1.
Washington, Pennsylvania
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Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States, within the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area in the southwestern part of the state. The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, Washington has a total area of 3.3 square miles, all land. Delaware Indian chief Tangooqua, commonly known as Catfish, had a camp on a branch of Chartiers Creek, the French labeled the area Wissameking, meaning catfish place, as early as 1757. The area of Washington was settled by immigrants from Scotland. It was first settled by colonists around 1768, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed an act on March 28,1781, erecting the County of Washington and naming Catfish Camp as the place for holding the first election. This was the first county in the U. S. to be named in honor of General George Washington, David Hoge laid out a plan of lots immediately after the legislatures action. There have long been rumors among locals that the town was named “Washington” because George Washington spent the night in the region once and this is not true however, Washington had never been to the area. The original plot dedicated a tract of ground to the people for recreational purposes. A lot was given for a courthouse where the current building now stands, and Lots 43 and 102, according to the plan, were presented by Hoge to His Excellency, General Washington, and Mrs. Washington. Washington, Pennsylvania, was the center for the Whiskey Rebellion of 1791, the rebellion was centered on a tax being imposed on whiskey distillation in the region. The house of David Bradford, one of the leaders of the rebellion, is now a devoted to the Whiskey Rebellion. The town was incorporated as a borough on February 13,1810, in August 1875, construction began of the 3 ft Waynesburg and Washington Railroad, conceived by John Day in 1874 and chartered in 1875. Passenger services ended in 1929, conversion to standard gauge followed in 1944, freight services ended in 1976, although part of the line still survives for access to a coal mine. The discovery of oil and natural gas among the Washington oil field caused a period from the 1800s to the early 1900s. James B. Wilson chartered the Washington Electric Street Railways in 1889 with construction beginning in November 1890, the first line was built from the Waynesburg and Washington Narrow Gauge station to Wilson Orchard, just north of the present day site of the Washington Hospital. In 1903 the Washington and Canonsburg Railway Company linked the two towns with a trolley line, the company was bought by the Philadelphia Company in 1906, later becoming part of the Pittsburgh Railway Company, linking through to Pittsburgh as part of their interurban service in 1909. The line closed on August 29,1953, a short section of the line and a number of trolley cars are preserved at the Pennsylvania Trolley Museum north of the city. As of the census of 2010, there were 13,663 people residing in the city, the population density was 4,140.3 people per square mile
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Pittsburgh Railways Interurban
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Pittsburgh Railways was one of the predecessors of the Port Authority of Allegheny County. It had 666 PCC cars, the third largest fleet in North America and it had 68 street car routes, of which only three are used by the Port Authority as light rail routes. With the Port Authoritys Transit Development Plan, many names will be changed to its original. Many of the routes have been remembered in the route names of many Port Authority buses. 1895 to 1905 was a time of consolidation for the street railways serving Pittsburgh. On July 27,1896 the United Traction Company was chartered and absorbed the Second Avenue Traction Company, the Southern Traction Company acquired the lease of the West End Traction Company on October 1,1900. Pittsburgh Railways was formed on January 1,1902, when the Southern Traction Company acquired operating rights over the Consolidated Traction Company and United Traction Company. The new company operated 1,100 trolleys on 400 miles of track, with 178.7 million passengers, the Pittsburgh Railway had over 20 car barns located around the city as well as power stations. 1918 was the peak year, operating 99 trolley routes over 606 miles of track. Costs to the rose in the early twentieth century. PRC faced constant pressure from the city to improve equipment and services, workers walked out when a pay raise was rejected. On July 26,1936 Pittsburgh Railways took delivery of PCC streetcar No.100 from the St. Louis Car Company and it was placed in revenue service in August 1936, the first revenue earning PCC in the world. Large scale abandonments of lines began in the late 1950s, usually associated with highway or bridge work, highway improvements in the Duquesne-McKeesport area resulted in the replacement of trolley services with buses on September 21,1958. The replacement of the Point Bridge with the Fort Pitt Bridge precipitated the abandonment of routes to the West End. Pittsburgh Railways Company was engaged in ongoing litigation over the failure of the Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission to provide streetcar tracks on the new bridge, in the end the company was allowed to abandon 27 miles of street track in situ and was awarded $300,000 as compensation. However, this was the beginning of the end for trolleys in Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Railways Interurban Division ran an interurban trolley system linking Pittsburgh with towns in Washington County such as Washington, Charleroi and Roscoe. The origins of the Charleroi interurban line began in 1895 in Monongahela City, in 1900 the line was extended north to Riverview and in 1901 extended south to Black Diamond Mine. Here it turned inland, south along Black Dam Hollow and it met the northern end of the newly constructed Charleroi & West Side Street Railway at the now disused Lock number 4 in North Charleroi
5.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
6.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
7.
Pittsburgh Railways
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Pittsburgh Railways was one of the predecessors of the Port Authority of Allegheny County. It had 666 PCC cars, the third largest fleet in North America and it had 68 street car routes, of which only three are used by the Port Authority as light rail routes. With the Port Authoritys Transit Development Plan, many names will be changed to its original. Many of the routes have been remembered in the route names of many Port Authority buses. 1895 to 1905 was a time of consolidation for the street railways serving Pittsburgh. On July 27,1896 the United Traction Company was chartered and absorbed the Second Avenue Traction Company, the Southern Traction Company acquired the lease of the West End Traction Company on October 1,1900. Pittsburgh Railways was formed on January 1,1902, when the Southern Traction Company acquired operating rights over the Consolidated Traction Company and United Traction Company. The new company operated 1,100 trolleys on 400 miles of track, with 178.7 million passengers, the Pittsburgh Railway had over 20 car barns located around the city as well as power stations. 1918 was the peak year, operating 99 trolley routes over 606 miles of track. Costs to the rose in the early twentieth century. PRC faced constant pressure from the city to improve equipment and services, workers walked out when a pay raise was rejected. On July 26,1936 Pittsburgh Railways took delivery of PCC streetcar No.100 from the St. Louis Car Company and it was placed in revenue service in August 1936, the first revenue earning PCC in the world. Large scale abandonments of lines began in the late 1950s, usually associated with highway or bridge work, highway improvements in the Duquesne-McKeesport area resulted in the replacement of trolley services with buses on September 21,1958. The replacement of the Point Bridge with the Fort Pitt Bridge precipitated the abandonment of routes to the West End. Pittsburgh Railways Company was engaged in ongoing litigation over the failure of the Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission to provide streetcar tracks on the new bridge, in the end the company was allowed to abandon 27 miles of street track in situ and was awarded $300,000 as compensation. However, this was the beginning of the end for trolleys in Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Railways Interurban Division ran an interurban trolley system linking Pittsburgh with towns in Washington County such as Washington, Charleroi and Roscoe. The origins of the Charleroi interurban line began in 1895 in Monongahela City, in 1900 the line was extended north to Riverview and in 1901 extended south to Black Diamond Mine. Here it turned inland, south along Black Dam Hollow and it met the northern end of the newly constructed Charleroi & West Side Street Railway at the now disused Lock number 4 in North Charleroi
8.
