1.
Newport News, Virginia
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Newport News is an independent city located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 180,719, in 2013, the population was estimated to be 183,412, making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia. Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, the area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I, the county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later. In 1881,15 years of development began under the leadership of Collis P. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded, within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000. In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News was consolidated with the former Warwick County, the more widely known name of Newport News was selected as they formed what was then Virginias third largest independent city in population. The location on the harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east-west Interstate Highway 64, it is linked to others of the cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, part of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits. The original area near the mouth of the James River was first referred to as Newportes Newes as early as 1621, the source of the name Newport News is not known with certainty. Several versions are recorded, and it is the subject of popular speculation locally, the new governor ordered them to turn around, and return to Jamestown. Under this theory, the community was named for Newports good news, another possibility is that the community may have derived its name from an old English word news meaning new town. At least one source claims that the New arose from the settlements being rebuilt after a fire. Another source gave the name as New Port Newce, named for a person with the name Newce. The namesake, Sir William Newce, was an English soldier, there he had established Newcestown near Bandon, County Cork. He sailed to Virginia with Sir Francis Wyatt in October 1621 and was granted 2,500 acres of land and his brother, Capt. Thomas Newce, was given 600 acres at Kequatan, now called Elizabeth Cittie
2.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
3.
Louie Bellson
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Luigi Paulino Alfredo Francesco Antonio Balassoni, known by the stage name Louie Bellson, was an American jazz drummer. He was a composer, arranger, bandleader, and jazz educator, Bellson was an internationally acclaimed artist who performed in most of the major capitals around the world. Bellson and his wife, actress and singer Pearl Bailey, had the second highest number of appearances at the White House and he was a vice president at Remo, a drum company. He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1985, Bellson was born in Rock Falls, Illinois, in 1924 and started playing drums at three years of age. At 15, he pioneered using two bass drums at the same time, at age 17, he triumphed over 40,000 drummers to win the Slingerland National Gene Krupa contest. After graduating from school, he worked with big bands throughout the 1940s, with Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Harry James. In 1952, he married jazz singer Pearl Bailey, during the 1950s, he played with the Dorsey Brothers, Jazz at the Philharmonic, acted as Baileys music director, and recorded as a leader for Norgran Records and Verve Records. In an interview in 2005 with Jazz Connection magazine, he cited as influences Jo Jones, Sid Catlett, I have to give just dues to two guys who really got me off on the drums – Big Sid Catlett and Jo Jones. All three of us realized what Jo Jones did and it influenced a lot of us and we all three looked to Jo as the Papa who really did it. Gene helped bring the drums to the foreground as a solo instrument, Buddy was a great natural player. But we also have to back at Chick Webbs contributions. Ellington called these concerts the most important thing I have ever done, bellsons album The Sacred Music of Louie Bellson and the Jazz Ballet appeared in 2006. She recalled how Ellington explained to Louie that in the beginning there was lightning and thunder, Ellington exclaimed, pointing out that Louies drums were the thunder. Both Ellington and Louie, says Mrs. Bellson, were deeply religious, on December 5,1971 he took part in a memorial concert at Londons Queen Elizabeth Hall for drummer Frank King. This tribute show also featured Buddy Rich and British drummer Kenny Clare, the orchestra was led by Irish trombonist Bobby Lamb and American trombonist Raymond Premru. A few years later, Rich paid Bellson a compliment by asking him to lead his band on tour while he was disabled by a back injury. As a prolific creator of music, both written and improvised, his compositions and arrangements embrace jazz, jazz/rock/fusion, romantic orchestral suites, symphonic works, Bellson was also a poet and a lyricist. His only Broadway venture, Portofino, was a flop that closed after three performances
4.
Tony Award
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The Antoinette Perry Award for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Award, recognizes excellence in live Broadway theatre. The awards are presented by the American Theatre Wing and The Broadway League at a ceremony in New York City. The awards are given for Broadway productions and performances, and an award is given for regional theatre, several discretionary non-competitive awards are also given, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle Stevenson Award. The awards are named after Antoinette Tony Perry, co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, the rules for the Tony Awards are set forth in the official document Rules and Regulations of The American Theatre Wings Tony Awards, which applies for that season only. It also forms the fourth spoke in the EGOT, that is someone who has won all four awards, the Tony Awards are also considered the equivalent of the Laurence Olivier Award in the United Kingdom and the Molière Award of France. From 1997 to 2010, the Tony Awards ceremony was held at Radio City Music Hall in New York City in June and broadcast live on CBS television, except in 1999, in 2011 and 2012, the ceremony was held at the Beacon Theatre. From 2013 to 2015, the 67th, 68th, and 69th ceremonies returned to Radio City Music Hall, the 70th Tony Awards were held on June 12,2016 at the Beacon Theatre. The 71st Tony Awards will be held on June 11,2017, as of 2014, there are 24 categories of awards, plus several special awards. Starting with 11 awards in 1947, the names and number of categories have changed over the years, some examples, the category Best Book of a Musical was originally called Best Author. The category of Best Costume Design was one of the original awards, for two years, in 1960 and 1961, this category was split into Best Costume Designer and Best Costume Designer. It then went to a category, but in 2005 it was divided again. For the category of Best Director of a Play, a category was for directors of plays. A newly established non-competitive award, The Isabelle Stevenson Award, was given for the first time at the ceremony in 2009. The award is for an individual who has made a contribution of volunteered time and effort on behalf of one or more humanitarian. The category of Best Special Theatrical Event was retired as of the 2009–2010 season, the categories of Best Sound Design of a Play and Best Sound Design of a Musical were retired as of the 2014-2015 season. Performance categories Show and technical categories Special awards Retired awards The award was founded in 1947 by a committee of the American Theatre Wing headed by Brock Pemberton. The award is named after Antoinette Perry, nicknamed Tony, an actress, director, producer and co-founder of the American Theatre Wing, who died in 1946. As her official biography at the Tony Awards website states, At Jacob Wilks suggestion, proposed an award in her honor for distinguished stage acting, at the initial event in 1947, as he handed out an award, he called it a Tony
5.
Presidential Medal of Freedom
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The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal—the highest civilian award of the United States. The award is not limited to U. S. citizens and, while it is an award, it can also be awarded to military personnel. It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085, with unique and distinctive insignia, vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige. It was the first U. S. civilian neck decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U. S. sash and star decoration. The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president, Recipients are selected by the president, either on his own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a source of such recommendations. The medal may be awarded to a more than once. It may also be awarded posthumously, examples include John F, golden American bald eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a ribbon with white edge stripes. When the medal With Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented descending from a neck ribbon, the sash and medal of the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction has never been worn in public since its inception. Andrew Presidential Medal of Freedom, an article from jfklibrary. org, Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients, a list of recipients from May 5,1993, through August 19,2009, from senate. gov, the U. S. Senates official website. Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse. archives. gov, a section of the U. S. National Archives, Medal of Freedom Ceremony, a news release, August 12,2009, from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse. gov, the White Houses official website. War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom, The New York Times, December 15,2004
6.
Harlem
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
7.
