1.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
2.
Dwight Evans (politician)
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Dwight Evans is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district. He defeated incumbent Chaka Fattah in the 2016 Democratic primary election and he previously served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 203rd District. Evans grew up in the Germantown and West Oak Lane sections of Philadelphia and is a graduate of the Community College of Philadelphia, after graduation, he became a teacher in the School District of Philadelphia and a community activist for the Urban League. Evans was first elected to office in 1980, the district, which encompasses West Oak Lane in Philadelphia, is heavily Democratic with a 95% African-American population. As a result, he had minimal GOP opposition in winning re-election to his seat, prior to his election to Congress, Evans ran for higher office four times unsuccessfully. In 1986, he sought the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor, in 1994, Evans became the first African American candidate to seek the office of Governor of Pennsylvania. In the Democratic primary election, Evans faced off with Lynn Yeakel and he won endorsements from The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News, and Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Again, however, Evans finished third in the primary with 22%, Evans made two runs for Mayor of Philadelphia. In 1999, in the race to succeed Ed Rendell, Evans finished fifth with 4. 7% of the vote in a crowded primary won by John Street. In 2007, despite comments by Governor Rendell that Evans was the best qualified for mayor, Evans was elected as the Democratic Chairman of the House Appropriations Committee in 1990 and served in that capacity until November 2010. In 2010, the Philadelphia Tribune named Evans one of the 10 most influential African-Americans in the city, in November 2015, Evans announced that he would run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in 2016 against Democratic incumbent Chaka Fattah. He won the Democratic nomination on April 26,2016, defeating Fattah, having also won the special election to fill the seat following Representative Fattahs resignation, Evans was sworn in on Monday, November 14,2016. Dwight Evans official Party website Project Vote Smart - Representative Dwight Evans profile Follow the Money - Dwight Evans 2006
3.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
4.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
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White people
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White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of people or a white race as a large group of populations contrasting with black, American Indian. It is today used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as North Africa, United States. The term white race or white people entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery, description of populations as white in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference. In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity and we know that Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time permitted. Classicist James Dee states the Greeks do not describe themselves as white people—or as anything else because they had no word in their color vocabulary for themselves. Peoples skin color did not carry meaning, what mattered is where they lived. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color, similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac black skin as a metaphor for irreligiosity. The Ancient Egyptian funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes four groups in a procession and these are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or Asiatics, the Nubians and the fair-skinned Libyans. The Egyptians are depicted as a reddish brown, the Nubians as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant and Canaan as light skinned. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having blue eyes and bright red hair. And the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes and he also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes. Later Xenophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the skin of Greek troops. These color adjectives are found in contrast to the standard set by the own group. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths, Alastair Bonnett argues that white identity, as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history. According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Before the age of exploration, group differences were based on language, religion. … the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color, in the 16th and 17th centuries, East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow
6.
Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
7.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
8.
Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
9.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
10.
Cook Partisan Voting Index
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The Cook Political Report introduced the PVI in August 1997 to better gauge the competitiveness of each district using the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections as a baseline. The index is based on analysis by the Center for Voting, the national average for 2004 and 2008 was 51. 2% Democratic to 48. 8% Republican. For example, in Alaskas at-large congressional district, the Republican candidate won 63% and 61% of the two-party share in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, respectively. Comparing the average of two results against the average national share, this district has voted 13 percentage points more Republican than the country as a whole. Prior to its April 2009 update, the PVI formula was calculated by comparing district-level results for the past two elections to nationwide results for the most recent election. David Nir of the Swing State Project advocated a change to the new formula, the most Democratic congressional district in the country is New Yorks 15th, located in the Bronx, with a PVI of D+43. The most Republican district is Texass 13th at R+32, as for states as a whole, Wyoming and Utah are the most Republican at R+22, and Hawaii is the most Democratic at D+20. The most Democratic congressional districts to be represented by a Republican are Iowas 1st, Iowas 1st is represented by Rod Blum and New Yorks 24th is represented by John Katko. The most Republican congressional district to be represented by a Democrat is Minnesotas 7th, in total there are nine Democratic-leaning House districts represented by Republicans following the 2014 elections and eight Republican-leaning House districts represented by Democrats. This represents a total of 17 out of 435 Representatives from districts with a PVI opposite to their own party, in the Senate, the most Republican-leaning state to have a Democratic senator is West Virginia, with Democrat Joe Manchin. The most Democratic-leaning state to have a Republican senator is Maine with Republican Susan Collins, the most Democratic-leaning state to have two Republican senators is Iowa, represented by Chuck Grassley and Joni Ernst. Four Republican-leaning states have governors from the Democratic Party while twelve Democratic-leaning states have governors from the Republican Party, all Republican-leaning states have a majority Republican house delegation, as well as six Democratic-leaning states and neutral Virginia. Note that the seven states with one representative must be among these. Psephology, the analysis of elections. Political party strength in U. S. states The Cook Political Report
11.