Frank J. Sprague
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Frank Julian Sprague was an American naval officer and inventor who contributed to the development of the electric motor, electric railways, and electric elevators. He became known as the Father of Electric Traction, Sprague was born in Milford, Connecticut in 1857 to David Cummings Sprague and Frances Julia King Sprague. He attended Drury High School in North Adams, Massachusetts and excelled in mathematics, in 1874, he won an appointment to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. There, he graduated seventh in the Class of 1878 and he was commissioned as an ensign in the United States Navy. During his ensuing naval service, he first served on the USS Richmond, while his ship was in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1881, Sprague invented the inverted type of dynamo. After he was transferred to the USS Lancaster, flagship of the European Squadron, in 1883, Edward H. Johnson, a business associate of Thomas Edison, persuaded Sprague to resign his naval commission to work for Edison. One of Spragues significant contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park, prior to his arrival, Edison conducted many costly trial-and-error experiments. Spragues approach was to calculate using mathematics the optimum parameters and thus save much needless tinkering and he did important work for Edison, including correcting Edisons system of mains and feeders for central station distribution. In 1884, he decided his interests in the exploitation of electricity lay elsewhere and his motor was the first to maintain constant speed under varying load. It was immediately popular, and was endorsed by Edison as the practical electric motor available. His regenerative braking system was important in the development of the electric train, Spragues inventions included several improvements to designs for systems of electric streetcars collecting electricity from overhead lines. Within a year, electric power had started to more costly horsecars in many cities. By 1889110 electric railways incorporating Spragues equipment had begun or planned on several continents. In 1890, Edison, who manufactured most of Spragues equipment, bought him out, however, he continued to be interested in the use of electricity for urban transportation and proposed a major expansion of Londons Underground in 1901. Spragues system of supply was a great advantage in relation to the first bipolar U-tube overhead lines, in everyday use since 1883 on the Mödling. In 1892, Sprague founded the Sprague Electric Elevator Company, the company developed floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of car safeties and a number of freight elevators. The Spague-Pratt elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, Sprague then sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Spragues experience with elevator control led him to devise a unit system of electric railway operation
9.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
10.
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)
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A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1951 American drama film, adapted from Tennessee Williamss Pulitzer Prize-winning 1947 play of the same name. The Broadway production and cast was converted to film with minor changes. True to the play, the film is both lyrical and gritty, with complex and contradictory characters, chief among these was Blanche Dubois, who has become a legendary and iconic figure in film history. Tennessee Williams collaborated with Oscar Saul and Elia Kazan on the screenplay, Kazan, who directed the Broadway stage production, also directed the black and white film. Marlon Brando, Kim Hunter, and Karl Malden were all cast in their original Broadway roles. Although Jessica Tandy originated the role of Blanche DuBois on Broadway, Vivien Leigh, upon release of the film, Marlon Brando, virtually unknown at the time of the play’s casting, rose to prominence as a major Hollywood movie star. In 1999, A Streetcar Named Desire was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Under mysterious circumstances, Blanche DuBois, a high school teacher, leaves her home in Auriol, Mississippi to travel to New Orleans to live with her sister. Blanche and Stella are all that remain of an old aristocratic family, Blanche discloses that the family estate, Belle Reve, has been lost to creditors, and that she wants to stay with Stella and Stanley for a while. Blanche seems lost and broke, with nowhere to go, Stella welcomes her with an open heart. From the start, Blanche and Stanley are wary of each other, Blanche has a soft-spoken manner, Stanley is rough and loud. His mere presence seems to threaten her, while her behavior and she is especially adroit at patronizing and criticizing Stella from the start. When interrogated about her past, struggling to be polite, Blanche says that she was married and widowed at a young age and she says that she has taken a leave of absence from her job due to her nerves. To satisfy Stanleys skepticism about the loss of the estate, Blanche hands over her papers pertaining to Belle Reve, but Stanley grabs at some of her private papers that she is holding back, and they cascade to the floor. Weeping, she gathers them all back, saying that they are poems from her dead husband and he defends himself by saying that he was just looking out for his family, and then announces that Stella is going to have a baby. Soon after her arrival, Stanley has a night with his friends where Blanche meets Mitch. His courteous manner sets him apart from Stanleys other friends and they like each other right away. This is the start of their romance, Stanley explodes in a drunken rage, striking Stella, and sending his friends running, while Blanche and Stella flee to the upstairs neighbor, Eunice
11.
A Streetcar Named Desire
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A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams that received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948. The play opened on Broadway on December 3,1947, and closed on December 17,1949, the Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Jessica Tandy, Marlon Brando, Karl Malden, and Kim Hunter. The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano, Vivien Leigh, the drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often regarded as among the finest plays of the 20th century, and is considered by many to be one of Williams greatest. Blanche is in her thirties, and with no money, she has nowhere else to go, Blanche tells Stella that she has taken a leave of absence from her English teaching position because of her nerves. Blanche laments the shabbiness of her sister’s two-room flat and she finds Stanley loud and rough, eventually referring to him as common. Stanley, in return, does not care for Blanches manners, Stanley later questions Blanche about her earlier marriage. Blanche had married when she was young, but her husband died, leaving her widowed. The memory of her dead husband causes Blanche some obvious distress, Stanley, worried that he has been cheated out of an inheritance, demands to know what happened to Belle Reve, once a large plantation and the DuBois family home. Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve, while looking at the papers, Stanley notices a bundle of letters that Blanche emotionally proclaims are personal love letters from her dead husband. For a moment, Stanley seems caught off guard over her proclaimed feelings, afterwards, he informs Blanche that Stella is going to have a baby. The night after Blanche’s arrival, during one of Stanley’s poker parties, Blanche meets Mitch and his courteous manner sets him apart from the other men. Their chat becomes flirtatious and friendly, and Blanche easily charms him, suddenly becoming upset over multiple interruptions, Stanley explodes in a drunken rage and strikes Stella. Blanche and Stella take refuge with the neighbor, Eunice. When Stanley recovers, he cries out from the courtyard below for Stella to come back by calling her name until she comes down. After Stella returns to Stanley, Blanche and Mitch sit at the bottom of the steps in the courtyard, Blanche is bewildered that Stella would go back with him after such violence. The next morning, Blanche rushes to Stella and describes Stanley as an animal, though Stella assures Blanche that she. Stanley overhears the conversation but keeps silent, when Stanley comes in, Stella hugs and kisses him, letting Blanche know that her low opinion of Stanley does not matter. As the weeks pass, Blanche and Stanley continue to not get along, Blanche has hope in Mitch, and tells Stella that she wants to go away with him and not be anyone’s problem
12.
