1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Somerset
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Somerset is a county in South West England which borders Gloucestershire and Bristol to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east and Devon to the south-west. It is bounded to the north and west by the Severn Estuary and its traditional border with Gloucestershire is the River Avon. Somerset is a county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park. There is evidence of occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War, the city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Somersets name derives from Old English Sumorsǣte, short for Sumortūnsǣte, an alternative suggestion is the name derives from Seo-mere-saetan meaning settlers by the sea lakes. The Old English name is used in the motto of the county, Sumorsǣte ealle, adopted as the motto in 1911, the phrase is taken from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Somerset settlement names are mostly Anglo-Saxon in origin, but some hill names include Brittonic Celtic elements, for example, an Anglo-Saxon charter of 682 refers to Creechborough Hill as the hill the British call Cructan and we call Crychbeorh. Some modern names are Brythonic in origin, such as Tarnock, the caves of the Mendip Hills were settled during the Palaeolithic period, and contain extensive archaeological sites such as those at Cheddar Gorge. Bones from Goughs Cave have been dated to 12,000 BC, examples of cave art have been found in Avelines Hole. Some caves continued to be occupied until modern times, including Wookey Hole, the Somerset Levels—specifically dry points at Glastonbury and Brent Knoll— also have a long history of settlement, and are known to have been settled by Mesolithic hunters. Travel in the area was facilitated by the construction of one of the worlds oldest known engineered roadways, the Sweet Track, the exact age of the henge monument at Stanton Drew stone circles is unknown, but it is believed to be Neolithic. There are numerous Iron Age hill forts, some of which, like Cadbury Castle, on the authority of the future emperor Vespasian, as part of the ongoing expansion of the Roman presence in Britain, the Second Legion Augusta invaded Somerset from the south-east in AD47. The county remained part of the Roman Empire until around AD409, a variety of Roman remains have been found, including Pagans Hill Roman temple in Chew Stoke, Low Ham Roman Villa and the Roman Baths that gave their name to the city of Bath. After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples, by AD600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was Englands oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton, in 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset
4.
North London
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North London is the northern part of London, England. It is a description and the area it covers is defined differently for a range of purposes. Common to these definitions is that it includes districts north of the River Thames and is used in comparison with south London, however, it is also often used in comparisons with central London, east London and west London. The River Thames divides Greater London into two parts, the northern part includes most of the historic central areas including the City, the East End and the West End, and the majority of the London Underground network. This definition is used by the Boundary Commission for England, the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames includes sections on both sides of the River Thames. The boundary commission class the entire district as part of South London, for the purposes of the London Plan, there has been a north London subregion in operation since 2004, originally consisting of Barnet, Enfield, Haringey and Waltham Forest. In 2001 this area had a population of 1,042,000 and this definition is used by organisations such as Connexions. In 2008 it was amended to consists of Barnet, Camden, Enfield, Hackney, Haringey, Islington, in 2011 it was amended again to consist Barnet, Enfield and Haringey. This list includes all boroughs included in the Boundary Commission area, north London has, like other parts of London and the UK in general, a temperate maritime climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Four Met Office weather stations collect climate data for London north of the river, Hampstead, Heathrow, Northolt. Long term climate observations dating back to 1910 are available for Hampstead and this both hilltop and urban position means severe frosts are rare. Occasionally snow can be seen to lie towards the Chilterns while central London is snow-free, typically the warmest day of the year at Hampstead will average 29.3 °C with around 14 days in total achieving a value of 25.1 °C or higher. The average coldest night should fall to −5.6 °C, on average 35.8 nights will report an air frost, some 119 days of the year will register at least 1mm of precipitation, and on 7.4 days a cover of snow will be observed. All annual averages refer to the observation period 1971–2000, north London v South London - The debate. North London v South London - The debate
5.
Danny Goffey
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Daniel Robert Goffey is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known as the drummer and backing vocalist for Supergrass. He briefly toured with Babyshambles in 2010, following their drummers departure, Goffey started his music career as a child when he formed his first band, The Jubbly Spufflewubs, which consisted of his brother on guitar and friend David Mackay. He had no drums so had to accompany the others by hitting chopsticks on lunch boxes, at age ten he received a high hat and snare from his parents, prompting him to start his other band, The Fallopian Tubes. They made songs such as My Wife Shut My Gonads In The Door, Goffey saying, at Wheatley Park School, east of Oxford, he became drummer for the four-piece The Jennifers, which featured a sixteen-year-old Gaz Coombes on vocals. The Jennifers began building a reputation in the Oxford indie music scene, allegedly, before the split, Goffey and Coombes had agreed to continue to work together in the future. In 1993 Coombes introduced Goffey to his co-worker Mick Quinn, who at the time was working at a local Harvester, I imposed on him greatly, said Goffey. He had a house, and I used to people back. Thats how he built his foundation in this band, I shagged too often on his sofa. Weve still never been able to describe it in interviews, when were in that room, were all really similar. We all have the same ideas, the three of them soon started playing together and shortly after Theodore Supergrass, later just Supergrass, were formed. The band enjoyed a good start to their career with the release of their debut album I Should Coco which reached number one in the UK Albums Chart. This good start continued with the release of the single Alright, several albums later and Supergrass were still together, recording their next album, tentatively titled Release the Drones, slated for release in May 2010. It remained unreleased and unfinished as, on 12 April 2010, the group disbanded after four farewell gigs, the final one at La Cigale, Paris on 11 June 2010. Dannys brother, Nic Goffey, who was also a part of The Jennifers, has directed most of Supergrass music videos and they work under the name Dom and Nic. They have joked on the Supergrass Is 10 DVD about nearly killing the band on several occasions while filming music videos, Goffey embarked on a solo project in 2006 using the pseudonym Van Goffey, a name based on the artist Vincent van Gogh. He released tracks via MySpace in August 2006, the first three being Crack House Blues, I Feel so Gaye and Natalie Loves the F. He was also a drummer for the collective of musicians called Twisted X who released a charity song called Born In England which charted at number 8 in the UK Singles Charts in 2004. In 2004 he joined musicians including Paul McCartney to record a Christmas charity single called Do They Know Its Christmas
6.
Daisy Lowe
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Daisy Rebecca Lowe is an English fashion model who has modelled for editorial photo shoots, commercial advertising campaigns and at fashion shows. She is the daughter of Pearl Lowe, the singer-songwriter turned textile and fashion designer, Lowe was born in Westminster, London, England. Lowe has two younger half-brothers and a half-sister from her mothers marriage to Danny Goffey, Alfie, Frankie and she also has three younger half-brothers from her fathers marriage to Gwen Stefani, Kingston, Zuma and Apollo. Her mother Pearl Lowe wrote about the situation in her book, Daisys paternity was not questioned early on, and Pearl listed Bronner Lowe on Daisys birth certificate without informing Lowe that he may not be the father. At age 15, Daisy found out neither Bronner nor her mother shared her O-type blood and she mistakenly thought that one parent must share her blood type and that Bronner could not be her father. Daisy confronted her mother, who admitted to a stand with Rossdale. Daisy and Pearls lawyers arranged a paternity test, which Rossdale at first refused, results confirmed Rossdale was her biological father. Lowe began modelling at the age of two, and did some photoshoots when she was 12 and 14 years old, at 15 she was approached by a talent scout in Camden Town and, as a result, she signed with Select, a London modelling agency. In February 2006, Lowe was featured in Vogue Italia, shot by New York photographer Steven Klein, in September 2006, Lowe modelled for the Urban Outfitters catalogue, appeared in French Connection printed advertisements and was profiled in British Harpers Bazaar. Of the Whistles campaign, Lowe said, was a shoot of mine. Modelling is an outlet for me to express myself. I love that crosses into my other passions – music. She has recently appeared in campaigns for Marc by Marc Jacobs, Louis Vuitton, Pringle of Scotland, DKNY, Mango and Esprit. Lowe has worked as a DJ, appeared in the music videos NYC Beat by Armand Van Helden and Bloodthirsty Bastards by Dirty Pretty Things,2009 also saw Lowe feature in The First Days of Spring, Noah and the Whales film accompaniment to their second album. She was chosen to be in the 2010 Pirelli Calendar photographed by Terry Richardson in Bahia, throughout May 2010 Lowe documented her daily fashion and style choices for Vogue. co. uks Today Im Wearing feature. In August 2010, Lowe became the face of the newly relaunched sixties label Biba and she is also the face of Stephen Websters 2011 jewellery campaign. In 2011, Lowe went topless for Esquire and nude for Playboy, also in 2011, she was featured in the music video for Miles Kanes Come Closer. In October 2014 Lowe appeared in a sketch with Jimmy Carr for Channel 4s The Feeling Nuts Comedy Night raising awareness of testicular cancer
7.
