled in Dobruja following the Anatolian Seljuq Sultan Izzeddin Keykavus II and they may be descended from Pechenegs, Uz and Cuman peoples. More specifically, one clan of Oghuz Turks is known to have migrated to the Balkans during intertribal conflicts with other Turks and this Oghuz Turk clan converted from Islam to Orthodox Christianity after settling in the Eastern Balkans and were called Gagauz Turks. A large group of the Gagauz later left Bulgaria and settled in southern Bessarabia, according to other theories, Gagauz are descendants of Kutrigur Bulgarians. In the official Gagauz museum, a plaque mentions that one of the two theories is that they descend from the Bulgars. Nogai tribes who inhabited several villages in south Bessarabia were forced to leave, between 1812 and 1846, the Russians relocated the Gagauz people from what is today eastern Bulgaria to the orthodox Bessarabia, mainly in the settlements vacated by the Nogai tribes. They settled there together with Bessarabian Bulgarians in Avdarma, Comrat, Congaz, Tomai, Cișmichioi, some Gagauz were also settled in the part of the Principality of Moldavia that did not come under Russian control in 1812. But, within several years, villagers moved to live with their own people in the compact area descendants inhabit in the 21st century in the south of Bessarabia. Gagauz nationalism remained an intellectual movement during the 1980s, but strengthened by the end of the decade, in 1988, activists from the local intelligentsia aligned with other ethnic minorities to create a movement known as the Gagauz People. A year later, the Gagauz People held its first assembly, they passed a resolution demanding the creation an autonomous territory in southern Moldova, with the city of Comrat as its capital. The Gagauzian national movement intensified when Moldavian was accepted as the language of the Republic of Moldova in August 1989, replacing Russian. A part of the population of southern Moldova was concerned about the change in official languages. They had a lack of confidence in the government in Chișinău. The Gagauz were also worried about the implications for them if Moldova reunited with Romania, in August 1990, Comrat declared itself an autonomous republic, but the Moldovan government annulled the declaration as unconstitutional. At that time, Stepan Topal emerged as the leader of the Gagauz national movement, support for the Soviet Union remained high in Gagauzia, with a referendum in March 1991 returning an almost unanimous vote in favour of remaining part of the USSR. Many Gagauz supported the Moscow coup attempt in August 1991, in September Transnistria declared its independence, thus further straining relations with the government of Moldova. But, when the Moldovan parliament voted on independence on 27 August 1991, six of the 12 Gagauz deputies in the Moldovan parliament voted in favour, the Moldovan government began to pay more attention to minority rights
17.
Victor Osipov
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Victor Osipov is a Moldovan politician. He was the Deputy Prime Minister in charge of Moldovas territorial re-integration in the First Vlad Filat Cabinet, victor Osipov was born on October 8,1971 in Popeasca, Ştefan Vodă District. He was a member of the Party Alliance Our Moldova
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