Tennessee Williams
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Thomas Lanier Tennessee Williams III was an American playwright. Along with Eugene ONeill and Arthur Miller he is considered among the three foremost playwrights in 20th-century American drama, after years of obscurity, he became suddenly famous with The Glass Menagerie, closely reflecting his own unhappy family background. This heralded a string of successes, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and his later work attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences, and alcohol and drug dependence further inhibited his creative output. His drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often numbered on the short list of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Long Days Journey into Night, much of Williams most acclaimed work was adapted for the cinema. He also wrote stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Thomas Lanier Williams III was born in Columbus, Mississippi, of English, Welsh, and Huguenot ancestry and his father was an alcoholic traveling shoe salesman who spent much of his time away from home. Williams early childhood was spent in the parsonage there, Williams had two siblings, sister Rose Isabel Williams and brother Walter Dakin Williams. As a small child Williams suffered from a case of diphtheria which nearly ended his life, leaving him weak, at least in part as a result of his illness, he was less robust as a child than his father wished. Cornelius Williams, a descendant of hearty East Tennessee pioneer stock, had a violent temper and was a man prone to use his fists. He regarded his sons effeminacy with disdain, and his mother Edwina, locked in an unhappy marriage, many critics and historians note that Williams found inspiration for much of his writing in his own dysfunctional family. When Williams was eight years old, his father was promoted to a job at the office of the International Shoe Company in St. Louis. He attended Soldan High School, a setting he referred to in his play The Glass Menagerie, Later he studied at University City High School. At age 16, Williams won third prize for an essay published in Smart Set entitled, a year later, his short story The Vengeance of Nitocris was published in the August 1928 issue of the magazine Weird Tales. That same year he first visited Europe with his grandfather, from 1929 to 1931, he attended the University of Missouri, in Columbia, where he enrolled in journalism classes. Williams found his classes boring, however, and was distracted by his love for a girl. He was soon entering his poetry, essays, stories, and plays in writing contests and his first submitted play was Beauty Is the Word, followed by Hot Milk at Three in the Morning. As recognition for Beauty, a play about rebellion against religious upbringing, at University of Missouri, Williams joined the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers
13.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day
14.
Santa Claus
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Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt, a ghostly procession through the sky. This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, childrens books, films and he accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves, who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole, and his flying reindeer, who pull his sleigh. He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole and saying ho ho ho often, Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th-century Greek Christian bishop of Myra in Lycia, a province of the Byzantine Empire, now in Turkey. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes. He was very religious from an age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. In continental Europe he is portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes. The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy, in 1087, the Italian city of Bari mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint. The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors, a basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout. Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas skeleton, leaving all the fragments in the grave. These were collected by Venetian sailors during the First Crusade and taken to Venice, where a church to St. Nicholas, the patron of sailors, was built on the San Nicolò al Lido. This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton. Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a saint of many diverse groups, from archers, sailors. He is also the saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow. During the Middle Ages, often on the evening before his day of 6 December. So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus, martin Luther first suggested the Christkind as the bringer of gifts. But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people, Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in England during the reign of Henry VIII, when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur. He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, bringing peace, joy, good food and wine, as England no longer kept the feast day of Saint Nicholas on 6 December, the Father Christmas celebration was moved to 25 December to coincide with Christmas Day. The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of good cheer, in the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of Sinterklaas, Santas presumed progenitor
15.
Hurricane Ivan
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Hurricane Ivan was a large, long-lived, Cape Verde-type hurricane that caused widespread damage in the Caribbean and United States. The cyclone was the named storm, the sixth hurricane. Ivan formed in early September, reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, Ivan also spawned more tornadoes than any other hurricane in the Atlantic basin. After peaking in strength, the hurricane moved north-northwest across the Gulf of Mexico to strike Florida and Alabama as a strong Category 3 storm, Ivan dropped heavy rains on the Southeastern United States as it progressed northeast and east through the eastern United States, becoming an extratropical cyclone. Ivan caused an estimated US$18 billion in damages to the United States, on September 2,2004, Tropical Depression Nine formed from a large tropical wave southwest of Cape Verde. As the system moved to the west, it strengthened gradually, becoming Tropical Storm Ivan on September 3, later that day, the storm intensified rapidly, and by 5 pm EDT, Ivan became a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 125 miles per hour. The National Hurricane Center said that the strengthening of Ivan on September 5 was unprecedented at such a low latitude in the Atlantic basin. As it moved east, Ivan weakened slightly because of shear in the area. The storm passed over Grenada on September 7, battering several of the Windward Islands, as it entered the Caribbean Sea, Ivan reintensified rapidly and became a Category 5 hurricane just north of the Windward Netherlands Antilles and Aruba on September 9 with winds reaching 160 mph. Ivan weakened slightly as it moved west-northwest towards Jamaica, as Ivan approached the island late on September 10, it began a westward jog that kept the eye and the strongest winds to the south and west. However, because of its proximity to the Jamaican coast, the island was battered with hurricane-force winds for hours, after passing Cuba, Ivan resumed a more northerly track and regained Category 5 strength. Ivans strength continued to fluctuate as it moved west on September 11, Ivan reached its peak strength with a minimum central pressure of 910 millibars on September 12, making Ivan the tenth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, as of August 2007. Ivan passed through the Yucatán Channel late on September 13 while its eyewall affected the westernmost tip of Cuba, once over the Gulf of Mexico, it weakened slightly to Category 4 strength, which it maintained while approaching the Gulf Coast of the United States. Just before it made landfall in the United States, Ivans eyewall weakened considerably, around 2 am CDT September 16, Ivan made landfall on the U. S. Ivan then continued inland, maintaining hurricane strength until it was over central Alabama. Ivan weakened rapidly that evening and became a depression the same day. Ivan lost tropical characteristics on September 18 while crossing Virginia, later that day, the remnant low drifted off the U. S. mid-Atlantic coast into the Atlantic Ocean, and the low pressure disturbance continued to dump rain on the United States. On September 20, Ivans remnant surface low completed an anticyclonic loop, as it continued west across the northern Gulf of Mexico, the system reorganized and again took on tropical characteristics. On the evening of September 23, the revived Ivan made landfall near Cameron, Ivan finally dissipated on September 24 as it moved overland into Texas
16.
Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
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Canonsburg is a borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania,18 miles southwest of Pittsburgh. Canonsburg was laid out by Colonel John Canon in 1789 and incorporated in 1802, the town is in a rich coal district, and most of the towns work force once worked in local steel mills or coal mines. Canonsburgs population in 1910, including South Canonsburg, which was annexed in 1911, was 5,588, in 1920 it was 10,632, the population was 8,992 at the 2010 census. Interstate 79 and Route 19 pass through the town, as do several railroad lines, the active railroad system in Canonsburg is now The Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad. A trolley used to operate from Washington, Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh through Canonsburg until 1953, jonathan Letterman, the Father of Battlefield Medicine during the Civil War, was also born in Canonsburg. The town was the birthplace of the members of the group, The Four Coins. The town is home to Sarris Candies and is adjacent to the Southpointe office park located in Cecil Township, yenko Chevrolet, one of largest and most notorious custom muscle car shops of the late 1960s and early 1970s, was also located in Canonsburg. Canonsburg is home to the Pittsburgh Cougars and they are a United Junior Hockey League team. The Cougars home is the Iceoplex at South Pointe just outside Canonsburg, the second-largest Fourth of July parade in the state of Pennsylvania, second only to Philadelphia, is held in Canonsburg. In the weeks leading up to the parade, the town frequently gains media attention for its residents setting up folding chairs along the main street to stake claim to prime viewing areas. Canonsburg is home to an annual Oktoberfest, in the television series Supernatural, the town is said to be featured in episode 5 of season 4, taking place in the town while the Oktoberfest celebration is occurring. The borough is served by the Canon-McMillan School District, the exact date of the first settlement near the current site of Canonsburg is unclear. Colonel John Canon, a miller who also served as justice of the Virginia courts at Fort Dunmore, purchased some land from the state of Virginia around Chartiers Creek. The state had claimed what is now southwestern Pennsylvania in a dispute that would not finally be settled later in the decade. In 1781 Pennsylvania carved Washington County out of Westmoreland County, the notes of the first session of the Washington County Court during that year indicate a call for a road from Canons mill to Pittsburgh. The road to Pittsburgh, called Pitt Street, remains in part today as an archaic, the first surviving plat of the town is from April 15,1788. Lots were sold around Canons property, and the town took the name of Canonsburg shortly thereafter. Many of the participants in the Whiskey Rebellion of July 1794 were residents of present-day Washington County, some of the insurrectionists are believed to have gathered in the towns Black Horse Tavern
17.