Apollo Theater
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It was the home of Showtime at the Apollo, a nationally syndicated television variety show which showcased new talent, from 1987 to 2008, encompassing 1,093 episodes. The theater, which has a capacity of 1,506, opened its doors in 1914 as Hurtig & Seamons New Burlesque Theater and it became the Apollo in 1934, when it was opened to black patrons – previously it had been a whites-only venue. In 1983, both the interior and exterior of the building were designated as New York City Landmarks, and it is estimated that 1.3 million people visit the Apollo every year. The building which became the Apollo Theater was built in 1913-14 and was designed by architect George Keister. It was originally Hurtig and Seamons New Theater, which enforced a strict Whites Only policy, the theatre was operated by noted burlesque producers Jules Hurtig and Harry Seamon, who obtained a 30-year lease. It remained in operation until 1928, when Billy Minsky took over, the song I May Be Wrong by Harry Sullivan and Harry Ruskin, written in 1929, became the theme song of the theater. During the early 1930s, the fell into disrepair and closed once more. The show ran for an engagement and was highly praised by the press. Leo Brechers Harlem Opera House was another competing venue, to improve the shows at the Apollo, Cohen hired noted talent scout John Hammond to book his shows. However, the deal fell through when Cohen died, and the end result was the merger of the Apollo with the Harlem Opera House, the Opera House became a movie theater, but the Apollo, under the ownership of Brecher and Schiffman, continued to present stage shows. Schiffman hired Clarence Robinson as in-house producer, Originally, a show presented at the Apollo was akin to a vaudeville show. As the years progressed, such variety shows were presented less often, comic acts also appeared on the Apollo stage, including those who performed in blackface, such as Butterbeans and Susie, much to the horror of the NAACP and the elite of Harlem. Gospel acts which played the Apollo include the Staple Singers, Mahalia Jackson, The Clark Sisters, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Clara Ward and Sam Cooke with the Soul Stirrers. Performers of soul music on the Apollo stage included Ray Charles, Otis Redding and Aretha Franklin, and jazz was represented as well, by acts such as Art Blakey and Horace Silver. The theaters audience was often mixed, in the 1940s it was estimated that during the week about 40% of the audience was white, Jazz singer Anita ODay headlined for the week of September 21,1950, billed as the Jezebel of Jazz. Schiffman had first introduced a night at the Lafayette Theater, where it was known as Harlem Amateur Hour. At the Apollo, it was originally called Audition Night, but later became Amateur Night in Harlem, held every Monday evening and broadcast on the radio over WMCA, the Apollo grew to prominence during the Harlem Renaissance of the pre-World War II years. Fitzgeralds performances pulled in an audience at the Apollo and she won the opportunity to compete in one of the earliest of its Amateur Nights
8.
United Service Organizations
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The United Service Organizations Inc. is a nonprofit organization that provides programs, services and live entertainment to United States service members and their families. Since 1941, it has worked in partnership with the Department of Defense, relying heavily on contributions and on funds, goods. Although it is congressionally-chartered, it is not a government agency, the USO operates 160 centers worldwide. During World War II, the USO became the GIs home away from home and began a tradition of entertaining the troops that continues today. Involvement in the USO was one of the ways in which the nation had come together to support the war effort. After it was disbanded in 1947, it was revived in 1950 for the Korean War, during the Vietnam War, USOs were sometimes located in combat zones. The organization became famous for its live performances, called Camp Shows. Hollywood in general was eager to show its patriotism, and many celebrities joined the ranks of USO entertainers. They entertained in military bases at home and overseas, sometimes placing their own lives in danger, the USO has over 160 locations around the world in 14 countries and 27 states. Its motto is Until everyone comes home, the USO was founded in 1941 by Mary Ingraham in response to a request from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide morale and recreation services to U. S. uniformed military personnel. Roosevelt was elected as its honorary chairman and they were brought together under one umbrella to support U. S. troops. Roosevelt said he wanted these private organizations to handle the on-leave recreation of the men in the armed forces. According to historian Emily Yellin, The government was to build the buildings, the first national campaign chairman was Thomas Dewey, who raised $16 million in the first year. The second chairman was future senator Prescott Bush, the USO was incorporated in New York on February 4, with the first facility erected in DeRidder, Louisiana,1941. More USO centers and clubs opened around the world as a “Home Away from Home” for GIs. The USO club was a place to go for dances and social events, for movies and music, for a place to talk or write a letter home, or for a free cup of coffee. The USO also brought Hollywood celebrities and volunteer entertainers to perform for the troops, according to movie historian Steven Cohan, most of all. In taking home on the road, it equated the nation with showbiz, USO camp shows were designed in their export to remind soldiers of home
9.
Cab Calloway
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Cabell Cab Calloway III was an American jazz singer and bandleader. He was strongly associated with the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York City, Calloway was a master of energetic scat singing and led one of the United States most popular big bands from the start of the 1930s to the late 1940s. Calloway continued to perform until his death in 1994 at the age of 86, Calloway was born in Rochester, New York, on Christmas Day in 1907 to an upper-middle-class family. His mother, Martha Eulalia Reed, was a Morgan State College graduate, teacher and his father, Cabell Calloway, Jr. graduated from Lincoln University of Pennsylvania in 1898, and worked as a lawyer and in real estate. Cab Calloway grew up as an adolescent in a household in West Baltimores Sugar Hill, considered the political, cultural. Early on, his parents recognized their sons talent. He continued to study music and voice throughout his formal schooling, despite his parents and teachers disapproval of jazz, Calloway began frequenting and performing in many of Baltimores nightclubs. As a result, he came into contact with many of the local jazz luminaries of the time and he counted among his early mentors drummer Chick Webb and pianist Johnny Jones. After his graduation from Frederick Douglass High School, Calloway joined his sister, Blanche, in a touring production of the popular Black musical revue. His parents had hopes of their son becoming an attorney following after his father, at the Sunset Café, Cab cut his teeth as an understudy for singer Adelaide Hall. Here he met and performed with Louis Armstrong, who taught him to sing in the scat style and he eventually left school to sing with a band called the Alabamians. In 1930 Calloway took over a brilliant, but failing band called The Missourians, later on, they renamed it Cab Calloway, the Cotton Club in New Yorks Harlem was the premier jazz venue in the country. In 1931 Calloway and his orchestra were hired as a replacement for the Duke Ellington Orchestra while it was touring, Calloway quickly proved so popular that his band became the co-house band with Ellingtons, and his group began touring nationwide when not playing the Cotton Club. Their popularity was enhanced by the twice-weekly live national radio broadcasts on NBC from the Cotton Club. Calloway also appeared on Walter Winchells radio program and with Bing Crosby in his show at New Yorks Paramount Theatre, as a result of these appearances, Calloway, together with Ellington, broke the major broadcast network color barrier. Many of his records were vocal specialties with Calloways vocal taking up the majority of the record, in 1931 Calloway recorded his most famous song, Minnie the Moocher. Through rotoscoping, Calloway performed voiceover for these cartoons, but his dance steps were the basis of the characters movements and he took advantage of this, timing concerts in some communities to coincide with the release of the films in order to make the most of the publicity. As a result of the success of Minnie the Moocher, Calloway became identified with its chorus and he also performed in the 1930s in a series of short films for Paramount
10.
Duke Ellington
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Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward, in the 1930s, his orchestra toured in Europe. Some of the musicians who were members of Ellingtons orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered to be among the best players in jazz, Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz. Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades, a master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington often composed specifically to feature the style and skills of his individual musicians. Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizols Caravan, and Perdido, after 1941, Ellington collaborated with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn, whom he called his writing and arranging companion. With Strayhorn, he composed many extended compositions, or suites, following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, in July 1956, Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours. Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era, performed in films, scoring several. His reputation continued to rise after he died, and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999, Ellington was born on April 29,1899, to James Edward Ellington and Daisy Ellington in Washington, D. C. Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias and they lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place, NW, in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D. C. Dukes father was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on April 15,1879, Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C. on January 4,1879, the daughter of a former American slave. James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy, when Ellington was a child, his family showed racial pride and support in their home, as did many other families. African Americans in D. C. worked to protect their children from the eras Jim Crow laws, at the age of seven, Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners, Ellingtons childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner, his easy grace, and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, and began calling him Duke. Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname, I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship, I should have a title. Though Ellington took piano lessons, he was interested in baseball. President Roosevelt would come by on his horse sometimes, and stop and watch us play, Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington, D. C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games, in the summer of 1914, while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café, Ellington wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag. He created the piece by ear, as he had not yet learned to read, I would play the Soda Fountain Rag as a one-step, two-step, waltz, tango, and fox trot, Ellington recalled
11.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
12.