Textile
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A textile or cloth is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting. The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades as synonyms for textile, however, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Textile refers to any material made of interlacing fibres, a fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods. Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric used for a specific purpose. The word textile is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning woven, from textus, the word cloth derives from the Old English clað, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz. The discovery of dyed flax fibres in a cave in the Republic of Georgia dated to 34,000 BCE suggests textile-like materials were made even in prehistoric times. The production of textiles is a craft whose speed and scale of production has been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization, however, for the main types of textiles, plain weave, twill, or satin weave, there is little difference between the ancient and modern methods. Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing and for such as bags. In the household they are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, in the workplace they are used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Textiles are used in traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting. Textiles for industrial purposes, and chosen for other than their appearance, are commonly referred to as technical textiles. Technical textiles include textile structures for applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles. In all these applications stringent performance requirements must be met, woven of threads coated with zinc oxide nanowires, laboratory fabric has been shown capable of self-powering nanosystems using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements. Fashion designers commonly rely on textile designs to set their fashion collections apart from others, armani, the late Gianni Versace, and Emilio Pucci can be easily recognized by their signature print driven designs. Textiles can be made from many materials and these materials come from four main sources, animal, plant, mineral, and synthetic. In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, in the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas, microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier
8.
Singer-songwriter
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Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition, singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. Singer-songwriter is used to define popular music artists who write and perform their own material, such an artist performs the roles of composer, lyricist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and often self-manager. Most records by artists have a similarly straightforward and spare sound that placed emphasis on the song itself. The term has also used to describe songwriters in the rock, folk, and pop music genres including Henry Russell, Aristide Bruant, Hank Williams. Song topics include political protest, as in the case of the Almanac Singers, Pete Seeger, the concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument, after the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving and this developed into the singer-songwriting traditions of folk culture. The term singer-songwriter in North America can be traced back to singers who developed works in the blues and folk music style. Early to mid-20th century American singer-songwriters include Lead Belly, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker, Blind Willie McTell, Lightnin Hopkins, Son House, the tradition of writing topical songs was established by this group of musicians. This focus on social issues has greatly influenced the singer-songwriter genre, artists who had been primarily songwriters, notably Carole King, Townes Van Zandt, and Neil Diamond, also began releasing work as performers. In contrast to the approach of most prior country and folk music. The adjectives confessional and sensitive were often used singer-songwriter style, in the rock band era, members were not technically singer-songwriters as solo acts. However, many were singer-songwriters who created songs with band members. Many others like Eric Clapton found success as singer-songwriters in their later careers, there were hints of cross-pollination, but rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with different audiences. An early attempt at fusing elements of folk and rock was highlighted in the Animals House of the Rising Sun, dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter. In the mid- to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art/music scene. Lotti Golden, in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle, chronicled her life in NYCs East Village in the late 60s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity, kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style
9.
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
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The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art is a drama school situated in the west of London, United Kingdom. LAMDA is the oldest drama school in the UK, lAMDAs president is Timothy West and its Principal is Joanna Read. It is registered as a company under the name LAMDA Ltd, there is an associate organisation in America under the name LAMDA in America, Inc. previously known as The American Friends of LAMDA. LAMDA accredited examinations at Level 3 or above are recognised within the UCAS Tariff system, as an affiliate of the Conservatoire for Dance and Drama, LAMDA receives funding from the Higher Education Funding Council for England. This means that eligible UK/EU students are able to access loans to assist with their tuition fees, in addition, LAMDA and the Conservatoire have a range of scholarships and bursaries available. The London Academy of Music was founded by Henry Wylde in 1861, providing training for, and examinations in, various musical disciplines was originally the dominant purpose of the institution. However, providing instruction in spoken English quickly became an area of the Academy’s work. In the 1880s, LAMDA began offering speech examinations to the public, since then, these examinations have been refined and developed into a comprehensive system of performance evaluation. LAMDA Examinations has emerged as the largest Speech and Drama Board in the United Kingdom, later the Hampstead Academy was also amalgamated. The name was changed to the current name in 1935, under the direction of Wilfrid Foulis, in 1939, it was moved from London due to the war, when it reopened in 1945, it no longer provided musical training. The past few years have witnessed important growth for the Academy, a move to a larger and more visible home on the Talgarth Road in West London has enabled LAMDA to further develop the campus and training facilities for its students. Furthermore, in June 2004, the Academy became an affiliate of the Conservatoire for Dance, LAMDA regularly presents productions at the Lyric Hammersmith, Riverside Studios and the Linbury Studio Theatre. Edward Akrout – Angélica Aragón - Richard Armitage – Colin Baker – Jim Broadbent – Kim Cattrall – Sam Claflin – Dominic Cooper – Brian Cox – Benedict Cumberbatch – James D’Arcy –, W. E
10.
Cushion
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A cushion is a soft bag of some ornamental material, stuffed with wool, hair, feathers, polyester staple fiber, non-woven material, or even paper torn into fragments. It may be used for sitting or kneeling upon, or to soften the hardness or angularity of a chair or couch, decorative cushions often have a patterned cover material, and are used as decoration for furniture. A cushion is also referred to as a bolster, hassock, headrest, cushions and rugs can be used temporarily outside to soften a hard ground. They can be placed on sunloungers and used to prevent annoyances from moist grass, some dialects of English use this word to refer to throw pillows as well. The cushion is a very ancient article of furniture, the inventories of the contents of palaces and great houses in the early Middle Ages constantly made mention of them. Cushions were then often of great size, covered with leather, and firm enough to serve as a seat, today, the cushion is considered an upholstery item. The word cushion comes from Middle English cusshin, from Anglo-French cussin, quissin, from Vulgar Latin *coxinus, the first known use of the word cushion was in the 14th century. Car seat Cushioning Furniture Lumbar Pillow Sachet Zafu Zabuton Buffer Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Cushion
11.
Liberty (department store)
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Turnover for 2015 was forecasted to be £145 million, up from £132 million in 2014. Arthur Lasenby Liberty was born in Chesham, Buckinghamshire in 1843 and he was employed by Messrs Farmer and Rogers in Regent Street in 1862, the year of the International Exhibition at Kensington in London. By 1874, inspired by his 10 years of service, Arthur decided to start a business of his own, with a £2,000 loan from his future father-in-law, Arthur Liberty accepted the lease of half a shop at 218a Regent Street with only three staff members. The shop opened during 1875 selling ornaments, fabric and objets dart from Japan, within eighteen months Arthur Liberty had repaid the loan and acquired the second half of 218 Regent Street. As the business grew, neighbouring properties were bought and added, in 1884 Liberty introduced the costume department into the Regent Street store, directed by Edward William Godwin. He was a member of the Costume Society in 1882. He and Arthur Liberty created in-house apparel to challenge the fashions of Paris, in 1885, 142–144 Regent Street was acquired and housed the ever-increasing demand for carpets and furniture. The basement was named the Eastern Bazaar, and was the place for what was described as decorative furnishing objects. He named the property Chesham House after the place in which he grew up, the store became the most fashionable place to shop in London and Liberty fabrics were used for both clothing and furnishings. Some of its clientele was exotic, and included famous Pre-Raphaelite artists, in November 1885, Liberty brought forty-two villagers from India to stage a living village of Indian artisans. Libertys specialized in Oriental goods, in particular imported Indian silks, however, it was a disaster commercially and publicly, with concern about the way the villagers were put on display. During the 1890s Arthur Lasenby Liberty built strong relationships with many English designers, the company became associated with this new style, to the extent that in Italy, Art Nouveau became known as the Stile Liberty, after the London shop. The frontage on Great Marlborough Street is the length as the Hindustan. It is a Grade II* listed building, the emporium was designed by Edwin Thomas Hall and his son Edwin Stanley Hall. They designed the building at the height of the 1920s fashion for Tudor revival, the shop was engineered around three light wells that formed the main focus of the building. Each of these wells was surrounded by smaller rooms to create a homely feel, many of the rooms had fireplaces and some still exist. The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner was very critical of the architecture, saying, The scale is wrong. The proximity to a classical façade put up by the firm at the same time is wrong
12.