West Philadelphia
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West Philadelphia, nicknamed West Philly, is a section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. An alternate definition includes all city land west of the Schuylkill, the eastern side of West Philadelphia is also known as University City. The topography of West Philadelphia is composed of rolling hills rising slowly from the Schuylkill River toward Cobbs Creek in the west and this gradual elevation makes the skyline of Center City visible from many points in West Philadelphia. The Wynnefield neighborhood is a frequently used by photographers and organizers of civic events. According to the 2010 census,216,433 people live among the ZIP codes of 19104,19131,19139,19143 and 19151, since the 1980s, gentrification, immigration, and the Urban Indian relocation movement have brought more racial diversity. Arrivals from East Asia and Latin America, mainly Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, warner was the first known European west of the Schuylkill. In 1840, the property was transformed into a cemetery with an arboretum of over 1,000 trees and it holds the graves of many famous Philadelphians. Satterlee Hospital, one of the largest Union Army hospitals of the Civil War, operated from 1862 to 1865, part of its grounds are now the northern section of Clark Park. West Philadelphia was among the early suburbs, and a portion of it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the West Philadelphia Streetcar Suburb Historic District. The western portion of the neighborhood was home to some of the most expensive real estate in the country. The area has declined in prominence over the last 50 years, thanks in part to increasing crime, West Philadelphia drew national attention in 1978 and 1985 for violent clashes between police and an Afro-centric, back-to-nature group called MOVE. During the latter confrontation, police firebombed the headquarters, killing 11 people and destroying an entire block of Osage Avenue. Many young professionals and families have moved into the area, in 2008, the area around the Please Touch Museum, Philadelphia Zoo, and the Mann Music Center was designated the Centennial District, an area to be revitalized by the countrys 250th birthday in 2026. Most of the houses in West Philadelphia are row houses, although there are areas of semi-detached and detached houses, the earliest developments began in 1850 and the final period of mass construction ended in 1930. Developers found they could increase profits by catering to this group, shrinking lot sizes. Initial development was divided into lots and sold in 1852 with the condition that substantial stone or brick buildings be erected. The houses in this grouping are primarily three-story Italianate buildings, linked by material, decorative detail, located around Chester Avenue, an additional but smaller and less ornate 16 Italianate, brownstone, semi-detached houses, similar in form to the initial houses. The setback of these houses was 25 feet, allowing generous front yards, another development on Locust Street, a project by banker and West Philly resident Clarence Howard Clark, was composed of three-story, two-bay, brick, restrained Queen Anne rowhouses
12.
North Philadelphia
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North Philadelphia, nicknamed North Philly, is a section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is immediately north of Center City and it is bordered to the north by Cheltenham Township along Cheltenham Avenue, Spring Garden Street to the south, 35th Street to the west, and Adams Avenue to the east. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols five districts located within North Philadelphia, the 22nd, 25th, 26th, 35th, there are six ZIP codes for North Philadelphia,19132,19133,19121,19122,19130 and 19123. The city government views this sprawling chunk of Philadelphia more precisely as three districts, drawn up by the Redevelopment Authority in 1964. These regions are Olney-Oak Lane, Upper North Philadelphia, and Lower North Philadelphia, Olney-Oak Lane is sometimes considered to be separate from North Philadelphia entirely because of their unique architecture, culture and differing patterns of development. Prior to its incorporation into the city proper, North Philadelphia was little more than a collection of primarily agricultural townships above the original City of Philadelphia. In the 18th century, as Philadelphia grew in importance and, consequently, population, the mansions of wealthy Philadelphians began to dot the landscape, and by the late 18th and early 19th century, several small town centers had developed to anchor the growing population. However, this landscape was to be interrupted around the middle of the 19th century. This state law annexed all of the townships within Philadelphia County to the City of Philadelphia, with new territory now under the aegis of Philadelphias city planners, and a rising influx of European immigrants, led to the end of North as a suburb of Philadelphia. North Philadelphias decentralized towns were gradually meshed into a network of the ubiquitous Philadelphia rowhome. Many of the newly created neighborhoods retained the name of their towns and townships, for example. Its landscape still strongly reflects this heritage, as the industrial age peaked in America, North Philadelphia became a working mans town. Upper North Philadelphia, Olney, Brewerytown, became major hubs of production, large factories and industrial complexes were erected, covering vast swaths of city land. Thousands of rowhomes were constructed to house the burgeoning worker population, major freight and passenger rail lines were built to intersect at the newly constructed North Broad Street Station, and transmit cargo from the bustling factories. The completion of the BSL these major railways made the region a hub of transportation. For a time, North Philadelphia station became the second most heavily trafficked rail station in the city, along with many of Philadelphias major manufacturing concerns came the nearby estates of the wealthy industrialists who had founded them. Lower North Philadelphia in particular housed a number of the nouveau riche, many were German Jews that had settled in the area, later founding companies and building synagogues. For a time, an age of opulence and grand architecture returned to North Philadelphia, centered on what is now zoned as the Historic North Broad Street Mansion and Speculative Housing Districts
13.