Washington County, Pennsylvania
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Washington County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 207,820, the county was created on March 28,1781, from part of Westmoreland County. The city and county were named after American Revolutionary War leader George Washington, who eventually became the first President of the United States. Washington County is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county is home to Washington County Airport, located three miles southwest of Washington, Pennsylvania. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 861 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 202,897 people,81,130 households, the population density was 237 people per square mile. There were 87,267 housing units at a density of 102 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 27% White,3. 26% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 0. 82% from two or more races. 0. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 3% were of German,17. 2% Italian,10. 6% Irish,8. 6% English,7. 9% Polish and 6. 2% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 27. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 22. 20% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 20% from 25 to 44,25. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 92.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.00 males, as of 1800, this county was largely settled by people of Scot-Irish heritage because prime lands were already taken by the Germans and the Quakers. The County of Washington is governed by a publicly elected commission. The three commissioners serve in both executive and legislative capacities, by state law, the commission must have a minority party guaranteeing a political split on the commission. Each term is for four years, maggi lost to Murphy and earned only 36 percent of the vote. Irey was the Republican candidate for Pennsylvanias 12th congressional district and lost to the late Democratic incumbent John Murtha in the 2006 election, the Washington County Court of Common Pleas, the Twenty-Seventh Judicial District of Pennsylvania, is the state trial court, sitting in and for Washington County. It serves as the court of jurisdiction for the region
18.
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
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PHMC was established June 6,1945, by state Act No. 446, merging the Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Pennsylvania State Museum, as of April 2014, the chairman is Andrew Masich and the executive director is James Vaughan. Powell, Richard M. Sand, Joseph B, scarnati III, Senator, Carolyn Dumaresq, ex officio, Acting Secretary of Education. PHMC Mission, The PHMC works in partnership with others to preserve the Commonwealths natural and cultural heritage as a steward, teacher and advocate for the people of Pennsylvania and the nation. PHMC Vision, The PHMC enriches peoples lives by helping them to understand Pennsylvanias past, to appreciate the present, the PHMC administers the Historical Marker Program, which installs bronze plaques to commemorate individuals, events, and landmarks throughout the state. The program was launched in 1914 by the Pennsylvania Historical Commission, the signs were redesigned in 1945–46 to make them easier to read from a passing car. The PHMC has posted criteria for inclusion for new markers and accepts marker proposals from the public, PHMC also publishes Pennsylvania Heritage magazine in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation. S
19.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
20.
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
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The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest daily newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It has won six Pulitzer Prizes since 1938, the Post-Gazette began its history as a four-page weekly called The Pittsburgh Gazette, first published on July 29,1786 with the encouragement of Hugh Henry Brackenridge. It was the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains, published by Joseph Hall and John Scull, the paper covered the start of the nation. As one of its first major articles, the Gazette published the newly adopted Constitution of the United States, in 1820, under publishers Eichbaum and Johnston and editor Morgan Neville, the name changed to Pittsburgh Gazette and Manufacturing and Mercantile Advertiser. David MacLean bought the paper in 1822, and later reverted to the former title, craig, whose service lasted from 1829 to 1841, the Gazette championed the Anti-Masonic movement. Craig turned the Gazette into the citys first daily paper, issued every afternoon except Sunday starting on July 30,1833, in 1844, shortly after absorbing the Advocate, the Gazette switched its daily issue time to morning. Its editorial stance at the time was conservative and strongly favoring the Whig party, by the 1850s the Gazette was credited with helping to organize a local chapter of the new Republican Party, and with contributing to the election of Abraham Lincoln. The paper was one of the first to suggest tensions between North and South would erupt in war, after consolidating with the Commercial in 1877, the paper was again renamed and was then known as the Commercial Gazette. In 1900, George T. Oliver acquired the paper, merging it six years later with The Pittsburg Times to form The Gazette Times, the Pittsburgh Post first appeared on September 10,1842, as the Daily Morning Post. It had its origin in three pro-Democratic weeklies, the Mercury, Allegheny Democrat, and American Manufacturer, which came together through a pair of mergers in the early 1840s, the three papers had for years engaged in bitter editorial battles with the Gazette. Like its predecessors, the Post advocated the policies of the Democratic Party and its political opposition to the Whig and later Republican Gazette was so enduring that an eventual combination of the two rivals would have seemed unlikely. The 1920s were a time of consolidation in the long-overcrowded Pittsburgh newspaper market, in 1923, local publishers banded together to acquire and kill off the Dispatch and Leader. After swapping the Sun in return for Hearsts Gazette Times, Block had both morning papers, which he combined to form the Post-Gazette, hearst united the evening papers, creating the Sun-Telegraph. Both new papers debuted on August 2,1927, in 1960, Pittsburgh had three daily papers, the Post-Gazette in the morning, and the Pittsburgh Press and the Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph in the evening and on Sunday. The Post-Gazette bought the Sun-Telegraph and moved into the Sun-Telegraphs Grant Street offices, the Post-Gazette tried to publish a Sunday paper to compete with the Sunday Press but it was not profitable, rising costs in general were challenging the companys bottom line. In November 1961, the Post-Gazette entered into an agreement with the Pittsburgh Press Company to combine their production, the Post-Gazette owned and operated its own news and editorial departments, but production and distribution of the paper was handled by the larger Press office. This agreement stayed in place for over 30 years, the agreement gave the Post-Gazette a new home in the Press building, a comfortable upgrade from the hated Sun-Telly barn. Constructed for the Press in 1927 and expanded with a wall in 1962
21.
Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation
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Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation is a non-profit educational institution in Washington, Pennsylvania. Its purpose is to encourage and assist the preservation of historic structures in Washington County, the foundation operates its own landmark certification process, as well as working with the National Park Service to document and place landmarks on the National Register of Historic Places. It also offers advice and assistance for building owners who wish to preserve their facilities. Since its inception, the foundation has been successful in helping many historic building owners in the preservation of their structures, for a number of years, the foundation has been in conflict with Washington & Jefferson College. For the next 30 years, the college maintained a policy of purchasing any homes in that area as they became available, the college opposed the designation but did not object in time to prevent it. According to College President Howard J. Burnett, the district was structured to prevent expansion of the college, Burnett maintained that the expansion was beneficial to the community and that the opposition came from a small and non-representative group on Wade Avenue. He also questioned the value of many of the designated homes, pointing out that many of them were in very poor shape. As of 1995, the college owned about 30 properties listed in the historic district, in the end, efforts to block the demolition of these buildings, including several which were part of the historic district, were unsuccessful. Notably, one 140-year-old farm house at 137 South Wade Street, in 2009, the foundation sponsored an architectural survey of buildings in the African American areas of Washington. National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Pennsylvania List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Washington County
22.