Peacocks (clothing)
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Peacocks is a fashion retail chain based in Cardiff, Wales. The chain is a part of the group Edinburgh Woollen Mill, there are currently over 400 Peacocks retail outlets located in the United Kingdom, and more than 200 stores located in twelve other countries throughout Europe. Originally selling home goods and basic clothing, Peacocks has been re branded over the years as a fashion store. Richard Kirk, the owner of the chain, worked hard to transform Peacocks into a major fashion player. The retailer won numerous awards, notably the Best Value Retailer award from Drapers, in January 2012, Peacocks entered administration and was bought by The Edinburgh Woollen Mill Group. Edinburgh Group also owns the Jane Norman chain, an outlet for women. Peacocks was established in Warrington in 1884, as a family run business selling a range of goods. Over the years, Peacocks Penny Bazaar has expanded, opening more outlets and tailoring its look to keep up with the times and it has remained a family business throughout the Peacocks family history. In the 1940s, the relocated to Cardiff, where its headquarters remain. The move had an effect on the development of the group, whose growing network was concentrated in south Wales. In the early 1990s, Peacocks grew further and, in December 1999, the company unlisted from the exchange on 1 February 2006, again becoming privately owned. In line with the demand for value for money fashion, Peacocks began to provide high fashion womens wear, mens wear. High street outlets were revamped and placed together, with a steer towards prime locations, on 16 January 2012, Peacocks confirmed that it planned to enter administration, putting up to 10,000 jobs at risk. Staff and supporters started the Save Peacocks campaign on Facebook and Twitter, on 18 January 2012, KPMG was appointed administrators to Peacocks. On 19 January 2012,250 head office staff were made redundant, on 22 February 2012, it was announced that Peacocks had been sold to the Edinburgh Woollen Mill Group. EWM purchased the Peacocks brand,388 outlets, concessions, the headquarters,224 outlets were not sold to EWM, resulting in 3,100 immediate job losses. Some branches reopened, and EWM has stated plans to open more in the United Kingdom. The Edinburgh Woollen Mill now consists of three brands, Peacocks, Jane Norman, and Edinburgh Woollen Mill
13.
Harrods
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Harrods is a luxury department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London. It is owned by the state of Qatar, the store occupies a 5-acre site and has 330 departments covering one million square feet of retail space. The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique, which is Latin for all things for all people, several of its departments, including the seasonal Christmas department and the food halls, are well known. In 1824, at the age of 25, Charles Henry Harrod established a business at 228 Borough High Street in Southwark and he ran this business, variously listed as a draper, mercer, and a haberdasher, until 1831 at least. During 1825, the business was listed as Harrod and Wicking, Linen Drapers, Retail and his first grocery business appears to be as ‘Harrod & Co. Grocers’ at 163 Upper Whitecross Street, Clerkenwell, E. C.1. in 1832. In 1834 in Londons East End, he established a grocery in Stepney, at 4, Cable Street. Harrods rapidly expanded, acquired the buildings, and employed one hundred people by 1880. However, the stores booming fortunes were reversed in early December 1883, remarkably, in view of this calamity, Charles Harrod fulfilled all of his commitments to his customers to make Christmas deliveries that year—and made a record profit in the process. A. Milne, and many members of the British Royal Family, a chance meeting in London with businessman, Edgar Cohen, eventually led to Charles Harrod selling his interest in the store for £120,000 via a stock market floatation in 1889. The new company was called Harrod’s Stores Limited, sir Alfred James Newton became chairman and Richard Burbidge managing director. Financier William Mendel was appointed to the board in 1891 and he raised funding for many of the expansion plans. Richard Burbidge was succeed in 1917 by his son Woodman Burbidge, nervous customers were offered brandy at the top to revive them after their ordeal. The department store was purchased by the Fayed brothers in 1985, following denial that it was for sale, Harrods was sold to Qatar Holdings, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar in May 2010. A fortnight previously, chairman of Harrods since 1985, Mohamed Al-Fayed, had stated that People approach us from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, but I put two fingers up to them. This is not Marks and Spencer or Sainsburys and it is a special place that gives people pleasure. A spokesman for Mohamed Al-Fayed said in reaching the decision to retire, wished to ensure that the legacy, Harrods was sold for £1.5 billion, half of the sale will be used to pay bank debts of £625 million. Al-Fayed later revealed in an interview that he decided to sell Harrods following the difficulty in getting his dividend approved by the trustee of the Harrods pension fund. Al-Fayed said Im here every day, I cant take my profit because I have to take a permission of those bloody idiots. I say is this right, I run a business and I need to take the trustees permission to take my profit
14.
Selfridges
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Selfridges, also known as Selfridges & Co. is a chain of high end department stores in the United Kingdom. It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge, the flagship store on Londons Oxford Street is the second largest shop in the UK and opened 15 March 1909. Other Selfridges stores opened in the Trafford Centre, Exchange Square in Manchester, Lewiss and Selfridges were then taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group owned by Charles Clore. Expanded under the Sears group to include branches in Manchester and Birmingham, the shops early history was dramatised in ITVs 2013 series Mr Selfridge. The basis of Selfridges success was his innovative marketing, which was elaborately expressed in his Oxford Street store. Originally from America himself, Selfridge attempted to dismantle the idea that consumerism was strictly an American phenomenon and these techniques have been adopted by modern department stores around the world. Either Selfridge or Marshall Field is popularly held to have coined the phrase the customer is always right, in 1909, after the first cross-Channel flight, Louis Blériots monoplane was put on display at Selfridges, where it was seen by 12,000 people. John Logie Baird made the first public demonstration of moving images by television from the first floor of Selfridges from 1 to 27 April 1925. In the 1920s and 1930s, the roof of the store hosted terraced gardens, cafes, a golf course. The roof, with its views across London, was a popular place for strolling after a shopping trip and was often used for fashion shows. During the Second World War the store was bombed but survived comparatively unscathed besides the famous roof gardens, a Milne-Shaw seismograph was set up on the Oxford Street stores third floor in 1932 attached to one of the buildings main stanchions, where it remained unaffected by traffic or shoppers. It successfully recorded the Belgian earthquake of 11 June 1938, which was felt in London. In 1947, it was given to the British Museum, in 1926 Selfridges set up the Selfridge Provincial Stores company which had expanded over the years to include sixteen provincial stores, but these were sold to the John Lewis Partnership in 1940. The Liverpool-based Lewiss chain of department stores acquired the remaining Oxford Street Shop in 1951 until it was taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group owned by Charles Clore. Under the Sears group, branches in Ilford and Oxford opened, in 1990, Sears Holdings split Selfridges from Lewiss and placed Lewiss in administration a year later. In March 1998, Selfridges acquired its current logo in tandem with the opening of the Manchester Trafford Centre store, in September 1998, Selfridges expanded and opened a department store in the newly-opened Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester. Following its success, Selfridges announced they would open an additional 125, 000-square-foot store in Exchange Square, the Exchange Square store opened in 2002 as Manchester city centre started to return to normal following the 1996 Manchester bombing. A260, 000-square-foot store opened in 2003 in Birminghams Bull Ring, anne Pitcher is the Managing Director of Selfridges, while Irish retailer, Paul Kelly, who has worked for the Weston organisation since the mid-1980s is Managing Director of Selfridges Group
15.
