1.
2010 Malaysian Grand Prix
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The 2010 Malaysian Grand Prix was the third round in the 2010 Formula One season. It was held in Sepang, Malaysia on 4 April 2010, the race was won by Sebastian Vettel leading a one-two finish for the Red Bull-Renault team with Mark Webber coming in second place. Mark Webber took pole position for Red Bull Racing, on a wet and wild day of Qualifying for the Malaysian Grand Prix. The brave switch Webber made to intermediate tyres, after a delay during Q3, as a storm lashed the circuit. By the time made their way onto the track, the rain had set in. Jenson Button had set a lap time that was enough to advance from Q1. We learned a lesson there, because we almost got caught out, “It was so definitive that there wouldn’t be any rain for the rest of the session. Prior to the race, Pedro de la Rosas engine failed as the cars were making their way from the pit lane to their grid positions, Webber challenged in the next corner but Vettel held firm. Robert Kubica and Michael Schumacher also gained two places, and were fourth and sixth respectively, rubens Barrichello who started seventh stalled on the grid and was last at the end of the first lap. Both McLarens and both Ferraris charged up the field from their grid positions after failing to properly read the conditions in qualifying. Lewis Hamilton had got up from 20th to 13th, Felipe Massa from 21st to 14th, Jenson Button from 17th to 15th, and Fernando Alonso from 19th to 16th. At the end of lap 1, the top 10 were, Vettel, Webber, Rosberg, Kubica, Adrian Sutil, Schumacher, Nico Hülkenberg, Vitantonio Liuzzi, Vitaly Petrov, timo Glock retired on lap three after a collision with Jarno Trulli. Hamilton was on a charge, and soon was up to 10th within 4 laps, the Ferraris and Button could not get past Sébastien Buemis Toro Rosso and were stuck with Massa 14th, Alonso 15th and Button 16th. On the fifth lap, Hamilton passed Vitaly Petrov for ninth at the final turn, two laps later, Hamilton once again passed Petrov at the final corner, however then weaved 4 times from side to side along the start finish straight in an effort to break the tow. He failed to do so as Petrov followed tightly behind and made an attempt to back at the first corner which did not succeed. The race stewards investigated the incident and issued Hamilton with a warning, Kobayashi, Schumacher and Liuzzi retired in quick succession on laps 8,9 and 12 with engine, loose wheel nut and throttle failures respectively. This left the top 10 as, Vettel, Webber, Rosberg, Kubica, Sutil, Hülkenberg, Hamilton, Jaime Alguersuari, Massa, Button had passed Alonso on lap 9, but then immediately pitted to change to the harder tyres. He was the first man to pit and he resumed on a clear track, and immediately set the fastest lap of the race, with a 1,41.044
2.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
3.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
4.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
5.
Arrows Grand Prix International
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Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002. For a period of time, it was known as Footwork. Team sponsor Franco Ambrosios initials were used in the name of Arrows first car, Shadow sued for copyright infringement, claiming that the FA1 was a copy of the Shadow DN9. Arrows designed a revised car, the Arrows A1, in 52 days. It was shown the day after the High Court of Justice in London upheld Shadows claim, ambrosio left the team in early 1977 when jailed in Italy for financial irregularities. Arrows driver Riccardo Patrese who scored points in the third race. For the teams first season in Formula One, the team had signed Swede Gunnar Nilsson to be their first driver, however, he would never get to drive the car, since he contracted a fatal case of testicular cancer and died later that year. In September 1978, in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, Patrese was wrongly accused of causing the accident and then subsequently banned from racing at the following event by his fellow drivers. In 1981, Patrese scored the teams only Formula One pole position in Long Beach, Arrows finished joint eighth in the Constructors Championship that year. In 1984 with BMW M12 turbo engines and sponsorship from cigarette company Barclay things got much better and that year they were ninth in the Constructors Championship and eighth in 1985. At the 1985 San Marino Grand Prix, Thierry Boutsen finished third behind Alain Prost, however, after the race, Prost was disqualified because his car was 2 kg underweight, giving Boutsen the second place. While 1987 and 1988 were Arrows best years in F1, they were also the cause of frustration for the team and its drivers Warwick and Cheever. At the start of 1987 the sports ruling body mandated that all turbo powered cars were to use a valve in order to restrict turbo boost. This was done not only to slow the cars down for safety reasons, the problem for Arrows was that the valve would regularly cut in lower than the set limit. This meant that the Megatron engines were not producing their full power, although Cheever and Warwick finished the race in 3rd and 4th respectively, it was too little too late as the turbo era ended after the 1988 season. Warwick and Cheever stayed with the team for 1989 and drove the Ross Brawn designed Arrows A11 which was powered by the Ford DFR V8 engine, the teams best finish came at the United States Grand Prix in Cheevers home town of Phoenix. There the American scored his final finish by finishing 3rd. Ultimately though Cheever struggled in the A11 and he failed to qualify at the British
6.
Jaguar Racing
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Jaguar Racing is the name given to Jaguars racing interests. It made its Formula E debut ahead of the 2016–17 Formula E season and it was previously a Formula One constructor that competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship from 2000 to 2004. It was formed from the purchase by Ford of Jackie Stewarts Stewart Grand Prix Formula One team in June 1999, Ford renamed the team Jaguar Racing as part of its global marketing operations to promote their Jaguar premium car company. Despite this branding, they continued to use Cosworth engines in the cars, the team in 2000 was managed by Wolfgang Reitzle, who was then head of Fords Premier Automotive Group. The extra funding and publicity brought by becoming Fords own team were obvious from the first race of the year, Reitzle stepped down and was replaced by American racing champion and successful team owner Bobby Rahal for 2001. Results did not improve in 2001, and appointment of three-time FIA F1 World Champion Niki Lauda in the middle of the year did not help team morale, with the team sliding further back in the field. An abortive attempt to bring McLarens ex-technical director Adrian Newey to Jaguar further destabilised the team,2002 was even worse under Laudas stewardship, with only a resurgence later in the year in terms of results. Fords board of directors were beginning to have issues with the costs and benefits of running the team in Formula One. Lauda and 70 other staff were made redundant, and a 2-year timeframe was given to show possible benefits,2003 saw an improvement of form for the team, directed by John Hogan, as it benefited from good management and a more efficient usage of resources. 2004 saw a stabilisation of results, but the team was unable to challenge for points on a consistent basis, Jaguars Formula One parent company, Ford, issued a polite ultimatum as part of a reduction in sport involvement internationally. In particular, because Jaguar did not advertise the core Ford brand, there was little return of value from the amount of money invested. Ford chose to sell the operation near the end of 2004 despite a more consistent showing in its previous two years, in mid-November 2004, energy drink company Red Bull confirmed that they had purchased the Jaguar Formula One team from Ford as an ongoing outfit. The new team, named Red Bull Racing, used the chassis, for the 2004 Monaco Grand Prix, Jaguars cars were fitted with newly designed nose cones to promote the film Oceans Twelve. Steinmetz Group diamonds worth in excess of $250,000 USD were attached to the nose of each car, carroll and Evans were subsequently signed to the team and Panasonic was named as the teams main sponsor. Swiss-based racing outfit Emil Frey Racing currently fields two Jaguar XK G3s in the Blancpain GT Series, more specifically the Endurance Cup, the car is an in-house development by Emil Frey Racing, with approval from Jaguar, that conforms to full FIA GT3 regulations. Notes † – Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance, notes * – Season still in progress. Jaguar Cars Jaguar Racing Official website
7.
McLaren
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McLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren Honda, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has competed in and won the Indianapolis 500. The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari and they are one of the most successful teams in Formula One history, having won 182 races,12 drivers championships and eight constructors championships. The team is an owned subsidiary of McLaren Technology Group. Further American triumph followed, with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972, the combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant—together they won all but one race in 1988—but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari. Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period, however, by the mid-1990s, Honda had withdrawn from Formula One, Senna had moved to Williams, and the team went three seasons without a win. Ron Dennis retired as McLaren team principal in 2009, handing the role to longtime McLaren employee Martin Whitmarsh. At the end of 2013, after the teams worst season since 2004, McLaren announced in 2013 that they would be using Honda engines from 2015 onwards, replacing Mercedes-Benz. The team raced as McLaren-Honda for the first time since 1992 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix, Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren. Bruce was a driver for the British Formula One team Cooper with whom he had won three Grands Prix and come second in the 1960 world championship. In 1964 and 1965, McLaren were based in New Malden, then Feltham, during this period, Bruce drove for his team in sports car races in the United Kingdom and North America and also entered the 1965 Tasman Series with Phil Hill, but did not win it. He continued to drive in Grands Prix for Cooper, but judging that teams form to be waning, Bruce made the teams Grand Prix debut at the 1966 Monaco race. His race ended after nine laps due to an oil leak. Neither car brought great success, the best result being a fourth at Monaco, for 1968, after driving McLarens sole entry for the previous two years, Bruce was joined by 1967 champion and fellow New Zealander Denny Hulme, who was already racing for McLaren in Can-Am. That years new M7A car, Herds final design for the team, was powered by Cosworths new and soon to be ubiquitous DFV engine, Hulme also won the Italian and Canadian Grands Prix later in the year, helping the team to second in the constructors championship. The year 1970 started with a place each for Hulme. After his death, Teddy Mayer took over control of the team, Hulme continued with Dan Gurney. Gurney won the first two Can-Am events at Mosport and St. Jovite and placed ninth in the third, but left the team mid-season, and Gethin took over from there
8.