David Bradford House
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The David Bradford House is a historic house museum at 175 South Main Street in Washington, Pennsylvania. Completed in 1788, it was the home of David Bradford and it has both architectural and historic importance, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1983. It is open weekly between April and November, or by appointment, the house was built by David Bradford, a successful lawyer and deputy attorney-general for Washington County, Pennsylvania who would later become a leader in the Whiskey Rebellion. It was the first stone house on South Main Street in Washington, Pennsylvania in 1788, the two-story building was built in the Georgian style, with dressed stone four-bay windows. The house has side hall entry with a fanlight transom, the stairway was solid mahogany, the mantel-pieces and other interior furnishings, imported from Philadelphia, were transported across the Alleghenies at considerable expense. While restoring the house a secret passage was discovered leading to a nearby ravine. This tunnel was used as an escape route in the event of an attack on the house. Bradford and his family occupied the only for 6 years, until 1794. By the 1930s, the building was in such disrepair that Charles Morse Stotz did not include the building in his The Early Architecture of Western Pennsylvania, however, by the books 2nd printing in 1966, Stotz himself has led the rehabilitation. Among other extensive modifications, a storefront had added to the house, in 1953, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the building. In 1959, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission assumed control of the house and they installed furnishings of that time in Pennsylvania that they felt reflected Bradfords place in society. A management agreement was signed in 1982, turning the management of the Bradford House over to the Bradford House Historical Association, the museum is open from early May through mid December, giving group tours and hosting other special events. The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1983 and it is also designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Pennsylvania Official site, The Bradford House Online Bradford House
23.
East Washington Historic District
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The East Washington Historic District is a historic district in East Washington, Pennsylvania that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is designated as a district by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. In 1984, the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation succeeded in having a section of East Washington consisting of 120 Victorian houses added to the National Register of Historic Places, Washington & Jefferson College was opposed to the designation, but filed an objection too late in the proceedings. College President Howard J. Burnett said that the district was structured to prevent expansion of the college, at issue was the colleges plan to expand eastward towards the Wade Avenue area, a plan that was developed in the 1968 Master Plan. Since then, the college has had a policy of purchasing homes in that area when they become available, the college has purchased and demolished a number of buildings listed in the historic district, including 308,314 and 322 E. Wheeling Street, which way for the Burnett Center. A 140-year-old farm house at 137 South Wade Street was acquired by the college in 1977 after being vacant for several years, as of 1995, the college owned about 30 properties listed in the historic district. National Register nomination form Media related to East Washington Historic District at Wikimedia Commons
24.
F. Julius LeMoyne House
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F. Julius LeMoyne House is a historic house in Washington, Pennsylvania. It was used as a stop on the Underground Railroad, the house was built in 1812 by Dr. John LeMoyne. His son, Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne, a noted abolitionist and builder of the LeMoyne Crematory, first crematory in the United States, both Doctors LeMoyne used it as an office and pharmacy. It is a stone house built in the Greek Revival style. The front features two doorways, to allow for private and professional uses, and two porticoes, one with columns and the other with pilasters. Long, narrow windows were added at a later date. In 1953, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a marker noting the historic importance of the house. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997 and it is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. The house, which is home to the Washington County Historical Society, is operated as a house museum by the Society. The house contains period artifacts and is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne, list of Underground Railroad sites Washington County Historical Society, The LeMoyne House & Dr. Francis Julius LeMoyne LeMoyne House at Aboard the Underground Railroad web site
25.
LeMoyne Crematory
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The LeMoyne Crematory was the first crematory in the United States. The first cremation took place on December 6,1876, LeMoyne believed that cremation was a more sanitary way to dispose of bodies, preventing the contamination of drinking water. After 41 more cremations there, the crematory was closed in 1901 and it is a brick 20 x 30 one-story building. Dr. Francis LeMoyne believed that cremation was a more sanitary way to dispose of bodies, the structure was built in 1876, with the first cremation took place on December 6,1876. Baron Joseph Henry Louis Charles De Palm, an impoverished Bavarian noble, was the first person to be cremated here, after 41 more cremations there, the crematory was closed in 1901. The final cremation had occurred the prior, on November 28,1900. In 1953, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a marker noting the historic importance of the tavern. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16,1996 and it is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. Today, the structure can be found in the location off of South Main Street. The Washington County Historical Society occasionally offers limited tours
26.
McMillan Hall
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McMillan Hall is a building on the campus of Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. Built in 1793, it is the surviving building from Washington Academy. It is the eighth-oldest academic building in the United States that is still in use for its original purpose and is the oldest surviving college building west of the Allegheny Mountains. The building is situated on the corner of South Lincoln Street and East Wheeling Street in Washington and it is 120 feet by 40 feet in size. McMillan Hall is named after College founder and Presbyterian missionary John McMillan, throughout its history, McMillan has also been known as the Old College, the Academy Building, and the Administration Building. It is currently home to offices, including the Office of Communications. The Colleges ceremonial mace is carved from the wooden pillars. In 1977, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register described its historical importance as a unique variation of a Western Pennsylvania stone building, calling it irreplaceable on a regional or national level. In 1793, the Trustees of Washington Academy authorized the construction of a new building, the 2-story stone building was ready for occupation in 1797. Two wings and a portico were added in 1818, allowing the building to house dormitories, in 1900, the building was saved from planned demolition by a benefactor who insisted that it be preserved. In order to make room for the library, it was moved 40 feet towards Lincoln Street. The building was remodeled in 1912 to house administrative offices, in 1928, the north wing, which had been used as student housing, was remodeled to create office space. At various times, the basement housed a hall, a lunch counter, classrooms. It was restored to its 18th-century appearance in the late 1980s and it is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. In 1791, a fire destroyed the original log Washington County Courthouse, the foundation and walls of that building were finished in the fall of that year. On March 4,1794, the Trustees entered into a contract with William Sherrard to complete the stone building and it is believed that the building had an external staircase, but this is unclear. The building was placed into use for the first time on April 10,1797, in addition to having a library and a reading room for students, the main hall was used as a Presbyterian place of worship. On March 28,1806, Washington Academy was chartered as Washington College, a decade later, on June 24,1816, the Colleges Committee of Buildings began planning to expand the building by adding two wings and a two-story portico with four Tuscan columns
27.
Sackville House
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The Sackville House was a historic building in East Washington, Pennsylvania. It was located at 309 East Wheeling Street in Washington, Pennsylvania before it was demolished in 1980, the 17-room building was constructed in 1884 by John Vester. Ownership of the passed to Vesters nephew Leo Sackville in 1943. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 21,1976, by the late 1970s, the building had been converted to 3 apartments. Sackvilles widow later sold the building to the Washington & Jefferson College, as the colleges plans for the buildings demolition progressed, the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation and the college discussed the possibility of preserving the building. However, zoning issues with East Washington, the projected $40,000 costs of moving, by 1982, the Olin Fine Arts Center was completed. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commissions Bureau for Historic Preservation was notified of the demolition on June 1,2010. It was formally de-listed from the National Register of Historic Places on August 24,2010 and it continues to be designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. Media related to Sackville House at Wikimedia Commons
28.
