1.
Alan Coe Bunce
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Alan Coe Bunce was an American radio and television actor. Bunce was best remembered for playing the role of Albert Arbuckle alongside Peg Lynch on the sitcom Ethel and Albert from 1944-50 on radio, Bunce was also remembered as the first actor to portray physician Jerry Malone on radios Young Doctor Malone in the early 1940s. Alan Coe Bunce was born on June 28,1900 in Westfield and his year of birth had been the subject of dispute, with varying sources citing 1902,1903, and 1908. Bunces year of birth is given as 1900 on his U. S, world War I Draft Registration Card Bunces age is given as 39 in the United States Census of 1940. Bunce was the child born to Theodore Dwight Bunce, an inventor. His mother died when Bunce was a young boy and he graduated from a high school in Melrose, Massachusetts in 1918. Bunces career began in the early 1930s with small roles in several films and he left the program in 1944. The same year Bunce left Young Doctor Malone, he replaced film star Richard Widmark in the role of working-class man Albert Arbuckle, Lynch played the female lead and Alberts wife Ethel Arbuckle. Bunce remained with the show for its entire six year run. Bunce broke into television in 1950 with a guest star appearance of the ABC anthology series The Clock, Bunces Albert Arbuckle character also moved to television starting with appearances on The Kate Smith Hour beginning in 1952. This led to the premiere of the version of Ethel. The show stayed on NBC until Christmas Day,1954. and In his later career, Bunce appeared on episodes of Perry Mason, The United States Steel Hour, The Patty Duke Show and his last appearance on television was on a 1965 episode of The Defenders. Bunce married Ruth Elizabeth Nugent, an actress, in 1924, Nugent was born in Ohio and was the daughter of John Charles J. C. Nugent and Grace Mary. J. C. Nugent was the brother of actor Elliott Nugent and her father was an actor, as well as a playwright and commentator for Variety. The Bunces had three children, J. Elliot Bunce, Alan Nugent Bunce, and Virginia L. Jill Bunce Thompson, Alan N. Bunce, was a writer and editor for the Christian Science Monitor. Alan N. Bunce was born in New York and died in Massachusetts and he and his wife Joyce Elaine Bunce, had one child, a son, Andrew Bunce, who compiled much of the family history in August 2008. Bunce died on April 27,1965 from a cause at age 64. He is interred in Long Ridge Union Cemetery, Stamford, Connecticut, Alan Coe Bunce at the Internet Movie Database Alan Coe Bunce at Find a Grave
2.
Lincoln, Nebraska
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Lincoln is the capital of the U. S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County. The city covers 92.81 square miles with a population of 277,348 in 2015 and it is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 72nd-largest in the United States. The statistical area is home to 345,478 people, making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States, the city was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes of what was to become Lancaster County. In 1867, the village of Lancaster became Nebraskas state capital and was renamed Lincoln, bertram G. Goodhue designed state capitol building was completed in 1932 and is the second tallest capitol in the United States. As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska, the state, the University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1867. The university is the largest in Nebraska with 25,006 students enrolled and is the citys third-largest employer, other primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries, including a growing high-tech sector. The region makes up a part of what is known as the greater Midwest Silicon Prairie, designated as a refugee-friendly city by the U. S. Department of State in the 1970s, the city was the twelfth-largest resettlement site per capita in the United States by 2000. Refugee Vietnamese, Karen, Sudanese, and Yazidi people have resettled in the city. Lincoln Public Schools during the year of 2016–17 provided support for approximately 3,200 students from 118 countries. Prior to the westward of settlers, the prairie was covered with buffalo grass. Plains Indians, descendants of peoples who occupied the area for thousands of years, lived in. The Pawnee, which included four tribes, lived in villages along the Platte River, an occasional buffalo could still be seen in the plat of Lincoln in the 1860s. Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster and became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859, the village was sited on the east bank of Salt Creek. The first settlers were attracted to the due to the abundance of salt. Once J. Sterling Morton developed his salt mines in Kansas, Captain W. T. Donovan, a former steamer captain, and his family settled on Salt Creek in 1856. In the fall of 1859, the settlers met to form a county. A caucus was formed and the committee, which included Captain Donovan, after the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act, homesteaders began to inhabit the area. The first plat was dated August 6,1864, by the close of 1868, Lancaster had a population of approximately 500 people
3.
Becket, Massachusetts
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Becket is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 1,779 at the 2010 census. Becket was first settled in 1740 and was incorporated in 1765. The original Beckett for which the town of Becket was named is an estate or tithing that once belonged to the Admiral Lord Barrington and it is located in Shrivenham, formerly in Berkshire, England, about five miles east of the important railroad town of Swindon. Sir Francis Bernard, the Royal Governor of Massachusetts in 1765, was a friend of Lord Barrington and was himself a native of Berkshire. In 1811,16 men from Becket traveled to the Western Reserve and founded the village of Windham, the early town was the site of an experiment in the late eighteenth century involving the local church. Seeing the problems involved with communities who supported congregational churches, the town established its own church society and it was one of the first frontier communities to employ this model of supporting churches. From its earliest days, Becket was involved in the industries of lumber. As time went on, dairy production, basketry and silk also were products of the town. After a flood in the twentieth century, most of the industries died out. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 47.8 square miles, of which 46.1 square miles is land and 1.7 square miles. Becket is located on the border of Berkshire County, at the junction of Hampshire County. Becket is bordered by Washington to the northwest, Middlefield to the northeast, Chester to the east, Blandford to the southeast, Otis to the south, Becket is 17 miles southeast of Pittsfield,32 miles northwest of Springfield, and 118 miles west of Boston. The west branch of the Westfield River flows along much of the Middlefield town line, several marshy brooks flow through the town, and there are several ponds, lakes and the Palmer Brook Reservoir. Along the river, a portion of the Walnut Hill Wildlife Management Area lies within the town, and to the west. The Appalachian Trail passes through the part of town, circumventing the town of Lee while heading from Tyringham to Washington over Becket Mountain. Interstate 90, the Massachusetts Turnpike, passes through town, with the nearest exit being in neighboring Lee, the town also lies along U. S. Route 20, which is the main east-west route through the town. Massachusetts Route 8 runs concurrently with U. S.20 for 5 miles starting at the center of town, a portion of the CSX Berkshire Subdivision rail line passes along the river valley, providing access between Pittsfield and Springfield
4.
Ethel and Albert
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Ethel and Albert was a radio and television comedy series about a married couple, Ethel and Albert Arbuckle, living in the small town of Sandy Harbor. It co-starred Alan Bunce as Albert, Radio historian Gerald Nachman called the show insightful and realistic. Lynch made her comic points without stooping to female stereotypes, insults, running gags, the show began as three-minute filler between a pair of Minnesota KATE station programs, then expanded to 15 minutes, and finally became a half-hour show during its last years on radio. Like Easy Aces, the humor on Ethel and Albert was low key, like Vic and Sade, it was constructed around such simple, often Ethel or Albert would attempt to prove the other wrong over some inconsequential matter. For example, one entire script centered on Ethel disputing Alberts claim that he could see her using only his peripheral vision. I realized that I didnt have to sit down and knock out every minute to try to think of something funny. All I had to do was look around me, two film stars had a presence in the show. Richard Widmark, who portrayed Albert in 1944, left six months and was replaced by Alan Bunce. Margaret Hamilton, famous as the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz, played Aunt Eva. Ethel, Peg Lynch brought her series to television as a continuing 15-minute segment on The Kate Smith Hour during the 1952-53 season. Lynch admitted years later that she wasnt happy with the move, Ethel and Albert was a quiet show, she told Nachman, and I was not a stage person who was accustomed to performing in front of an audience, as comedians are. And I always felt it spoiled my timing, I would have to hold up for the laugh. The radio program about peripheral vision was one of the radio scripts that Lynch rewrote for television. The Ethel and Albert television series was launched on NBC and it moved to CBS as a summer replacement for December Bride and ended its television life on ABC. Scripts, kinescopes, financial documents and correspondence from the show are contained in the Peg Lynch Collection at the Knight Library at the University of Oregon, several episodes of the television version also survive at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. The Couple Next Door was a similar Peg Lynch radio series aired on CBS Radio during the waning days of network radio, with Peg Lynch. Essentially, it reprised Ethel and Albert, but the new name was necessitated because Lynch had long since lost the rights to the original title, the CBS iteration was named Best Daytime Radio Program for 1959 by The National Association for Better Radio and Television. Lynch and Bunce brought the program to NBCs weekend programming block Monitor in 1963 and their presence continued a Monitor tradition of offering new material from classic radio favorites. Lynch returned yet again in the 1970s, in 1973 she revived Ethel and Albert on National Public Radios Earplay with a 16-episode run
5.