Sauber
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Sauber Motorsport AG, competing as Sauber F1 Team, is a Swiss Formula One team. It was founded in the 1970s by Peter Sauber, who progressed through hillclimbing, Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S. A. are the current majority owners of Sauber. Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent, the team was sold to BMW in 2005, and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009, scoring one victory. At the end of the 2009 season, however, BMW pulled out of Formula One, however, due to issues with the Concorde Agreement, the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season. In March 2010, Peter Sauber announced plans to change the name during the season. At the beginning of the 2011 Formula One season the team dropped BMW from their name. Peter Sauber sold his controlling 66. 6% stake in the team, with the remainder belonging to CEO Monisha Kaltenborn also being sold, the team was sold during the 2016 season to investment firm Longbow Finance. Pascal Picci took over Peter Saubers role as chairman of the board and president, with Kaltenborn remaining as Team principal, Peter Sauber began building sports cars in the 1970s. After using turbocharged Mercedes V8 engines in the 1980s, his became the official factory team of Mercedes-Benz. They won the 24 hours of Le Mans and the World Sports Prototype Championship, competing against Jaguar, among others, drivers such as Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Michael Schumacher, Karl Wendlinger, Jochen Mass, Jean-Louis Schlesser and Mauro Baldi raced for Sauber. Sauber participated in a number of racing series before its involvement in Formula One, including the Swiss Sportscar Championship. The first Sauber car, C1, was built in 1970, Sauber, in partnership with Mercedes, won the Le Mans 24-hour race in 1989 and the World Sports Prototype Championship in 1989 and 1990 with the Sauber C9 and Mercedes-Benz C11 respectively. Sauber also built a Group 5 version of BMW M1 The first turbo era of Formula One ended with the 1988 Formula One season, the 1. 5-litre turbocharged engines were phased out in favour of normally aspirated 3. 5-litre engines. Other projects never progressed beyond design studies, such as one carried out by Simtek for BMW and it was a turbulent time that led to the withdrawal of many small teams and even more famous marques such as Brabham and Lotus. A planned Mercedes collaboration with Sauber to enter their own Formula One team was shelved, the team was to be powered by V10 Ilmor engines in a chassis dubbed the C12, a continuation of Saubers naming policy from sports car construction. It was to be piloted by JJ Lehto and Karl Wendlinger, the cars racing debut took place in the first race of 1993, in South Africa. The car was soon turning heads not only for its sharp FW14-like lines and striking black livery but its impressive performance, despite this impressive entrance to the grand prix scene, over the remainder of the season the team rarely saw the finish line due to unreliability and racing accidents. However, they proved their form was not a flash in the pan recording a slow stream of points finishes, despite not achieving a podium, they ended the season with twelve points, seventh out of the thirteen original entries
9.
HRT Formula 1 Team
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HRT Formula 1 Team, formerly known as Campos Meta 1 and Hispania Racing, was a Spanish Formula One team founded by former driver Adrián Campos. It was sold to José Ramón Carabante before its debut in 2010 and it was the first Spanish team to race in Formula One, a previous effort known as Bravo F1 failed to enter the sport in 1993. In November 2012, HRTs owners announced that they were looking to sell the team, when they were unable to find a buyer before the deadline of 30 November, the team was subsequently omitted from the 2013 entry list. The team began as a collaboration between Adrián Campos of Campos Racing and Enrique Rodríguez of Meta Image, under the name of Campos Meta, Campos Racing currently runs a team in the European F3 Open Championship and used to run the GP2 Series team known as Addax Team. Campos was running the Formula One operation in conjunction with Meta Image, a Madrid-based sports agency, Campos and Rodríguez began looking at the possibility of creating Spains first Formula One team in February 2009. In March, the team gained shareholders such as Spanish businessman José Ramón Carabante and basketball players Pau Gasol and Jorge Garbajosa. In October 2009 the team completed a deal with the government of the Region of Murcia to build new facilities for the team at the Parque Tecnológico Fuente Álamo science park. Italian constructor Dallara built the 2010 cars in Parma, which used Cosworth engines, on 12 June, Campos Meta were named by the FIA as one of three new teams granted entry to the 2010 season, along with US F1 Team and Manor Grand Prix. On the weekend of the 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, Campos confirmed that Bruno Senna, on 22 December 2009, Bernie Ecclestone voiced concerns about the teams ability to be on the grid for the first race of the 2010 F1 season. In January 2010, A1 Grand Prix principal Tony Teixeira was one of potential investors linked to the team in an effort to open up a revenue stream in the build-up to the 2010 testing season. Teixeira, who had previously been rumoured as a buyer of Honda at the end of 2008 has stated his intentions to make Campos the Formula One arm of the struggling A1 Grand Prix series. On 27 January, the team admitted that they may not be able to participate in the 2010 winter testing season at all and that their second driver may not be announced until the eve of their first race. Despite this admission, Teixeira claimed the team was aiming to make the second test session, however, it was reported in early February that Teixeiras proposed buy-out of the team was being met with resistance from the established teams. On 5 February 2010, Campos boss Adrián Campos told BBC Sport that the team were struggling to find funding and it was paying the €7 million to Dallara stating that sometime we have the money sometime we dont. He confirmed that the funding should be finalised and within place the following week and he also denied the fact that F1-hopefuls Stefan GP had taken the Campos car stating that weve got a contract and as long as were paying the contract is valid. Later in February, speculation began to spread as to whether Campos would actually make the 2010 field, and the team admitted budgetary problems. On 19 February, it was announced that majority shareholder José Ramón Carabante had taken full control of the team from Adrián Campos. The team was renamed to Hispania Racing F1 Team ahead of their first race, with the name taken from Grupo Hispania, the teams headquarters were moved from Meta Images offices in Madrid to Grupo Hispanias offices in Murcia
10.
1999 Australian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 7 March 1999 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Albert Park, Melbourne, Australia. The 57-lap race was the first round of the 1999 Formula One season – the 50th World Championship season in the history of Formula One. Michael Schumacher also had problems during this race, which gave his Ferrari team mate Eddie Irvine the opportunity to take his first Grand Prix victory. He made no mistakes and beat Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher to the finish by a few seconds, Heinz-Harald Frentzen was the first car on track and initially topped the list, but Mika Häkkinen took the lead halfway through the first session. After several improvements he ended the session with a time of 1 minute and 33.213 seconds, the Stewart team performed well, Rubens Barrichello and Johnny Herbert ended the session in sixth and seventh position, behind Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Giancarlo Fisichella and Jarno Trulli. Both had technical problems and completed only a few laps, damon Hill, Alexander Wurz and Badoer had small off-track moments, but were able to continue without problems. Coulthard was fastest for a short while in the second session, on his next attempt, Häkkinen spun and crashed into the wall in the last turn before the main straight, causing the first red flag of the season. The session was stopped for 15 minutes, Häkkinen was unhurt, in the final minute Coulthard beat his time by one hundredth of a second. Stewart and Jordan were still looking good with Barrichello in third, ahead of Frentzen, Herbert and Hill. After the break Michael Schumacher had been the first to go out, several drivers went off the track again including Coulthard, Frentzen, Hill, Ralf Schumacher and Zanardi. The Sauber team had more serious problems, Pedro Diniz stopped on track as a precaution when warning lights lit up. Zanardi and Zonta also stopped on track, Zonta’s transmission broke and he ended the session last because of it, just behind De la Rosa, Gené and Badoer. The first quick time on Saturday was set by Ralf Schumacher, after three improvements his best time was 1 minute and 31.140 seconds, but Häkkinen went marginally quicker just before the break. Gené and Hill spun off into the gravel, while Zonta stopped on track again with transmission problems, after the break Wurz spun into the tyre barriers and caused a red flag. Despite that, the dominance of McLaren took on breath-taking form, Häkkinen was fastest with a time of 1 minute and 30.324 seconds, six-tenths quicker than team mate Coulthard and a full 2.2 seconds faster than third man Herbert. The next second covered another 11 cars, down to Ralf Schumacher in 15th place, Hill was fourth, followed by Jacques Villeneuve, who beat Michael Schumacher and did better than his BAR team mate Zonta, who completed only three laps and ended the session last, again. The results of the session were basically the same as the year before, Häkkinen beat Coulthard. After ten minutes, Herbert was the first to go out and set a time, after that, Barrichello took over first place, until the McLarens came out
11.
2012 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race that took place at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo, Brazil on 25 November 2012. The race was the twentieth and final round of the 2012 Formula One World Championship, the race was won by Jenson Button driving for McLaren. It was at this race that Sebastian Vettel won the 2012 World Drivers Championship, the race also marked the last race for Michael Schumacher, after he announced his retirement for the second time. The 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix marked Michael Schumachers final race before his retirement and was also the last race for Bruno Senna. HRT in their history did not score a point, and withdrew because of financial issues, tyre supplier Pirelli provided teams with early prototypes of their 2013 compounds during Friday practice for testing and review. Conversely, a place was sufficient for Vettel even if Alonso won. During free practice on Friday and Saturday, it was Lewis Hamilton and McLaren who set the pace, closely followed by championship contender Vettel, while Hamilton topped the time sheets in both Friday sessions, Jenson Button was quickest during the third session on Saturday morning. Fernando Alonso had a difficult first free practice, trailing Vettel by 0.465 seconds, however, he was able to lap faster than the German on the harder compound tyres in the second session. Ferrari looked stronger during the long run trials with Felipe Massa putting in the most consistently fast lap times,0.1 seconds ahead of Hamilton. With high temperatures, tyre degradation was a concern for the teams in the paddock with Hamilton commenting that it felt almost as though I was sliding around the track with the tyres melting, after the very warm practice sessions, qualifying on Saturday was run under difficult weather conditions. Qualifying one started on a track and therefore on intermediate tyres, while by Q2 the track was almost dry. In Q1 Romain Grosjean collided with the slower running HRT of Pedro de la Rosa, while he succeeded in nursing the car back into the pit lane, he was unable to change his tyres and was therefore left in a disappointing 18th position on the grid. Michael Schumachers last ever qualifying did not go well either and he took 14th position, almost half a second down on his teammate, admitting he had perhaps compromised his setup too much for an expected wet race. The McLarens were fastest all weekend and easily took the front row, title contenders Vettel and Alonso both struggled, taking 4th and 8th position on the grid respectively. Pastor Maldonado was handed a 10-place grid penalty for missing the weighbridge in the part of qualifying. He dropped from sixth to 16th, moving Alonso one place up to seventh, Felipe Massa discounted rumours he might try to help Alonso win the title by forcing Vettel into retirement, stating Ive always been an honest person and an honest driver. And that will continue to be the case and my limit is the limit of the regulations, and I will stay true to this limit. With only light rain just 10 minutes before the start, all teams opted to start on slick tyres, Vettel got away poorly, dropping to seventh position, while his rival Alonso moved up into fifth
12.