St. Louis Woman
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St. Louis Woman is a musical by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer. The musical opened at the Martin Beck Theatre in New York on March 30,1946, the original cast included Robert Pope, Harold Nicholas, Fayard Nicholas, June Hawkins, Pearl Bailey, Ruby Hill, Rex Ingram, and Milton J. Williams. It is based upon the novel God Sends Sunday by African-American writer Arna Bontemps, the idea for St. Louis Woman was originally imagined by Hollywood Producer Ed Gross who wanted to create a musical based upon Arna Bontemps novel God Sends Sunday. The novel had already been adapted into a theatrical stage play by Bontemps. Gross wanted a musical for the talents of Lena Horne and thought that a version of Bontemps novel would be a powerful vehicle for her. He approached Cullen to write the book and Arlen and Mercer to write the music for the project, although Arlen and Mercer created what some consider to be their best score, the musical suffered from many misfortunes during production. First, the book suffered several serious problems, the show was not really a comedy and did not lend itself to standard Broadway musical treatment of its themes. Throughout the drama, any happiness the characters attain is offset by the deepest feeling of gloom, the correct balance for a musical comedy was never achieved, and a book that could have become an opera was treated neither humorously nor dramatically. Criticised the musical for offering roles that detract from the dignity of our race, Lena Horne agreed with this assessment and refused to star in the show saying she had no intention of portraying a flashy lady of easy virtue. When the show opened there were several protests by African-Americans outside the theatre. Finally, the show suffered several staffing problems, the choreographer was replaced midway through production and the shows leading lady, Ruby Hill, was replaced after its pre-Broadway tryout in Boston. Hill returned to the show only three performances in New York at the insistence of the shows cast, in particular Pearl Bailey. The show opened at the Martin Beck Theater on March 30,1946, the story is set in St Louis in 1898. Little Augie, a jockey who is on a streak, is enamoured with Della Green. Della, however, is the girlfriend of Biglow Brown, the proprietor of the local bar, Biglow is abusive toward Della and she decides to leave him. Browns previous mistress, Lila, is still around which produces complications, and then there is the barmaid, Butterfly. She is in love with Barney, another jockey, but unlike Little Augie, Barney is older, but Butterfly doesnt want things to go too far with Barney until she gets that elusive wedding ring. Its cakewalking time and Augie attracts the attention and admiration of Della with his performance of the cakewalk
13.
The Ed Sullivan Show
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The Ed Sullivan Show is an American TV variety show that ran on CBS from Sunday June 20,1948, to Sunday June 6,1971, and was hosted by New York entertainment columnist Ed Sullivan. It was replaced in September 1971 by the CBS Sunday Night Movie, in 2002, The Ed Sullivan Show was ranked #15 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2013, the series finished No.31 in TV Guide Magazines 60 Best Series of All Time, the format was essentially the same as vaudeville, and although vaudeville had died a generation earlier, Sullivan presented many ex-vaudevillians on his show. The last original Sullivan show telecast was on March 28,1971, with guests Melanie, Joanna Simon, Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass, repeats were scheduled through June 6,1971. While most of the episodes aired live from New York City, the show aired live on occasion from other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia. For many years, Ed Sullivan was an event each Sunday evening. In those days, we had six acts. Then, each of our acts would do a leisurely ten minutes or so, Now they do two or three minutes. And in those early days I talked too much, I look up at me talking away and I say You fool. But I just keep on talking, Ive learned how to keep my mouth shut. The show enjoyed phenomenal popularity in the 1950s and early 1960s and he was regarded as a kingmaker, and performers considered an appearance on his program as a guarantee of stardom, although this sometimes did not turn out to be the case. The shows iconic status is illustrated by the song Hymn for a Sunday Evening from the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, in the song, a family of viewers expresses their regard for the program in worshipful tones. In September 1965, CBS started televising the program in compatible color, CBS had once backed its own color system, developed by Peter Goldmark, and resisted using RCAs compatible process until 1954. At that time, it built its first New York City color TV studio, Studio 72, in a former RKO movie theater at 2248 Broadway. One Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast on August 22,1954, from the new studio, CBS Studio 72 was demolished in 1986 and replaced by an apartment house. CBS Studio 50 was finally colorized in 1965, the 1965–66 season premiere starred the Beatles in an episode airing on September 12, which was the last episode to air in black and white. In the late 1960s, Sullivan remarked that his program was waning as the decade went on and he realized that to keep viewers, the best and brightest in entertainment had to be seen, or else the viewers were going to keep on changing the channel. Along with declining viewership, Ed Sullivan attracted a higher age for the average viewer as the seasons went on
14.
Hello, Dolly! (musical)
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Hello, Dolly. was first produced on Broadway by David Merrick in 1964, winning a record 10 Tony Awards, including Best Musical, a record held for 37 years. An Original Cast Recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002, the album reached number one on the Billboard album chart on June 6,1964 and was replaced the next week by Louis Armstrongs album Hello, Dolly. The show has one of the most enduring musical theatre hits, with four Broadway revivals. It was also made into the 1969 film Hello Dolly. that was nominated for seven Academy Awards, originated in an 1835 English play, A Day Well Spent by John Oxenford, which Johann Nestroy adapted into the farce Einen Jux will er sich machen. The Matchmaker became a hit and was revived and made into a 1958 film of the same name starring Shirley Booth. The story of a widow who strives to bring romance to several couples. The role of Dolly Levi in the musical was written for Ethel Merman. Eventually, he hired Carol Channing, who created in Dolly her signature role. Director Gower Champion was not the producers first choice, as Hal Prince, Hello, Dolly. had rocky out-of-town tryouts in Detroit and Washington, D. C. After receiving the reviews, the creators made major changes to the script and score, the show was originally entitled Dolly, A Damned Exasperating Woman and Call on Dolly but Merrick changed the title immediately upon hearing Louis Armstrongs version of Hello, Dolly. The show became one of the most iconic Broadway shows of its era, the half of the 1960s, running for 2,844 performances. During that decade, ten blockbuster musicals played over 1,000 performances, sources, Tams-Witmark Guide to Musical Theatre Masterworks Broadway As the 19th becomes the 20th century, all of New York City is excited because widowed but brassy Dolly Gallagher Levi is in town. Dolly makes a living through what she calls meddling – matchmaking and numerous sidelines, including dance instruction and she is currently seeking a wife for grumpy Horace Vandergelder, the well-known half-a-millionaire, but it becomes clear that Dolly intends to marry Horace herself. Ambrose Kemper, a young artist, wants to marry Horaces weepy niece Ermengarde, Ambrose enlists Dollys help, and they travel to Yonkers, New York to visit Horace, who is a prominent citizen there and owns Vandergelders Hay and Feed. Horace explains to his two clerks, Cornelius Hackl and Barnaby Tucker, that he is going to get married because It Takes a Woman to cheerfully do all the household chores. He plans to travel with Dolly to New York City to march in the Fourteenth Street Association Parade and propose to the widow Irene Molloy, Horace leaves for New York and leaves Cornelius and Barnaby to run the store. Cornelius decides that he and Barnaby need to get out of Yonkers, theyll go to New York, have a good meal, spend all their money, see the stuffed whale in Barnums museum, almost get arrested, and each kiss a girl. They blow up some tomato cans to create a terrible stench, Dolly mentions that she knows two ladies in New York they should call on, Irene Molloy and her shop assistant, Minnie Fay
15.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
16.