1918 flu pandemic
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The 1918 flu pandemic was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus. Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century, a considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic, specifically the year 1918. Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years, most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile, elderly, or already weakened patients, in contrast, the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults. There are several explanations for the high mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Some research suggests that the variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature. Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the geographic origin. It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s, in Spain, a different nickname was adopted, the Naples Soldier, which came from a musical operetta titled La canción del olvido, which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave. Federico Romero, one of the librettists, quipped that the plays most popular musical number, the site of the very first confirmed outbreak was at Camp Funston, within Fort Riley in Kansas, USA at a military training facility preparing American troops for involvement in World War I. The first victim diagnosed with the new strain of flu on Monday, historian Alfred W. Crosby recorded that the flu originated in Kansas and popular writer John Barry echoed Crosby in describing Haskell County, Kansas, as the point of origin. These researchers postulated that a significant precursor virus, harbored in birds, earlier hypotheses of the epidemics origin have varied. Some hypothesized the flu originated in East Asia and he considered several other hypotheses of origin, such as Spain, Kansas, and Brest, as being possible, but not likely. Political scientist Andrew Price-Smith published data from the Austrian archives suggesting the influenza had earlier origins, in fact, it found evidence that the virus had been circulating in the European armies for months and potentially years before the 1918 pandemic. When an infected person sneezes or coughs, more than half a million virus particles can be spread to those close by, some speculate the soldiers immune systems were weakened by malnourishment, as well as the stresses of combat and chemical attacks, increasing their susceptibility. A large factor in the occurrence of this flu was increased travel. Modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, in the United States, the disease was first observed in Haskell County, Kansas, in January 1918, prompting local doctor Loring Miner to warn the U. S. On 4 March 1918, company cook Albert Gitchell reported sick at Fort Riley, by noon on 11 March 1918, over 100 soldiers were in the hospital. Within days,522 men at the camp had reported sick, by 11 March 1918, the virus had reached Queens, New York. Failure to take measures in March/April was later criticised
6.
Kasson, Minnesota
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Kasson is a city in Dodge County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 5,931 at the 2010 census, the city is located 13 miles west of Rochester, Minnesota along U. S. Highway 14 and is one of the endpoints of Minnesota State Highway 57. The Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroads main freight line also runs through the city. Kasson shares a school system with nearby Mantorville, Minnesota, the K–M school system is a member of the Zumbro Education school district. Kasson is part of the Rochester, MN Metropolitan Statistical Area, the town was named after Jabez Hyde Kasson, owner of the original townsite. Kasson was born on January 17,1820 and moved to Minnesota in 1856 and he settled on a farm in the township, and laid out the village along with others. The plat was recorded on October 13,1865 and it had a station of the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company, and its post office opened in 1866. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.00 square miles. Kasson is located 15 miles west of Rochester, Minnesota, and 3 miles south of Mantorville, as of the census of 2010, there were 5,931 people,2,224 households, and 1,569 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,977.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 2,340 housing units at an average density of 780.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 0% White,0. 4% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 5% Asian,1. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 2% of the population. 25. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.18. The median age in the city was 33.1 years. 31. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,29. 7% were from 25 to 44, 21% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 6% male and 51. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,398 people,1,678 households, and 1,179 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,170.4 people per square mile, there were 1,711 housing units at an average density of 844.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 29% White,0. 39% African American,0. 02% Native American,0. 50% Asian,1. 41% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 30% of the population. 24. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.12
7.
Mayo Clinic
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Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit medical practice and medical research group based in Rochester, Minnesota. It employs more than 4,500 physicians and scientists and 57,100 allied health staff, the practice specializes in treating difficult cases through tertiary care. It spends over $660 million a year on research, William Worrall Mayo settled his family in Rochester in 1864 and opened a medical practice that evolved under his sons into Mayo Clinic. It has been on the list of 100 Best Companies to Work For published by Fortune magazine for thirteen consecutive years and it continued to achieve this ranking through 2015. In addition to their hospital in Rochester, the Mayo Clinic has major campuses in Arizona. The Mayo Clinic Health System also operates affiliated facilities throughout Minnesota, Wisconsin, in 1863, William Worrall Mayo came to Rochester, Minnesota as part of his appointment as an examining surgeon for the military draft board during the American Civil War. The city was to his liking, and his wife and children joined him in early 1864, William Worrall Mayo opened his medical practice after the war, and served in several leadership roles in the community. Mayos sons, William James Mayo and Charles Horace Mayo grew up in Rochester, William graduated in 1883 and joined his fathers practice, with Charles joining after he completed his training in 1888. On August 21,1883, a tornado struck Rochester, causing at least 37 deaths in the area, one-third of the town was destroyed, but the Mayo family escaped serious harm. Mother Alfred Moes and the Sisters of Saint Francis were called in to act as nurses despite having been trained as teachers, on September 30,1889, Saint Marys Hospital was opened by the Sisters. Mayo,70 years old, was one of the physicians at the hospital. His two sons began seeing patients and performing surgeries at the hospital when they returned from school in the 1880s. In 1892, W. W. Mayo asked Augustus Stinchfield, after Stinchfield agreed, W. W. Mayo retired at the age of 73 and the practice continued to grow. The founders of Mayo Clinic are the Mayo brothers Will and Charlie, Stinchfield, Graham, Henry Plummer, Millet, Judd and these early founders and partners shared in the profits of the private group practice, while other staff hired by the partners were salaried. W. W. Mayo died in 1911 and in 1919 the remaining founders, with the exception of Graham, created the Mayo Properties Association, the founders gave the Clinic properties and furnishings to this newly formed association. The integrated practice model developed primarily by Plummer, created a foundation for what would grow into the Mayo Clinic, as the private practice grew, it required additional space. In 1914, the planned, designed and built a new clinic building. This was groundbreaking work, and the first building designed to facilitate the integrated group medical practice. The air exchange rate for the building was three minutes, one intriguing innovation was the Rookwood fountain in the main lobby that was designed to clean and humidify air from the outside
8.
University of Minnesota
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The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
9.
KROC (AM)
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KROC is an American news/talk radio station located in Rochester, Minnesota. The station first started broadcasting in the early 1930s, KROC broadcasts many nationally syndicated talk shows as well as several shows with local personalities. On August 30,2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would acquire 53 stations from Cumulus Media, including KROC, the deal is part of Cumulus acquisition of Dial Global, Townsquare and Dial Global are both controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The sale to Townsquare was completed on November 14,2013, the KROC air staff includes Rich Peterson, Andy Brownell, Tracy McCray, and Kim David. KROC official website Query the FCCs AM station database for KROC Radio-Locator Information on KROC Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for KROC
10.