Spanish naming customs
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Spanish naming customs are historical traditions for naming children practised in Spain. According to these customs, a persons name consists of a name followed by two family names. The first surname is usually the fathers first surname, and the second the mothers first surname, in recent years, the order of the surnames can be reversed at birth if it is so decided by the parents. Currently in Spain, people bear a single or composite given name, a composite given name comprises two single names, for example Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename. The two surnames refer to each of the parental families, traditionally, a persons first surname is the fathers first surname, and the second one is the mothers first surname. From 2013, if the parents of a child are unable to agree on order of surnames, the law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. Each surname can also be composite, the parts usually linked by the y or e. For example, a name might be Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias, consisting of a forename, a paternal surname. There are times when it is impossible, by inspection of a name, for example, the writer Sebastià Juan Arbó was alphabetised by the Library of Congress for many years under Arbó, assuming that Sebastiá and Juan were both given names. However, Juan was actually his first surname, to resolve questions like this, which typically involve very common names, one must consult the person involved, or legal documents. A man named José Antonio Gómez Iglesias would normally be addressed as either señor Gómez or señor Gómez Iglesias instead of señor Iglesias, because Gómez is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be addressed as José Antonio, José, Pepe, Antonio, or Toño Jose, Joselito, Josito, Joselillo, Josico or Joselín, Antoñito, Tonín or Nono. Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific as don José Antonio or don José, colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez is sometimes incorrectly referred to in English media as Mr. Márquez, when it should be Mr. García Márquez or, simply, Mr. García. It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, for example, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mothers family, since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, with the poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca, as these peoples paternal names are very common, they are often called with their maternal names. It would nonetheless be a mistake to index José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero under Z as Zapatero, a practical option to spare an explanation is using a single surname composed of two separate words. Parents choose their childs name, which must be recorded in the Registro Civil to establish his or her legal identity. With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name, common sources of names are the parents taste, honouring a relative, the General Roman Calendar nomina, legislation in Spain under Franco legally limited cultural naming customs to only Christian and typical Spanish names
13.
Formula One drivers from Spain
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There have been fifteen Formula One drivers from Spain, the most successful of them being Fernando Alonso who won the World Drivers Championship twice. Alonso is the only Spanish champion and the driver from Spain to have won a Grand Prix. Pedro de la Rosa and Alfonso de Portago are the only other Spanish drivers to have stood on the podium, in the 2017 Formula One season there are two Spanish drivers. Fernando Alonso debuted in Formula One with Minardi, but the team struggled to produce a competitive car and he moved to Renault to take up a test role and was then given a racing seat with the team in 2003. He won the championship in 2005 and retained the title the following year. At the time he was the youngest race winner and youngest champion and he moved to McLaren for the 2007 season but had a tense relationship with the team, returning to Renault for the next two years. In 2010 he became the driver for Ferrari, winning five races on the way to second in the championship. Alonso again finished 2nd in the championship in both 2012 and 2013, an Autosport survey taken by 217 Formula One drivers saw Alonso voted as the 9th greatest F1 driver of all time, and he has been labelled as the greatest all-round driver in the sport. Carlos Sainz Jr. began his Formula One career in 2015, pedro de la Rosa has had a lengthy career in Formula One having debuted in 1999. He spent two years with Arrows before taking up a role at Jaguar. He was given the seat as a replacement for Luciano Burti after four Grands Prix. He moved to McLaren as a test driver, only returning to racing when Juan Pablo Montoya left the team in 2006. During the remaining eight races he scored 19 points including a second-place finish and he lost his race seat to Lewis Hamilton but stayed as a test driver until 2010 when he signed with BMW Sauber. He was dropped after 14 races and went back to his role with McLaren. He once again secured a seat, driving for HRT in 2012. Jaime Alguersuari made his debut midway through the 2009 season and he became the youngest driver to compete in Formula One, racing at the age of 19 years and 125 days. Toro Rosso released Sébastien Bourdais from his contract and signed Alguersuari who would drive for the team in 2010 and 2011. He was dropped at the end of the year and did not pick up a seat for the 2012 season
14.
2006 Hungarian Grand Prix
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The 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 6 August 2006 at the Hungaroring, Budapest. It was the 13th race of the 2006 Formula One season, Pedro de la Rosa finished second for McLaren, the first podium finish of his career, and Nick Heidfeld finished third, giving BMW Sauber their first ever podium. As of 2015, it was the last time the Kimigayo anthem was played on the Formula One podium, and the first time since the 1967 Italian Grand Prix. The weekend before the grand prix, British motoring show host Jeremy Clarkson told Jenson Button that if he was going to win a race and it is not known whether the windscreen was actually changed. During Friday practice Fernando Alonso was given a qualifying penalty by the stewards for dangerous driving and overtaking under a yellow flag condition. This meant that two seconds would be added to his times in each part of qualifying, christijan Albers was given a ten-place grid penalty for an engine change, his second in as many weekends. Jenson Button received the penalty after having an engine change when his let go in the final practice session. The decision left Schumacher fuming, with him saying I blame myself partly for what did happen, in qualifying, Kimi Räikkönen achieved pole position with a time of 1,19.599 seconds. Felipe Massa qualified second, with Rubens Barrichello starting the race in third, the track was wet at the start of the race, making it the first ever wet Hungarian Grand Prix. Polesitter Kimi Räikkönen took the early on. Alonso and Schumacher made their way through the field with Schumacher up into 6th place from 11th into the first corner and he went on to pass Schumacher on the outside of turn 5 after a straight fight for several laps and reached 3rd place. He then took the lead after the McLarens of Pedro de la Rosa, bridgestone wet-tyres used to dictate the field in non-dry conditions but today it seemed a one-off for the Japanese rubber. All Bridgestone-drivers, including the Ferraris, were struggling and seriously down on pace compared to their competitors. Schumacher fell right back in the clutches of Giancarlo Fisichella and lost his front wing battling for 5th place and this forced the German to pit, going a lap down. Soon after Jenson Button overtook Massa, Fisichella and Schumacher in just under the space of 2 laps, Räikkönen struggled on his second set of tyres and ended up crashing into the back of Vitantonio Liuzzis Toro Rosso, vaulting the car and bringing out the safety car. Alonso then pitted, allowing Schumacher to get back on the lead lap, another beneficiary of the safety car was Jenson Button, who decided not to pit during the safety car period and climbed up to 2nd place behind Alonso. After the period was over Button began to challenge Alonso, Alonso led, but after a pitstop for dry tyres his right-rear wheel nut detached, causing the Spaniard to lose control and crash. Button inherited the lead and was never challenged from then on, Schumacher made his way up to 2nd by staying on intermediate tyres as others around him pitted for dry weather ones, but this gamble backfired as the cars on drys caught him in the final laps
15.
Scuderia Ferrari
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Scuderia Ferrari S. p. A. competing as Scuderia Ferrari is the official name of the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer, Ferrari, and competes in Formula One racing. It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team, the team was founded by Enzo Ferrari, initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo, though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars. As a constructor, Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors Championships, Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Mike Hawthorn, Phil Hill, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers Championships for the team. Since Räikkönens title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers title with Felipe Massa, Schumacher is the teams most successful driver. Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team. His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004, including the constructors title of 1999 consecutively being won until the end of 2004, this was the teams most successful period. Currently, World Champions Kimi Räikkönen and Sebastian Vettel are the two race drivers. The team is known for its passionate support base known as the tifosi. The Italian Grand Prix at Monza is regarded as the home race. The Scuderia Ferrari team was founded by Enzo Ferrari on 16 November 1929 and became the team of Alfa Romeo. In 1938, Alfa Romeo management made the decision to enter racing under its own name, establishing the Alfa Corse organisation, Enzo Ferrari disagreed with this change in policy and was finally dismissed by Alfa in 1939. The terms of his leaving forbade him from motorsport under his own name, in 1939 Ferrari started work on a racecar of his own, the Tipo 815. The 815s, designed by Alberto Massimino, were thus the first Ferrari cars, World War II put a temporary end to racing, and Ferrari concentrated on an alternative use for his factory during the war years, doing machine tool work. After the war, Ferrari recruited several of his former Alfa colleagues and established a new Scuderia Ferrari, the team owns and operates a test track on the same site, the Fiorano Circuit built in 1972, which is used for testing road and race cars. The team is named after its founder, Enzo Ferrari, Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams. In 1947 Ferrari constructed the 12-cylinder,1.5 L Tipo 125, a Formula One version of the Tipo 125, the Ferrari 125 F1 was developed in 1948 and entered in several Grand Prix, at the time a World Championship had not yet been established. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship was established, and it is the only team to have competed in every season of the World Championship, from its inception to the current day. The company later switched to the large-displacement naturally aspirated formula for the 275,340, after the 1951 Formula One season the Alfa team withdrew from F1, causing the authorities to adopt the Formula Two regulations due to the lack of suitable F1 cars
16.