Shea Stadium
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Shea Stadium /ˈʃeɪ/) was a stadium in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens, New York City. Built as a stadium, it was the home park of Major League Baseballs New York Mets from 1964 to 2008. Shea Stadium was named in honor of William A. Shea and it was demolished in 2009 to create additional parking for the adjacent Citi Field, the current home of the Mets. The origins of Shea Stadium go way back to the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants relocations to the U. S. west coast, OMalley preferred to pay construction costs himself so he could own the stadium outright. He wanted total control over revenue from parking, concessions, New York City, in contrast, wanted to build the stadium, rent it, and retain the ancillary revenue rights to pay off its construction bonds. Additionally, OMalley wanted to build his new stadium in Brooklyn, in 1960, the National League agreed to grant an expansion franchise to the owners of the New York franchise in the abortive Continental League, provided that a new stadium be built. Mayor Robert Wagner, Jr. had to wire all National League owners. On October 6,1961, the Mets signed a 30-year stadium lease, rent for what was originally budgeted as a $9 million facility was set at $450,000 annually, with a reduction of $20,000 each year until it reached $300,000 annually. The Mets inaugural season was played in the Polo Grounds, with plans calling for the team to move to a new stadium in 1963. In October 1962, Mets official Tom Meany said, Only a series of blizzards or some other unforeseen trouble might hamper construction and that unforeseen trouble surfaced in a number of ways, the severe winter of 1962–1963, along with the bankruptcies of two subcontractors and labor issues. The end result was both the Mets and Jets played at the Polo Grounds for one more year. After 29 months and $28.5 million, Shea Stadium opened on April 17,1964, the stadium opened five days before the 1964-65 New York Worlds Fair, across Roosevelt Avenue. Although not officially part of the grounds, the stadium sported steel panels on its exterior in the blue-and-orange colors of the Fair. The panels were removed in 1980, in accordance with New York City law, Shea Stadium was dismantled, rather than imploded. The company with the rights to sell memorabilia was given two weeks after the game to remove seats, signage and other potentially saleable and collectable items before demolition was to begin. The seats were the first, followed by other such as the foul poles, dugouts, stadium signage. After salvaging operations concluded, demolition of the ballpark began on October 14,2008, on October 18, the scoreboard in right field was demolished, with the bleachers, batters eye and bullpens shortly thereafter. By November 10, the field, dugouts and the rest of the field level seats had been demolished, by mid-December, all of the Loge level seats and a good portion of the Mezzanine level seating were gone as well, leaving only the outer shell remaining
17.
1969 World Series
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The World Series win earned the team the sobriquet Miracle Mets, as they had risen from the depths of mediocrity. The Mets became the first expansion team to win a title, a pennant. Two teams would later surpass that, as the Florida Marlins won the 1997 World Series in their fifth year and the Arizona Diamondbacks won the 2001 World Series in their fourth year of play. In fact, the best that could be said for them was that because the National League was being split into two divisions that year, the Mets were guaranteed to finish no lower than sixth place. The fact that the Mets began the season by losing 11–10 to the then-expansion Montreal Expos seemed to confirm this, outfielder Cleon Jones hit a club-record. Everyone on the bench knew what their role was in the felt that theyd ever lost their jobs. Almost to a man, the 1969 Mets were united in their praise of their managers skill, the Baltimore Orioles, by contrast, were practically flawless and featured stars at almost every position. They breezed through the 1969 season, winning 109 games and brushing aside the Minnesota Twins in three games in the ALCS to win their second pennant in four years. It was felt that in the face of such statistical comparisons, NL New York Mets vs. AL Baltimore Orioles With this win, the Orioles looked to be proving all the prognosticators right, as it was a dominant performance. Don Buford hit Tom Seavers second pitch of the game for a home run, the Os then added three more runs in the fourth when, with two outs, Elrod Hendricks singled and Davey Johnson walked. Mark Belanger then singled in a run, followed by an RBI single by pitcher Mike Cuellar, Buford would cap the inning off by doubling in Belanger. The Mets got their run in the seventh on a fly by light-hitting Al Weis. Despite the opening-game loss, nobody on the Mets seemed discouraged, Tom Seaver – the games losing pitcher – said years later I swear, we came into the clubhouse more confident than when we had left it. Somebody – I think it was Clendenon – yelled out, Dammit, a team knows if theyve been badly beaten or outplayed. And we felt we hadnt been, the feeling wasnt that we had lost, but Hey, we nearly won that game. We hadnt been more than a hit or two from turning it around and it hit us like a ton of bricks. At this game, Bud Selig negotiated a deal with Max, the purchase was finalized in April 1970, and the team was moved to Milwaukee and became the Milwaukee Brewers. Mets pitcher Jerry Koosman pitched six innings of no-hit ball, trying to match Don Larsens World Series no-hit feat, Donn Clendenon provided him a slim lead with a home run in the fourth
18.
1969 World Series Highlight Film
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The World Series win earned the team the sobriquet Miracle Mets, as they had risen from the depths of mediocrity. The Mets became the first expansion team to win a title, a pennant. Two teams would later surpass that, as the Florida Marlins won the 1997 World Series in their fifth year and the Arizona Diamondbacks won the 2001 World Series in their fourth year of play. In fact, the best that could be said for them was that because the National League was being split into two divisions that year, the Mets were guaranteed to finish no lower than sixth place. The fact that the Mets began the season by losing 11–10 to the then-expansion Montreal Expos seemed to confirm this, outfielder Cleon Jones hit a club-record. Everyone on the bench knew what their role was in the felt that theyd ever lost their jobs. Almost to a man, the 1969 Mets were united in their praise of their managers skill, the Baltimore Orioles, by contrast, were practically flawless and featured stars at almost every position. They breezed through the 1969 season, winning 109 games and brushing aside the Minnesota Twins in three games in the ALCS to win their second pennant in four years. It was felt that in the face of such statistical comparisons, NL New York Mets vs. AL Baltimore Orioles With this win, the Orioles looked to be proving all the prognosticators right, as it was a dominant performance. Don Buford hit Tom Seavers second pitch of the game for a home run, the Os then added three more runs in the fourth when, with two outs, Elrod Hendricks singled and Davey Johnson walked. Mark Belanger then singled in a run, followed by an RBI single by pitcher Mike Cuellar, Buford would cap the inning off by doubling in Belanger. The Mets got their run in the seventh on a fly by light-hitting Al Weis. Despite the opening-game loss, nobody on the Mets seemed discouraged, Tom Seaver – the games losing pitcher – said years later I swear, we came into the clubhouse more confident than when we had left it. Somebody – I think it was Clendenon – yelled out, Dammit, a team knows if theyve been badly beaten or outplayed. And we felt we hadnt been, the feeling wasnt that we had lost, but Hey, we nearly won that game. We hadnt been more than a hit or two from turning it around and it hit us like a ton of bricks. At this game, Bud Selig negotiated a deal with Max, the purchase was finalized in April 1970, and the team was moved to Milwaukee and became the Milwaukee Brewers. Mets pitcher Jerry Koosman pitched six innings of no-hit ball, trying to match Don Larsens World Series no-hit feat, Donn Clendenon provided him a slim lead with a home run in the fourth
19.