Northwest Philadelphia
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Northwest Philadelphia is a section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The area is divided by Wissahickon Creek into two subsections, Upper Northwest and Lower Northwest Philadelphia, Upper Northwest are Germantown, Mount Airy, and Chestnut Hill, and Lower Northwest are Roxborough, East Falls, and Manayunk. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols two districts located within Northwest Philadelphia, the two patrol districts serving Northwest Philadelphia are the 5th and 14th districts. Compared with other sections of Philadelphia, a portion of the Northwest retains a more suburban feel. For example, in East Falls one will find large Tudor homes, Upper Roxborough boasts post-World War II suburban housing developments, while Lower Roxborough consists mostly of rowhouses and urban twin houses, apartments over storefronts, etc. There are also blocks of large Victorian homes peppered among the rowhouses, from an enclave of working-class Germantown rowhomes to the wealthy estates of Chestnut Hill, both may have been built in the period of 1880-1920. Northwest Philadelphia is known for its terrain, especially in the western half between the Wissahickon and the Schuylkill River. This hilly terrain is a characteristic of Manayunk and Roxborough. Upper Roxborough, because it is one of the highest elevations in Philadelphia, is the site of a reservoir, ridge Avenue follows the ridge that divides the Wissahickon valley from the Schuylkill valley. Northwest Philadelphias street grid is oriented along axes of northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast and these axes are skewed almost exactly 45° from the true north-south and east-west axes of Philadelphias main street grid. The Wissahickon gorge divides the halves of Northwest Philadelphia because of the scarcity of road crossings. The rail lines tend to rather thoroughly divide adjacent neighborhoods, for the same reason, manayunks street grid evolved completely independently from Germantowns
14.
Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania
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Lower Merion Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania and part of the Pennsylvania Main Line. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the township had a population of 57,825. Lower Merion has the 5th highest per-capita income and the 12th highest median income in the country with a population of 50,000 or more. The name Merion originates with the county of Merioneth in north Wales, Merioneth is an English-language translation of the Welsh Meirionnydd. Lower Merion, along with Upper Darby, Haverford, Cheltenham together form as the inner ring suburbs of Philadelphia. Lower Merion Township was first settled in 1682 by Welsh Quakers who were granted a tract of land by William Penn, in 1713, Lower Merion was established as an independent Township with about 52 landholders and tenants. In 1900, the Township was incorporated as a Township of the First Class, Lower Merion is home to the oldest continuously used place of worship in the United States, the Merion Friends Meeting House, used continuously since 1695. The Mill Creek Historic District, and Seville Theatre are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, green Hill Farms was added in 2011. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 23.9 square miles. The Borough of Narberth, a political entity of one-half square mile, is completely surrounded by the Township. Forming the Townships southern border is City Avenue separating it from the City of Philadelphia, in back of these buildings are the One-Ninety-One Condominiums and the Bala Cynwyd Plazas. The famed Mid-County Interchange is located just outside the Township, other highways serving the Township are U. S. Route 30 and Pennsylvania Routes 23 and 320. Before European settlement, Lower Merions dense forest was home to bears, cougars, wolves, rattlesnakes, otters, beavers, weasels, turkeys, grouses, woodland bison, trout, when Europeans arrived, they began cutting down the forests, chasing away much of the wildlife. After World War Two, Lower Merion transformed from a township to a suburban one. Today, red foxes, white-footed mice, horned owls, skunks, raccoons, crayfish, songbirds, butterflies,3. 0% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 59,850 people,22,868 households, the population density was 2,526.1 people per square mile. There were 23,699 housing units at a density of 1,000. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 90. 30% White,4. 50% African American,0. 08% Native American,3. 42% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,0. 50% from other races and 1. 12% from two or more races
15.
