1.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
2.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
3.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
4.
California in the American Civil War
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The State of California did not send its units east, but many citizens traveled east and joined the Union Army there, some of whom became famous. Californias Volunteers also conducted operations against the native peoples within the state and in the other Western territories of the Departments of the Pacific. Following the Gold Rush, California was settled primarily by Midwestern and Southern farmers, miners, Democrats dominated the state from its foundation. In the beginning of 1861, as the crisis began, the secessionists in San Francisco made an attempt to separate the state and Oregon from the union. Patriotic fervor swept California after the attack on Fort Sumter, providing the manpower for Volunteer Regiments recruited mainly from the counties in the north of the State. When the Democratic party split over the war, Republican supporters of Lincoln took control of the state in the September elections, Volunteer Regiments were sent to occupy pro-secessionist Southern California and Tulare County, leaving them generally powerless during the war itself. However some Southerners traveled east to join the Confederate Army, evading Union patrols, others remaining in the state attempted to outfit a privateer to prey on coastal shipping, and late in the war two groups of partisan rangers were formed but none was successful. When California was admitted as a state under the Compromise of 1850, as a result, Southerners in Congress voted against admission in 1850 while Northerners pushed it through, pointing to its population of 93,000 and its vast wealth in gold. Northern California, which was dominated by mining, shipping, and commercial elites of San Francisco, in the 1856 presidential election, California gave its electoral votes to the winner, James Buchanan. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature, weller, approved overwhelmingly by voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado and sent to Washington, D. C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However the secession crisis following the election of Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote. In 1860 California gave a plurality of 38,733 votes to Abraham Lincoln, whose 32% of the total vote was enough to win all its electoral votes. During the secession crisis following Lincolns election, Federal troops were under the command of Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston, in Benicia, General Johnston strongly believed in the Southern right to secede but regretted that it was occurring. A group of Southern sympathizers in the state plans to secede with Oregon to form a Pacific Republic. The success of their plans rested on the cooperation of General Johnston and he told them to tell this to their Southern friends. Deprived of his aid the plans for California and Oregon to secede from the United States never came to fruition, meanwhile, Union men feared Johnston would aid such a plot and communicated their fears to Washington asking for his replacement. Brig. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner was soon sent west via Panama to replace Johnston in March 1861, Johnston resigned his commission on April 9, and after Sumner arrived on April 25 turned over his command and moved with his family to Los Angeles. He would soon travel with other Southerners across New Mexico Territory to Texas and he died at the Battle of Shiloh
5.
Connecticut in the American Civil War
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Several Connecticut politicians played significant roles in the Federal government and helped shape its policies during the war and the subsequent Reconstruction. Slavery in Connecticut had been phased out beginning in 1797 with less than 100 slaves in Connecticut by 1820, slavery was not completely outlawed, however. The state, along with the rest of New England, had voted for Republican presidential candidate John C, Frémont in the 1856 presidential election, giving the Pathfinder all 6 electoral votes. The Republicans opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, and Connecticut residents embraced their slogan Free speech, free press, free soil, free men, Frémont, four years later, once again Connecticut favored the Republican candidate, this time Illinois lawyer Abraham Lincoln. Residents cast 58. 1% of their ballots for Lincoln, versus 20. 6% for Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas and 19. 2% for Southern Democrat John C, a handful of voters favored John Bell of Tennessee. The 1860 U. S. Census enumerated 460,147 people living in Connecticut as of June 1 of that year, of that count,451,504 were white, with only 8,627 blacks and 16 Indians. More than 80,000 of the whites were foreign-born, with 55,000 coming from Ireland, more than 20% of the population was still engaged in farming, but industry and the trades had become major employers. Governor William Buckingham was a businessman and energetic Republican, he won a narrow election in April 1860. His anti-slavery attitude hardened as the war went on, even before Fort Sumter, he collaborated with fellow Republican governors in New England, and alerted the state militia to watch out for sabotage. The state specialized in machinery, and had a reputation for making artillery. The opposition party, the Democrats, were dominated by the antiwar or peace element. When Lincoln called for troops the day after Fort Sumter, Buckingham mobilized militia units, the legislature was not in session, but the banks eagerly volunteered to loan money to the state until the Legislature made good. Following the bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor in April 1861, the next day, Governor William A. Buckingham, like Lincoln a Republican, issued a proclamation urging his citizens to join state-sponsored regiments and artillery batteries. In response, by the end of the month, the 1st Connecticut Infantry, Daniel Tyler of Brooklyn was selected as the 1st Regiments initial colonel, and the regiment arrived in Washington, D. C. on May 10. The state furnished thirty full regiments of infantry, including two that were made up of black men, two regiments of heavy artillery also served as infantry toward the end of the war. Connecticut also supplied three batteries of artillery and one regiment of cavalry. Fort Trumbull in New London served as a center for Union troops. Here, troops were recruited and trained before being sent to war, among the regiments trained there was the 14th Connecticut Infantry, which played a prominent role in the Army of the Potomacs defense of Cemetery Ridge during the Battle of Gettysburg
6.