Yankee Stadium (1923)
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Yankee Stadium was a stadium located in the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It was the home ballpark of the New York Yankees, one of the citys Major League Baseball franchises, from 1923 to 1973, the stadium hosted 6,581 Yankees regular season home games during its 85-year history. It was also the home of the New York Giants football team from 1956 through the first part of the 1973–74 football season. It has also known as The Big Ballpark in The Bronx, The Stadium. The stadium was built from 1922 to 1923 for $2.4 million, Yankee Stadium opened for the 1923 MLB season and at the time, it was hailed as a one-of-a-kind facility in the country for its size. Over the course of its history, it one of the most famous venues in the United States, having hosted a variety of events. The stadium went through many alterations and playing surface configurations over the years, the condition of the facility worsened in the 1960s and 1970s, prompting its closing for renovation from 1974 to 1975. The renovation significantly altered the appearance of the venue and reduced the distance of the outfield fences, in 2006, the Yankees began building a new $2.3 billion stadium in public parkland adjacent to the stadium. The price included $1.2 billion in public subsidies, the design includes a replica of the frieze along the roof that was in Yankee Stadium. Monument Park, a Hall of Fame for prominent former Yankees, was relocated to the new stadium, Yankee Stadium closed following the 2008 baseball season and the new stadium opened in 2009, adopting the Yankee Stadium moniker. The original Yankee Stadium was demolished in 2010, two years after it closed, and the 8-acre site was converted into a park called Heritage Field, the new Yankee stadium opened in 2009 and is currently used by the NY Yankees. The Yankees had played at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan since 1913, however, relations between the two teams were rocky, with the Giants harboring resentment towards the Yankees. For the 1920 season, the Yankees acquired star slugger Babe Ruth and in his first year with his new team, by the middle of 1920, the Giants had issued an eviction notice to the Yankees, which was soon rescinded. In 1921, the Yankees won their first American League pennant and this exacerbated Giants owner Charles Stonehams resentment of the Yankees and reinforced his insistence that the Yankees find another place to play their home games. The Giants derisively suggested that the Yankees relocate to Queens or some other out-of-the-way place, tillinghast LHommedieu Huston and Jacob Ruppert, the Yankees owners since January 1915, decided to build their own stadium. They did so at considerable financial risk and speculation, Baseball teams typically played in 30, 000-seat facilities, but Huston and Ruppert invoked Ruths name when asked how the Yankees could justify a ballpark with 60,000 seats. The total bill for construction of the stadium was $2.5 million, Huston and Ruppert explored many areas for Yankee Stadium. Of the other sites being considered, the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, consideration was also given to building atop railroad tracks on the West Side of Manhattan and to Long Island City, in Queens
20.
The Fox and the Hound
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The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated buddy drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters on July 10,1981 to financial success, at the time of release it was the most expensive animated film produced to date, costing $12 million. It was re-released to theaters on March 25,1988, a direct-to-video followup, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released to DVD on December 12,2006. After a young red fox is orphaned, Big Mama the owl, Boomer the woodpecker, Tweed names him Tod, since he reminds her of a toddler. Meanwhile, her neighbor, a hunter named Amos Slade, brings home a young hound puppy named Copper, Tod and Copper become playmates and vow to remain friends forever. Slade becomes frustrated with Copper for frequently wandering off to play, while playing with Copper at his home, Tod awakens Chief. Slade and Chief chase him until they are confronted by Tweed, after a violent argument, Slade threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his farm again. Hunting season comes and Slade takes his dogs into the wilderness for the interim, as months pass, Tod and Copper both reach adulthood. Copper has become a hunting dog, while Tod has grown up into a strong handsome fox. On the night of Coppers return, Tod sneaks over to visit him, Copper explains that while he still values Tod as a friend, he is now a hunting dog and things are different. Their conversation awakens Chief, who alerts Slade, in the ensuing chase Copper catches Tod. Copper lets the fox go and diverts Chief and Slade, Tod tries escaping on a railroad track, but is caught and pursued by Chief as a train suddenly passes by them. Tod ducks under the train, but Chief is struck by the train and falls into a river below, angered by this, Copper and Slade blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance. Tweed, realizing that Tod is no longer safe with her, takes him on a drive, tods first night alone in the woods proves disastrous, inadvertently entering an irritable badgers den. Thankfully, a friendly porcupine offers Tod shelter and that same night, Slade and Copper plan revenge on Tod. The next morning, Big Mama finds Tod and introduces him to a fox named Vixey. Wanting to impress her, Tod tries to catch a fish, Vixey and the other animals laugh at him, but Big Mama directs Tod to be himself. The two foxes reconcile and Vixey helps Tod adapt to life in the forest, meanwhile, Slade and Copper trespass into the preserve to hunt Tod
21.
Theology
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Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine. It is taught as a discipline, typically in universities, seminaries. Augustine of Hippo defined the Latin equivalent, theologia, as reasoning or discussion concerning the Deity, the term can, however, be used for a variety of different disciplines or fields of study. Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument to help understand, explain, test, critique, the English equivalent theology had evolved by 1362. Greek theologia was used with the discourse on god in the fourth century BC by Plato in The Republic, Book ii. Drawing on Greek Stoic sources, the Latin writer Varro distinguished three forms of discourse, mythical, rational and civil. Theologos, closely related to theologia, appears once in some manuscripts, in the heading to the book of Revelation, apokalypsis ioannoy toy theologoy. The Latin author Boethius, writing in the early 6th century, used theologia to denote a subdivision of philosophy as a subject of study, dealing with the motionless. Boethius definition influenced medieval Latin usage, Theology can also now be used in a derived sense to mean a system of theoretical principles, an ideology. They suggest the term is appropriate in religious contexts that are organized differently. Kalam. does not hold the place in Muslim thought that theology does in Christianity. To find an equivalent for theology in the Christian sense it is necessary to have recourse to several disciplines, and to the usul al-fiqh as much as to kalam. Jose Ignacio Cabezon, who argues that the use of theology is appropriate, can only do so, he says, I take theology not to be restricted to its etymological meaning. In that latter sense, Buddhism is of course atheological, rejecting as it does the notion of God, within Hindu philosophy, there is a solid and ancient tradition of philosophical speculation on the nature of the universe, of God and of the Atman. The Sanskrit word for the schools of Hindu philosophy is Darshana. Nevertheless, Jewish theology historically has been active and highly significant for Christian. It is sometimes claimed, however, that the Jewish analogue of Christian theological discussion would more properly be Rabbinical discussion of Jewish law, the history of the study of theology in institutions of higher education is as old as the history of such institutions themselves. Modern Western universities evolved from the institutions and cathedral schools of Western Europe during the High Middle Ages
22.
Georgetown University
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Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D. C. the capital of the United States. Georgetowns main campus is located on a hill above the Potomac River, the campus is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall, which is a National Historic Landmark. Georgetown offers degree programs in disciplines, enrolling an average of 7,500 undergraduate and 10,000 post-graduate students from more than 130 countries. The university is known for preparing leaders for careers in government. As of 2015, Georgetown produced more diplomats for the U. S, Foreign Service than any other school in the country, and has ranked second in the U. S. by the average number of graduates serving in the U. S. Congress. Georgetown is the oldest Catholic and Jesuit-affiliated institution of education in the United States. The Jesuits have participated in the academic life, both as scholars and as administrators, since 1805, however, the university has always been governed independently of the church. At present, the majority of Georgetown students are not Catholic, Georgetown is home to the countrys largest student-run business, as well as the largest student-run financial institution. Jesuit settlers from England founded the Province of Maryland in 1634, during most of the remainder of Marylands colonial period, Jesuits conducted Catholic schools clandestinely. It was not until after the end of the American Revolution that plans to establish a permanent Catholic institution for education in the United States were realized, Carroll began meetings of local clergy in 1783 near Annapolis, Maryland, where they orchestrated the development of a new university. On January 23,1789, Carroll finalized the purchase of the property in Georgetown on which Dahlgren Quadrangle was later built, future Congressman William Gaston was enrolled as the schools first student on November 22,1791, and instruction began on January 2,1792. During its early years, Georgetown College suffered from financial strain. The Maryland Society of Jesus began its restoration in 1805, and Jesuit affiliation, in the form of teachers and administrators, the school relied on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local lands which had been donated to the Jesuits. To raise money for Georgetown and other schools in 1838, Maryland Jesuits conducted a sale of some 272 slaves to two Deep South plantations from their six in Maryland, ending their slaveholding. In 1844, the received a corporate charter, under the name The President and Directors of Georgetown College. In response to the demand for an option for Roman Catholic students. The U. S. Civil War greatly affected Georgetown as 1,141 students and alumni enlisted in one army or the other, by the time of President Abraham Lincolns May 1861 visit to campus,1,400 troops were living in temporary quarters there. Due to the number of lives lost in the war, enrollment levels remained low until well after the war, only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 in the previous decade
23.