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
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Montgomery County, locally also referred to as Montco, is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Montgomery County is very diverse, ranging from farms and open land in Upper Hanover to densely populated streets in Cheltenham. Montgomery County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is a suburban county northwest of Philadelphia, and marks part of the regions northern border with the Lehigh Valley region of the state to the north. In 2010, it was the 51st wealthiest county in the country, in 2008, it was named the 9th Best Place to Raise a Family by Forbes. The county was created on September 10,1784, out of land originally part of Philadelphia County, the first courthouse was housed in the Barley Sheaf Inn. Early histories of the county indicate the origin of the name as uncertain. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 487 square miles. About 4. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino, as of the census of 2000,750,097 people,286,098 households, and 197,693 families resided in the county. The population density was 1,553 people per square mile, the 297,434 housing units averaged 238 units/km². The racial makeup of the county was 86. 46% White,7. 46% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,4. 02% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 75% from other races, and 1. 16% from two or more races. About 2. 04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,17. 5% were of German,16. 7% Irish,14. 3% Italian,6. 5% English, and 5. 0% Polish ancestry according to 2000 United States Census. Around 90. 5% spoke English,2. 0% Spanish,1. 1% Korean, Historically, much of western Montgomery County is part of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, with a great many descendants of German-speaking settlers from the 18th century. Montgomery County is home to large and growing African American, Korean American, Puerto-Rican American, Mexican American, the county has the second-largest foreign-born population in the region. About 25. 60% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09. In the county, the population was distributed as 24. 10% under the age of 18,7. 10% from 18 to 24,30. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 40% from 45 to 64, the median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.60 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.00 males. The median income for a household in the county was $60,829, males had a median income of $48,698 versus $35,089 for females. The per capita income for the county was $30,898, about 2. 80% of families and 4. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 60% of those under age 18 and 5. 10% of those age 65 or over
16.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
17.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
18.
Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
19.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
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The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It also claims to be the oldest court in the United States and this discretion allows the Court to wield powerful influence on the formation and interpretation of Pennsylvania law. The original Pennsylvania constitutions, drafted by William Penn, established a Provincial Court under the control of his British governors, the General Assembly, however, espoused the principle of separation of powers and formally called for a third branch of government starting with the 1701 Judiciary Bill. In 1722, the appointed British governor needed the House to raise revenues, House leaders agreed to raise taxes in return for an independent Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania predates the United States Supreme Court by more than 100 years, interpreting the Pennsylvania Constitution, it was the first independent Supreme Court in the United States to claim the power to declare laws made by an elected legislative body unconstitutional. The court meets in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court consists of seven justices, each elected to ten year terms. Supreme Court judicial candidates may run on party tickets, the justice with the longest continuous service on the court automatically becomes Chief Justice. Prior to 2002, judicial candidates in Pennsylvania were prohibited from expressing their views on disputed legal or political issues. ”After the ten-year term expires, if the judge is retained, he/she serves another ten-year term. If the judge is not retained, the governor, subject to the approval of the State Senate, as of 2005, only one judge has failed to win retention. Justice Russell M. Nigro received a majority of no votes in the election of 2005 and was replaced by Justice Cynthia Baldwin, only one Supreme Court Justice, Rolf Larsen, has been removed from office by impeachment. In 1994, the State House of Representatives handed down articles of impeachment consisting of seven counts of misconduct, a majority of the State Senate voted against Larsen in five of the seven counts but only one charge garnered the two-thirds majority needed to convict. Under the 1874 Constitution and until the Pennsylvania state constitution of 1968, at the time, it was the longest term of any elected office in the United States. Superior Court of Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Unified Court System page on the Supreme Court
20.
Pennsylvania's 1st congressional district
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Pennsylvanias first congressional district includes primarily central and South Philadelphia, the City of Chester, the Philadelphia International Airport, and other small sections of Delaware County. The district is currently strongly Democratic and is plurality black, bob Brady, the chairman of the Philadelphia Democratic Party, has represented the district since 1998. One of the characters of the Netflix original series House of Cards. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791, the district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1795. The district was reorganized in 1803 to have 3 At-large seats on a general ticket, the district was apportioned a fourth seat in 1813, also elected on a general ticket. The district was reorganized in 1823 to have one seat, list of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
21.
Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district
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Pennsylvanias third district is located in the northwestern part of the state and includes the cities of Erie, Sharon, Hermitage, Butler and Meadville. The district supported President George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 as well as John McCain in 2008, prior to redistricting in 2002, the district was located in Northeast Philadelphia and was represented by Rep. Robert Borski. Most of the territory in the current 3rd had been the 21st district before 2002, kathy Dahlkemper defeated six-term Republican incumbent Phil English in 2008. She herself was defeated only one term in 2010 by Republican Mike Kelly. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791 The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1795, two additional seats were added in 1803, elected on a general ticket. One of those seats was eliminated in 1813, the district was reorganized in 1823 to have one seat. List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
22.
Chaka Fattah
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Chaka Fattah is an American politician who was the United States Representative for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district from 1995 to 2016. He is a member of the Democratic Party and he previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The district includes portions of North Philadelphia, South Philadelphia, on July 29,2015, Fattah and a group of associates were indicted on federal charges related to their alleged roles in a racketeering and influence peddling conspiracy. He later lost the 2016 Democratic primary as well and he was convicted on 23 counts of racketeering, fraud, and other corruption charges on June 21,2016 and resigned two days later. On December 12, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, until he went to federal prison in western Pennsylvania, Fattah lived all his life in Philadelphia, attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia. He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, in 1984, Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard Universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government. In May 1986, he received his masters degree in Governmental Administration from the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government, Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvania’s Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award. Time Magazine named Fattah one of the 50 most promising leaders in the country and his parents divorced when he was young, and his mother soon remarried to a man she met at a national conference on black power in 1968. Following this conference, his mother decided to change his name to Chaka Fattah and his adoptive father, David Fattah, and mother, Falaka Fattah, are community activists in West Philadelphia, where they are building an urban Boys Town through their organization, the House of Umoja. Fattah served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1983 to 1988, the conference was designed to encourage minority students’ interest in STEM graduate and professional schools. In 1991, State Senator Fattah decided to run for Pennsylvanias 2nd congressional district in the election that was held after Democratic U. S. Congressman William Gray decided to resign, on November 5,1991, Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah, John F. White, and Nadine Smith-Bulford. In 1994, Fattah decided to challenge Blackwell in the Democratic primary and he won the general election with 86% of the vote. After that, he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote and he was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016, when he lost to Dwight E. Evans. Fattah represented the 2nd district in Pennsylvania, an overwhelmingly Democratic district, Fattah endorsed Barack Obama for President in 2008. He is the architect of the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs, in his first years in the U. S. House of Representatives, Fattah introduced and passed into law Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs an early college awareness program. Since its inception, more than $4 billion in funds have been distributed to assist 12 million students in 50 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia. The bill is co-sponsored in the U. S. Senate by Senator Chris Coons of Delaware, Senator Marco Rubio of Florida, specifically the legislation creates personal online accounts for students that monitor higher education readiness and includes a college savings account
23.
Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district
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Pennsylvania elected its United States representatives at-large on a general ticket for the first and third United States Congresses. General ticket representation was prohibited by the 1842 Apportionment Bill and subsequent legislation, some representatives, including Galusha A. Grow, served at-large after 1842. This was allowed because Pennsylvania had received an increase in the number of its representatives yet its legislature didnt pass an apportionment bill during those years, representatives were elected statewide at-large on a general ticket. After 1795, most representatives were elected in districts, occasionally, at-large representatives were also elected. No at-large representatives were apportioned after the 78th Congress, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
24.