Trinity High School (Washington, Pennsylvania)
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Trinity High School is a public high school located on a hilltop overlooking the city of Washington, Pennsylvania, in the United States. Its bell tower has been a landmark in Washington County for years and it is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. The school was once a military academy frequented by former president Ulysses S. Grant. Today, Trinity is a public school housing approximately 1,279 students in grades 9–12 on a campus style setting. Trinity Hall, the core of the campus, dates back to 1857. The building was purchased in 1879, and turned into the Trinity Hall Military Academy, the building was sold in 1925 to establish a public high school. The building has expanded and renamed, but the core of the 150-year-old original structure remains. Trinity High School offers 13 Advanced Placement classes and two languages and these language courses include classes from level one to level five honors. There are elective and core subjects in the areas of arts, music, business, English, science, history, mathematics, social studies, in 2011, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new,4 year cohort graduation rate. Trinity School Districts graduation rate was calculated to be 85% for 2010, the math achievement fell below the State AYP goal of 67% for Math and below the statewide 11th grade achievement level of 60% on grade level. In 2010, the school achieved AYP status, in 2011, the 11th grade ranked 40th among 122 western Pennsylvania school district 11th grades, for academic achievement as measured by five years of the PSSAs. 11th Grade Reading 2011 – 70% on grade level, State –69. 1% of 11th graders are on grade level. State – 66%2009 – 74%, State – 65%2008 – 75%, State – 65%2007 – 82%, in Pennsylvania,60. 3% of 11th graders are on grade level. State – 53% 11th grade science 2011 – 40% on grade level, State – 40% of 11th graders were on grade level. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a college in Pennsylvania. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing a degree, only one in three graduate in three years. The high school offers the Pennsylvania Dual Enrollment program and this state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. The students continue to have access to activities and programs at their high school
29.
Washington Armory
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The Washington Armory is a former Pennsylvania National Guard armory in Washington, Pennsylvania. It was designed by W. G. Wilkins Company and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9,1991. It is designated as a historic landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. The armory was sold by the Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs to an individual in 1997. It was converted into a banquet hall
30.
Washington County Courthouse (Pennsylvania)
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The Washington County Courthouse is located in on Main Street in downtown Washington, Pennsylvania, United States, and is still in operation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30,1974 and it is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. On April 14,1980 during the Presidential primary, Vice President Walter Mondale visited the courthouse for a campaign rally, National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Pennsylvania National Register nomination form Media related to Washington County Courthouse at Wikimedia Commons
31.
The Meadows Racetrack and Casino
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The Meadows Racetrack and Casino is a standardbred harness racing track and slot machine casino in North Strabane Township, Pennsylvania, United States, about 25 miles south of Pittsburgh. It is owned by Gaming and Leisure Properties and operated by Pinnacle Entertainment, in November 1962, ground was broken for the first parimutuel horse racing track in Western Pennsylvania. The track opened on June 28,1963 and was operated by the Washington Trotting Association, the Washington Trotting Association was purchased in February 1973 by a group including famous trainer/driver Delvin Miller. Millers imprint still exists on the track today, with The Meadows most prestigious race bearing his name, in 2009, the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission erected a historical marker at The Meadows to note Millers historic importance. The Meadows introduced two significant technological advancements in 1983, Call-A-Bet and the Meadows Racing Network, Call-A-Bet allowed users to create individual wagering accounts and phone in wagers for races. In conjunction, the Meadows Racing Network telecast each days live races and was distributed to cable providers. The telecast also included a preview show hosted by track announcer Roger Huston. The track used a campaign to promote the services with the slogan Every 16 minutes the place goes crazy. Pittsburgh lawyer Stuart A. Williams purchased the track in 1986, the company changed the name to Ladbroke at the Meadows and opened a series of off-track betting parlors named Ladbrokes. The first opened in New Castle, Pennsylvania, United States in June 1990, locations followed in Greensburg, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Harmar Township, Moon, and West Mifflin. The Greensburg location was closed in 2000 following the decline and eventual vacancy of the Greengate shopping mall at which it was located, the Johnstown, Pennsylvania location was later sold to the Penn National Gaming corporation in July 1998. All other locations currently remain operational, Magna Entertainment Corp leased the track from Ladbroke in 2001. The Meadows was also featured on HRTV, a television station part-owned by Magna. The OTB names were changed to The Meadows-location, another Greensburg OTB location was opened in 2004 but closed in 2007. The Meadows-West Mifflin also closed it doors in April 2012, las Vegas based Cannery Casino Resorts purchased the track in July 2006. Magna was retained to operate the track under a management contract. In December 2007 Crown Limited, an Australian company, agreed to purchase both Cannerys casino assets as well as The Meadows, however, in March 2009 Crown backed out of the deal. In May 2014, Cannery agreed to sell The Meadows to Gaming, GLPI said that it would retain ownership of the real estate, while a third-party company would operate the facility
32.
Olin Art Gallery
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Washington & Jefferson College is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, which is located in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. These two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College, the campus, the historic entrances of which are marked by brick gates, has over 40 buildings. The oldest surviving building is McMillan Hall, which dates to 1793 and is the oldest college building west of the Allegheny Mountains, the main academic building is Old Main, which is topped with two prominent towers. The Old Gym houses an exercise facility. McIlvaine Hall, which was home to a female seminary, was demolished in 2008. The Olin Fine Arts Center is a 488-seat auditorium, Davis Memorial Hall was once a dormitory and private house. The Thistle Physics Building, the Lazear Chemistry Hall, and the Dieter-Porter Life Sciences Building all cater to the scientific curriculum, the Burnett Center and its sister building, the Technology Center, were built in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The first dormitory on campus was Hays Hall, Wade House, Carriage House, and Whitworth House are Victorian homes housing older students. The recently constructed Chestnut Street Housing complex provides housing for the colleges Greek organizations, the Presidents Row is a cluster of ten buildings in the center of campus, several of which are dedicated to theme housing. Two sister dormitories, New Residence Hall and Bica-Ross Hall, feature suite-style living arrangements, Mellon Hall and Upperclass Hall house male freshmen. Other dormitories include Alexander Hall, Beau Hall, Marshall Hall, North Hall, the college administration utilizes several buildings, including the Admissions House, the Alumni House, and the President’s House, which are all modified Victorian homes. The U. Grant Miller Library is the library, its predecessor. The Hub, The Commons, and the Rossin Campus Center provide recreational, the athletic and intramural teams utilize Cameron Stadium for football and track. The Henry Memorial Center is used for basketball, wrestling, swimming, other athletic facilities include Brooks Park, Ross Memorial Park and Alexandre Stadium, and the Janet L. Swanson Tennis Courts. The modern campus of Washington & Jefferson College is located in the City of Washington, the 60-acre campus is home to more than 40 academic, administrative, recreational, and residential buildings. The northern edge of campus is bound by East Walnut Street, the edge by South College Street, the southern edge by East Maiden Street. Portions of the campus extend into the East Washington Historic District, four historic gates mark four traditional entrances to campus at East Maiden Street, Wheeling Street, South College Street, and Beau Street. That brick gate opens to a path leading to Old Main
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Washington City Transit