Duncan Hines
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Duncan Hines was an American pioneer of restaurant ratings for travelers. He is best known today for the brand of products that bears his name. Hines was born in Bowling Green, Kentucky, the son of a former Confederate soldier and his mother died when he was four and he was raised by his grandmother. Hines worked as a salesman for a Chicago printer. At this time, there was no American interstate highway system and only a few chain restaurants, therefore, travelers depended on getting a good meal at a local restaurant. Hines and his wife Florence began assembling a list for friends of several hundred good restaurants around the country. One such listing in the 1939 edition read, Corbin, KY. Sanders Court, a very good place to stop en route to Cumberland Falls and the Great Smokies. Sizzling steaks, fried chicken, country ham, hot biscuits, the book proved so successful that Hines added another which recommended lodging. The column featured restaurant recipes adapted for home cooks that he had collected during his nationwide travels, in 1952, Duncan Hines introduced Duncan Hines bread to the world through the Durkees Bakery Company of Homer, New York. Antil Sr. Albert Durkee, and Lena Durkee were the bakery proprietors and this was Duncan Hines first foray into baked goods. By 1953, Hines sold the right to use his name and the title of his book to Roy H. Park to form Hines-Park Foods, which licensed the name to a number of food-related businesses. The cake mix license was sold to Nebraska Consolidated Mills in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1957, Nebraska Consolidated Mills sold the cake mix business to the U. S. consumer products company Procter & Gamble. The company expanded the business to the market and added a series of related products. Also in 1957, Hines appeared as a guest challenger on the TV panel show To Tell The Truth, Duncan Hines died of lung cancer on March 15,1959. He was buried in Fairview Cemetery of Bowling Green, Kentucky, the Duncan Hines brand is now owned by Pinnacle Foods. Hines is widely honored in his hometown of Bowling Green, a museum exhibit at the Western Kentucky Universitys Kentucky Museum in Bowling Green showcases Duncan Hines. Hines often enjoyed ham and eggs as a meal in his later years. Chicago, Adventures in Good Eating, Inc, Chicago, Adventures in Good Eating, Inc
24.
Won't You Come Home Bill Bailey
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Bill Bailey, originally titled Bill Bailey, Wont You Please Come Home. is a popular song published in 1902. It is commonly referred to as simply Bill Bailey and its words and music were written by Hughie Cannon, an American songwriter and pianist. It is still a standard with Dixieland and traditional jazz bands, Cannon wrote the song in 1902 when he was working as a bar pianist at Conrad Deidrich’s Saloon in Jackson, Michigan. Willard Bill Bailey was a customer and friend, and one night told Cannon about his marriage to Sarah. Cannon was inspired to rattle off a ditty about Bailey’s irregular hours, Bailey thought the song was a scream, and he brought home a dashed-off copy of the song to show Sarah. Accepted without comment the picture it drew of her as a wife, Cannon sold all rights to the song to a New York publisher, and died from cirrhosis aged 35. Willard and Sarah Bailey later divorced, he died in 1954 and it was a #1 hit for Arthur Collins in July 1902. Singer and actress Della Reese recorded the song in 1961, and it entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number #98, in Britain the Edwardian music hall star Victoria Monks popularised the song in 1905 and thereafter it became her most demanded and remembered song. Most commonly it is performed in a version based on the chorus. While the chorus is more familiar than the verse, some artists continue to perform the verse as well. Without the lyrics of the seldom heard verse, one doesnt know who Bill Bailey is nor why he isnt home, the Jewish-American parodist Allan Sherman recorded a parody of this song on his 1963 album My Son, the Celebrity, entitled Wont You Come Home Disraeli. In the Miss Solar System episode of The Jetsons, first aired February 3,1963, hanna-Barbera makes more frequent use of the song throughout its Johnny Bravo cartoon series. Childrens performer Tom Chapin recorded a version of song on his album Some Assembly Required. In The Simpsons episode Whacking Day, Grampa Simpson is featured posing as a cabaret singer in Nazi Germany. Sandler & Young recorded a 20-minute medley where Bill Bailey is adapted to England, France, Switzerland, Nashville, Italian opera, Bach, Israel, list of pre-1920 jazz standards http, //www. perfessorbill. com/lyrics/lybailey. htm http, //scriptorium. lib. duke. edu/sheetmusic/n/n09/n0971/
25.
Jell-O
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Jell-O is a registered trademark of Kraft Foods for varieties of gelatin desserts, including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies. Jell-O is sold prepared or in form, and is available in various colors and flavors. The powder contains powdered gelatin and flavorings, including sugar or artificial sweeteners and it is dissolved in hot water, then chilled and allowed to set. Fruit, vegetables, and whipped cream can be added to make elaborate snacks that can be molded into shapes, Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until served, and once set, it can be eaten. There are non-gelatin pudding and pie filling products sold under the Jell-O brand, Pudding is cooked on the stove top with milk, then eaten warm or chilled until firmly set. Jell-O has an instant pudding product which is mixed with cold milk, to make pie fillings, the same products are prepared with less liquid. Gelatin, a protein produced from collagen extracted from boiled bones, connective tissues, gelatin was popularized in Bellows Falls in the Victorian era with spectacular and complex jelly moulds. Gelatin was sold in sheets and had to be purified, which was time-consuming, gelatin desserts were the province of royalty and the relatively well-to-do. In 1845, a patent for powdered gelatin was obtained by industrialist Peter Cooper, who built the first American steam-powered locomotive and this powdered gelatin was easy to manufacture and easier to use in cooking. In 1897, in LeRoy, New York, carpenter and cough syrup manufacturer, Pearle Bixby Wait trademarked a gelatin dessert and he and his wife May added strawberry, raspberry, orange and lemon flavoring to granulated gelatin and sugar. Then in 1899, Jell-O was sold to Orator Francis Woodward, part of the legal agreement between Woodward and Wait dealt with the similar Jell-O name. Various elements were key to Jell-O becoming a product, new technologies, such as refrigeration, powdered gelatin and machine packaging, home economics classes. Initially Woodward struggled to sell the powdered product, beginning in 1902, to raise awareness, Woodwards Genesee Pure Food Company placed advertisements in the Ladies Home Journal proclaiming Jell-O to be Americas Most Famous Dessert. Jell-O was a success until 1904, when Genesee Pure Food Company sent armies of salesmen into the field to distribute free Jell-O cookbooks. Within a decade, three new flavors, chocolate, cherry and peach, were added, and the brand was launched in Canada, celebrity testimonials and recipes appeared in advertisements featuring actress Ethel Barrymore and opera singer Ernestine Schumann-Heink. Some Jell-O illustrated advertisements were painted by Maxfield Parrish, in 1923, the newly rechristened Jell-O Company launched D-Zerta, an artificially sweetened version of Jell-O. Two years later, Postum and Genesee merged, and in 1927 Postum acquired Clarence Birdseyes frozen foods company to form the General Foods Corporation, popular Jell-O recipes often included ingredients like cabbage, celery, green peppers, and even cooked pasta. By the 1950s, salads would become so popular that Jell-O responded with savory and vegetable such as celery, Italian, mixed vegetable
26.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
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The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8,1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by inventor, George Westinghouse had previously founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The corporation purchased CBS broadcasting company in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States, in addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin, early on Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edisons electric company. In 1892 Edison was merged with Westinghouses chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making even bigger competitor, Westinghouse changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, in 1998, CBS established a brand licensing subsidiary Westinghouse Licensing Corporation. In 1997/1998 the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, FL, was sold to Siemens AG, a year later, CBS sold all of its nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and that company was sold to Toshiba in 2007. The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine generator, a 1,500 kW unit. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by a utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties, during the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died years later in 1914. Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology and it acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into broadcasting by establishing Pittsburghs KDKA, the first commercial radio station. Westinghouse expanded into the business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928
27.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
28.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
29.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
30.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier
31.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
32.