Britain's Next Top Model
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The first cycle premiered on 14 September 2005 on Sky Living. The winner normally receives a contract, cosmetics campaign. Other benefits which changed from cycle to include a car, holiday, money. As part of the Top Model franchise, it is based on the American television series Americas Next Top Model, from series 7 onwards, the show was named Britain and Irelands Next Top Model as it has begun to include contestants from Ireland. On 28 October 2013, Sky Living confirmed that the show had been cancelled, in April 2015, the show confirmed via its Twitter account that it would be returning in 2015 on Lifetime. The title was changed back to Britains Next Top Model due to licensing issues, normally, one poor-performing contestant is eliminated each week until the last contestant remaining is declared Britains Next Top Model and receives a modelling contract along with other prizes. In a BBC interview, Elle Macpherson contrasted the show with the U. S. version, describing BNTM as Uniquely British, the sense of humour, and I think that is really examplatory of whats going on in the UK today. Each series of Britains Next Top Model features from ten to fourteen episodes, each episode, one contestant is eliminated, though in rare cases a double elimination or no elimination is given by consensus of the judging panel. Season 6 saw a live finale where the public chose the winner of the cycle, the series was narrated by Fearne Cotton. Due to maternity leave, Fearne did not fulfill this role for the ninth series and she was replaced by Dawn Porter. Starting with the series, the elimination process was changed. Multiple contestants were in danger of elimination every week, with the number of contestants in danger being lowered as the competition progressed. The season nine panel consisted of Elle Macpherson, Tyson Beckford, and fashion designer, pop star, model, however it was later announced that both Speed and Woodward were leaving the panel to be replaced by Tyson Beckford and Whitney Port. Previous judges have included Lisa Butcher, Marie Helvin, Paula Hamilton, Huggy Ragnarsson, industry expert Jonathan Phang, usually, an additional guest judge will sit in on the panel every week. Hosting roles are indicated in bold and this is true for seasons 6-8. During the first casting episode of cycle 7, some stated that The requirements would be stricter in order to accommodate models closer within the range of the real fashion world. Britain & Irelands Next Top Model Live was launched by Media 10 in October 2010 at ExCeL London, the event was created to immerse members of the public into the Britain and Irelands Next Top Model lifestyle. Bringing the TV series to life, the event gave every visitor the opportunity to experience the Top Model lifestyle for themselves, the show featured 45 minute catwalk shows, music performances from celebrities and an exhibition full of clothes and fashion accessories for the visitor to purchase
16.
Agent Provocateur (lingerie)
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Agent Provocateur was a British lingerie retailer founded in 1994 by Joseph Corré and Serena Rees. The company had 100 stores in 13 countries, before its bankruptcy, it had 238 employees in the UK and Germany. In 1994, Agent Provocateur was founded by Joseph Corré, the son of Vivienne Westwood, the first store was opened in Soho on Broadwick Street. The company sought to sell colourful and fashionable lingerie though began manufacturing a line of lingerie under the name after failing to source via other brands. As reported by the BBC Joseph Corré was the designer behind the Agent Provocateur brand, after Corres and Reess divorce in 2007, Agent Provocateur was purchased by the private equity firm 3i for £60 million in November 2007. Garry Hogarth stepped down as CEO in February 2016, in 2007, 3i, the private equity firm that invests in mid-size companies, purchased 80% of the company for £60 million. In March 2017, the business entered administration, the company was famous for its provocative videos. In December 2001, company produced a film that caused controversy due to the film featuring Kylie Minogue riding a velvet bucking bronco wearing the companys underwear. In 2006 Mike Figgis directed a film for Agent Provocateur starring model Kate Moss. In previous years, these have included Kylie Minogue and Kate Moss in 2006 and 2008, hollywood actress Maggie Gyllenhaal took over for supermodel Kate Moss as the new face for the line in 2007. In 2008 Daisy Lowe became the face of Agent Provocateur, in January 2014, model Hailey Clauson was the focus of an ad campaign called “Behind Closed Doors, ” which was photographed by Miles Aldridge. The original Agent Provocateur logo and wordmark were set from an existing over-the-counter typeface, as Corre’s venture grew from a single storefront in London to a worldwide brand, graphic design company House Industries were given the task of redrawing and expanding on the logo. Corre and Rees wanted something that was different and executed in a way that their competitors could not easily steal, House Industries penned a flowing Spencerian wordmark as well as a racy and lacy leg logo for everything from tissue paper to fabric monograms. Agent Provocateur had some of its advertisements banned by the Advertising Standards Authority for being degrading to women
17.
Action on Addiction
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Action on Addiction is a UK-based charity that works with people affected by drug and alcohol addiction. It works in the areas of research, prevention, treatment, aftercare, as well as professional education, Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge has been patron since January 2012. The charity was formed in 2007 by the merger of three charities, The Chemical Dependency Centre, Clouds and the original Action on Addiction, the new charity assumed the name Action on Addiction. The charity’s head office is in Wiltshire, with centers and programs operating in London, Wiltshire, Bournemouth, Essex, in Spring 2011, the charity introduced a family treatment program at a prison in Bridgend, South Wales. Treatment centers include Clouds House and Hope House, Clouds House is a Grade II listed building located near the village of East Knoyle. The charity also has a recovery dry bar in Liverpool, called The Brink, the M-PACT program focuses specifically on the impact of drug addiction on families. It is a programme designed to help children aged 8–17 whose parents have drug and/or alcohol addictions. The program is based on the belief that healing the family, not just individual members, leads to the longest lasting. It is provided at various venues around England and Wales, the charity works with researchers at the National Addiction Centre, part of the Institute of Psychiatry at Kings College London. The charity played a part in establishing the National Addiction Centre, in January 2012, Catherine, The Duchess of Cambridge became Patron of Action on Addiction, one of the first four charities she chose to support in this way. In October 2012, The Duchess also gave her backing to the charity’s M-PACT program, the Duchess has visited the charity’s facilities on several occasions. On 14 February 2012 she visited The Brink, the charity’s dry bar in Liverpool that offers a night out without the pressure to drink alcohol, on 3 February 2013 she visited Clouds House treatment center in Wiltshire. On 24 October 2013 The Duchess attended the 100 Women in Hedge Funds philanthropic initiatives reception dinner held at Kensington Palace in aid of the charity and she attended the event one day after christening of her son, Prince George. She is a patron of both Action on Addiction and 100WHF, an organisation for professionals in the alternative investments industry. It is so encouraging to see that with the right help… it can be conquered. ”On 19 February 2013 she visited Hope House and it was her first official engagement following the announcement of her pregnancy. She was joined by comedian John Bishop, on 23 October 2014 The Duchess attended the charitys Autumn Gala Evening dinner and reception in London, where she was joined by comedian and impressionist Rory Bremner. At the time, The Duchess was just over 12 weeks pregnant with her second child and it was her third official engagement in three days since returning to the spotlight after her battle against an aggressive type of morning sickness. The charity is mentioned on page 317 of J. K, rowlings first adult novel, The Casual Vacancy
18.