2013 FIA Formula One World Championship
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The 2013 Formula One season was the 67th season of the FIA Formula One motor racing. The season started in Australia on 17 March 2013 and ended in Brazil on 24 November 2013. The 2013 season was the year the series used the 2.4 litre V8 engine configuration which was introduced in 2006. Sebastian Vettel successfully defended his World Championship, winning his fourth title in the fourth to last race of 2013. In doing so he became the driver in Formula Ones sixty-four years to win four consecutive World Drivers Championships. Vettels 2013 season performance additionally saw him recognised by the Laureus World Sports Awards as the Sportsman of the Year, the following teams and drivers were contracted to drive in the 2013 season, following ratification of a new Concorde Agreement. On 30 November 2012, the FIA published an entry list for the 2013 season. The final entry list was published on 3 March 2013, in November 2012, Thesan Capital, the owners of HRT Formula 1 Team, announced that they were putting the team up for sale. The team needed to find a buyer by 30 November—the date by which entry fees for the 2013 were due to be paid—or else face closure, Thesan Capital failed to find a buyer in time, and HRT was omitted from the 2013 entry list. Upon starting his career in 2010, Michael Schumacher signed a three-year agreement to race for Mercedes AMG. With that deal expiring at the end of the 2012 season, however, in the face of disappointing results over the past three seasons, Schumacher became indecisive about his future, prompting Mercedes to start searching for a new driver. Following a protracted period of negotiation,2008 World Champion Lewis Hamilton announced that he would join Mercedes for the three years. Schumacher ultimately announced that he would be retiring from the sport for the time at the end of the 2012 season. With Hamilton leaving McLaren, the team sought out Sauber driver Sergio Pérez to replace him, Nico Hülkenberg left Force India after just one season, despite having originally signed a multi-year deal to race for the team starting in 2012, to fill the vacant seat at Sauber. Hülkenberg was joined by Esteban Gutiérrez, who had served as Saubers testing. Hülkenbergs place at Force India was taken by Adrian Sutil, who returned to the team after an out of the sport. With Hülkenberg and Gutiérrez joining Sauber, Kamui Kobayashi was left without a seat after three seasons with the Swiss team, in a bid to secure a seat, Kobayashi accepted donations from fans to raise as much money as possible. However, shortly after Lotus F1 announced that they would retain Romain Grosjean and he later joined AF Corse for the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship
17.
Michael Schumacher
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Michael Schumacher is a German retired racing driver. He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice and he won two titles with Benetton in 1994 and 1995 before moving to Ferrari where he drove for eleven years. His time with Ferrari yielded five consecutive titles between 2000 and 2004, Schumacher holds many of Formula Ones driver records, including most championships, race victories, fastest laps, pole positions and races won in a single season –13 in 2004. In 2002, he became the driver in Formula One history to finish in the top three in every race of a season and then also broke the record for most consecutive podium finishes. According to the official Formula One website, he is statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen, after beginning in karting, Schumacher won the German drivers championships in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship. In 1991, his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton Formula One team as their driver for the rest of that season. Establishing himself as a top driver, finishing third in 1992 and fourth in 1993, in 1995 he repeated the success, this time with a greater margin. Schumacher moved to Ferrari in 1996, Schumacher came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles, before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix, ending another title run. Things then came good for Schumacher who won five consecutive drivers titles from 2000 to 2004. Schumacher retired from Formula One driving in 2006 staying with Ferrari as an advisor and he came close to an eighth title that year, but due to technical problems in the final two races he fell short to Fernando Alonso. Schumacher agreed to return for Ferrari part-way through 2009, as cover for the badly injured Felipe Massa, Schumacher returned to Formula One on a permanent basis from 2010 with the Mercedes team before retiring for a second time at the conclusion of the 2012 season. Off the track, Schumacher is an ambassador for UNESCO and a spokesman for driver safety and he has been involved in numerous humanitarian efforts throughout his life and donated tens of millions of dollars to charity. In December 2013, Schumacher suffered a head injury while skiing. He was airlifted to a hospital and placed in an induced coma. He was in the coma for six months from 29 December 2013 until 16 June 2014 and he left the hospital in Grenoble for further rehabilitation at the University Hospital in Lausanne. On 9 September 2014, Schumacher was relocated to his home where he continues to receive medical treatment, Schumacher was born in Hürth, North Rhine-Westphalia, to Rolf Schumacher, a bricklayer, and his wife Elisabeth. When Schumacher was four, his father modified his pedal kart by adding a small motorcycle engine, when Schumacher crashed it into a lamp post in Kerpen, his parents took him to the karting track at Kerpen-Horrem, where he became the youngest member of the karting club
18.
Catalonia
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Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, located on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula. It is designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy, Catalonia consists of four provinces, Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second-most populated municipality in Spain, Catalonia comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia. It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, the official languages are Catalan, Spanish, and the Aranese dialect of Occitan. The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal the Count of Barcelona, in the later Middle Ages Catalan literature flourished. Between 1469 and 1516, the King of Aragon and the Queen of Castile married and ruled their kingdoms together, retaining all their distinct institutions, Courts, and constitutions. During the Franco-Spanish War, Catalonia revolted against a large and burdensome presence of the Royal army in its territory, within a brief period France took full control of Catalonia, at a high economic cost for Catalonia, until it was largely reconquered by the Spanish army. In the nineteenth century, Catalonia was severely affected by the Napoleonic, in the second half of the century Catalonia experienced industrialisation. As wealth from the industrial expansion grew, Catalonia saw a cultural renaissance coupled with incipient nationalism while several workers movements appeared. In 1914, the four Catalan provinces formed a Commonwealth, and with the return of democracy during the Second Spanish Republic, after the Spanish Civil War, the Francoist dictatorship enacted repressive measures, abolishing Catalan institutions and banning the official use of the Catalan language again. Since the Spanish transition to democracy, Catalonia has regained some political and cultural autonomy and is now one of the most economically dynamic communities of Spain, the origin of the name Catalunya is subject to diverse interpretations because of a lack of evidence. During the Middle Ages, Byzantine chroniclers claimed that Catalania derives from the medley of Goths with Alans. Other less plausible theories suggest, Catalunya derives from the land of castles, having evolved from the term castlà or castlan. This theory therefore suggests that the names Catalunya and Castile have a common root, the source is of Celtic origin, meaning chiefs of battle. Although the area is not known to have been occupied by Celts, the Lacetani, an Iberian tribe that lived in the area and whose name, due to the Roman influence, could have evolved by metathesis to Katelans and then Catalans. In English, Catalonia is pronounced /kætəˈloʊniə/, the native name, Catalunya, is pronounced in Central Catalan, the most widely spoken variety whose pronunciation is considered standard. The Spanish name is Cataluña, and the Aranese name is Catalonha, the first known human settlements in what is now Catalonia were at the beginning of the Middle Palaeolithic. From the next era, the Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic, important remains survive
19.
Radio-controlled car
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Radio controlled cars are battery/gas-powered model cars or trucks that can be controlled from a distance using a specialized transmitter or remote. This article focuses on radio-controlled vehicles only, Cars are powered by various sources. Electric models are powered by small but powerful electric motors and rechargeable nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, there are also brushed or brushless electric motors. Most fuel-powered models use glow plug engines, small internal combustion engines fueled by a mixture of nitromethane, methanol. These are referred to as nitro cars, recently, exceptionally large models have been introduced that are powered by small gasoline engines, similar to string trimmer motors, which use a mix of oil and gasoline. Electric cars are considered easier for the novice to work with compared to fuel-driven models. In both of these categories, both on-road and off-road vehicles are available, off-road models, which are built with fully functional off-road suspensions, and a wide tire selection, can be used on various types of terrain. On-road cars, with a less robust suspension, are strictly limited to smooth. In the past decade, advances in on-road vehicles have made their suspension as adjustable as many full scale race cars, toy-grade R/C cars are typically manufactured with a focus on design coupled with reducing production costs. Performance tends to depend on price, but with addition of type of batteries toy R/C cars can get up to 1/2 the speed of comparable hobby-grade car for 1/5 of the price. Stock toy-grade cars are equipped with motors and are powered by alkaline or NiCad batteries which means their top speed is usually only 5–15 mph. Cheaper ones lack any form of a suspension and the ones that do feature a suspension have very primitive or rudimentary designs, steering is typically not proportional and there is typically no proportional throttle either, with stopped and full power usually being the only options. With all the disadvantages, toy-grade R/C cars are a great intro to the hobby, especially for ages 5–10, vehicles of this type need little or no final assembly and in most cases, the bodies are shipped painted and trimmed. Safety inspection of the product to ensure correct operation is essential, a number of cars and trucks are presently available only in ready-to-run form. The growing popularity of the RTR vehicle has prompted many manufacturers to discontinue production of kit vehicles, hobby grade vehicles can cost much more, ranging from $90 to over $2000. Electrically powered models utilize mechanical or electronic speed control units to adjust the amount of power delivered to the electric motor, the power delivered is proportional to the amount of throttle called for by the transmitter - the more you pull the trigger, the faster it goes. The voltage is pulsed using transistors to produce varying output with smooth transitions, electronic speed controllers use solid state components to regulate duty cycle, adjusting the power delivered to the electrical motor. In addition, most electronic speed controllers can use the motor as a magnetic brake
20.
International Federation of Model Auto Racing
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The International Federation of Model Auto Racing is the world governing body of professional radio controlled racing. The organization was created in 1979 by professional racer and RC model entrepreneur Ted Longshaw, at that time, many different governing bodies operated under their own rules throughout the world. IFMAR was conceived as a way to bring the different, fragmented organizations under a single, iFMARs constitution also promotes international friendship and sportsmanship. Each of the member blocs organises the IFMAR World Championship event on behalf of IFMAR, masami Hirosaka is perhaps the worlds most distinguished racer. He has a record of 14 IFMAR World Championships, followed by Lamberto Collari with 9 titles, all within a single category, far East Model Car Association – Governs Australasia and Asia. Remotely Operated Auto Racers – Oversees and promotes races in Canada, fourth Association of Model Auto Racing – The newest IFMAR bloc and oversees Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, South Africa, Uruguay, Chile and Venezuela. To be allowed to compete in an IFMAR World Championship event, the competitor has to contact a representative of the body who will determine if they are competent enough to compete in the world championship round. The driver does not specifically have to have qualified in that discipline in which they choose to race, IFMAR Official Website Nitro Modelismo - Internet Magazine to divulgue RC Car Model Races in Brazil 2002 IFMAR1,10 200mm Sedan World Cup
21.