Lou Gehrig
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Henry Louis Lou or Buster Gehrig was an American baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees, from 1923 through 1939. Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability and he was an All-Star seven consecutive times, a Triple Crown winner once, an American League Most Valuable Player twice, and a member of six World Series champion teams. He had a career.340 batting average.632 slugging average, and he hit 493 home runs and had 1,995 runs batted in. In 1939, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was the first MLB player to have his number retired by a team. A native of New York City and attendee of Columbia University, the disease forced him to retire at age 36 and was the cause of his death two years later. The pathos of his farewell from baseball was capped off by his iconic 1939 Luckiest Man on the Face of the Earth speech at Yankee Stadium, a monument in Gehrigs honor, originally dedicated by the Yankees in 1941, currently resides in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium. The Lou Gehrig Memorial Award is given annually to the MLB player best exhibiting his integrity, Gehrig was born in 1903 at 309 East 94th Street in the Yorkville neighborhood of Manhattan, he weighed almost 14 pounds at birth. He was the second of four children of German immigrants, Christina Foch and Heinrich Gehrig and his father was a sheet metal worker by trade but frequently unemployed due to alcoholism, and his mother, a maid, was the main breadwinner and disciplinarian in the family. His two sisters died at an age from whooping cough and measles, a brother also died in infancy. From an early age, Gehrig helped his mother with work, doing such as folding laundry. In 1910, he lived with his parents at 2266 Amsterdam Avenue in Washington Heights, in 1920, the family resided on 8th Avenue in Manhattan. His name was anglicized to Henry Louis Gehrig and he was known as Lou so that he would not be confused with his identically named father. Gehrig first garnered attention for his baseball ability while playing in a game at Cubs Park on June 26,1920. His New York School of Commerce team was playing a team from Chicagos Lane Tech High School in front of a crowd of more than 10,000 spectators. With his team leading 8–6 in the top of the inning, Gehrig hit a grand slam completely out of the major league park. Gehrig attended PS132 in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan, then went to Commerce High School and he then studied at Columbia University for two years, although he did not graduate. Initially, he went to Columbia on a scholarship, where he was preparing to pursue a degree in engineering. After he played a dozen games for the Hartford Senators in the Eastern League, in 1922, Gehrig returned to collegiate sports as a fullback for the Columbia Lions football program
11.
Jeanette MacDonald
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Jeanette Anna MacDonald was an American singer and actress best remembered for her musical films of the 1930s with Maurice Chevalier and Nelson Eddy. During the 1930s and 1940s she starred in 29 feature films, four nominated for Best Picture Oscars and she later appeared in opera, concerts, radio, and television. MacDonald was one of the most influential sopranos of the 20th century, introducing opera to movie-going audiences, MacDonald was born June 18,1903, at her familys Philadelphia home at 5123 Arch Street. She was the youngest of the three daughters of Anna Mae and Daniel MacDonald and she had Scottish, English, and Dutch ancestry. Starting at an age, she took dancing lessons with Al White, imitated her mothers opera records. She performed at church and school functions and began touring in kiddie shows and she was the younger sister of character actress Blossom Rock who is most famous as Grandmama on the TV show Addams Family. In 1920 she appeared in two musicals, Jerome Kerns Night Boat as a replacement, and Irene on the road as the second female lead. Shipman once remarked that MacDonald did not have the legs for a chorus girl. In 1921 MacDonald played in Tangerine, as one of the Six Wives, in 1922 MacDonald was a featured singer in a Greenwich Village revue, Fantastic Fricassee. Good press notices brought her a role in The Magic Ring, MacDonald played the second female lead in this long-running musical which starred Mitzi Hajos. In 1925 MacDonald again had the female lead opposite Queenie Smith in Tip Toes. The following year found her still in a female lead in Bubblin Over. MacDonald finally landed the role in Yes, Yes, Yvette. Planned as a sequel to producer H. H. Frazees No, No, Nanette, MacDonald also played the lead in her next two plays, Sunny Days, her first show for producers Lee and J. J. Shubert, for which she received rave reviews, and Angela and her last play was Boom Boom, with her name above the title. While MacDonald was appearing in Angela, film star Richard Dix spotted her and had her screen-tested for his film Nothing, the Shuberts wouldn’t let her out of her contract to appear in the film, which starred Dix and Helen Kane, the Boop-boop-a-doop girl. In 1929, famed film director Ernst Lubitsch was looking through old screen tests of Broadway performers and he cast her as the leading lady in his first sound film, The Love Parade, which starred the Continental sensation Maurice Chevalier. In the first rush of sound films, 1929–30, MacDonald starred in six films and her first, The Love Parade, directed by Lubitsch and co-starring Chevalier, was a landmark of early sound films and received a Best Picture nomination
12.
Knute Rockne
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Knute Kenneth Rockne was a Norwegian-American football player and coach at the University of Notre Dame. Rockne is regarded as one of the greatest coaches in football history. His biography at the College Football Hall of Fame identifies him as without question, Rockne helped to popularize the forward pass and made the Notre Dame Fighting Irish a major factor in college football. Knute Rockne was born Knut Larsen Rokne in Voss, Norway, to smith and wagonmaker Lars Knutson Rokne and his wife and he emigrated with his parents at five years old to Chicago. He grew up in the Logan Square area of Chicago, on the northwest side of the city, Rockne learned to play football in his neighborhood and later played end in a local group called the Logan Square Tigers. He attended North West Division High School in Chicago, playing football, after Rockne graduated from high school, he took a job as a mail dispatcher with the Post Office in Chicago for four years. When he was 22, he had saved money to continue his education. He headed to Notre Dame in Indiana to finish his schooling, Rockne excelled as a football end there, winning All-American honors in 1913. Rockne helped to transform the game in a single contest. On November 1,1913, the Notre Dame squad stunned the highly regarded Army team 35–13 in a game played at West Point. This game was not the invention of the pass. He was educated as a chemist at Notre Dame, and graduated in 1914 with a degree in pharmacy, in 1914, he was recruited by Peggy Parratt to play for the Akron Indians. There Parratt had Rockne playing both end and halfback and teamed with him on several successful forward pass plays during their title drive, Knute wound up in Massillon, Ohio, in 1915 along with former Notre Dame teammate Dorais to play with the professional Massillon Tigers. Rockne and Dorais brought the pass to professional football from 1915 to 1917 when they led the Tigers to the championship in 1915. Pro Football in the Days of Rockne by Emil Klosinski maintains the worst loss suffered by Rockne was in 1917. He coached the South Bend Jolly Fellows Club when they lost 40–0 to the Toledo Maroons, during 13 years as head coach, Rockne led his Fighting Irish to 105 victories,12 losses, five ties and three national championships, including five undefeated seasons without a tie. Rockne posted the highest all-time winning percentage for a college football coach. His schemes utilized include the eponymous Notre Dame Box offense and the 7–2–2 defense, the backfield lined up in a T-formation, then quickly shifted into a box to the left or right just as the ball was snapped
13.
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
14.
Albert Lea, Minnesota
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Albert Lea is a city located in Freeborn County, in the southeastern part of the State of Minnesota. It is also the county seat, the population was 18,016 at the 2010 census. The city is at the junction of Interstates 35 and 90 and it is on the shores of Fountain Lake, Pickerel Lake, Albert Lea Lake, Goose Lake, School Lake, and Lake Chapeau. Fountain Lake and Albert Lea Lake are part of the Shell Rock River flowage, the citys early growth was based upon agriculture, farming support services and manufacturing and was a significant rail center. At one time it was the site of Cargills headquarters, other manufacturing included Edwards Manufacturing, Scotsman Ice Machines, Streater Store fixtures, and Universal Milking Machines. Like many U. S. towns much of the base has diminished. A long-time center of the job opportunity was the Wilson & Company meat packing plant, later known as Farmstead. This facility was destroyed by fire in July 2001, the largest employer is currently Mayo Clinic Health System with over 1,500 employees. The city is named after Albert Miller Lea, a topographer with the United States Dragoons, captain Nathan Boone, a son of Daniel Boone, was the scout for Leas unit. Albert Lea received national attention in 1959 after Local 6 of the United Packinghouse Workers of America went on strike against Wilson & Co. over issues involving mandatory overtime requirements. When Wilson & Co. attempted to operate the plant with replacement workers, violence erupted, during the 109-day strike, Governor Orville Freeman acted to quell the violence by closing the plant, calling in the Minnesota National Guard, and declaring martial law. A Federal district court in Minneapolis ruled against the Governor on December 23, the city hall is located at 221 East Clark St, Albert Lea, MN56007. Albert Lea is located in Minnesotas 1st congressional district, represented by Mankato educator Tim Walz, the Minnesota State Senate District is 27, represented by State Senator Dan Sparks, a member of the DFL. It is in Minnesotas House District 27A, represented in the Minnesota House of Representatives by Peggy Bennett, a member of the GOP. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 14.42 square miles. Myre-Big Island State Park is nearby, there are three main lakes in Albert Lea, Fountain Lake, Pickerel Lake and Albert Lea Lake. As of the census of 2010, there were 18,016 people,7,774 households, the population density was 1,431.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 8,410 housing units at a density of 668.0 per square mile
15.