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Freedom Transit is the designation for the public transit agency providing bus services in the urbanized portion of central and northern Washington County, Pennsylvania. Local Hopper bus routes are designed to serve Washington, Pennsylvania, an edge city, the fourth route, the Metro bus route, is the centerpiece of the system, providing access from the Washington County suburbs to Downtown Pittsburgh. The Metro bus route stops in Washington, Houston and Canonsburg, serving central and northern Washington County. The Metro service also stops at designated park and ride locations, more limited bus service is offered on Saturdays, with service to the South Hills T Transit Center. In July 2015, Washington City Transit merged into the Washington County Transportation Authority, the combined agency now operates bus service using the name Freedom Transit. washingtoncitytransit. com Twitter, @WashPATransit
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Washington County Airport (Pennsylvania)
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Washington County Airport is three miles southwest of Washington in South Franklin Township, Pennsylvania. It is owned and operated by Washington County and is in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, most U. S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Washington County Airport is AFJ to the FAA and WSG to the IATA. At one time, it hosted memorials for DeLloyd Thompson, an early pilot from Washington County. In 2013 and 2014, Clay Kilgore, executive director of the Washington County Historical Society, the airport covers 365 acres and has 37 T-hangars, seven corporate hangars and seven businesses that employ about thirty people. It has an electronic guidance system consisting of a Localizer, Distance Measuring Equipment. The non-precision approach is available as well, the airport also has a Remote Communications Outlet and an Automated Surface Observing System. The first Instrument Landing System approved by the Federal Aviation Administration that was added in 2003, the airport is home to 94 aircraft,70 single engine,17 multi engine, five jet and two helicopters. The airport sees about 110 operations per day, roughly 60% of Washington County Airports traffic is local general aviation while 24% is general transportation. 17% of the operations are air charter while less than 1% is military use
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Washington & Jefferson College
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Washington & Jefferson College, also known as W & J College or W&J, is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, in the United States, which is 30 mi south of Pittsburgh. These two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College, the 60-acre campus, located in Washington, Pennsylvania, has more than 40 buildings, with the oldest dating to 1793. The colleges academic emphasis is on the arts and the sciences, with a focus on preparing students for graduate. Campus activities include religious, political, and general interest clubs, as well as academic. The college has a history of competing literary societies, dating back before the union of Jefferson and Washington Colleges. Students operate a radio station, a campus newspaper. The athletic program competes in NCAA Division III, the football team has been particularly successful over its history, even competing in the 1922 Rose Bowl. A large majority of students participate in intramural athletics, nearly all students live on campus and roughly one third are members of fraternities or sororities. Washington & Jefferson College traces its origin to three log cabin colleges established by three clergymen in the 1780s, John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith. John McMillan, the most prominent of the three founders because of his personality and longevity, came to the area in 1775. Thaddeus Dod, known as a scholar, built his log cabin college in Lower Ten Mile in 1781. Joseph Smith taught classical studies in his college, called The Study, Washington Academy was chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly on September 24,1787. The first members of the board of trustees included Reverends Dod, amid financial difficulties and unrest from the Whiskey Rebellion, the Academy held no classes from 1791 to 1796. In 1792, the Academy secured four lots at Wheeling and Lincoln street from William Hoge, during the Whiskey Rebellion, portions of David Bradfords militia camped on a hillside that would later become home to the unified Washington & Jefferson College. At a subsequent unknown date, McMillan transferred his students from the log cabin to Canonsburg Academy, on January 15,1802, with McMillan as president of the board, the General Assembly finally granted a charter for a college at Canonsburgh. In 1802, Canonsburg Academy was reconstituted as Jefferson College, with John McMillan serving as the first President of the Board of Trustees, in 1806, Matthew Brown petitioned the Pennsylvania General Assembly to grant Washington Academy a charter, allowing it to be re-christened as Washington College. In 1817, a disagreement over an agreement for unification erupted into The College War. In the ensuing years, both began to undertake risky financial moves, especially over-selling scholarships
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Washington Female Seminary
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The Washington Female Seminary was a Presbyterian seminary for women operating from 1836 to 1948 in Washington, Pennsylvania. During the 19th century, it was one of the best known, the Washington Female Seminary was part of a larger Female seminary movement. Creation of this institution began in 1835 and the Seminary opened 1 year later in 1836. The two founders were abolitionist Francis Julius LeMoyne and Alexander Reed and it was formally chartered by the legislature in 1839. The first principal was Mrs. Francis Biddle of Philadelphia, who left in 1840, miss Nancy Sherrard followed as Principal. By 1886, attendance hovered around 100 to 150 students, the curriculum included both a preparatory course, which generally gained admission to the finest womens colleges, and a regular course, with studies in music, art, and elocution. It was one of the few schools taught the Bible from a literary point of view. Rebecca Harding Davis, who graduated in 1848, is its most famous graduate, in April 2013, a historical marker in Davis honor was placed near Swanson Science Center, the site of the former McIlvaine Hall/Washington Female Seminary. The effort to place the marker there was led by Washington & Jefferson College English professor, john Leighton Stewart served as a trustee. After the Seminary closed, its building was purchased by Washington & Jefferson College, Female seminary Female education in the United States Creigh, Alfred. Media related to Washington Female Seminary at Wikimedia Commons
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Trinity Area School District
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Trinity Area School District is a public school district located near Washington in southwestern Pennsylvania. It serves the Pittsburgh exurbs of Canton Township, South Strabane Township, Trinity Area encompasses approximately 87 square miles. According to 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 25,591, by 2010, the Districts population increased to 26,072 people. The educational attainment levels for the Trinity Area School District population were 88% high school graduates and 22. 8% college graduates, Trinity Area School District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania and one of 15 public school districts operating in Washington County. In 2013 the Pennsylvania Department of Education, reported that 11 students in the Trinity Area School District were homeless, in 2009, Trinity Area School District residents per capita income was $19,473, while the median family income was $48,310. In the Commonwealth, the family income was $49,501. In Washington County, the household income was $53,693. By 2013, the household income in the United States rose to $52,100. In 2014, the household income in the USA was $53,700. According to District officials, by 2011-12, the Districts enrollment had declined to 3,225 pupils, Trinity Area School District employed,251 teachers,148 full-time and part-time support personnel, and sixteen administrators during the 2011-12 school year. The District received $18.4 million in funding in the 2011-12 school year. The district operates six schools, Trinity North Elementary, Trinity East Elementary, Trinity South Elementary School, Trinity West Elementary School, Trinity Middle School and Trinity High School. High school students may choose to attend the Western Area Career Technology Center for training in the construction and mechanical trades, the history of the school district dates back to the 1850s when Joseph McKnight built a home on top of a hill overlooking the city of Washington, Pennsylvania. This home came to be called Spring Hill, rev. John Barret Kerfoot, newly elected Bishop of Pittsburgh and former president of Trinity College, Hartford, wanted a school modeled after St. James School in Maryland. The Episcopalian school for boys shifted from its emphasis on religious. Trinity Hall Military Academy became one of the best equipped military schools for boys in the country, the Smith family owned the property after McKnight and welcomed President Ulysses S. Grant to stay there on several occasions. It had to be expanded in 1881 due to the number of students had increased. After the death of William Smith in 1904, the school closed due to lack of funding and it reopened in 1925 as a joint venture of Amwell, Canton, North Franklin, and South Strabane Townships to establish the building as a public high school