Kart racing
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Kart racing or karting is a variant of open-wheel motorsport with small, open, four-wheeled vehicles called karts, go-karts, or gearbox/shifter karts depending on the design. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits, Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher ranks of motorsports. Karts vary widely in speed and some can reach speeds exceeding 260 kilometres per hour, American Art Ingels is generally accepted to be the father of karting. A veteran hot rodder and a car builder at Kurtis Kraft. Instantly popular, Karting rapidly spread to countries, and currently has a large following in Europe. The first kart manufacturer was an American company, Go Kart Manufacturing Co, in 1959, McCulloch was the first company to produce engines for karts. Its first engine, the McCulloch MC-10, was an adapted chainsaw two-stroke engine, later, in the 1960s, motorcycle engines were also adapted for kart use, before dedicated manufacturers, especially in Italy, started to build engines for the sport. The chassis are made of steel tubing, there is no suspension, therefore chassis have to be flexible enough to work as a suspension and stiff enough not to break or give way on a turn. Kart chassis are classified in the USA as Open, Caged, all Commission Internationale de Karting - Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile or CIK-FIA approved chassis are Straight and Open. Open karts have no roll cage, Caged karts have a roll cage surrounding the driver, they are mostly used on dirt tracks. In Straight chassis the driver sits in the center, Straight chassis are used for sprint racing. In Offset chassis the driver sits on the left side, Offset chassis are used for left-turn-only speedway racing. The stiffness of the chassis enables different handling characteristics for different circumstances, typically, for dry conditions a stiffer chassis is preferable, while in wet or other poor traction conditions, a more flexible chassis may work better. The best chassis allow for stiffening bars at the rear, front, braking is achieved by a disc brake mounted on the rear axle. Front disc brakes are used in most shifter kart classes and are popular in other classes, however. Shifter karts have dual master cylinders, one for the front, professionally raced karts typically weigh 165 to 175 lb, complete without driver. Avanti, Tony Kart, Trulli, Birel, CRG, Gillard, Intrepid, Kosmic, Zanardi or FA Kart, emmick, Coyote, Bandit, Shadow, MGM, Titan, PRC and Margay are American companies producing kart chassis. Amusement park go-karts can be powered by 4-stroke engines or electric motors and they are adequate for racing and fun kart applications
22.
Formula Ford
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Formula Ford is an entry-level class of single seater, open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held across the world form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers, Formula Ford has traditionally been regarded as the first major stepping stone into formula racing after karting. The series typically sees professional career minded drivers enter alongside amateurs, success in Formula Ford can lead directly to other junior formulae such as a Formula Renault 2.0 or a Formula Three seat. Formula Ford is not a one-make championship and it allows freedom of chassis design, engine build and numerous technical items of specification on the car. This opens the door to many manufacturers, large and small. Many other single-seater formulae impose fixed specifications, only two other professional single seater racing formulae in the world offer the same freedom of chassis and engine build, Formula Three and Formula One. Many aspiring Formula One stars looked to schools in the hope of learning the craft. However, although there was no shortage of aspiring drivers, these schools had much trouble avoiding bankruptcy. The 1-litre Formula Three engines, the 1. 1-litre Coventry Climax FJ and later the Ford Anglia 105E, furthermore, these engines were incredibly fragile and had a tendency to self-destruct. All these factors contributed to a maintenance and upkeep cost of the schools. In 1963, Geoff Clarke, the owner of Motor Racing Stables and this brought him in contact with John Webb, managing director of developments at Brands Hatch. At about this time, two of the school’s Lotus Formula Junior chassis were fitted with a standard 1498cc Ford pushrod engine as featured in the recently introduced Cortina GT saloon. The 1500 Cortina, with its reliability and horsepower output fairly close to “F3 proper” proved a resounding success in the school. The earliest experiments with radial tires bore fruit as well, the students of the day did not care that these were not the engines or racing tyres. Not only would make ideal school cars, but would also provide a new entry level formula for a race series. They felt if they called it “Formula Ford they could get backing from Ford itself, Webb was on the phone the next day to Ford competition manager Henry Taylor, who agreed to provide Clarke and MRS with 54 Cortina GT engines at £50 each. Webb also approached the Royal Automobile Clubs competition director, to establish rules for this new class, late in 1967, Ford announced the new Formula Ford class to the world. Clarke then set about approaching existing race car constructors to build the first Formula Fords, both Bruce McLaren and Jack Brabham turned down the idea, Colin Chapman however dusted off the obsolete Lotus 31 Chassis and reinvented it as the Lotus 51
23.
All-Japan Formula Three Championship
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All-Japan Formula Three Championship, also known as Japanese Formula Three, is a national motor racing championship that takes place in Japan. It is a feeder formula that uses small single seater Formula Three chassis. The first Formula Three championship to take place in Japan was held by Nippon Formula 3 Association in 1979, by 1981, it had evolved into a national-level series, the Japanese Championship, and was organised by the Japan Automobile Federation. Foreign drivers participation has increased since the 1980s and the majority of champions have been foreign since the beginning of the 1990s, since 2008 a two-tier championship system was adopted as a bid to increase driver and team participation. Like most Formula Three championships, competitors in the Japanese Championship are permitted to use any eligible chassis, chassis, Only Dallara chassis have been used since 2007. In the past, March, Reynard, Ralt, and Japanese manufacturers like TOMS, Engines, Engines are supplied by Toyota-TOMS, Mugen-Honda, Toda Racing and ThreeBond. Volkswagen, HKS, Fiat and Opel had previously supplied engines, tyres, Hankook will supply tyres in 2009 as the series sole supplier. Bridgestone, Dunlop and Yokohama had supplied tyres until 1987, in 1988, Bridgestone took place of the series sole tyre supplier and supplied until 2008. Japan Formula 3 official website – Japanese / English All-Japan Formula 3 Championship at forix. com
24.
Macau Grand Prix
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The Macau Grand Prix is a motor-racing event held annually in Macau, one of Chinas Special Administrative Regions. It is known for being the street circuit racing event in which both car and motorcycle races are held. The first Macau Grand Prix event was held in 1954, as a car event. In 1961, the race became an open-wheel Formula Libre event. The event has also had a variety of races in its duration. Production cars joined the event in 1957, which were superseded by touring cars in 1972, the event received world championship status from 2005 to 2014 as the final round of the World Touring Car Championship. In 1976, the Macau Motorcycle Grand Prix was introduced, in 2008, a GT3 race was added to the event, which became known as the FIA GT World Cup. Many current or former Formula One drivers have participated in the event early in their careers, the race continued as an amateur race until 1966, when Belgian driver Mauro Bianchi entered the race in an Alpine A220. Alpine Renault had also sent engineer Jean-Paul Castilleux to assist Bianchi with technical aspects of the car, bianchis victory and exposure led to more professional racing teams entering the Grand Prix in the following years. The motorcycle race was introduced in 1967, and in year the first fatal tragedy struck the race, double champion Dodjie Laurel was killed when he lost control of his car. This raised the alarm for more safety improvements for the race, teddy Yip was one of the main forces behind the Macau Grand Prix back in the 1970s and 1980s, leading this Grand Prix to be one of the worlds most famous motor racing events. The Macau Grand Prix parties he hosted for years at his home also became a central part of the social aspect of the Grand Prix. In 1983, it was decided by the organisers that since Formula Pacific was becoming obsolete, at the same time, Yokohama Tire was officially designated as the sole supplier of control tires for the competitors. This decision has seen the reputation of the event in the world increase rapidly, with the event attracting the best young drivers from Europe. The first F3 race was won by a young Ayrton Senna, the race in 1990 was a memorable one, as Michael Schumacher and Mika Häkkinen were involved in an incident when they were in positions 1 and 2 going into the final lap. At the main straight just after the Mandarin Oriental Bend, Häkkinen hit the back of Schumachers car, Schumachers car was able to continue with its rear wing damaged and eventually won the race with the best aggregate time. Other notable winners include Formula One drivers David Coulthard, Ralf Schumacher, since the introduction of F3 races, the Macau GP has gradually become a stepping stone for many F3 drivers to higher class motor-racing competitions such as the GP2 Series and Formula One. Along with the New Zealand Grand Prix, the race is one of only two non-Formula One events to receive the Grand Prix title, the Macau Grand Prix race weekend normally starts on the Thursday and ends on the Sunday on the second or third week of November
25.