Frederick Muhlenberg
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Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg was an American minister and politician who was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. His home, known as The Speakers House, is now a museum and is undergoing restoration to restore its appearance during Muhlenbergs occupancy. Frederick Muhlenberg was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania, the son of Anna Maria and his father, an immigrant from Germany, was considered the founder of the Lutheran Church in America. His maternal grandfather was Pennsylvania German colonial leader Conrad Weiser and his brother, Peter, was a General in the Continental Army and his brother Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst was a botanist. In 1763, together with his brothers John Peter Gabriel and Gotthilf Henry Ernst, he attended the Latina at the Franckesche Stiftungen in Halle, in 1769, he attended the University of Halle, where he studied theology. He was ordained by the Pennsylvania Ministerium as a minister of the Lutheran Church on October 25,1770 and he preached in Stouchsburg, Pennsylvania, and Lebanon, Pennsylvania, from 1770 to 1774, and in New York City from 1774 to 1776. When the British entered New York at the onset of the American Revolutionary War, he obliged to leave. He moved to New Hanover Township, Pennsylvania and was there and in Oley. On October 15,1771, he married Catherine Schaeffer, the daughter of wealthy Philadelphia sugar refiner David Schaeffer, Muhlenberg was a member of the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780, and served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1780 to 1783. He was elected its speaker on November 3,1780 and he was a delegate to and president of the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention in 1787 called to ratify the Federal Constitution. He was the first signer of the Bill of Rights and he served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania in the first and the three succeeding United States Congresses. Muhlenberg was also the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and he did not seek renomination as Speaker in 1796. On April 29,1796, as chairman of the Committee of the Whole, in 1794, during Muhlenbergs second tenure as Speaker, the House voted 42-41 against a proposal to translate some of the laws into German. Muhlenberg, who abstained from the vote, commented later, the faster the Germans become Americans. Despite not having voted against the bill, a called the Muhlenberg Legend developed in which he was responsible for prohibiting German as an official language of the United States. He was interred in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster, after his death, the Township of Muhlenberg, Pennsylvania, was named for him. In World War II, the United States liberty ship SS F. A. C, Muhlenberg was named in his honor. German in the United States The Home of Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg Muhlenberg College United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
25.
Anti-Administration Party (United States)
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This was not an organized political party, but an unorganized faction. Most had been Anti-Federalists in 1788, meaning they opposed ratification of the Constitution of the United States, however, the situation was fluid, with members moving in and out. Madison joined with former Anti-Federalists to oppose Hamiltons financial plans in 1790, after Jefferson took leadership of the opposition to Hamilton in 1792, the faction became a formal party, Jeffersons Republican Party. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and during the process in 1788. He wrote The Federalist Papers, together with Hamilton and John Jay, in 1789–1790, Madison was a leader in support of the new federal government. At this time, the concept of an opposition party was novel. But in January 1790, Madison joined with Henry Tazewell and others to oppose Hamiltons First Report on the Public Credit, the creation of this coalition marked the emergence of the anti-Administration party, which was almost exclusively southern at this time. Madison argued that repaying the debt rewarded speculators and his proposal to repay only the original bondholders was defeated by a vote of 36 to 13. Hamiltons report also provided for the assumption of debt by the federal government. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and South Carolina owed nearly half of this debt, the United States House of Representatives passed the bill without assumption, but the Senate included this provision. Jefferson only had one State Department patronage job, which he gave to Freneau, in the second Congress, the anti-Administration elements were more numerous and included about 32 House members. In 1791, Madison and Hamilton again clashed when the proposed the creation of a national bank. Southern planters were opposed, but urban merchants supported the idea, Madison said the Bank was unconstitutional, but Hamilton successfully argued that the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution allowed for it. The French Revolutionary Wars, which began in April 1792, hardened the differences between the factions, the Pro-Administration Party generally supported the British side, or wished to remain neutral, while the Anti-Administration Party supported the French side. Jefferson joined the party in 1792, and it contested the election that year under the name Republican, politics now became more stable, with well-defined parties, thereby creating the First Party System which lasted two decades. The Jeffersonian Persuasion, Evolution of a Party Ideology Bordewich, Fergus M, the First Congress, How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government on 1789–91. Bowling, Kenneth R. and Donald R. Kennon, eds, perspectives on the History of Congress, 1789–1801. The Age of Federalism online version, the highly detailed political history of 1790s Hoadley
26.
4th United States Congress
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It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from March 4,1795 to March 4,1797, during the last two years of George Washingtons Presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790, the Senate had a Federalist majority, and the House had a Democratic-Republican majority. September 17,1796, Washingtons Farewell Address warned against partisan politics, June 24,1795, Treaty of London March 7,1796, Treaty of Madrid June 1,1796, Tennessee admitted as a state, formerly the Territory South of the River Ohio, Sess. 47,1 Stat.491 This was the first Congress to have organized political parties, details on changes are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress There were 10 resignations,2 new seats, and 1 election to replace an appointee. There was a 1-seat gain for both the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, There were 9 resignations,1 death of a Representative-elect, and 1 new seat. There was a 1-seat gain for both the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans, lists of committees and their party leaders. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
27.