Supergrass
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Supergrass were an English rock band from Oxford. The band consisted of brothers Gaz and Rob Coombes, Mick Quinn, Gaz Coombes, Mick Quinn and Danny Goffey formed Supergrass in 1993 in Oxford with Gazs brother Rob Coombes officially joining the band in 2002. The band signed to Parlophone records in 1994 and produced I Should Coco and their first albums fourth single Alright was a huge international hit that established the bands reputation. In August 2009 the band signed to Cooking Vinyl and began work on their studio album Release the Drones. The album remained unreleased and unfinished as, on 12 April 2010, the group disbanded after four farewell gigs, the final one at La Cigale, Paris on 11 June 2010. At the age of 16 and 18 respectively, Gaz Coombes and Danny Goffey were members of shoegaze band The Jennifers along with Nick Goffey, the band played gigs at various venues around Oxfordshire, often public houses and clubs. One pub the band played at was the Jericho Tavern in Oxford, the band enjoyed enough success to release one single in 1992, Just Got Back Today, on Nude Records before they disbanded. When Coombes began working at the local Harvester he befriended co-worker Mick Quinn, the two realised they had common music interests and Coombes invited Quinn to come and jam with himself and Goffey. In February 1993 they formed Theodore Supergrass, for two months Quinn explains, then we realized that Theodore was a bit rubbish so we took that off. Goffey claims that the name was his idea and says, Although the others will dispute it, it was me and we were Theodore Supergrass and the idea was the band would be a little black character, and we wouldnt ever have to do interviews. Wed get the questions in advance, script the answers and then animate Theodore Supergrass answering them, but it cost too much money. Gazs brother, Rob Coombes, played flute for the bands début gig at the Co-Op Hall, in January 1995 he first performed as keyboardist with the band for a live Radio 1 John Peel session. His role in the band progressed over the years, post-I Should Coco material is credited to Supergrass and Rob Coombes, however, in mid-1994, Supergrass issued their debut single Caught by the Fuzz on the small independent local label Backbeat Records. The song recounts lead singer and guitarist Gaz Coombess experience of being arrested by the police for possession of cannabis, the limited release of vinyl copies sold out quickly, thanks in part to support from John Peel on his Radio One show. The Parlophone label signed the band and re-released the single in the autumn of the same year and it achieved the rare feat of both NME and Melody Maker Single Of The Week status in the same week. Mansize Rooster, released in February 1995, peaked at number 20 in the UK Singles Chart, Lenny was followed soon afterwards by the bands debut album, I Should Coco, which entered the UK Albums Chart at number one. It achieved half a million sales in the UK and over a million worldwide, NME reviewer Steve Sutherland gave the album a nine out of ten rating, writing, These freaks shall inherit the earth. The albums fourth single, the double A-side release Alright/Time, stayed in the UK Top Three for a month, Supergrass followed I Should Coco with 18 months of heavy touring, appearing at festivals such as Scotlands T In The Park and the Glastonbury Festival
19.
Babington House
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Babington House is a Grade II* listed manor house, located in the village of Babington, between Radstock and Frome, in the county of Somerset, England. Converted to a members club and hotel by Nick Jones. Since 1999 it has hosted many celebrity weddings, the village of Babington dates from medieval times. Its name derives from the Babington family, who were associated with the village. The manor was sold by Thomas and Mary Mankham to Joan Elcode, the estate passed through several hands until it was forfeit to the Crown in 1593. By the late 17th century, the manor belonged to Thomas Pacey who left it to his sister, the current house was built around 1705 for Henry Mompesson, probably on the foundations of an earlier building which would have been owned by the Babington family. Babington was inhabited by members of the Knatchbull family, until the house. Better known under her name as the pianist and composer Dora Bright, she was the widow of Wyndham Knatchbull. In April 1939, BBC Radio broadcast a concert of her playing from Babington House, the grounds include the Grade I listed Church of St Margaret, and are listed Grade II in the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England. In 1998, Nick Jones who had founded the Soho House club in Soho and he converted it to a hotel, club and wedding venue for the London members of Soho House club, as well as new Somerset members. The property is also part-owned by actor Neil Morrissey, in that year, Nick Jones was cautioned by police after eleven Polish illegal immigrants were found working at the hotel. Wedding ceremonies are performed in St Margarets Church or in the orangery, from here there are views north and northeast across the park beyond the former northwest drive towards the grounds of Ammerdown House, Kilmersdon. Within the grounds are a chain of five informal pools situated in a valley about 70 metres west of the House. The pools are surrounded by mixed specimen trees and shrubberies, a walk on the western side of the pools leads to a kitchen garden southwest of the House. The house of mainly Georgian architecture has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building, the 18th-century stable block and coach house have now been made into three separate dwellings. The grounds also contain an ice house and two sets of gates, which are Grade II listed
20.
Gavin Rossdale
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Gavin McGregor Rossdale is an English musician and actor, known as the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Bush. He helped form Bush in 1992, upon its separation in 2002, he became the singer and guitarist for Institute. When performing solo, Rossdale plays songs from his musical libraries and he was ranked 75th in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader. In 2013 Rossdale received the British Academys Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement, in 2017, Rossdale became a coach on ITVs The Voice UK. Rossdale was born in Marylebone, London, the son of Barbara Stephan and Douglas Rossdale and his mother was born in Scotland and his father was of Russian Jewish descent, with the familys surname originally being Rosenthal. His parents divorced when he was 11, and he was raised by his father and his mother remarried and moved to Tampa, Florida. Rossdale has a sister, Soraya, and an older sister. His half-sister, Georgina, is a doctor, Rossdale learned to play bass guitar after hanging out with Lorraines boyfriend, who was in a band, but he switched to rhythm guitar. At 17, Rossdale left Westminster School and formed a band called Midnight, in 1991, Rossdale moved to Los Angeles for six months, lived wherever was available in the city, and took whatever part-time jobs he could, including as a production assistant on music video shoots. He then spent some time in New York City before returning to England, where he reconnected with his future manager Dave Dorrell, in 1992, Rossdale formed Future Primitive, its original line-up included Sacha Gervasi, who left to become a filmmaker. The band changed its name to Bush in the summer of 1994, Rossdale has been the lead singer and songwriter for the British post-grunge rock band Bush since its inception. Their debut album, Sixteen Stone, was a commercial success. Almost overnight, Bush went from playing small pubs in London to headlining arenas in the US, however, some critics labelled them as an inferior derivative of bands such as Nirvana and Pixies, and this criticism followed them throughout their career as a band. In particular, Rossdales forced, raspy singing voice and random, stream of lyrics were dismissed by some as an imitation of Nirvanas lead singer. Although the band reached superstar status in the US, they failed to have impact in the UK. The sole exception to this was their single Swallowed, which reached Number 7 on the UK charts, a change in record labels, management and an extended hiatus did not bode well for the band, who unofficially split in 2002. Rossdale performed a song entitled Adrenaline for the soundtrack of the film XXX and this song was also the official theme song for WWEs Unforgiven pay-per-view event in September 2002 and also was The Undertakers Desire/Tribute theme of that same year. He also guest appeared for Blue Man Groups The Current and is featured in its video and this song was used in the ending credits of Terminator 3, Rise of the Machines
21.
Model (person)
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A model is a person with a role either to promote, display, or advertise commercial products or to serve as a visual aide for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Modelling is considered to be different from other types of public performance, although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be modelling. Types of modelling include, fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, Models are featured in a variety of media formats including, books, magazines, films, newspapers, internet and TV. Fashion models are featured in films, reality TV shows. Celebrities, including actors, singers, sports personalities and reality TV stars, modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by Charles Frederick Worth, the father of haute couture, when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term house model was coined to describe this type of work, eventually, this became common practice for Parisian fashion houses. There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, with the development of fashion photography, the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s, one of the first well-known models was Lisa Fonssagrives, who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York, one of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, Wilhelmina Cooper, Jean Patchett, Dovima, Dorian Leigh, Suzy Parker, Evelyn Tripp, Carmen DellOrefice, dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community, compared to todays models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. Wilhelmina Coopers measurements were 38-24-36 whereas Chanel Imans measurements are 32-23-33, in the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish modelling agencies. Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models agents charging them weekly rates for their messages, for the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a persons earnings, with the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries, in the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and fashion magazines but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay and they would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from customs agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in such as La Louisiana in Paris or the Arena in Milan to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas
22.
Shelter (charity)
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Shelter is a registered charity that campaigns to end homelessness and bad housing in England and Scotland. Approximately two thirds of Shelters expenditure goes on housing aid and one third on campaigns and education, Shelter was launched on 1 December 1966, evolving out of the work on behalf of homeless people then being carried on at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London. The social campaigner Des Wilson, having seen the programme, became pivotal in setting up Shelter, unusually for a charity, in 2008 Shelter saw strike action by its staff in response to changes being made to their terms and conditions. Shelter, National Campaign for Homeless People Limited, registered charity no.263710, Shelter Cymru Homelessness in the United Kingdom
23.