Super Formula Championship
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Super Formula, formerly known as Formula Nippon, is a type of formula racing and the top level of single-seater racing in Japan. Formula Nippon evolved from the Japanese Formula 2000 series begun in 1973 by way of the Japanese Formula Two, for the most part, the Japanese racing series have closely followed their European counterparts in terms of technical regulations, but there have been some important exceptions. In Japan, though touring and sports car racing was popular through the 1960s. Even the Japanese Grand Prix lost its popularity after changing its format from touring/sports car racing to formula car racing in 1971, the series was created based on the European Formula Two Championship. But the JAF approved use of purpose built racing engines was different from the European F2 series which only allowed race engines based on production models. Due to this difference, the series did not fit in with the Formula Two regulations in those days, therefore, the series was renamed Formula 2000, not Formula Two. The revised Formula Two regulation in 1976 removed the restriction about engines which had limited the use of engines based on production models. With this change the reasoning behind the name Formula 2000 disappeared and it led to the series being renamed the All-Japan Formula Two Championship from 1978. When European Formula Two ended in 1984, its Japanese counterpart did not follow suit immediately, the JAF considered starting a new Formula Two series from 1988. However, all entrants ran Formula 3000 cars in 1987, so, the 1987 Formula Two Championship was cancelled due to no entry of any cars for that format. Switching to the open Formula 3000 standard in 1987, the All-Japan Formula 3000 Championship started in 1988, once again, Japanese and European regulations paralleled one another until 1996, when the International Formula 3000 series became a one-make format to lower costs. Thanks to the economy and Formula One-fad in Japan, the series had many entrants. It attracted many promising young drivers outside of Japan to compete in the series, inevitably, the end of such phenomena led to the decline of the series. In the mid-1990s, the Japanese Formula broke away, changing the form of the series to Formula Nippon, the new Japan Race Promotion, formed by Fuji Television, became the promoter with the recognition of the series by the JAF as the Authority Sport Nationale of Japan. In the 2000s, sports car racing became popular in Japan. The 2006 season got off to one of the strangest starts in motorsport history, because of heavy rain, the opener at Fuji was called off after two safety car laps, and Benoît Tréluyer was awarded the win with half points awarded. Until 2002, Formula Nippon was a formula, where a variety of chassis builders. Chassis were supplied by Lola, Reynard, and G-Force, while Mugen-Honda supplied the vast majority of the engines
26.
Super GT
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Super GT is a grand touring car racing series that began in 1993. Originally titled as the Zen Nihon GT Senshuken, generally referred to as either the JGTC or the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship and it is the top level of sports car racing in Japan. The series is sanctioned by the Japan Automobile Federation and sponsored by the GT Association, autobacs has served as the title sponsor of the series since 1998. The prototypes and European GT cars would appear one race to be joined by the IMSA. For the following season, the series would undergo an overhaul, class 1 for cars similar to that of the FIAs GT1 category. The JSS series would altogether dissolve into the latter category, the Group C prototypes, whilst easily showing dominant form, were banished at the end of the 1994 season. This time was an adoption of the newly formed GT500 and GT300 regulation which capped cars depending on weight. After years of successive rules changes, at the same time, however, holding the series in more than three countries violates from the definition of the national championship of FIA. Races are held as part of a yearly series, races take place on well known Japanese race tracks like Twin Ring Motegi, Fuji Speedway, and Suzuka Circuit. The series was expanded to its first international venue in Malaysia, the Malaysian leg of the series, held at Sepang International Circuit was made an official race from 2002 and counted in the points. For the 2011 &2012 Malaysian leg, the organizer is JP Performance Motorsports Sdn. The baton was passed on to JPM to carry the Super GT tradition in Malaysia with hopes of producing an even more electrifying event, races were planned for both Zhuhai International Circuit in 2004 and Shanghai International Circuit in 2005, but both events failed to materialize. Races are held as a long endurance race of 300 km or greater such as 1000km Suzuka event. Through in season 2011, most of the changes into sprints of 250 km due to the aftermath of 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. On 15 December 2011, a deal has been agreed between GT-A and Woo Myung Holdings to host a Super GT race at the Korea International Circuit in Korea in 2013, although the race fell through. On 12 August 2013, GT-A signed a contract with Buriram United International Circuit to host a race at Buriram, the cars are divided into two groups, GT300 and GT500. However, the current generation of GT500 powerplants produce in excess of 600 horsepower, meanwhile, in present-day GT300, the horsepower range varies from around 400 to just over 500 horsepower, however, GT300 cars have far less downforce than their GT500 counterparts. The top class in Super GT, GT500, is dominated by the three largest automakers in Japan - Nissan, Honda, and Toyota
27.
2000 Belgian Grand Prix
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The 2000 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 27 August 2000 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Stavelot, Belgium. It was the race of the 2000 Formula One season. The 44-lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen, who started from the pole position, Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari, and Williams driver Ralf Schumacher was third. The race began behind the safety car, and when the car returned to the pit lane Häkkinen built a lead over Jarno Trulli. As the track dried and his rivals made pit stops, Häkkinen maintained his lead until a lap-13 spin gave Michael Schumacher the lead for most of the remainder of the race. By the 34th lap Schumachers tyres began to degrade, he drove off the line to cool them. On lap 41 Häkkinen overtook Michael Schumacher for the lead, lapping BAR driver Ricardo Zonta, although Rubens Barrichello set the fastest lap time in the other Ferrari, he was hampered by a poor qualifying performance and retired with a fuel-pressure problem thirteen laps from the finish. Häkkinens victory extended his lead in the Drivers Championship to six points over Michael Schumacher, barrichellos retirement dropped him to twenty-five points behind Häkkinen. In the Constructors Championship, McLaren extended their lead to eight points over Ferrari with four remaining in the season. The Grand Prix was contested by teams with two drivers each. The teams were McLaren, Ferrari, Jordan, Jaguar, Williams, Benetton, Prost, Sauber, Arrows, Minardi, tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race, two dry compounds and two wet-weather compounds. Before the race McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen led the Drivers Championship with 64 points, ahead of Michael Schumacher, Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 49 points, and Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18. In the Constructors Championship McLaren led with 112 points, one point ahead of rival Ferrari, Williams were third with 24 points, while Benetton and Jordan contended for fourth place. McLaren and Ferrari had dominated the championship, winning the previous twelve races, Barrichello and Fisichella had second-place finishes, and Ralf Schumacher and Heinz-Harald Frentzen had finished third. After the Hungarian Grand Prix on 13 August, five teams conducted testing at the Silverstone Circuit on 15–17 August. McLaren test driver Olivier Panis was fastest on the first day, Williams test driver Bruno Junqueiras car had a water leak, resulting in repairs which limited his teams testing time. Panis remained the fastest on the second day, jos Verstappens Arrows car had a sensor failure, limiting his teams testing time, the cars floor had to be removed to install a new sensor. Panis was again fastest on the day of testing
28.
Jordan Grand Prix
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Jordan Grand Prix was an Irish Formula One constructor that competed from 1991 to 2005. The team is named after Irish businessman and founder Eddie Jordan, Jordan and his team were well known for a rock and roll attitude which added colour and character to Formula One in the 1990s. Eddie Jordan had a stint as a race driver in the late 1970s before founding Eddie Jordan Racing in the early 1980s. The team graduated to International Formula 3000 for 1988, winning its first race in the category with Johnny Herbert, in 1989, Jordan won the F3000 drivers championship with future Formula One star Jean Alesi. The team also ran future F1 drivers such as Martin Donnelly, Jordans success in lower formulae inspired the creation of a Formula One programme for the 1991 season and a change of name to Jordan Grand Prix. The first driver to test a Jordan F1 car was veteran Ulsterman John Watson, Jordan hired Italian veteran Andrea de Cesaris and Belgian Bertrand Gachot to race his first cars, which were powered by Ford. The team had a solid debut finishing 5th in the Constructors Championship. De Cesaris ran second for much of the Belgian Grand Prix, Gachot failed to end the season after being sent to prison for attacking a taxi driver. Despite Jordans signed agreement in principle with Mercedes for the remainder of the season, Jordan applied for an injunction in the UK courts to prevent Schumacher driving for Benetton, but lost the case as they had not yet signed a contract. Future Champ Car title winner Alessandro Zanardi and ousted Benetton driver Roberto Moreno filled the second car afterwards, success for Jordan literally came at a high price. The team was forced to switch to cheaper Yamaha engines for the 1992 season, with Maurício Gugelmin and Stefano Modena driving, the team struggled badly and failed to score a point until the final race of the season. 1993 saw further changes, with the team again changing engine suppliers, again, the season started with two new drivers, Ivan Capelli and Brazilian rookie Rubens Barrichello. Capelli left after two races and Barrichello saw five other drivers become team mates of his during the 1993 campaign, Jordan only had moderate improvement, scoring three points. Signs of stability were beginning to show near the end of the season when Barrichello was joined by Eddie Irvine, the Ulsterman finished sixth and secured a point on his debut Formula One race at Suzuka. It was further memorable because Irvine unlapped himself against McLarens Ayrton Senna, Barrichello and Irvine returned for the 1994 season, as did the Hart engines, but Irvine had a bad start to the season, earning a three-race ban for reckless driving. Barrichello earned the team their first top three finish in Japan at the Pacific Grand Prix, but was killed during the following race in San Marino following a frightening qualifying crash. The team overcame these difficulties and returned to their form as they finished fifth in the Constructors Championship again. Barrichello earned Jordans first pole position after a gamble during a wet qualifying session in Belgium, Jordan switched to Peugeot power in 1995
29.
Toranosuke Takagi
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Toranosuke Takagi, known simply as Tora Takagi is a Japanese former racing driver. Takagi was heavily influenced by his father, a car driver. In the early 1980s he began racing karts, competing in his first championship race in 1987. After winning several All Japan National Kart A2 series races, Takagi ended his racing career in 1991. In 1993, he began competing in All Japan Formula Three, during his performance in a 1994 race he drew the attention of Satoru Nakajima, a well-known Japanese Formula One driver, whereupon he joined the Nakajima Racing team and competed in Formula 3000. He was heavily involved in the team from 1995 until he was chosen as Tyrrells Formula One test driver in 1997 and he graduated to a race seat for 1998. Takagi later competed with the Arrows Formula One team, and his European popularity was on the rise, however, there were organizational and communication problems between Takagi and both teams, and he left Formula One at the end of the 1999 season. In 2000, Takagi joined Nakajima Racings Formula Nippon team, earning eight victories in ten races and he later competed in CART for the Walker Racing team in 2001 and 2002 finishing in a career-best 4th place in Houston, Texas. He transferred to Indy Racing League and joined Mo Nunn Racing, finishing 10th in 2003, in the same year, he competed in the Indianapolis 500, starting in 7th place and finishing in 5th, earning him the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award. Takagi also was one of the co-drivers of the #38 Toyota Supra Super GT car,1987 – Finished 8th in Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship. 1988 – Finished 4th in Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship,1989 – Won the Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship. 1990 – Won the Japanese A2 National Kart Series championship,1991 – Finished 2nd in Japanese FA National Kart Series championship. 1992 – Won two races in Formula Toyota,1993 – Finished 10th in his rookie season in Japanese Formula 3 championship. 1994 – Finished 6th in Japanese Formula 3 championship, spot participation in Japanese Formula 3000 championship from Nakajima Planning, scoring three top-10 finishes. 1995 – Finished 2nd in Japanese Formula 3000 championship with Nakajima Planning, scoring three victories,1996 – Finished 4th in Japanese Formula Nippon championshipwith Nakajima Planning, scoring two victories. 1997 – Served as test driver for Tyrrell Formula One team, Takagi scored one victory en route to finishing 6th in Japanese Formula Nippon championship with Nakajima Planning. 1998 – Drove in Formula One in rookie year driving for Tyrrell and he finished in the top-10 twice, including ninth at Silverstone and Monza. 1999 – Competed in Formula One with Arrows, scoring two top-10 finishes, including a career-best seventh at Melbourne,2000 – Won eight of 10 races en route to winning the Japanese Formula Nippon series title with Nakajima Planning
30.