Charlottesville, Virginia
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Charlottesville, colloquially Cville and formally the City of Charlottesville, is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 48,210 and it is the county seat of Albemarle County, which surrounds the city, though the two are separate legal entities. It is named after the British Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with the County of Albemarle for statistical purposes, bringing its steadily growing population to approximately 150,000. Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area, which includes Albemarle, Fluvanna, Greene, Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe. While both served as Governor of Virginia, they lived in Charlottesville, and traveled to and from Richmond, Orange, located 26 miles northeast of the city, was the hometown of President James Madison. The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies, straddles the citys border with Albemarle. Monticello, located 3 miles southeast of the city, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located on a hilltop overlooking Charlottesville, Monticello attracts thousands of tourists every year. At the time of European encounter, part of the area that became Charlottesville was occupied by a Monacan village called Monasukapanough, Charlottesville was formed in 1762 by an Act of the Assembly of Albemarle County. Thomas Walker was named its first trustee and it was along a trade route called Three Notched Road which led from Richmond to the Great Valley. It was named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom as the wife of King George III, during the American Revolutionary War, the Convention Army was imprisoned in Charlottesville between 1779 and 1781 at the Albemarle Barracks. Unlike much of Virginia, Charlottesville was spared the brunt of the American Civil War, the only battle to take place in Charlottesville was the skirmish at Rio Hill, an encounter in which George Armstrong Custer briefly engaged local Confederate home guards before he retreated. The mayor surrendered the city to Custers men to keep the town from being burned, 1820–30, was accidentally burnt during General Sheridans 1865 raid through the Shenandoah Valley. The factory had taken over by the Confederacy and used to manufacture woollen clothing for the soldiers. It caught fire when some coals taken by Union troops to burn the railroad bridge had been dropped on the floor. The factory was rebuilt immediately and was known as the Woolen Mills until its liquidation in 1962, the first black church in Charlottesville was established in 1864. Previously, it was illegal for African-Americans to have their own churches, a current predominantly African-American church can trace its lineage to that first church. Congregation Beth Israels 1882 building is the oldest synagogue building standing in Virginia. The closures were required by a series of laws collectively known as the Stanley plan
16.
WTBO
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WTBO is a Hot Adult Contemporary formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Cumberland, Maryland, serving Cumberland and Frostburg in Maryland and Keyser in West Virginia. WTBO is owned and operated by Forever Media, on December 13,1928, WTBO signed on for the first time. On December 26,2006, Chazz Offutt collapsed and died, at the age of 66, during his morning show on WTBO. On April 1,2015, WTBO changed their format to Adult Contemporary, WTBO and sister stations WFRB, WFRB-FM, and WKGO were sold by Dix Communications to Forever Media for $4 million on September 3,2015. On March 8,2016 WTBO changed their format to top 40/CHR, as with many other stations owned by Forever their programming comes from Westwood One Hot AC Local. In addition to the station, WTBO is relayed by an FM translator to widen its broadcast area. Happy 105-7 Online Query the FCCs AM station database for WTBO Radio-Locator Information on WTBO Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WTBO
17.
Cumberland, Maryland
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Cumberland, officially the City of Cumberland, is a western gateway city and seat of Allegany County, Maryland, and the primary city of the Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2010 census, the city had a population of 20,859, Cumberland is a regional business and commercial center for Western Maryland and the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia. Historically Cumberland was known as the Queen City, as it was once the second largest in the state, in this role, it supported the settlement of the Ohio Country and the lands in that latitude of the Louisiana Purchase. It also became a center, served by major roads, a canal connecting to Washington, DC. Industry declined after World War II, much of the later urban, business and technological development in the state has been concentrated in eastern coastal cities. Today the Cumberland, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area is one of the poorest in the United States, Cumberland was named by English colonists after the son of King George II, Prince William, the Duke of Cumberland. This area had long been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples, the fort was developed along the Great Indian Warpath which tribes used to travel the backcountry. Cumberland also served as an outpost of Colonel George Washington during the French and Indian War, Washington returned as President of the United States in 1794 to Cumberland to review troops assembled to thwart the Whiskey Rebellion. During the 19th century, Cumberland was a key road, railroad and it became the second-largest city in Maryland after the port city of Baltimore. It was nicknamed The Queen City, Cumberland was the terminus, and namesake, of the Cumberland Road that extended westward to the Ohio River at Wheeling, West Virginia. This was the first portion of what would be constructed as the National Road, which eventually reached Ohio, Indiana, the surrounding hillsides were mined for coal and iron ore, and harvested for timber that helped supply the Industrial Revolution. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal had its terminus here, it was built to improve the movement of goods between the Midwest and Washington, DC, the eastern terminus. Construction of railroads superseded use of the canal, as trains were faster, the city developed as a major manufacturing center, with industries in glass, breweries, fabrics and tinplate. With the restructuring of industry in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states following World War II. As a result, its population has declined by nearly half, Cumberland is in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province of the Appalachian Mountains at 39°38′52″N 78°45′46″W, at the junction of the North Branch of the Potomac River and Wills Creek. The majority of the land within the city lies in a created by the junction of these two streams. Interstate 68 runs through the city in an east/west direction, as does Alternate U. S.40, parts of Wills Mountain, Haystack Mountain, and Shriver Ridge are also within the city limits. The abandoned Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is now part of the Chesapeake, the canals towpath is maintained, allowing travel by foot, horse or bicycle between Cumberland and Washington, D. C. a distance of about 185 miles
18.
Willis Conover
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Willis Clark Conover, Jr. was a jazz producer and broadcaster on the Voice of America for over forty years. He produced jazz concerts at the White House, the Newport Jazz Festival, by arranging concerts where people of all races were welcome, he is credited with desegregating Washington D. C. nightclubs. Conover is credited with keeping interest in jazz alive in the countries of Eastern Europe through his broadcasts during the Cold War. As a young man Conover was interested in fiction, and published a science fiction fanzine. This brought him contact with horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. The correspondence between Lovecraft, who was at the end of his life, and the young Conover, has published as Lovecraft at Last. Conovers father had intended for him to attend The Citadel and follow his familys tradition of military service, instead, he attended the Maryland State Teachers College at Salisbury, Maryland, and became a radio announcer for WTBO in Cumberland, Maryland. He later moved to Washington, D. C. and focused on jazz in his programming and his guests on this program and Saturday morning shows included many important artists, such as Boyd Raeburn. Conover came to work at the Voice of America, and eventually became a legend among jazz lovers, known for his sonorous baritone voice, many would argue that he was the most important presenter on Voice of America. He was a celebrity figure in the Soviet Union, where jazz was very popular, in 1956, Conover conducted a series of interviews with jazz luminaries like Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Stan Getz, Peggy Lee, Stan Kenton, Benny Goodman, and Art Tatum. His interview with Tatum is noted as the only known in-depth recorded interview with the pianist and he had been a smoker for 57 years. In 2015, the University of North Texas announced its Willis Conover Collection would make digitized copies of Conovers programs available online, Willis Conover at Find a Grave Doug Ramsey, Willis Conover, Rifftides, October 29,2005. If It Aint Got That Swing, article about Conovers interest in science fiction and fantasy, including his correspondence with H. P. Lovecraft. The Willis Conover Collection at the University of North Texas David Brent Johnson, Conover’s Coming Over, Willis Conover and Jazz at the VOA, Indiana Public Media, November 12,2007
19.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
20.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
21.