United States presidential election, 1976
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The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2,1976. The winner was the relatively unknown Jimmy Carter, a former Governor from Georgia with his mate, Walter Mondale. Senator from Minnesota, the Democratic candidates, over the incumbent President Gerald Ford from Michigan and his mate, Bob Dole. Senator from Kansas, the Republican candidates, Ford was thus the only sitting President who had never been elected to national office. The race was so close that Ford was unable to secure the nomination until the Party Convention, Carter, who was less well known than other Democratic hopefuls, ran as a Washington outsider and reformer. He narrowly won the election, becoming the president to date ever elected from Georgia. It was an election as all four presidential and vice-presidential candidates would ultimately lose a presidential election. This would be the election in which the Democratic party would win in a 28 year period. Democratic candidates Jimmy Carter, former Governor of Georgia Morris Udall, representative from Arizona Jerry Brown, Governor of California George Wallace, Governor of Alabama Ellen McCormack, housewife from New York Frank Church, U. S. Senator from Idaho Henry M. Jackson, U. S, Senator from Washington Fred R. Harris, former U. S. Senator from Oklahoma Robert Byrd, U. S, Senator from West Virginia Milton Shapp, Governor of Pennsylvania Sargent Shriver, former U. S. Ambassador to France, from Maryland Birch Bayh, U. S. Senator from Indiana Lloyd Bentsen, U. S, Senator from Texas Terry Sanford, former Governor of North Carolina Walter Fauntroy, U. S. The surprise winner of the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination was Jimmy Carter, Carter also took advantage of the record number of state primaries and caucuses in 1976 to eliminate his better-known rivals one-by-one. Senator Jackson made a decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary. Though Jackson went on to win the Massachusetts and New York primaries, Carter then defeated Governor Wallace, his main conservative challenger, by a wide margin in the North Carolina primary, thus forcing Wallace to end his campaign. Representative Udall, a liberal, then became Carters main challenger, however, the fact that Udall finished second to Carter in most of these races meant that Carter steadily accumulated more delegates for the nomination than he did. However, their campaigns started too late to prevent Carter from gathering the remaining delegates he needed to capture the nomination, by June 1976, Carter had captured more than enough delegates to win the Democratic nomination. At the 1976 Democratic National Convention, Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot, Carter then chose Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale, a liberal and political protégé of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate
33.
Joan Crawford
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Joan Crawford was an American film and television actress who began her career as a dancer and stage showgirl. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Crawford tenth on its list of the greatest female stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Beginning her career as a dancer in traveling theatrical companies, before debuting as a girl on Broadway. In the 1930s, Crawfords fame rivaled, and later outlasted, MGM colleagues Norma Shearer, Crawford often played hard-working young women who find romance and success. These stories were received by Depression-era audiences and were popular with women. But her career gradually improved in the early 1940s, and she made a comeback in 1945 by starring in Mildred Pierce. She would go on to receive Best Actress nominations for Possessed, in 1955, Crawford became involved with the Pepsi-Cola Company through her marriage to company Chairman Alfred Steele. After his death in 1959, Crawford was elected to fill his vacancy on the board of directors, following a public appearance in 1974, after which unflattering photographs were published, Crawford withdrew from public life and became increasingly reclusive until her death in 1977. Her first three ended in divorce, the last ended with the death of husband Alfred Steele. She adopted five children, one of whom was reclaimed by his birth mother, Crawfords relationships with her two older children, Christina and Christopher, were acrimonious. Crawford disinherited the two, and, after Crawfords death, Christina wrote a well-known tell-all memoir titled Mommie Dearest, Crawfords remains are interred at the Ferncliff Cemetery, in Hartsdale, New York. Born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, on March 23, Crawfords birth year is disputed, with 1904,1905 and she was the youngest and third child of father Thomas E. LeSueur, a laundry laborer, and mother Anna Bell Johnson. Johnson was of English, French Huguenot, Swedish, and Irish ancestry, Crawfords elder siblings were sister Daisy LeSueur, who died before Lucilles birth, and brother Hal LeSueur. Crawfords father abandoned the family a few months before her birth, reappearing later in 1930 in Abilene, Texas, following LeSueurs departure from the family home, Crawfords mother married Henry J. Cassin. The marriage is listed in the census as Crawfords mothers first marriage, Crawford lived with her mother, stepfather, and siblings in Lawton, Oklahoma. There, Cassin, an impresario, ran the Ramsey Opera House and managed to book diverse. At that time, Crawford was reportedly unaware that Cassin, whom she called daddy, was not her father until her brother Hal told her the truth. Crawford preferred the nickname Billie as a child and enjoyed watching vaudeville acts perform on the stage of her stepfathers theatre, because the familys instability negatively affected Crawfords childhood, her schooling never formally progressed beyond elementary school
34.
Gypsy Rose Lee
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Gypsy Rose Lee was an American burlesque entertainer and vedette famous for her striptease act. She was also an actress, author, and playwright whose 1957 memoir was made into the stage musical, Gypsy Rose Lee was born in Seattle, Washington on January 8,1911, however, she always gave January 9 as her date of birth. She was known as Louise to her family and her sister, actress June Havoc, was born in 1912. The girls were unsure until later in life what their years of birth were and their mother had married Norwegian-American John Olaf Hovick, a newspaper advertising salesman and a reporter at The Seattle Times. They married on May 28,1910 in Seattle, Washington and they divorced on August 20,1915. Rose Thompson married her husband, Judson Brennerman, a traveling salesman, on May 26,1916 at a Unitarian church in Seattle. After the divorce of Hovick and Thompson, June supported the family by appearing in vaudeville, Rose and June went to Hollywood for two years where June appeared in short films directed by Hal Roach. Louise was left behind while June and her mother were on the road and she had an elementary education, unlike June who was taught to read by stage-hands. Louises singing and dancing talents were insufficient to sustain the act without June, eventually, it became apparent that Louise could make money in burlesque, which earned her legendary status as an elegant and witty striptease artist. Her innovations were an almost casual stripping style compared to the styles of most burlesque strippers. She was frequently arrested in raids on the Minsky brothers shows, during the Great Depression, Lee spoke at various union meetings in support of New York laborers. According to activist Harry Fisher, her talks were among those that attracted the largest audiences, in 1937 and 1938, billed as Louise Hovick, she made five films in Hollywood. But her acting was panned, so she returned to New York City where she had an affair with film producer Michael Todd and co-produced and appeared in his 1942 musical revue, Star. Lee viewed herself as a stripper, and she approved of H. L. Menckens term ecdysiast. Her style of intellectual recitation while stripping was spoofed in the number Zip. in Rodgers and Harts Pal Joey, Lee performed an abbreviated version of her act in the 1943 film Stage Door Canteen. Her routine starts at about 1 hour 29 minutes into the film, in 1941, Lee authored a mystery thriller called The G-String Murders, which was made into the sanitized 1943 film, Lady of Burlesque starring Barbara Stanwyck. Lees second murder mystery, Mother Finds a Body, was published in 1942, in Hollywood, she married Arnold Bob Mizzy on August 25,1937, at the insistence of the film studio. In 1942, she married William Alexander Kirkland, they divorced in 1944, while married to Kirkland, she gave birth on December 11,1944, to a son fathered by Otto Preminger
35.
Ambassadors of the United States
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This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to individual nations of the world, to international organizations, and to past nations, as well as ambassadors-at-large. Ambassadors are nominated by the President and confirmed by the U. S. Senate, an ambassador can be appointed during a recess, but he or she can only serve as ambassador until the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed. Ambassadors serve at the pleasure of the President, meaning they can be dismissed at any time, an ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer or a political appointee. As embassies fall under the State Departments jurisdiction, ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State, unlike other consulates, these persons report directly to the Secretary of State. These diplomatic officials report directly to the Secretary of State, many oversee a portfolio not restricted to one nation, often an overall goal, and are not usually subject to Senate confirmation. Informal contact with the nation of Bhutan is maintained through the U. S. Embassy in New Delhi, Iran, On April 7,1980, the United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. On April 24,1981, the Swiss government assumed representation of U. S. interests in Tehran, currently, Iranian interests in the United States are represented by the government of Pakistan. The U. S. Department of State named Iran a State Sponsor of Terrorism on January 19,1984. North Korea, The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea is not on terms with the United States. Sweden functions as Protective Power for the United States in Pyongyang, Taiwan, With the normalization of relations with the Peoples Republic of China in 1979, the United States has not maintained official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. C. and twelve other U. S. cities. Well-known past ambassadors from the United States, Eight United States Ambassadors have been killed in office – six of them by armed attack, embassies and Consulates Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission United States Mission to the United Nations US ambassadors killed in the line of duty
36.