Hodder & Stoughton
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Hodder & Stoughton is a British publishing house, now an imprint of Hachette. The firm has its origins in the 1840s, with Matthew Hodders employment, aged fourteen, with Messrs Jackson and Walford, the official publisher for the Congregational Union. In 1861 the firm became Jackson, Walford and Hodder, but in 1868 Jackson and Walford retired, Hodder & Stoughton published both religious and secular works, and its religious list contained some progressive titles. These included George Adam Smiths Isaiah for its Expositor’s Bible series, there was also a sympathetic Life of St Francis by Paul Sabatier, a French Protestant pastor. Matthew Hodder made frequent visits to North America, meeting with the Moody Press and making links with Scribners, the secular list only gradually accepted fiction, and it was still subject to moral censorship in the early part of the twentieth century. Matthew Hodder was doubtful about the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, and the company refused Michael Arlens The Green Hat, a novel published by Collins in 1924. In 1922 Hodder and Stoughton published an edition of Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland, in 1928, the company became the exclusive British hardback publisher of Leslie Charteriss adventure novel series, The Saint, publishing all 50 UK first editions of the series until 1983. In this decade they took over ownership of the medical journal. Hodder & Stoughton were also the originators of the Teach Yourself line of self-instruction books, as the company expanded at home and overseas, Hodder & Stoughtons list swelled to include the real life adventures in Pearys North Pole and several works by Winston Churchill. During the war, Ralph Hodder Williams set up the Brockhampton Book Co. to sell off overstocks of theological works. The manager, Ernest Roker, had an interest in books and managed to persuade author Enid Blyton to write a series of books for them about four children. In 1942, the Famous Five series was born with Five on a Treasure Island, in 1962, Brockhampton took over the childrens writer Elinor Lyon, whose novels the parent company had introduced in 1948. Hodder & Stoughton also published the Biggles books by Captain W. E. Johns, Hodder & Stoughton published their first original Biggles book in 1942 with Biggles Sweeps the Desert around Sept/Oct of that year and the Brockhampton Press published Johns Gimlet books from 1947. Hodder & Stoughton also published some of Johns Worrals books, Hodder & Stoughton eventually published 35 Biggles first editions and Brockhampton Press published a further 29 Biggles first editions. In 1953 they published Sir John Hunts successful The Ascent of Everest, in the 1970s, they brought the Knight and Coronet imprints into common use. The latter is memorable for David Nivens much-celebrated autobiography The Moons a Balloon. The non-fiction publishing included Anthony Sampsons era-defining The Anatomy of Britain in 1962, another notable title in the childrens sphere was the 1969 Brockhampton Press publication of Asterix the Gaul by Goscinny and Uderzo. In 1974, John le Carré’s Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy was published to critical acclaim
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
HarperCollins
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The company is headquartered in New York City and is a subsidiary of News Corp. The worldwide CEO of HarperCollins is Brian Murray, HarperCollins has publishing groups in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and India and China. As of 2017 China provides as the source of manufacturing. The company publishes many different imprints, both former independent publishing houses and new imprints, in 1989, Collins was bought by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, and the publisher was combined with Harper & Row, which NewsCorp had acquired two years earlier. In 1999, News Corporation purchased the Hearst Book Group, consisting of William Morrow & Company and these imprints are now published under the rubric of HarperCollins. HarperCollins bought educational publisher Letts and Lonsdale in March 2010, in 2011, HarperCollins announced they had agreed to acquire the publisher Thomas Nelson. The purchase was completed on July 11,2012, with an announcement that Thomas Nelson would operate independently given the position it has in Christian book publishing. Both Thomas Nelson and Zondervan were then organized as imprints, or keystone publishing programs, under a new division, key roles in the reorganization were awarded to former Thomas Nelson executives. Brian Murray, the current CEO of HarperCollins, succeeded Jane Friedman who was CEO from 1997 to 2008, notable management figures include Lisa Sharkey, current senior vice president and director of creative development and Barry Winkleman from 1989 to 1994. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, HarperCollins, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law. The Scranton, PA warehouse closed in September 2013 and a Nashville, TN warehouse, under the name Thomas Nelson, several office positions and departments continued to work for HarperCollins in Scranton, but in a new location. Company officials attribute the closings and mergers to the growing demand for e-book formats. HarperCollins maintains the backlist of many of the originally published by their many merged imprints. Authors published originally by Harper include Mark Twain, the Brontë sisters, authors published originally by Collins include H. G. Wells, Agatha Christie and J. R. R. Tolkien. This is a list of some of the more noted books, N. D. Gone, Clive Barker The Children of Húrin, J. R. R. R. R. They were the home of Maurice Sendak, Shel Silverstein. In 1998, Nordstroms personal correspondence was published as Dear Genius, The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom, Zolotow later became head of the Childrens Books Department, and went on to become the companys first female Vice-President. The Chronicles of Narnia series by C. S. Lewis, HarperCollins has published the following notable childrens books, the I Can Read
26.
The Daily Express
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The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street
27.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
28.
Vogue (British magazine)
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The British edition of the fashion magazine Vogue has been published since autumn 1916. Its current editor stated that, “Vogue’s power is universally acknowledged, it’s the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazine’s readers agree that “Vogue is the Fashion Bible”. The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class, teaching its readers how to ‘assume a distinctively chic, as a branch-off of American Vogue, British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue. In 2007, it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page and it is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue. British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US, during the First World War, Condé Nast, Vogue’s publisher, had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America. The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem, under the London editions first editor, Elspeth Champcommunal, the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition, except for its British English spellings. However, Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine and it featured articles on ‘society and sporting news… Health and beauty advice… travelogues… and editorials’, making it a skillfully mixed cocktail. Champcommunal held her position until 1922. There were also features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf. Due to Todds changes, the magazine lost much of its audience, British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor, Alison Settle, was appointed in 1926. Under Audrey Withers, the magazine took a literary direction. British Vogue’s current editor-in-chief is Alexandra Shulman, who took the reins in 1992, during her time as editor, the magazine has drawn more than a million readers. Shulman is especially known for developing collector’s issues of British Vogue, such as the ‘Gold Millennium Issue’ where celebrities, Shulman is also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino. The editor has also known for her attempt to change the face of fashion. She has pushed designers to stop using size-zero models, Shulman stated that super-skinny models are no longer acceptable, receiving positive notes from women all over the world. Today, British Vogue has become quite modernised, on the magazine’s website there are more than 25 fashion blogs on beauty, fashion, and culture. You can also find VogueTV which features recent fashion videos from catwalks to interviews with models, though the magazine doesn’t face as much criticism as American Vogue, the UK edition does have its moments. Vogue editor Alexandra Shulman joined the debate, making a statement to the Daily Mail that she doesnt think fashion is institutionally racist in the slightest
29.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
30.