Blue Network
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The Blue Network, and its immediate predecessor, the NBC Blue Network, were the on-air names of the now defunct American radio production and distribution service, which ran from 1927 to 1945. The Blue Network can be dated to 1923, when the Radio Corporation of America acquired WJZ, Newark from Westinghouse and moved it to New York City in May of that year. When RCA commenced operations of WRC, Washington on August 1,1923, Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod states that it would not be until 1924 that the Radio Group formally began network operations. The core stations of the Radio Group were RCAs stations WJZ and WRC, the Westinghouse station WBZ, then in Springfield, Massachusetts, and WGY, RCAs principal rival prior to 1926 was the radio broadcasting department of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. AT&T, starting in 1921, had been using this department as a test-bed for equipment being designed and manufactured by its Western Electric subsidiary, nevertheless, the WJZ network sought to compete toe-to-toe with the AT&T network, which was built around WEAF. For example, both stations sent announcer teams to cover the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City. RCA were to receive a break in 1926, when AT&T made a decision to exit the broadcasting business. The first step by AT&T was to create the Broadcasting Company of America on May 15,1926, the Oakland Tribune stated that 4/5ths of the purchase price of WEAF could be attributed to good-will and the line access. On July 28,1926, the Washington Post reported in a story that RCA had acquired WCAP. The Oakland Tribune reported the day that WCAP had departed the field, and WRC would be operating on the frequency that they had shared. It is also announced that this opening Victor program inaugurates a new system to be operated by the National Broadcasting Company. This new chain, which will be known as the network, will allow simultaneous broadcasting from WJZ through WBZ, Springfield and Boston, KDKA, Pittsburgh. For broadcasting of the first program, therefore, the network will be joined with the red network, as the WEAF chain is designated. The Red and Blue Networks shared a pool of engineers and facilities. There are two examples, from the biggest news events of 1927. On May 20,1927, both of the NBC networks covered the return of Charles Lindbergh to America from his trans-Atlantic flight, star announcer Graham McNamee doing the honors. Three months later, a combined hookup of 67 stations on the two presented the second Dempsey–Tunney fight, broadcast by McNamee and NBC colleague Phillips Carlin. See Elizabeth McLeods discussion of surviving NBC broadcast material from this era, during the 1932–1933 season, Standard Oil of New Jersey sponsored an unusual program, the Five-Star Theater, which each weeknight presented a show in a different format
22.
Edward John Noble
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Edward John Noble was an American broadcasting and candy industrialist originally from Gouverneur, New York. He co-founded the Life Savers Corporation in 1913, Edward Noble was born in Gouverneur, New York and educated in the public schools. He attended Syracuse University and graduated from Yale in 1905, in 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane of Cleveland, Ohio invented Life Savers as a summer candy that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature life preservers, he called them Life Savers, after registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble for $2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful, pep-O-Mint was the first Life Savers flavor. He was the first chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Authority and he also served as secretary of Commerce under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1939-1940. In 1943, Edward John Noble bought the St. Catherines Island on the coast of Georgia, in 1968, ten years after his death, the island was transferred to the Edward J. Noble Foundation. The island is now owned by the St. Catherines Island Foundation, and the interior is operated for charitable, scientific, literary. Noble was part of the St. Lawrence Seaway Project and was appointed to the board by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954. He owned Boldt Castle, the Thousand Island Club, and a residence on Wellesley Island. The ornamental street lights in the park are all that remain of the gift of new street lights that were given to the village by Edward and his brother. The lights were in memory of their father, Edward Noble died peacefully in his sleep on December 28,1958. Three hospitals and a foundation are named after him, after entering the tower from Bruce Waynes office balcony, a plaque recognizing either Noble can be found beside a model of Wayne Tower in the receptionist lobby. It reads Wayne Tower & Plaza Architecture by, Edward Noble followed by a credit to Martin Teichmann. Noble Hospital in Gouverneur, NY Edward John Noble Foundation company information from BusinessWeek
23.
Life Savers
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Life Savers is an American brand of ring-shaped hard candy. Its range of mints and artificial fruit-flavors is known for its packaging, coming in paper-wrapped aluminum foil rolls. Candy manufacturer Clarence Crane of Garrettsville, Ohio, invented the brand in 1912 as a candy that could withstand heat better than chocolate. The candys name is derived from its similarity to the shape of life preservers used for saving people who have fallen from boats, after registering the trademark, Crane sold the rights to his Pep-O-Mint peppermint candy to Edward John Noble for $2,900. Instead of using cardboard rolls, which were not very successful and he also encouraged the owners of the establishments to always give customers a nickel in their change to encourage sales of the $0.05 cent Life Savers. The slogan Still only 5 cents helped Life Savers to become a favorite treat for children with a tight allowance, since then, many different flavors of Life Savers have been produced. The five-flavor roll first appeared in 1935, a series of mergers and acquisitions by larger companies began in 1956. Life Savers is currently a property of Mars, Incorporated, in recent decades, the brand expanded to include Gummi Savers in 1992, Life Saver Minis in 1996, Creme Savers in 1998, and Life Saver Fusions in 2001. Discontinued varieties include, Fruit Juicers, Holes, Life Saver Lollipops, Life Savers candy was first created in 1912 by Clarence Crane, a Cleveland, Ohio, candy maker. Crane developed a line of hard mints but did not have the space or machinery to make them and he contracted with a pill manufacturer to press the mints into shape. In 1913, Crane sold the formula for his Life Savers candy to Edward Noble of Gouverneur, Noble started his own candy company and began producing and selling the mints known as Pep-O-Mint Life Savers. He also began to package the mints into rolls wrapped in tin foil to prevent them from going stale and this process was done by hand until 1919 when machinery was developed by Edward Nobles brother, Robert Peckham Noble, to streamline the process. He took his younger brothers entrepreneurial vision and designed and built the facilities needed to expand the company. The primary manufacturing plant for Life Savers was located in Port Chester, New York, Robert led the company as its Chief Executive Officer and primary shareholder for more than 40 years, until selling the company in the late 1950s. By 1919, six other flavors had been developed, and these remained the standard flavors until the late 1920s, in 1920, a new flavor called Malt-O-Milk was introduced. This flavor was received so poorly that it was discontinued only a few years. In 1925, the tinfoil was replaced with aluminum foil, Noble promoted the candy at the cash registers of saloons, cigar stores, drug stores, barber shops, and restaurants. He had the candy placed, with a five-cent price, near the cash register, in 1921, the company began to produce solid fruit drops
24.
Richard Widmark
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Richard Weedt Widmark was an American film, stage and television actor and producer. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role as the villainous Tommy Udo in his film, Kiss of Death. For his contribution to the picture industry, Widmark has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6800 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2002, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Widmark was born in Sunrise Township, Minnesota, the son of Ethel Mae and Carl Henry Widmark. His father was of Swedish descent and his mother of English and Scottish ancestry, Widmark grew up in Princeton, Illinois, and also lived in Henry, Illinois for a short time, moving frequently because of his fathers work as a traveling salesman. He attended Lake Forest College, where he studied acting and also taught acting after he graduated, Widmark made his debut as a radio actor in 1938 on Aunt Jennys Real Life Stories. The story of a newspaperman and his wife, the story of David. Farrell was a top reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle, when the series moved to NBC, Widmark turned the role over to Carleton G. Young and Staats Cotsworth. During the 1940s, Widmark was also heard on network radio programs as Gang Busters, The Shadow, Inner Sanctum Mysteries, Joyce Jordan, M. D. Molle Mystery Theater, Suspense and Ethel. In 1952 he portrayed Cincinnatus Shryock in an episode of Cavalcade of America titled Adventure on the Kentucky and he returned to radio drama decades later, performing on CBS Radio Mystery Theater, and was also one of the five hosts on Sears Radio Theater from 1979–81. Widmark appeared on Broadway in 1943 in F and he was unable to join the military during World War II because of a perforated eardrum. He was in Chicago appearing in a production of Dream Girl with June Havoc when 20th Century Fox signed him to a seven-year contract. Widmarks first movie appearance was in Kiss of Death, as the giggling, in his most notorious scene Udo pushed a wheelchair-bound woman down a flight of stairs to her death. He said, The director, Henry Hathaway, didnt want me, I have a high forehead, he thought I looked too intellectual. Hathaway was overruled by studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck, Hathaway gave me kind of a bad time, recalled Widmark. Widmark played Dude in the Western film Yellow Sky, with Gregory Peck and his name was billed third, above the title. They are considered examples of film noir. Around the same time, Widmark starred with Sidney Poitier in the gripping racial melodrama No Way Out, in 1952, Widmark had his handprints cast in cement at Graumans Chinese Theatre
25.