Democratic-Republican Party
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The new party controlled the presidency and Congress, as well as most states, from 1801 to 1825, during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress, and included many politicians who had opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves Republicans after their ideology Republicanism and they distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement and the short-lived National Republican Party, the term Democratic-Republican is used especially by modern political scientists for the first Republican Party. It is also known as the Jeffersonian Republicans, historians typically use the title Republican Party. An Anti-Administration faction met secretly in the capital to oppose Hamiltons financial programs. Jefferson denounced the programs as leading to monarchy and subversive of republicanism, Jefferson needed to have a nationwide party to challenge the Federalists, which Hamilton was building up with allies in major cities. Foreign affairs took a role in 1794–95 as the Republicans vigorously opposed the Jay Treaty with Britain. Republicans saw France as more democratic after its revolution, while Britain represented the hated monarchy, the party denounced many of Hamiltons measures as unconstitutional, especially the national bank. The party was strongest in the South and weakest in the Northeast and it demanded states rights as expressed by the Principles of 1798 articulated in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions that would allow states to nullify a federal law. Above all, the party stood for the primacy of the yeoman farmers, Republicans were deeply committed to the principles of republicanism, which they feared were threatened by the supposed monarchical tendencies of the Hamiltonian Federalists. The party came to power in 1801 with the election of Jefferson in the 1800 presidential election, the Federalists—too elitist to appeal to most people—faded away, and totally collapsed after 1815. The Republicans dominated the First Party System, despite internal divisions, the party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, by 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England, by 1824, the party was split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions, one remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, the precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate, some time by 1792 is certain. The elections of 1792 were the first ones to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis, in most states the congressional elections were recognized, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest
28.
5th United States Congress
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The Fifth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from March 4,1797 to March 4,1799, the apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790. Both chambers had a Federalist majority. S, followed by naval skirmishes but no war is declared April 30,1798, The U. S. Department of the Navy was established, Sess. 35,1 Stat.553 June 18,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts,54,1 Stat.566 June 25,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts, Sess. 58,1 Stat.570 July 6,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts,66,1 Stat.577 July 9,1798, Act Further to Protect the Commerce of the United States, Sess. 68,1 Stat.578 July 11,1798, The United States Marine Corps was established,72,1 Stat.594 July 14,1798, Alien and Sedition Acts, Sess. 74,1 Stat.596 July 16,1798, Marine Hospital Service Act,77,1 Stat.605 April 7,1798 - Mississippi Territory was organized, Sess. It was formerly a portion of Georgia and South Carolina June 7,1797, July 7,1797, Existing treaties with France were rescinded, Sess. 67,1 Stat.578 Details on changes are shown below in the Changes in membership section, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress There were 9 resignations,2 deaths,1 expulsion,1 late selection, neither party had a net gain of seats. There were 9 resignations and 3 deaths, the Federalists had a 1-seat net loss and the Democratic-Republicans had a 1-seat net gain. Lists of committees and their party leaders, otis of Massachusetts, elected April 8,1789 Doorkeeper, James Mathers of New York, elected April 7,1789 Chaplain, William White, Episcopalian, elected December 9,1790 Clerk, Jonathan W. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
29.
6th United States Congress
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The Sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1799, to March 4,1801 and it was the last Congress of the 18th century and the first to convene in the 19th. The apportionment of seats in House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790, both chambers had a Federalist majority. This was the last Congress in which the Federalist Party controlled the presidency or either chamber of Congress. December 14,1799 — Former President George Washington died February 24,1800 — Library of Congress founded November 17,1800 — Congress held its first session in Washington, D. C. The House was required to choose between Jefferson and Aaron Burr, with each of the 16 states having a single vote, Jefferson was elected on the 36th ballot by 10 to 4. February 13,1801 — Judiciary Act of 1801, Sess,4,2 Stat.89 February 27,1801 — District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, Sess.2, ch. 15,2 Stat.103 July 4,1800, Indiana Territory created from a portion of the Northwest Territory. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress There were 7 resignations and 1 vacancy at the beginning of Congress. The Federalists had a 1-seat net loss and the Democratic-Republicans had a 2-seat net gain, There were 6 resignations and 3 deaths. The Federalists had a 4-seat net loss and the Democratic-Republicans had a 3-seat net gain, Lists of committees and their party leaders. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congress U. S. House of Representatives, House History U. S. Senate, Statistics and Lists
30.