Perle Mesta
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Perle Reid Mesta was an American socialite, political hostess, and U. S. Ambassador to Luxembourg. She was the inspiration for Irving Berlins musical Call Me Madam and she appeared on the March 14,1949, cover of TIME. Mesta has also identified as a model for the character Dolly Harrison in Allen Drurys 1959 novel Advise and Consent. Her younger sister was an actress, Marguerite Skirvin. She married Western Pennsylvania steel manufacturer and engineer George Mesta in 1916, Mesta settled in Newport, Rhode Island, but moved to Washington, D. C. in 1940. Four years later, Mesta changed the spelling of her first name to Perle and she was active in the National Womans Party and was an early supporter of an Equal Rights Amendment. She switched to the Democratic Party in 1940 and was a supporter of Harry S. Truman. Perle Mesta went to Luxembourg because she made a good contribution, but Mesta is most noted for her festive parties, which brought together senators, congressmen, cabinet secretaries and other luminaries in bipartisan soirées of high-class glamour. Invitation to a Mesta party was a sign that one had reached the inner circle of Washington political society. Her influence peaked during the Truman era, being an old friend of the Eisenhowers and her power waned significantly with the rise of the Kennedys in 1960. Perle was in fact a friend of Rose Kennedy, but, nevertheless, she remained an avid hostess until her later years. Mesta wrote an autobiography Perle, My Story, published in 1960, Lesch also directed a documentary film about Mestas stay in Luxembourg entitled Call Her Madam. In 1951, she was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame, Mesta died on March 16,1975, aged 85 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. She is interred with her husband in the nonsectarian Homewood Cemetery in Pittsburgh
37.
West Chester, Pennsylvania
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West Chester is a borough and the county seat of Chester County, Pennsylvania in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The population was 18,461 at the 2010 census, West Chester University of Pennsylvania and the Chester County government are located within the borough. The center of town is located at the intersection of Market, the area was originally known as Turks Head — after the inn of the same name located in what is now the center of the borough. West Chester has been the seat of government in Chester County since 1786 when the seat was moved from nearby Chester in what is now Delaware County, the borough was incorporated in 1799. In the heart of town is its courthouse, a classical building designed in the 1840s by Thomas U. Walter, one of the architects for the Capitol in Washington, in the 18th century West Chester was a center of clockmaking. In the late 19th century the Hoopes, Bro. and Darlington company became a major wheelworks, first for wagons, in the early 20th century, an important industry was the Sharples cream separator company. In the late 20th century, Commodore International, one of the pioneers of home computers, the West Chester Downtown Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. West Goshen Township borders West Chester to the north, south, the borough straddles the Brandywine Creek and Chester Creek watersheds. It is located 25 miles west of Philadelphia and 17 miles north of Wilmington, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.8 square miles, all of it land. Summers are hot and humid and winters are cold but variable. Annual high temperatures average between 39.0 °F and 85.4 °F, annual low temperatures average between 22.2 °F and 64.4 °F, with the high being 105 °F. Annual precipitation averages 46.7 inches, and annual snowfall averages 27.7 inches. At the 2010 census, the borough was 72. 1% non-Hispanic White,12. 1% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 4% Asian,13. 4% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,861 people,6,265 households, the population density was 9,703.3 people per square mile. There were 6,541 housing units at a density of 3,553.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 75. 44% White,17. 08% Black,3. 64% from other races,1. 46% Asian,0. 31% Native American,0. 07% Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latino of any race was 8. 94%. 35. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.95
38.
Variety Girl
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Variety Girl is a 1947 American musical comedy film produced by Paramount Pictures. Numerous Paramount contract players and directors make cameos or perform songs, the opening caption reads, This picture is dedicated to Variety Clubs, International, The Heart of Show Business, which beats constantly in behalf of the under-privileged children of the world. Regardless of race, creed or color, the story revolves around two young girls who exchange identities, causing confusion at the Variety Club and the Paramount studio. The film includes a five-minute color Puppetoon segment Romeow and Julicat by George Pal in Technicolor which is in black and it turned out to be Pals last Puppetoon short, he split up with Paramount afterwards to become an independent producer. Mary Hatcher as Catherine Brown Olga San Juan as Amber La Vonne DeForest Kelley as Bob Kirby Frank Ferguson as R. J. And Crosby click with their routine, a socko number for all its paraphrasing of the “Friendship” routine out of Du Barry Was a Lady which Bert Lahr. The New York Times review of October 16,1947 concluded with, mary Hatcher, who was discovered in Oklahoma. Is a very welcome addition to the screens songbird assembly, Variety Girl is hodge-podge, to be sure. But lets not quibble about its lack of form, because it is a hearty slam-bang entertainment wherein the good very definitely outweighs the poor, Variety Girl at the Internet Movie Database
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Carmen Jones (film)
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Carmen Jones is a 1954 American musical film starring Dorothy Dandridge and Harry Belafonte, produced and directed by Otto Preminger. Hammerstein also wrote the lyrics to music composed by Georges Bizet for his 1875 opera Carmen, Carmen Jones was a CinemaScope motion picture that had begun shooting within the first 12 months of Twentieth Century Foxs venture in 1953 to CinemaScope Technicolor as its main production mode. Carmen Jones was released in October 1954, exactly one year and one month after Foxs first CinemaScope venture, in 1992, Carmen Jones was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Set during World War II, the focuses on Carmen Jones. When she is arrested for fighting with a co-worker who reported her for arriving late for work, Brown assigns young soldier Joe to deliver her to the authorities, much to the dismay of Joes fiancée Cindy Lou, who had agreed to marry him during his leave. While en route, Carmen suggests she and Joe stop for a meal and a little romance, the next morning he awakens to find a note in which she says although she loves him she is unable to deal with time in jail and is running away. Joe is locked in the stockade for allowing his prisoner to escape, having found work in a Louisiana nightclub, Carmen awaits his release. One night champion prizefighter Husky Miller enters with an entourage and introduces himself to Carmen, who expresses no interest in him. Husky orders his manager Rum Daniels to offer her jewelry, furs, and a hotel suite if she and her friends Frankie and Myrt accompany him to Chicago. Just then, Joe arrives and announces he must report to flying school immediately, angered, Carmen decides to leave with Sgt. Brown, who also has appeared on the scene, and Joe severely beats him, realizing he will be sentenced to a long prison term for hitting his superior, Joe flees to Chicago with Carmen. While Joe remains hidden in a rented room, Carmen secretly visits Huskys gym to ask Frankie for a loan. Carmen returns to the house with a bag of groceries. The two argue, and she goes to Huskys hotel suite to play cards with her friends, when she draws the nine of spades, she interprets it as a premonition of impending doom and descends into a quagmire of drink and debauchery. Cindy Lou arrives at Huskys gym in search of Carmen just before Joe appears, ignoring his former sweetheart, he orders Carmen to leave with him and threatens Husky with a knife when he tries to intervene. Carmen helps Joe escape the police, but during Huskys big fight, after he wins the match, Joe finds Carmen in the crowd and pulls her into a storage room. When she rebuffs him, Joe strangles Carmen to death just before the police arrive to apprehend him for desertion. The Broadway production of Carmen Jones by Billy Rose opened on December 2,1943 and ran for 503 performances