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Washington School District
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The Washington School District is a small, urban, public school district in Washington County, Pennsylvania. It serves the city of Washington, Pennsylvania and the borough of East Washington, the district encompasses approximately 9 square miles. According to 2000 local census data, it serves a resident population of 15,268, in 2009, the district residents per capita income was $16,837, while the median family income was $37,613. According to Washington School District officials, in the school year 2005–06, Washington School District employed 161 teachers,80 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 8 administrators. The district runs four schools, a school, an intermediary school, a middle school. Washington School District was ranked 435th out of 500 Pennsylvania school districts in 2011 by the Pittsburgh Business Times, the ranking was based on five years of student academic performance on the PSSAs for math, reading, writing and three years of science. 2010 – 452nd 2009 – 444th 2008 – 422nd 2007 – 456th of 501 school districts, the study found the 11th grade math average increased almost 59 percentage points on the test. In 2009, the achievement, of the students in the Washington School District, was in the 5th percentile among all 500 Pennsylvania school districts Scale In 2011. In 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, Washington School Districts graduation rate was calculated to be 47% for 2010, when just 87 students in a cohort of 183 students graduated on time. According to traditional graduation rate calculations 2010 – 87%2009 – 86%2008 – 78%2007 – 78% In 2011, in 2010, the school was in School Improvement II AYP status. PSSA results 11th grade reading 2011 - 63% on grade level, State -69. 1% of 11th graders are on grade level. State - 66%2009 – 66%, State – 65%2008 – 59%, State – 65%2007 – 69%, State – 65% 11th grade math 2011 - 61%, in Pennsylvania,60. 3% of 11th graders are on grade level. State – 53% 11th grade science 2011 - 37% on grade level, State - 40% of 11th graders were on grade level. State – 39% of 11th graders were on grade level, less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelors degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing a degree, only one in three graduate in three years. The high school offers the Pennsylvania dual enrollment program and this state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. The students continue to have access to activities and programs at their high school. The college credits are offered at a discounted rate
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Cameron Coca-Cola
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Cameron Coca-Cola Bottling Co. was a large Coca-Cola Bottling company in Washington, Pennsylvania. The company was founded in 1889 as Cameron Flavorings, in the early 1900s, the company began a relationship with Coca-Cola. The company had plants in Washington, Pennsylvania, Houston, Pennsylvania, Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1996, the companys facilities were converted to natural gas with a $124,000 grant by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. The company operated by purchasing the syrup from Coca-Cola, mixed it, by the late 1990s, Cameron Coca Cola was 10th largest Coke bottler and the second longest family-run Coke bottler in the nation. The company had a number of deals with local districts where they paid thousands of dollars for exclusive rights to sell Coke on school premises. The deal with Hampton Township School District paid the district $40,000 over the seven years, the deal with Upper St. Clair School District paid the district $50,000 over five years. There was another exclusive deal with Woodland Hills School District, Cameron Coca-Cola sponsored championship harness racing at The Meadows Racetrack and Casino. The company was also a sponsor of the Pittsburgh-Allegheny County Fair. The patriarch of the Cameron Family, Wilfred Cameron, died in 1999, the Cameron family have been closely connected to Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania for several decade. A number of Camerons attended the college, with three individuals serving on the Board of Trustees, winnie Cameron, who served on the board of trustees, has been awarded the Alumni Distinguished Service Award and an honorary degree. In 1999, the family donated $2.65 million, one of the top 5 donations in the history, to redesign and expand College Field. They also funded the digital scoreboard at Henry Memorial Center and Ross Memorial Park, in 2006, the family was awarded the Robert M. Murphy Award and inducted into the W&J Athletic Hall of Fame. In 1998, Cameron Coca-Cola Bottling was purchased by Coca-Cola Enterprises, the deal, which coincided with the purchase of five other Coke bottlers, was part of a play by Coca-Cola Enterprises to consolidate Cokes distribution chain amid the Cola Wars against Pepsi. All told, the six deals cost Coca-Cola Enterprises $770 million in stock, cash, debt, there, the company built a wine bottling plant in Washington State. The 175, 000-square-foot facility, which cost $109M to build and it became the largest such plant to be operated on an eco-friendly basis, with hydroelectric-powered electric furnace using the Northwest waterways of the Columbia River. The plant provided wine bottles for a number of Washington wines, production was later resumed under new ownership through a court-ordered sale in 2010
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Duncan & Miller Glass Company
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Duncan & Miller Glass Company was a well-known glass manufacturing company in Washington, Pennsylvania. Items that were produced by the company are known as Duncan glass or Duncan Miller glass, the company was founded in 1865 by George Duncan with his two sons and son-in-law in the South Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. By 1890, the company joined other companies to form the United States Glass Company. In 1892, the factory was destroyed in a fire, after the fire, the second generation of the Duncan family moved operations to Washington, Pennsylvania. In 1900, John Ernest Miller, the companys long-time designer, by 1955, economic pressures from machine-produced glass forced the company to sell off its assets to the US Glass Company, who continued to produce Duncan-style glass until 1980. In 1865, George Duncan purchased the Ripley & Company glass factory at 10th and Carson Streets in the South Side neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Ripley, a former business partner of Duncan. The factory was located adjacent to the Monongahela River, which provided access to transportation. A new company, George Duncan & Sons, was formed by Duncan, his sons Harry B. Duncan and James E. Duncan, and Augustus H. Heisey, who was married to Georges daughter Susan. In 1874, John Ernest Miller, a 20-year veteran of the manufacturing industry. He was previously the foreman of the shop at King, Son. The addition of Miller proved to be fortuitous, because Millers designs over the next 52 years became internationally famous, in 1877, George Duncan died and James E. Duncan took control of the company. In 1890, the United States Glass Company formed a glass trust that included the Duncan & Miller operation, in 1892, their factory was destroyed by fire, relieving the company of their trust relationship. After the fire, son-in-law Augustus Heisey left the company to begin his own manufacturing operation in Newark. Construction of the plant, which featured a 16 Pot Deep Eye furnace, was finished on January 3,1893, the first pattern produced in the new facility was the well-known Mitchell pattern. On November 15,1900, the firm was incorporated as Duncan and Miller Glass Company. The company abruptly ceased operations on June 13,1955, by then, modern assembly lines and glassmaking machinery caused hand made glass to be uneconomical. The remaining inventory was sold at reduced prices, causing glass collectors to travel hundreds of miles to purchase the final pieces. The molds and equipment were sold to the US Glass Company, a number of Duncan employees also joined US Glass Company in Tiffin
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Millcraft Investments
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Millcraft Industries, Inc. is a real estate and development company based in the Pittsburgh suburb of Cecil Township, Pennsylvania. Millcraft began as a production company before expanding into real estate. In 2005, following a deal with Hilton Hotels and a commercial real estate business. The company has a presence in Western Pennsylvania. In 2012, the Wall Street Journal praised Millcrafts River Vue apartment building as being part of a push for livability in Downtown Pittsburgh. In 2008, Millcraft CFO Brian Walker, won the Pittsburgh Business Times CFO of the Year award in the Large private company category, the award was largely the result of Walkers ability to use the New Markets Tax Credit Program to finance previously impossible projects in Downtown Pittsburgh. In March 2009, Millcraft purchased the Pittsburgh State Office Building, the sale was criticized by Pennsylvania State Auditor General Jack Wagner, who noted that the $4.6 million sale price was half its appriased value. He said that the plan would cost the taxpayers nearly $55 million in leases to move workers to other buildings. The company owns and developed the Southpointe complex and The Crossroads Project, a $100 Million renovation of the streets of Downtown Washington, Pennsylvania