Michael Leib
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Michael Leib was an American physician, politician, scientist, inventor, statesman, and philosopher born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served Pennsylvania in both houses of the legislature and represented Pennsylvania in both the U. S. House and the United States Senate. Michael Leib was born on January 8,1760, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and he studied and practiced medicine in Philadelphia, receiving commission as a surgeon in the Philadelphia Militia in 1780 and serving during the American Revolutionary War. He served in the U. S. House until February 14,1806, Leib was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate by the state legislature in December 1808. Leib was elected to the beginning on March 4,1809. Senator until February 14,1814, when he resigned to become postmaster of Philadelphia and he later returned to the Pennsylvania House for a third time, from 1817 until 1818 and served as a Pennsylvania State Senator from 1818 until 1821. He became prothonotary of the United States district court in Philadelphia in November 1822 and he was interred at St. Johns Lutheran Churchyard in Philadelphia. He was greatly influenced and mentored by Benjamin Franklin, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
31.
7th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1801, to March 4,1803, during the first two years of Thomas Jeffersons presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the First Census of the United States in 1790, both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority, except during the Special session of the Senate, when there was a Federalist majority in the Senate. S. Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison April 29,1802, Judiciary Act of 1802,31,2 Stat.156 April 30,1802, Enabling Act of 1802, ch. 40,2 Stat.173 Ohio was admitted as a state, the exact date is unclear and in dispute, but it is undisputed that it was during this Congress. However, on April 30,1802, the 7th U. S. Congress had passed an act authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union. On February 19,1803, the same Congress passed an act providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress states that Ohio was admitted to the Union on November 29,1802, and counts its seats as vacant from that date. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. There was 1 death,8 resignations, and 2 seats added for a new state, beckley Chaplain, Thomas J. Claggett Edward Gantt, elected December 9,1801 Secretary, Samuel A. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
32.
8th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1803 to March 4,1805, during the last two years of the first administration of U. S. President Thomas Jefferson. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800, both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority. S. It was formerly a portion of the District of Louisiana, january 11,1805, Michigan Territory was organized. The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. Following the 1800 census, the size of the House was increased to 142 seats from 108, Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Lists of committees and their party leaders, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
33.
Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias fourth district is located in the south-central part of the state. The district covers all of Adams and York counties, as well as parts of Cumberland, republican Scott Perry represents the district. This district changed drastically when Pennsylvanias new districts went into effect on January 3,2013, due to slower population growth than the nation as a whole, Pennsylvania lost a seat in Congress in reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census, and this seat was effectively eliminated. Most of the 4th district was merged into a redrawn 12th district, from 2003 to 2013 it included suburbs of Pittsburgh as well as Beaver County, Lawrence County, and Mercer County. The heart of the district was a string of mostly white, plum and Murrysville, two large and mainly residential boroughs, are the main towns in the suburban portion of the district that lies to the east of the city. The northern suburbs had a moderate voting populace, which trends Democratic but makes up the swing vote. Further north, the took on a different character. The suburban areas of Beaver County are somewhat less affluent and were heavily labor Democratic, the areas of Lawrence County and Mercer County had a more rural feel, but also had a union Democrat center within the city of New Castle. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791 District created in 1795 with two seats from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district, the second seat was eliminated in 1813. The second seat was restored in 1823 along with a third seat, in the very early 19th Century this district included all or part of Bucks County. List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
34.
9th United States Congress
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The Ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1805 to March 4,1807, the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Second Census of the United States in 1800. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority, june 1,1805, First Barbary War ends. November 7,1805, Lewis and Clark Expedition arrived at the Pacific Ocean, september 23,1806, Lewis and Clark Expedition returned to St. Louis, Missouri, thereby ending the exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest. February 19,1807, Former Vice President Aaron Burr was tried for conspiracy, March 29,1806 - Cumberland Road, ch. 19,2 Stat.357 March 2,1807 - Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. President, George Clinton President pro tempore, Samuel Smith Speaker, Nathaniel Macon This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The names of members of the House of Representatives are listed by their district numbers The count below reflects changes from the beginning of this Congress, lists of committees and their party leaders. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
Frederick Muhlenberg
Joseph R. Chandler
Job R. Tyson
Charles J. Biddle
Charles O'Neill
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John E. Reyburn
Joel Cook
William S. Reyburn
George S. Graham
James M. Beck
James P. McGranery
William T. Granahan
Kathryn E. Granahan
Robert N. C. Nix Sr.
William H. Gray III
Lucien Blackwell
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Dwight Evans