Jos Verstappen
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Johannes Franciscus Jos Verstappen is a Dutch racing driver. Jos Verstappen has won races in A1 Grand Prix and Le Mans Series LMP2 races, prior to his F1 début in 1994, he was also the German Formula Three champion and Masters of Formula Three winner in 1993. Verstappen began karting at the age of 8, and was participating in competitions not long after. In 1984 he became Dutch junior champion and he remained successful, and won two European titles. At the end of 1991 he made the transition to car racing and he drove in Formula Opel Lotus, a class in which identical cars compete against each other. During that European winter season, he raced in New Zealand Formula Atlantic, subsequently, in German Formula Three, he won several international competitions, including the 1993 Marlboro Masters and the German Formula 3 championship. Verstappen first drove a Formula One car when he tested for the Footwork Arrows team alongside Gil de Ferran and Christian Fittipaldi at the Estoril circuit in Portugal. The test took place on September 28,1993, two days after the Portuguese Grand Prix was held at the same circuit. Despite the large increase in power, Verstappen set a time that would have qualified him in the race on his fourth timed lap. He tested again on September 30 and was lapping near his existing record after five laps, after the test, Verstappen was contacted by every Formula One team except Ferrari and Williams, and was eventually signed as the Benetton teams test driver for the 1994 season. During the race he collided with Eddie Irvine, which triggered a multiple accident also involving Éric Bernard, Verstappens car somersaulted, but he emerged unharmed. At the Pacific Grand Prix Verstappen ran 6th but spun off on cold tyres immediately after a pit stop, One of the most dramatic incidents affected Verstappen at the German Grand Prix. During his first scheduled pitstop during the race, fuel leaked onto the car after the fuel hose was disconnected, the car, with Verstappen in it, was engulfed in flames for several seconds. As was usual at the time, Verstappen had slightly opened the visor of his helmet for the pit stop, after this incident the fuel delivery hose was modified to incorporate a fail-safe cut-out system. He took another third place at the Belgian Grand Prix due to Schumachers post-race disqualification from victory, due to this accident, this equipment is now protected from the race track by acrylic glass. For the last two races of the season, Verstappen was replaced by the more experienced Johnny Herbert in a bid to win the Constructors Championship for Benetton, the team was unsuccessful in this aim and the prize went to the rival Williams team. In 1995 he was loaned to Simtek by Benetton team principal Flavio Briatore, despite some strong showings Verstappen only finished once in the five races he drove for the team due to technical difficulties. The team had financial troubles and went bankrupt after the Monaco Grand Prix
31.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
32.
2001 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 2001 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, Montreal on 10 June 2001. It was the round of the 2001 Formula One season. The 69-lap race was won by Ralf Schumacher driving for the Williams team, Michael Schumacher finished second, driving a Ferrari car, with Mika Häkkinen third for the McLaren team. Ralf Schumachers win was his second of the season and also marked the first time two brothers finished first and second in a race. As a consequence of the race, Michael Schumacher extended his lead in the Drivers Championship to 18 points over David Coulthard, in the Constructors Championship, Ferrari extended their lead over McLaren to 34 points. This race created history for it was the first time two brothers finished first and second in a race and this time Michael Schumacher was out-raced by his younger brother Ralf who had a much more powerful car for this race. However, with Michael finishing second it only strengthened his lead after his nearest challenger David Coulthard retired with mechanical problems. The race was decided when Ralf Schumacher drove a series of stunning laps after Michael had pitted, towards the end the Arrows team looked likely to score a valuable point but Jos Verstappen crashed when his brakes failed. It was also jubilant scenes at Prost when Jean Alesi finished 5th then threw his helmet into the crowd after the race and this was the first sibling 1-2 in the history of Formula 1. The Schumacher brothers would finish 1-2 in the 2003 edition as well and this race saw Mika Häkkinens first podium finish of the season. Pedro de la Rosa scored his first world championship point of the season, ricardo Zonta replaced Heinz-Harald Frentzen in this race due to heavy crashes. Marcel Fässler replaced Bernd Mayländer in the Safety Car due to an injury, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
33.
Eddie Irvine
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Edmund Eddie Irvine Jr. is a retired British racing driver from Northern Ireland. He was a Formula One driver between 1993 and 2002, and runner-up in the 1999 World Drivers Championship, driving for Scuderia Ferrari. He began his career at the age of seventeen when he entered the Formula Ford Championship, achieving success, before progressing to the Formula Three. He made his Formula One debut in 1993 with Jordan Grand Prix and he scored his first podium in 1995 with Jordan, before moving to Ferrari in 1996. His most successful season was in 1999 when he took four victories and he moved to Jaguar Racing in 2000, scoring the teams first podium in 2001 and his final podium in 2002. Irvine retired from motorsport at the end of the 2002 season. Since retiring, Irvine became a personality in Great Britain. He was linked with the takeover of the Jordan and Minardi Formula One teams in 2005, Irvine also expanded his interests in the property market, having built up an investment portfolio during his racing career. Irvine was born on 10 November 1965 in Newtownards, County Down in Northern Ireland, to Edmund Sr. and he grew up in the village of Conlig and was educated at Regent House Grammar School in Newtownards. He has one sister, Sonia, who acted as Irvines physiotherapist until 1999. Irvines first taste of motorsport came when his family spent their holidays attending the British Grand Prix and his father also raced in single-seaters for fun. His childhood hero was countryman John Watson, Irvine began to compete with racing cars in 1983. He was initially interested in racing, but his parents thought the sport too dangerous and was encouraged by his father to race in Formula Ford. Irvine worked unpaid in his fathers scrapyard, in return for which and he won his first race at Brands Hatch in 1984, and an award for best driver. In 1987 he joined the Van Diemen team and won the Esso Formula Ford series, the RAC Formula Ford series, in the winter of 1987, Marlboro organised a test in which the fastest driver would be offered a drive for the following British Formula 3 season. Irvine was that driver and joined West Surrey Racing for 1988 and it was a season without any success and Irvine ended it in fifth place. He raced at the Macau Grand Prix for the first time and started the race from pole position, in 1989 Irvine competed in the International Formula 3000 Championship with Pacific Racing. Irvine finished the season in place, ahead of teammate JJ Lehto in thirteenth
34.
2005 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 2005 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 12 June 2005 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The 70-lap race was the round of the 2005 Formula One season, the 43rd running of the Canadian Grand Prix. It set a record and was the most watched F1 race in history. It was also the first of two consecutive North American rounds, the race was won by McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen, taking his third win from four races. The two Ferrari cars completed the podium, with Michael Schumacher in second place and Rubens Barrichello in third, christian Klien returned for the first of four confirmed races in the Red Bull Racing car, with American Scott Speed filling in the Friday testing role. After retiring on the last lap of the European Grand Prix, Kimi Räikkönen was the 11th driver on the track in qualifying, ferraris Rubens Barrichello suffered a gearbox failure before the start of his qualifying lap, and was forced to abort his run. Jenson Button managed to take pole position, with Michael Schumacher second, Barrichello, who would have been last on the grid, decided to start the race from pitlane, putting extra fuel in his car. At race start, both Button and Schumacher got away slowly, and Giancarlo Fisichella and Fernando Alonso took off well to move into first, the McLarens of Juan Pablo Montoya and Räikkönen were also able to pass Schumacher, moving into 4th and 5th behind Button. Further back in the field, BARs Takuma Sato made a small mistake, but did not lose a large amount of time. On the second lap, Fisichella was able to widen the gap back to Alonso, as the race continued, the Renaults pulled further away from the pack, and Barrichello was constantly moving up the field, up to 15th position by the end of lap 8. Narain Karthikeyan had a spin after a mistake in turn 1, Michael Schumacher became the first driver to take his scheduled pitstop, refuelling on lap 12 to drop from 6th to 12th position. Three laps later, Button and Ralf Schumacher showed their hands, Button dropped from 3rd to 7th, leaving the two Renaults to lead from the two McLarens. On lap 21, the first of the pitted, with Felipe Massa, Nick Heidfeld. The following lap, Sato entered his garage, apparently retiring from the race with gearbox trouble, lap 24 saw the first of the leaders pit, with championship contenders Alonso and Räikkönen refuelling, before both of their teammates pitted on the following lap. On exiting the pits, Montoya went too fast on cold tyres, leaving the track, Karthikeyan hit the wall at the back end of the circuit, forcing him to retire from the race. Mark Webber, up to 7th position through a long first stint, pitted on lap 28. On the following lap, Webber went wide onto the grass, Barrichello became the final driver to pit on lap 31, dropping from 8th to 12th. Fisichella entered the pits to retire at the end of the lap, on lap 34, both Button and Michael Schumacher took their second stops, retaining 4th and 5th positions
35.