National Health Service
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The National Health Service is the name of the public health services of England, Scotland and Wales, and is commonly used to refer to those of Northern Ireland. They were established together as one of the social reforms following the Second World War on the founding principles of being comprehensive, universal. Today, each provides a range of health services, the vast majority of which are free for people ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom. Taken together, the four National Health Services in 2015-16 employed around 1.6 million people with a budget of £136.7 billion. For non-residents, the NHS is free at the time of use, for general practitioner, the NHS began on the Appointed Day of 5 July 1948. This put into practice Westminster legislation for England and Wales from 1946 and Scotland from 1947, when Clement Attlees Labour Party won the 1945 election he appointed Aneurin Bevan as Health Minister. Bevan then embarked upon what the historian of the NHS, Charles Webster. Three years after the founding of the NHS, Bevan resigned from the Labour government in opposition to the introduction of charges for the provision of dentures and glasses, the following year, Winston Churchills Conservative government introduced prescription charges. These charges were the first of many controversies over reforms to the NHS throughout its history, each of the UKs four nations have their own separate NHS, each with its own history. From its earliest days, the history of the NHS has shown its place in British society reflected and debated in film, TV, cartoons. However, some functions might be performed by one health service on behalf of another. There have been issues about cross-border payments, taken together, the four National Health Services in 2015-16 employed around 1.6 million people with a combined budget of £136.7 billion. In 2014 the total health sector workforce across the UK was 2,165,043 and this broke down into 1,789,586 in England,198,368 in Scotland,110,292 in Wales and 66,797 in Northern Ireland. The NHS is free at the time of use, for general practitioner and emergency treatment not including admission to hospital, people with the right to medical care in European Economic Area nations are also entitled to free treatment by using the European Health Insurance Card. Those from other countries with which the UK has reciprocal arrangements also qualify for free treatment, people not ordinarily resident in the UK are in general not entitled to free hospital treatment, with some exceptions such as refugees. People not ordinarily resident may be subject to an interview to establish their eligibility, patients who do not qualify for free treatment are asked to pay in advance, or to sign a written undertaking to pay, except for emergency treatment. The provision of treatment to non-UK-residents, formerly interpreted liberally, has been increasingly restricted. As of 2016 the surcharge was £200 per year, with exemptions and reductions in some cases, the systems are 98. 8% funded from general taxation and National Insurance contributions, plus small amounts from patient charges for some services
31.
The Observer
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The Observer is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. First published in 1791, it is the worlds oldest Sunday newspaper, the first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W. S. Bourne, was the worlds first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600, though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bournes brother made an offer to the government, as a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley. In 1807, the decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold The Observer to William Innell Clement, the woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time. Clement maintained ownership of The Observer until his death in 1852, during that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clements heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time, in 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beers son Frederick became the owner upon Juliuss death in 1880, henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Diceys departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Fredericks wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of The Sunday Times, upon Fredericks death in 1901, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the editorial leadership for a couple of years. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, yet the revival in the papers fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, during this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvins hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorfs more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvins departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the step of declaring itself non-partisan. Ownership passed to Waldorfs sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor and he remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astors editorship The Observer became the first national newspaper to oppose the governments 1956 invasion of Suez, in 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981
32.
The Independent
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The Independent is a British online newspaper. The printed edition of the paper ceased in March 2016, nicknamed the Indy, it began as a broadsheet newspaper, but changed to tabloid format in 2003. Until September 2011, the paper described itself on the banner at the top of every newspaper as free from party political bias and it tends to take a pro-market stance on economic issues. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. In June 2015, it had a daily circulation of just below 58,000,85 per cent down from its 1990 peak. On 12 February 2016, it was announced that The Independent, the last print edition of The Independent on Sunday was published on 20 March 2016, with the main paper ceasing print publication the following Saturday. Launched in 1986, the first issue of The Independent was published on 7 October in broadsheet format and it was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three partners were former journalists at The Daily Telegraph who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwells ownership, marcus Sieff was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing, and Whittam Smith took control of the paper. The paper was created at a time of a change in British newspaper publishing. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long-accepted practices of the print unions and ultimately defeated them in the Wapping dispute, consequently, production costs could be reduced which, it was said at the time, created openings for more competition. As a result of controversy around Murdochs move to Wapping, the plant was effectively having to function under siege from sacked print workers picketing outside, the Independent attracted some of the staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to his companys new headquarters. Launched with the advertising slogan It is, and challenging both The Guardian for centre-left readers and The Times as the newspaper of record, The Independent reached a circulation of over 400,000 by 1989. Competing in a market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as, within a few years. Some aspects of production merged with the paper, although the Sunday paper retained a largely distinct editorial staff. It featured spoofs of the other papers mastheads with the words The Rupert Murdoch or The Conrad Black, a number of other media companies were interested in the paper. Tony OReillys media group and Mirror Group Newspapers had bought a stake of about a third each by mid-1994, in March 1995, Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into OReillys Independent News & Media, MGN, and Prisa. In April 1996, there was another refinancing, and in March 1998, OReilly bought the other 54% of the company for £30 million, brendan Hopkins headed Independent News, Andrew Marr was appointed editor of The Independent, and Rosie Boycott became editor of The Independent on Sunday. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, Marr admitted his changes had been a mistake in his book, My Trade
33.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
34.
Getty Images
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Getty Images, Inc. is an American stock photo agency, with headquarters in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is a supplier of stock images for business and consumers with an archive of 80 million still images and illustrations and it targets three markets—creative professionals, the media, and corporate. Getty has distribution offices around the world and capitalizes on the Internet, as Getty has acquired other older photo agencies and archives, it has digitized their collections, enabling online distribution. Getty Images now operates a commercial website which allows clients to search and browse for images, purchase usage rights. Costs of images vary according to the resolution and type of rights associated with each image. The company also offers photo services for corporate clients. In 1995, Mark Getty and Chief Executive Officer Jonathan Klein co-founded Getty Investments LLC, Mark Getty is the companys chairman. In September 1997, Getty Communications, as it was called at the time, merged with PhotoDisc, in April 2003, Getty Images entered into a partnership with Agence France-Presse to market each others images. Getty Images acquired the Michael Ochs Archives in February 2007, the Michael Ochs Archives were described by The New York Times as the premier source of musician photography in the world. In 2008, the equity firm Hellman & Friedman acquired Getty Images. In 2012, H&F put Getty up for sale, as of the ensuing sale to Carlyle Group, the company was said to have an archive that included 80 million stills and illustrations. In 2015, Jonathan Klein became the chairman and Dawn Airey was hired as Chief executive officer of Getty Images. By 1999 it had acquired one of the largest agencies, Tony Stone Images, the Hulton collection was sold by the BBC to Brian Deutsch in 1988, when it was renamed Hulton Deutsch. In 1996, the Hulton collection was sold on once more, with the acquisition of the Hulton library, Getty Images took ownership of the rights to some 15 million photographs from the British press archives dating back to the Nineteenth Century. Hulton Getty also included photographs from the Keystone Collection, as well as images by photographers such as Bert Hardy, Bill Brandt, Weegee. Getty has branched out into stock audio, music and sound effects, and also video with the acquisition of EyeWire and Energy Film Library. In 2000, Getty acquired one of its competitors, Archive Photos of New York. The Archive Photos library was combined with the Hulton Getty collection to form a new subsidiary, Archive Photos had been formed in 1990 from the merger of Pictorial Parade and Frederick Lewis Stock Photos, two well-established US photo agencies
35.
Bush (British band)
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Bush are a British rock band formed in London, England in 1992. Their current lineup includes lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Gavin Rossdale, lead guitarist Chris Traynor, bassist Corey Britz, Bush found their immediate success with the release of their debut album Sixteen Stone in 1994, which is certified 6× multi-platinum by the RIAA. They went on to one of the most commercially successful rock bands of the 1990s. Despite their success in the United States, the band were well known in their home country. Bush have had top ten singles on the Billboard rock charts. The band broke up in 2002 but reformed in 2010, and have released three albums since then, The Sea of Memories, Man on the Run and Black, after leaving his band Midnight, Gavin Rossdale met former King Blank guitarist Nigel Pulsford in 1992. The two bonded over an appreciation of the American alternative rock group the Pixies, the two formed a new band which they called Future Primitive. Describing the early sound of the group, one British record label executive said years later, the pair then recruited bassist Dave Parsons and drummer Robin Goodridge to complete the line-up. The group soon chose the name Bush, naming themselves after Shepherds Bush, London, in 1993, the band was signed by Rob Kahane, who had a distribution deal with Disneys Hollywood Records. The band completed recording its debut album Sixteen Stone in early 1994, however, the death of Disney executive Frank G. Wells eliminated a supporter for Kahane, and executives at Hollywood deemed Bushs album unacceptable for release. As a result, the members of Bush took jobs performing menial labour, on the Billboard Music Charts, Sixteen Stone peaked at No.4 on the Heatseekers and Billboard 200 charts. The album spawned two Top 40 singles, after about six months of promotion for Sixteen Stone, the album began to sell well, once Comedown and Glycerine struck America. Additionally, Little Things and Machinehead both charted well in North America, in late 1996 Bush released the first single Swallowed from their second album titled Razorblade Suitcase. The song spent seven weeks on top of the Modern Rock Tracks chart and this was followed by single Greedy Fly. The album hit number 1 in America and placed high in many European countries, Razorblade Suitcase featured American recording engineer Steve Albini, a move which was viewed negatively by critics. Albini had worked with Nirvana on their studio album, In Utero. Bush later released the remix album Deconstructed, the album saw Bush re-arranging their songs into dance and techno stylings. The album went platinum less than a year after release, following the completion of touring, Rossdale went into seclusion in Ireland, where he worked on material for the groups next album
36.