Margaret Hamilton (actress)
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Margaret Brainard Hamilton was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayers classic film The Wizard of Oz. A former schoolteacher, she worked as an actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. The Wicked Witch of the West was eventually ranked No.4 in the American Film Institutes 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time, in later years, Hamilton made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals, Hamilton was born to Walter J. Hamilton, and his wife, Mary Jane, in Cleveland, Ohio, and was the youngest of four children. She later attended Hathaway Brown School, while the school was located at 1945 East 93rd Street in Cleveland, drawn to the theater at an early age, Hamilton made her stage debut in 1923. Hamilton also practiced her craft doing childrens theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member and she later moved to Painesville, Ohio. Before she turned to acting exclusively, her parents insisted that she attend Wheelock College in Boston, Hamiltons career as a film actress was driven by the very qualities that placed her in stark contrast to the stereotypical Hollywood glamour girl. Her image was that of a New England spinster, extremely pragmatic, Hamiltons looks helped to bring steady work as a character actor. She made her debut in 1933 in Another Language. She went on to appear in These Three, Saratoga, You Only Live Once, nothing Sacred, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, My Little Chickadee, and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock with Harold Lloyd. She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son, she never put herself under contract to any one studio and priced her services at $1,000 a week. Hamilton co-starred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long-running local melodrama The Drunkard, later in the decade, she was in a little-known film noir, titled Bungalow 13, in which she again co-starred opposite Cromwell. Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark and she appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s, and sporadically thereafter. Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, she played a heavily made-up witch in Comin Round the Mountain and she appeared, uncredited, in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs People Will Talk as Sarah Pickett. After she recuperated, she said, I wont sue, because I know how this business works, I will return to work on one condition — no more fireworks. Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son, studio executives cut some of Hamiltons more frightening scenes, worrying that they would frighten children too much. Later on in life, she would comment on the role of the witch in a light-hearted fashion, for an interview, she joked, I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time and my agent called. I said, Yes. and he said Maggie, they want you to play a part on the Wizard, I said to myself, Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz
26.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
27.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
28.
Johnson & Johnson
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Johnson & Johnson is an American multinational medical devices, pharmaceutical and consumer packaged goods manufacturer founded in 1886. Its common stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Johnson & Johnson is headquartered in New Brunswick, New Jersey, directly adjacent to the campus of Rutgers University, the consumer division being located in Skillman, New Jersey. The corporation includes some 250 subsidiary companies with operations in 60 countries, Johnson & Johnson had worldwide sales of $70.1 billion during calendar year 2015. Johnson & Johnsons brands include numerous household names of medications and first aid supplies, Johnson & Johnson operates over 250 companies in what is termed the Johnson & Johnson family of companies. The company operates in three divisions, Consumer Healthcare, Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals. The company produced its first products in 1886 and incorporated in 1887, Robert Wood Johnson served as the first president of the company. He worked to improve sanitation practices in the century, and lent his name to a hospital in New Brunswick. Upon his death in 1910, he was succeeded in the presidency by his brother James Wood Johnson until 1932, Robert Wood Johnsons granddaughter, Mary Lea Johnson Richards, was the first baby to appear on a Johnson & Johnson baby powder label. His great-grandson, Jamie Johnson, made a documentary called Born Rich about the experience of growing up as the heir to one of the worlds greatest fortunes, McNeil Consumer Healthcare was founded on March 16,1879 by 23-year-old Robert McNeil. In 1904, one of McNeils sons, Robert Lincoln McNeil, became part of the company, the company focused on direct marketing of prescription drugs to hospitals, pharmacists, and doctors. Development of acetaminophen began under the leadership of Robert L. McNeil, in 1959, Johnson & Johnson acquired McNeil Laboratories and a year later the company was able to sell Tylenol for the first time ever, without a prescription. In 1977, two companies were created, McNeil medicals products and McNeil Consumer Products Company. The focus of McNeil medicals products is to market prescription drugs, in 1993 McNeil medicals products merged with the Ortho Pharmaceutical to form Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical. In 2001 McNeil Consumer Healthcare changed its name to McNeil Consumer & Specialty medicals products, however, it was later changed to McNeil Consumer Healthcare. The company markets over-the-counter and prescription medicals products including complete lines of Tylenol and Motrin IB products for adults, in 1933, Swiss chemist Bernhard Joos set up a small research laboratory in Schaffhausen, Switzerland. This set the basis for the founding of Chemische Industrie-Labor AG on 12 May 1936, in 1959, Cilag joined the Johnson & Johnson family of companies. In the early nineties the marketing organizations of Cilag and Janssen Pharmaceutica were joined to form Janssen-Cilag, the non-marketing activities of both companies still operate under their original name. Cilag continues to have operations under the Cilag name in Switzerland, ranging from research and development through manufacturing, in August 2014 Cilag acquired Covagen a biopharmaceutical company which specialises in the development of multi-specific protein based therapeutics
29.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
30.
Spring Byington
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Spring Dell Byington was an American actress. Her career included a run on radio and television as the star of December Bride. She was a former MGM contract player who appeared in films from the 1930s to the 1960s, Byington received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Penelope Sycamore in You Cant Take It with You. Byington was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, daughter of Edwin Lee Byington, an educator and superintendent of schools in Colorado and she had a younger sister, Helene Kimball Byington. Her father died in 1891, and her mother sent her daughter to live with her grandparents in Port Hope, Ontario. Helene Byington moved to Boston and enrolled in the Boston University School of Medicine and she then returned to Denver and opened a practice with her classmate, Dr. Mary Ford. Byington performed occasionally in amateur shows as a student, graduating from North High School in 1904 and she soon became a professional actress with the Elitch Garden Stock Company. When their mother died in 1907, Byington and Helene were legally adopted by their aunt Margaret Eddy, Byington stated in a 1949 interview that she briefly tried newspaper reporting. However, since she was already of age, she decided to start her acting career in New York City, saying that she enjoys it. In 1908, Byington joined a company that was touring Buenos Aires. Between 1908 and 1916, the company performed American plays translated into Spanish and Portuguese in Argentina, upon returning to New York, Byington divided her time between working in Manhattan and staying with her daughters. Her daughters were living with friends J. Allen and Lois Babcock, in Leonardsville Village, New York, pim Passes By, The Ruined Lady, and Rollos Wild Oats, among others. This connection landed her a role in her first Broadway performance in 1924, George S. Kaufman and she renewed the role in March and April 1925, and continued on Broadway with an additional 18 productions in the 10 years from 1925 to 1935. These included roles in Kaufman and Moss Harts Once in a Lifetime, Rachel Crotherss When Ladies Meet, in her last years on Broadway, Byington began work in films. The first was a film titled Papas Slay Ride, where she played the role of Mama, and the second role. For MGM, she played Midshipman Roger Byams mother in Mutiny on the Bounty and she became a household name during The Jones Family series of films, and continued as a character actress in Hollywood for several years. Byington was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for You Cant Take it with You, during World War II, Byington worked in radio, and decided to continue working in this medium, as her film career began to decline after the war. In 1952, she joined CBS Radio to become the role of the widowed Lily Ruskin, in the sitcom December Bride
31.
December Bride
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December Bride is an American sitcom that aired on the CBS television network from 1954 to 1959, adapted from the original CBS radio network series that aired from June 1952 through September 1953. Aiding Lily in her search for this prospective suitor were her daughter Ruth Henshaw and son-in-law Matt Henshaw, a next-door neighbor, insurance agent Pete Porter, was frequently seen. Married miserably himself, according to his constant complaints about his unseen wife Gladys, he also envied Matts positive relationship with Lily, the pilot episode premiered on October 4,1954 and involved Lily Ruskin moving in with her daughter and son-in-law. December Bride was unusual in all five stars appeared in all 111 episodes of the sitcom. Most of the scenes filmed for the series place in the Henshaws living room. First-run episodes of December Bride aired for 5 seasons, sponsored by General Foods Instant Maxwell House Coffee. On March 26,1959, as the program wound down, Rory Calhoun, star of CBSs western series, The Texan, appeared as himself in the episode Rory Calhoun, The Texan. Thanks in part because it followed I Love Lucy, December Bride had high ratings its first four seasons - #10 in 1954-1955, #6 in 1955-1956, #5 in 1956-1957 and #9 in 1957-1958. When CBS moved it to Thursdays in the fall of 1958, ratings fell dramatically, in 1960, a new series set around many of the same characters, Pete and Gladys, debuted, this new series focused on Pete Porter and his now-seen wife, Gladys. Hilda Crocker appeared in 23 episodes of the new series, which aired until 1962, after its production had ceased, CBS used repeat episodes to fill slots in its primetime programming. Additionally, repeats were shown on CBS as a program from October 1959 until March 1961. com
32.