2006 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 2006 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 22 October 2006 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo. It was the 18th and final race of the 2006 Formula One season, the race determined the drivers and constructors championships for the season, with Fernando Alonso and Renault winning their respective championships. The race itself attracted 154 million viewers, the race was won by Ferraris Felipe Massa, with Renaults Fernando Alonso coming in second and Hondas Jenson Button taking third. Massas win was the first time that a Brazilian driver had won their grand prix since Ayrton Senna in 1993. Schumacher retired from Formula One after this race, with 7 world titles and 16 years experience to his name and his seat at Ferrari was taken by Kimi Räikkönen, whilst Alonso moved to McLaren to partner rookie Lewis Hamilton. This circumstance was an improbable situation, given the performance of the Renaults through the year despite the Ferraris being easily the fastest car of the weekend. Michael Schumacher had realised this at Suzuka and had admitted defeat then, in terms of the Constructors Championship, Renault were leading Ferrari by nine points, meaning that Renault had to score 10 points to secure the title. Third place McLaren were safe in third place with 105 points,81 points behind Ferrari and 27 points ahead of fourth place Honda, Räikkönen had a good start to the weekend, and set the fastest time during the first practice session with 1,13.764. Anthony Davidson managed to take second in his Honda, but none of the Renaults or Ferraris set a competitive time, alexander Wurz and Sebastian Vettel completed the top four. Before the race began, Michael Schumacher was given a lifetime achievement award by footballer Pelé, at the start Felipe Massa retained his lead going into the first bend, ahead of Kimi Räikkönen and Jarno Trulli. Championship elect Fernando Alonso kept his position despite a challenge around the outside of the first corner by Rubens Barrichellos Honda. Michael Schumacher had a decent start from his 10th position on the grid and was on the inside of the two BMW Saubers going into the first corner, but had to back off to avoid a collision. His apparently much quicker Ferrari allowed him to pass both BMWs three corners later as they were slowed by Robert Kubica overtaking team-mate Nick Heidfeld on the back straight. A little further behind, the two Williams-Cosworths collided as Nico Rosberg hit the back of Mark Webbers car going into turn 4, both cars were severely damaged with Webber retiring at the end of the lap with a missing rear wing. Rosberg in turn had another high-speed crash on the main straight, he lost grip and spun heavily into the wall. Rosberg was unhurt but the debris on the track led to the safety car being deployed to allow for the track to be cleaned. Before the safety car out, Barrichellos Honda was overtaken on the outside into turn 1 by Giancarlo Fisichella. As the safety car picked up the field at the end of lap 2, Massa led Räikkönen, Trulli and Alonso with Fisichella and Michael Schumacher moving up to 5th and 6th respectively
36.
2005 Bahrain Grand Prix
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The 2005 Bahrain Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 3 April 2005 at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, Bahrain. The 57-lap race was the round of the 2005 Formula One season. The race was won by polesitter and championship leader Fernando Alonso for the Renault team, Jarno Trulli finished in second place in a Toyota car and Kimi Räikkönen completed the podium in third position for McLaren. The celebrations on the podium were also muted, the circuit had been modified slightly from 2004, with turn 4 in particular being widened on the exit. Before the race, McLaren driver Juan Pablo Montoya injured his shoulder and this led to him being replaced by Pedro de la Rosa at this race, and Alexander Wurz at the next one in San Marino, before his return at the Spanish Grand Prix.848. Final qualifying on Sunday morning again passed without incident, with Alonso taking pole position. Rubens Barrichello, having had problems on Friday and Saturday, qualified 15th. Race afternoon brought the highest ever recorded temperatures experienced at a grand prix, with air temperature of 41. 9°C and this surpasses the record temperatures of the 1955 Argentine Grand Prix and the 1984 Dallas Grand Prix. Christian Klien failed to get away from his position on the grid for the formation lap. His car was pushed into the pits but could not be restarted, the leaders made a clean start, with Alonso first to turn one. Schumacher moved from his grid slot across to the clean side of the track, ahead of Jarno Trulli. Barrichello made a start, moving up to tenth by the end of lap one. Giancarlo Fisichellas engine began to smoke during lap two, and he pulled into the pits to retire, however, as he applied the pit lane speed limiter, he felt power return, and was waved through by his team. But the resurgence was short-lived, and he was back in the pits on lap four to retire, on lap three, Narain Karthikeyans car suffered an electrical failure that looked similar to Christian Kliens. Schumacher continued to closely pursue Alonso until lap 12, when the world champion overshot turn nine, and performed a 270° turn in the run-off area. At the end of the lap, Schumacher coasted back to the pits and it later emerged that the cars hydraulics had failed, meaning he could not downshift to use engine braking for corners. Trulli now took place,2.7 seconds behind Alonso. On lap 18, Ralf Schumacher in fourth place made the first scheduled pit stop of the front-runners, Alonso, Trulli and then Webber all pitted over the next few laps, in what appeared to be the now fairly standard three-stop pattern
37.
Juan Pablo Montoya
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Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán is a Colombian racing driver. He currently competes in the Verizon IndyCar Series driving for Team Penske, Montoya is one of two drivers to have won the CART title in his rookie year, the first being Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell in 1993. He is the active driver who has won two legs of the Triple Crown of Motorsport in its original definition. In October 2009, Montoya was ranked 30th on Times Onlines list of the Top 50 Formula One drivers of all time. Montoya was born in Bogotá, Colombia, where he was taught the techniques of karting from an age by his father Pablo. Montoya moved to the Colombian Formula Renault Series in 1992, while racing there he won four of eight races and had five poles, the same year he also participated in the U. S. Skip Barber driving school, and was hailed by driving instructors as being one of the best pupils to come through their school. 1993 saw Montoya switch to the Swift GTI Championship, a series he dominated by winning seven of eight races, in 1994, Montoya raced in three separate series, The Sudam 125 Karting, Barber Saab Pro Series, and Formula N in Mexico. He graduated from the Colegio San Tarsicio in Bogotá in the same year, Montoya developed into a strong qualifier, in some cases taking 80% of a seasons pole positions. For the next three years Montoya raced in various divisions, continually progressing upward and he raced in the 1995 British Formula Vauxhall Championship, winning three races and finishing third in the championship. Montoya got the opportunity to advance in his racing career when he was hired by the RSM Marko. In the ten races during the season, Montoya had three wins and three pole positions and he finished his rookie season second in the championship points standings, just 1.5 points shy of taking the overall season title. During this time, Williams noticed his potential and invited him to test with the team at Jerez, Montoya was the fastest of them all and he and Max Wilson were signed by WilliamsF1 to be test drivers for the following season. Alongside his Formula One testing duties for Williams, he competed again in F3000, during the 1998 F3000 season, Montoya opened the season up with a record four straight pole positions. He also achieved another record that year by being the first driver to lap the entire grid, Montoya won the 1998 F3000 season with four wins, seven pole positions, and nine podium finishes in twelve races. Renault, Williamss engine supplier for most of the 1990s, left Formula One at the end of the 1997 season, with no major engine suppliers available, Williams were forced to sign a contract to run customer engines for the 1998 and 1999 seasons. In 1998 the team failed to win a race for the first time in a decade, while Zanardi had a miserable year in Formula One, Montoya, with Honda power and a great Reynard chassis at his disposal, took the American motorsport scene by storm. He took the 1999 title in his year, something accomplished six years earlier by former Formula One Champion Nigel Mansell
38.
NASCAR
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The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing is an American family-owned and operated business venture that sanctions and governs multiple auto-racing sports events. Bill France Sr. founded the company in 1948 and his grandson Brian France became its CEO in 2003, NASCAR is motorsports preeminent stock-car racing organization. The three largest racing-series sanctioned by this company are the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, the Xfinity Series, the company also oversees NASCAR Local Racing, the Whelen Modified Tour, the Whelen All-American Series, and the NASCAR iRacing. com Series. NASCAR sanctions over 1,500 races at over 100 tracks in 39 of the 50 US states as well as in Canada. NASCAR has presented exhibition races at the Suzuka and Motegi circuits in Japan, the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico, NASCAR has its official headquarters in Daytona Beach, Florida, and also maintains offices in the North Carolina cities of Charlotte, Concord, and Conover. Regional offices are located in New York City and Los Angeles, with offices in Mexico City. Owing to NASCARs Southern roots, all but a handful of NASCAR teams are based in North Carolina. NASCAR is second to the National Football League among professional sports franchises in terms of television viewers, internationally, its races are broadcast on television in over 150 countries. In 2004, NASCARs Director of Security stated that the company holds 17 of the Top 20 regularly attended single-day sporting events in the world, fortune 500 companies sponsor NASCAR more than any other motor sport, although this sponsorship has declined since the early-2000s. By the time the Bonneville Salt Flats became the location for pursuit of land speed records. Drivers raced on a 4. 1-mile course, consisting of a 1. 5–2. 0-mile stretch of beach as one straightaway, the two straights were connected by two tight, deeply rutted and sand covered turns at each end. Stock car racing in the United States has its origins in bootlegging during Prohibition, bootleggers needed to distribute their illicit products, and they typically used small, fast vehicles to better evade the police. Many of the drivers would modify their cars for speed and handling, as well as increased cargo capacity, the cars continued to improve, and by the late 1940s, races featuring these cars were being run for pride and profit. These races were popular entertainment in the rural Southern United States, most races in those days were of modified cars. Street vehicles were lightened and reinforced, mechanic William France Sr. moved to Daytona Beach, Florida, from Washington, D. C. in 1935 to escape the Great Depression. He was familiar with the history of the area from the speed record attempts. France entered the 1936 Daytona event, finishing fifth and he took over running the course in 1938. He promoted a few races before World War II, France had the notion that people would enjoy watching stock cars race
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