Chris Traynor
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Chris Traynor is an American guitarist, bassist and studio musician. He has played with Orange 9mm, Helmet, Bush, Rival Schools, Institute, Gavin Rossdale, Traynor has also done studio soundtrack work with Blue Man Group, and with critically acclaimed indie rock band Rival Schools. Chris has studied guitar with Mark Lonergan from Band of Susans, Richard Lloyd of the rock band Television, Robert Fripps Guitar Craft, Traynor is currently living in Los Angeles and is touring with Bush. He is also in the process of releasing High Desert Fires debut album Light is the Revelation and he continually writes for soundtrack and television music. He cut his teeth in the early 90s post-hardcore scene, as a founding member of the highly influential band Orange 9mm, Traynor developed a unique style of guitar and bass in the studio. Alongside Chaka Malik, Chris went on to record 3 albums with the band including Orange 9mm, Driver Not Included, before the touring for their third album began Chris departed to play with another highly popular band Helmet. Traynor moved on to become a member of the seminal rock band Helmet on their third studio record. He was recruited for the tour of Aftertaste which was recorded by their three remaining members prior to Traynors arrival. He had worked on and off with the band for ten years throughout the bands breakup, while on tour with Helmet, Chris was noticed by producer Dave Sardy, and recommended as replacement guitarist in 2001 for the multi-platinum selling rock band Bush. Bushs guitarist at the time, Nigel Pulsford, had backed out of their current tour midstream, Traynor came on board to help finish out the rest of the tour. After the tour Bush was put on the back burner until some time later when it was announced that Bush was no more, in between Helmets down time and the fall of Bush, Traynor joined up with Rival Schools. Rival Schools longtime guitarist, Ian Love, had left the band in 2002 making way for Chris and they recorded a bunch of songs together, but never released an album. By September 2003 the band split and Chris along with bandmate Cache Tolman headed off to do a new project with a familiar friend, Gavin Rossdale. After a year as a member of the band Bush, Traynor and singer Gavin Rossdale began writing songs for a different project. Their first and only album titled Distort Yourself received only mild success on the airwaves. They toured throughout the United States as well as Europe before finally calling it quits in 2005, the song was number 1 on iTunes rock chart and sold nearly 2 million copies worldwide. WANDERlust had nationwide success in the United States, Chris toured in support of WANDERlust in 2008 and 2009. In June 2010, it was announced that Bush had reunited, Traynor once again took over as lead guitarist
37.
Sixteen Stone
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Sixteen Stone is the debut album of British rock band Bush, released on 6 December 1994, through Trauma Records. Widely regarded as the bands most popular album, it peaked at four on the Billboard 200. Comedown and Glycerine remain two of the bands biggest hits to date, each reaching number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Comedown, Machinehead, and Glycerine were the three songs from the album to enter the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number thirty, number forty-three, to mark its 20th anniversary, on 14 October 2014 a remastered edition of the albums original recordings was released. In the UK, a stone is a unit of weight that equals 14 pounds, therefore, sixteen stone means 224 pounds or about 102 kilograms. When asked why lead singer Gavin Rossdale chose the name Sixteen Stone for the name of their album, he said and my friend, who called a phone number advertising a 21-year old Scandinavian beauty, new in town. When she arrived, she was forty years old and sixteen stone, in the booklet of Sixteen Stone, there is a heart and a dedication to Rupert and Julie, two of Gavins friends who died in a boating accident along the Thames in England. The cover insert has a picture of what looks like a bush or mop head flying through the air and this is actually Gavins dog named Winston. A Puli, a breed of dog with dreadlock-like cords, that has been tossed in the air or is jumping. Beck used the effect in 1996 with a Komondor, another Hungarian dog breed that has similar fur to the Puli. Sixteen Stone was released on 6 December 1994, through Trauma Records, around the albums 20th anniversary, a remastered edition of its original recordings was released. When asked about also remixing the album for the anniversary edition, but its really, like, you just cant do that. Those mixes, every level of those songs is just ingrained in my DNA as its probably in anybodys DNA who knows it. It just sounds really weird when you mess with it, Sixteen Stone received mostly positive feedback from music critics. In a three out of five review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic calls their sound impressive. In later years Bush would distance themselves from the grunge sounds with experimental releases such as Deconstructed. Retrospectively, Sixteen Stone has received critical acclaim, in April 2014, Rolling Stone placed the album at number thirty-nine on their 1994, The 40 Best Records From Mainstream Alternatives Greatest Year list. A month later, Loudwire placed Sixteen Stone at number eight on its 10 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1994 list, in July 2014 Guitar World placed the album on its Superunknown,50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994 list
38.
Razorblade Suitcase
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Razorblade Suitcase is the second studio album by British rock band Bush, released on 19 November 1996, through Trauma Records. It was the follow up to their multi-platinum album Sixteen Stone and debuted at one on the Billboard 200. To date it remains the only Bush album to top the Billboard 200, recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London with engineer/producer Steve Albini, the albums sound has been compared by many to Nirvanas In Utero album, which was also produced and engineered by Albini. The 20th anniversary of Razorblade Suitcase was marked by a reissue and it was released digitally on December 16,2016, and on vinyl on February 10,2017. The reissue includes the album and four rare bonus tracks, Broken TV, Old, Sleeper. Prior to the reissue, three of the four tracks had been released as B-sides or found on compilations. Gavin Rossdale wrote most of the songs for Razorblade Suitcase in under one month, Swallowed, along with others from the album were written while on the road. In an interview with Deseret News published on 2 January 1997, Rossdale explained, while my longtime girlfriend of five years was leaving and packing in one room, I was writing in the other room. The band chose Steve Albini to produce the album, around the same time Albini declared that he put more time and energy into Razorblade Suitcase than he had with any previous albums. In 1997, Bush embarked on a tour, the Razorblade Suitcase Tour. Stretching from late January into November of that year, it took the band through Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia. It included stops at major music festivals around the world, including Glastonbury Festival, Pinkpop Festival, Reading Festival, Rock am Ring, Rock im Park. Razorblade Suitcase was released on 19 November 1996, through Trauma Records and it debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 293,000 copies in its first week. It remained at number one during its week of release in the US. The album also debuted at one in Canada, with first-week sales of 45,900 copies. Despite the album selling fewer copies than Sixteen Stone in the US, it marked a peak for the band in their native Britain. The band originally planned to release the album in early 1997 but decided it would be better for a late 1996 release, especially considering that U2s next album was pushed into 1997. The lead single from the album, Swallowed, was released in October 1996 and was a success in the US
39.
The Science of Things
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The Science Of Things is the third studio album by British band Bush, released on 26 October 1999, through Trauma Records. It is the last Bush album released through Trauma and features electronic music influences. The album peaked at eleven on the US Billboard 200 and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. All songs written by Gavin Rossdale, in an interview, Gavin Rossdale revealed that the song Letting the Cables Sleep was written for a friend who had contracted HIV. This song appeared in a six episode of ER entitled Such Sweet Sorrow. The second season of Charmed contained two songs from the album, apocalyptica has remixed the song Letting the Cables Sleep. Spacetravel features backing vocals by Rossdales former wife, Gwen Stefani, the song Dead Meat is referenced in the No Doubt song Ex-Girlfriend. In the 1938 novella Anthem by Ayn Rand, the protagonist and narrator states that his subject in school is The Science of Things