Maxwell House
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Maxwell House is a brand of coffee manufactured by a like-named division of Kraft Foods. Introduced in 1892 by wholesale grocer Joel Owsley Cheek, it was named in honor of the Maxwell House Hotel in Nashville, for many years, until the late 1980s, it was the largest-selling coffee in the United States. The companys slogan is Good to the last drop, which is incorporated into their logo and is printed on their labels. In 1884 Joel Cheek moved to Nashville and met Roger Nolley Smith, a British coffee broker who could reportedly tell the origin of a coffee simply by smelling the green beans. Over the next few years, the two worked on finding the perfect blend, and in 1892 Cheek approached the food buyer for the Maxwell House Hotel, later, the Nashville Coffee and Manufacturing Company was renamed the Cheek-Neal Coffee Company. Over the next years, the Maxwell House Coffee brand became a well-respected name that set it apart from the competition. In 1915 Cheek-Neal began using a Good to the last drop slogan to advertise their Maxwell House Coffee, for several years, the ads made no mention of Theodore Roosevelt as the phrases originator. During this time, Coca-Cola also used the slogan Good to the last drop, the phrase remains a registered trademark of the product and appears on its logo. The veracity of the Roosevelt connection to the phrase has never been historically established, in the local press coverage of Roosevelts October 21 visit, a story concerning Roosevelt and the cup of coffee he drank features a quote which does not resemble the slogan. The Maxwell House Company claimed in its own advertising that the Roosevelt story was true, in 2009, Maxwell House ran a commercial with Roosevelt repriser Joe Wiegand, who tells the Last Drop story. In 1942 General Foods Corporation, successor to the Postum Company began supplying instant coffee to the U. S. armed forces. Beginning in the fall of 1945, this product, now branded as Maxwell House Instant Coffee, entered test markets in the eastern U. S. in 1966 the company introduced Maxwell House ElectraPerk, developed specifically for electric percolators. In 1969 General Foods in the UK launched granulated coffee, using a pantomime stage format in the London Hilton for a show called Once Upon a Coffee Time, in this story, the weak Prince of Powdah and his mentor Reschem travel the world in search of blends. Meeting and falling in love with Princess Purity, and fighting the dragon Old Hat and this show was written by Michael Ingrams, produced by the Mitchell Monkhouse Agency, and designed by Malcolm Lewis and Chris Miles of Media. In 1976 the product was joined by Maxwell House A. D. C, Coffee, the name reflecting its intended use in automatic drip coffee makers such as Mr. Coffee, which were in the process of pushing aside traditional coffee-preparation methods. In 1972, the company had introduced Max-Pax ground coffee filter rings, although this method, too, has been eclipsed, the Max-Pax concept was subsequently adapted as Maxwell House Filter Packs, first so called in 1989, for use in automatic coffee makers. By the 1990s, the company had quietly discontinued formulations for specific preparation methods, the brand is now marketed in ground and measured forms, as well as in whole-bean, flavored, and varietal blends. A higher-yield ground coffee, Maxwell House Master Blend, was introduced in 1981 and Rich French Roast, Colombian Supreme, and 1892, in 1992, the company added cappuccino products to its line with Cappio Iced Cappuccino in that year and Maxwell House Cappuccino in 1993
33.
General Foods
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General Foods Corporation was a company whose direct predecessor was established in the USA by Charles William Post as the Postum Cereal Company in 1895. The name General Foods was adopted in 1929, after corporate acquisitions. In November 1985, General Foods was acquired by Philip Morris Companies for $5.6 billion, in December 1988, Philip Morris acquired Kraft, Inc. and, in 1990, combined the two food companies as Kraft General Foods. General Foods was dropped from the name in 1995 and now exists only as part of a brand name for a flavored coffee-based beverage. C. W. Post established his company in Battle Creek, Michigan, having lived there since 1891, Dr. Kellogg, with his brother W. K. Kellogg, had developed a dry corn flake cereal that was part of their patients’ diet, posts first product, introduced in 1895, was not a cereal, however, but a roasted, cereal-based beverage, Postum. Having developed an aversion to coffee during his time in the sanitarium and its advertising slogan, which he coined himself, was Theres a Reason. Postums main ingredients were naturally caffeine-free wheat grain, bran, initially, Postum had to be brewed like coffee, but in 1911, Post introduced a powdered, instant formulation. This version of the product was manufactured in Battle Creek until it was discontinued in 2007, in 1897, Post introduced his first dry cereal, a crunchy blend of wheat and barley, which he called Grape Nuts. His first corn-flake product was introduced as Elijahs Manna in 1904, owing to consumer resistance to the biblical reference, it was renamed Post Toasties in 1907. Post was a businessman who believed that advertising and aggressive marketing were the keys to a successful enterprise. Within 10 years of its incorporation, his Postum Cereal Company had more than $10 million in capital and was spending $400,000 a year on advertising, sums which were remarkable for the period. Although he vigorously opposed labor unions, his employees were the highest-paid in his industry and he even developed a factory town in which he sold homes to his workers at favorable rates. Postum Cereal Company lost its founder in 1914, Post underwent an apparently successful appendectomy at the Mayo Clinic, but shortly after returning home to recuperate, he died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Post had for years suffered from bouts of illness and depression, while his death was without warning, his company was not left rudderless. His daughter, Marjorie Merriweather Post, had raised in the business and was familiar with virtually every aspect of its operations. She assumed control of the now $20-million Postum Company and managed its affairs for the eight years. While she did not oversee major product innovations, she did have a feel for business
34.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
35.
Ralston Purina
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Ralston Purina Company was a St. Louis, Missouri-based American animal feed and pet food company. On December 12,2001, it merged with Swiss food-giant Nestlés Friskies division to form Nestlé Purina PetCare Company, Ralston Purina traces its roots to 1894, when founder William H. Danforth established the animal feed company Purina Mills. Its predominant brand for each animal was referred to as Chow, hence Purina Horse Chow, Purina Dog Chow, Purina Cat Chow, Purina Rabbit Chow, Purina Pig Chow. Later, the company began producing cereal, which received endorsement by Webster Edgerly, founder of Ralstonism, Edgerly was at the time promoting the consumption of whole-grain cereal. These cereals became so successful that the name of the enterprise was changed in 1902 to the Ralston-Purina Company, in 1986, Ralston Purina sold Purina Mills, its US animal feed business, to British Petroleum. Purina Mills is now owned by Land OLakes, in 1994, the Ralston human food operations of the Ralston Purina Company were spun off into a new company called Ralcorp Holdings. In 1998, Ralston Purina spun off its international animal feed business as Agribrands which was acquired by Cargill in 2001, the animal feed businesses continue to use the Purina and Chow brands which Purina Mills and Cargill license for use in the US and internationally, respectively. Ralston Purina became the subject of a bid by Swiss-based Nestlé. Nestlé S. A. and Ralston Purina announced in January 2001 a definitive merger agreement, under the agreement, Nestlé acquired all of Ralston Purinas outstanding shares for US$33.50 per share in cash. The offer represented a premium of 36% over the price on Friday. The transaction had a value of US$10.3 billion. Both corporations saw this major strategic transaction as the way to benefit from their combined know-how, complementary strengths. Several brands of pet food had to be divested separately to meet antitrust concerns, Purina brands are now made and marketed by a division of Nestlé which is still headquartered in St. Louis. Also, Purina has honoured several Canadian animals every year since 1968 in their Animal Hall of Fame, the latest inductees included a police service dog which rushed and subdued an armed robber. In 1977, Ralston Purina acquired Missouri Arena Corporation and the St. Louis Blues National Hockey League franchise, during the companys ownership of the team, they changed the name of the St. Louis Arena to the Checkerdome, reflecting the Ralston Purina logo. The franchise was sold to Harry Ornest on July 27,1983, Ralston Purina purchased the Eveready Battery Company in 1986, owner of the Eveready and Energizer brands. The company was spun off in 2000, Ralston Purina purchased Continental Baking Company, makers of Wonder bread and Hostess cakes, from ITT in 1984. Ralston spun off Continental Baking Company, subsequently bought by Irving, Ralston Purina opened test market pizza stores called Checkerboard Pizza in 1986
36.
Monitor (NBC Radio)
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Monitor was an American weekend radio program broadcast from June 12,1955, until January 26,1975. Airing live and nationwide on the NBC Radio Network, it aired beginning Saturday morning at 8am. However, after the first few months, the weekend broadcast was shortened when the midnight-to-dawn hours were dropped since few NBC stations carried it. The program offered a mix of news, sports, comedy, variety, music, celebrity interviews. Monitor and the Sunday-afternoon TV documentary series Wide Wide World were Weavers last two contributions to NBC, as he left the network within a year of Monitors premiere. It was described by one source as a loop made from a sequence of 1950s AT&T telephone line switching tones generated by analog oscillators. The Beacon introduced the show and was used in transitions, for example, to station breaks, accompanied by the tag line, when Monitor began on June 12,1955 at 4pm, the first hour of the program was simulcast on NBC-TV. That initial June 12 broadcast lasted eight hours, from 4pm through 12 midnight, following the Monitor beacon, Morgan Beatty was the first voice ever heard on Monitor. It was the first of many jazz remotes in the weeks to come, on the following Saturday, June 18, Monitor began broadcasting 40 consecutive hours each weekend, from 8am on Saturday to midnight on Sunday. Monitor aired from a mammoth NBC studio called Radio Central, created especially for the program, built at a cost of $150,000 the glass-enclosed studios of Radio Central were described by Pat Weaver as a listening post of the world. From Radio Central, anchors and hosts, initially dubbed communicators, as well-known entertainment and broadcasting figures, they gave Monitor an impressive marquee. In later years Don Imus, Murray the K, Robert W. Morgan and Wolfman Jack helmed the Saturday evening segment until it was eliminated, the last hosts of Monitor in 1975 were Big Wilson and John Bartholomew Tucker. Behind the scenes, Monitors executive producers included Jim Fleming, Frank Papp, Al Capstaff, remote segments originating from locations around the country were a regular part of Monitor, setting it apart from studio-bound broadcasts and taking advantage of network radios reach. A weekend might include reports from a festival in Tucson, a championship in North Carolina, NBCs correspondent in Moscow, or on preparations for the Olympic Games in Melbourne. Regular segments included Celebrity Chef, Ring Around the World, on-the-spot live remote broadcasts from New York City jazz clubs on Saturday evenings included both jazz groups and vocalists, such as Al Hibbler. In the shows years, weather reports were delivered in a breathy. Fran Koltun, Sandy Koufax, Bill Mazer, Lindsey Nelson, Kyle Rote, Gene Shalit, Jim Simpson, Barbara Walters, Tony Zappone and many NBC News correspondents. Many comedy talents appeared through the years including Woody Allen, Bill Cosby, Selma Diamond, Phyllis Diller, Bob Hope, Ernie Kovacs, Bob Newhart, Jean Shepherd and Jonathan Winters
37.
ITV Granada
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ITV Granada is the Channel 3 regional service for North West England. The licence for the region has been held by ITV Broadcasting Limited since November 2008 and it is the largest independent television-franchise producing company in the UK, accounting for 25% of the total broadcasting output of the ITV network. It had been held by Granada Television, which was founded by Sidney Bernstein and this was the only surviving company of the original four Independent Television Authority franchisees from 1954, Granada Media Group merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004. It covers Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, northwestern Derbyshire, part of Cumbria, on 15 July 2009, the Isle of Man was transferred to ITV Granada from ITV Border. Broadcasting by Granada Television began on 3 May 1956 under the North of England weekday franchise and it was marked by a distinctive northern identity, and used stylised letter G logo forming an arrow pointing north, often with the tagline Granada, from the north. Granada plc merged with Carlton Communications to form ITV plc in 2004 after a duopoly had developed over the previous decade, Granada Television Ltd still legally exists. Along with most other companies owned by ITV plc, it is listed on www. companieshouse. gov. uk as a Dormant company. Other companies listed are Granada Television International and Granada Television Overseas Ltd, the North West region is regarded as ITVs most successful franchise. The Financial Times and The Independent once described Granada Television, the franchise holder. Nine Granada programmes were listed in the BFI TV100 in 2000, some of its most notable programmes include Coronation Street, Seven Up. The Royle Family, The Jewel in the Crown, Brideshead Revisited, World in Action, University Challenge, notable employees have included Paul Greengrass, Michael Apted, Mike Newell, Jeremy Isaacs, Andy Harries, Russell T Davies and Leslie Woodhead. Granada Television, a subsidiary of Granada Ltd, originated in Granada Theatres Ltd and it was founded in Dover in 1930 by Sidney Bernstein and his brother Cecil. The company was incorporated as Granada Ltd in 1934 and listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1935 and it is named after the Spanish city of Granada. Channel 59 from Winter Hill and started broadcasting in colour in the Autumn of 1969, the Bernsteins became involved in commercial television, a competitor to the cinema chains. Bernstein bid for the North of England franchise, which he believed would not affect the companys largely southern-based cinema chain, in 1954, the Independent Television Authority awarded Granada the North of England contract for Monday to Friday, with ABC serving the same area on weekends. The North and London were the two biggest regions, Granada preferred the North because of its tradition of home-grown culture, and because it offered a chance to start a new creative industry away from the metropolitan atmosphere of London. Compare this with London and its suburbs—full of displaced persons, and, of course, if you look at a map of the concentration of population in the North and a rainfall map, you will see that the North is an ideal place for television. Bernstein selected a base from Leeds and Manchester, Granada executive Victor Peers believed Manchester was the preferred choice even before executives toured the region to find a suitable site
38.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
39.
Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD
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Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to
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Heritage Microfilm, Inc.
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Heritage Microfilm, Inc. is a preservation microfilm and microfilm digitization business located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The company began in 1996 when the division of Cedar Rapids-based Crest Information Technologies was sold to Christopher Gill. The microfilm division was responsible at the time for preserving newspapers, the business document filming portion of the business was soon dropped in favor of the newspaper microfilming division. In 1999, Heritage Microfilm began digitizing newspaper microfilm and launched NewspaperARCHIVE. com, soon after, it began creating smaller branded newspaper archive websites in collaboration with publishing partners. The Syracuse Post-Standard and Stars and Stripes are among its clients for both microfilm and digital archives, the firm works with ANSI/AIIM standards for preservation microfilming. It has a humidity and temperature-controlled storage facility and it is a Kodak ImageGuard facility. One of its specializations is damaged microfilm recovery and it has an Extek 3441 microfilm duplicator, which duplicates at low speeds to prevent damage to Redox or Vinegar-Syndrome microfilm. It uses Kodak silver halide microfilm for master film and primary duplications and it discontinued the use of vesicular film for duplications, due to the poor quality film available from distributors. It claims to use Kodak BrownToner, a film treatment. NewspaperArchive. com is an online database of digitized newspapers. The site was launched in 1999 by Heritage Microfilm, as of June 2008, NewspaperArchive said it provided full text search for 909 million articles on 85 million pages over 240 years that represented 2,875 publication titles in more than 748 cities. S. Searches can be conducted by keyword, date, and location, results are free, but access to the newspaper articles available to download in PDF format requires a subscription. Searching is available directly from newspaperarchive or via news. google. com/archivesearch, the company says that it follows the Automated Content Access Protocol in which its clients have a say in what is available online. The digitized newspapers that are available and OCRd represent a fraction of the 150 million pages of historical documents that Heritage Microfilm maintains in its microform archive. According to NewspaperArchive, it is microfilming 2.5 million pages of each month and has 180,000 reels of microfilm. The resource has had its share of criticism. As of August 1,2014, Newspaper Archive, Inc. had a rating of F from Better Business Bureau, Heritage Archives, Inc. is related company in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, that specializes in microfilming of newspapers that was also founded by Christopher Gill. Clients include the state of Florida and the Boston Public Library, the filing with the state of Iowa also include a dba name of CONVERXION SA DE CV
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