Delaware in the American Civil War
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The history of Delaware as a political entity dates back to the early colonization of North America by European-American settlers. It is made up of three counties established since 1638, before the time of William Penn, each had its own settlement history. Their early inhabitants tended to more closely with the county than the colony or state. Large parts of southern and western Delaware were thought to have been in Maryland until 1767, all of the state has existed in the wide economic and political circle of Philadelphia. Before Delaware was settled by Europeans, the area was home to the Delaware, Susquehanna, at that time the area was considered to be part of the Virginia colony. Peter Minuit was the Dutch Director-General of New Netherland during this period and probably spent some time at the Burlington Island post, thereby familiarizing himself with the region. They established a Swedish South Company, aimed at settling the territory of New Sweden and they established a trading post at Fort Christina, now in Wilmington. Minuit claimed possession of the side of the Delaware River. Unlike the Dutch West India Company, the Swedes intended to bring settlers to their outpost. Minuit drowned in a hurricane on the way home that same year, by 1644, Swedish and Finnish settlers were living along both sides of the Delaware River from Fort Christina to the Schuylkill River. New Swedens best known governor, Johan Björnsson Printz, moved his residence to what is now Tinicum Township, Pennsylvania, three years later, in 1654, Johan Risingh, the Swedish governor, captured Fort Casimir from the Dutch. It was not long, though, before the Dutch too were removed by the English. But Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, Proprietor of Maryland, claimed a grant to lands on the western shore of Delaware Bay. In deference to the royal will of Charles II to please his brother, James, Duke of York, James, the Duke of York, believed he had won the area in war and was justified in ownership. The area was administered from New York as a part of James New York colony, William Penn was granted Pennsylvania, which grant specifically excluded New Castle or any of the lands within 12 miles of it. Nevertheless, Penn wanted an outlet to the sea from his new province and he persuaded James to lease him the western shore of Delaware Bay. So, in 1682, Penn arrived in New Castle with two documents, a charter for the Province of Pennsylvania and a lease for what became known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. Penn had inherited James claims and thus began nearly 100 years of litigation between Penn and Baltimore, and their heirs, in the High Court of Chancery in London
7.
Illinois in the American Civil War
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The U. S. state of Illinois during the American Civil War was a major source of troops for the Union Army, and of military supplies, food, and clothing. Situated near major rivers and railroads, Illinois became a jumping off place early in the war for Ulysses S. Grants efforts to seize control of the Mississippi. Statewide, public support for the Union was high despite Copperhead sentiment, Illinois contributed 250,000 soldiers to the Union Army, ranking it fourth in terms of the total manpower in Federal military service. Illinois troops predominantly fought in the Western Theater, although a few regiments played important roles in the East, several thousand Illinoisians were killed or died of their wounds during the war, and a number of national cemeteries were established in Illinois to bury their remains. No major battles were fought in the state, although several river towns became sites for important supply depots, several prisoner of war camps and prisons dotted the state after 1863, processing thousands of captive Confederate soldiers. However, not everyone in the supported the war. In fact, there were calls for secession in Southern Illinois or Little Egypt by several residents. In Marion residents voted to secede from the United States, a few, even, volunteered for the Confederate States Army in Tennessee. This can be attributed to the close cultural and economic ties to the South since many Southerners had migrated there. However, the movement for secession soon fizzled after the proposal was blocked and shelved, eighteen counties of southern Illinois formed the congressional district of Democrat John A. Logan. Rumors abounded in early 1861 whether he would organize his supporters, in fact he was suppressing pro-Confederate elements, and organizing his supporters to fight for the Union. Lincoln made him a general, and Logan played a role under generals Grant. His men marched to war as Democrats, they marched home as Republicans, Logan helped found the Grand Army of the Republic veteran organization, was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, and was the Republican vice presidential nominee in 1884. As a precaution, Union troops remained in Little Egypt for the remainder of the war, with good reason, Southern and Confederate sentiment would remain alive with the growing Copperhead political movement in the North. During the Civil War,256,297 Illinoisians served in the Union army, more than any northern state except New York, Pennsylvania. Seventeen cavalry regiments were mustered, as well as two light artillery regiments. Camp Douglas, located near Chicago, was one of the largest training camps for these troops, both served as leading prisoner-of-war camps for captive Confederates. Another significant POW camp was located at Rock Island, several thousand Confederates died while in custody in Illinois prison camps and are buried in a series of nearby cemeteries
8.
Indiana in the American Civil War
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Indiana, a state in the Midwest, played an important role in supporting the Union during the American Civil War. Despite anti-war activity within the state, and southern Indianas ancestral ties to the South, Indiana contributed approximately 210,000 Union soldiers, sailors, and marines. Indianas soldiers served in 308 military engagements during the war, the majority of them in the western theater and its state government provided funds to purchase equipment, food, and supplies for troops in the field. The state experienced two minor raids by Confederate forces, and one raid in 1863, which caused a brief panic in southern portions of the state and its capital city. Indiana experienced significant political strife during the war, especially after Governor Oliver P. Morton suppressed the Democratic-controlled state legislature, major debates, which led to violence, related to the issues of slavery and emancipation, military service for African Americans, and the draft. Increased wartime manufacturing and industrial growth in Hoosier cities and towns ushered in a new era of economic prosperity, by the end of the war, Indiana had become less rural state than it previously had been. Indianas votes were split between the parties for several decades after the war, making it one of a few key swing states that often decided national elections. Between 1868 and 1916, five Indiana politicians were vice-presidential nominees on the major party tickets, in 1888 Benjamin Harrison, one of the states former Civil War generals, was elected president of the United States. Indiana was the first of the western states to mobilize for the Civil War. When news reached Indiana of the attack on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, on April 12,1861, many Indiana residents were surprised, but their response was immediate. On April 15, Indianas governor, Oliver P. Morton, Indianas geographical location in the Midwest, its large population, and its agricultural production made the states wartime support critical to the Unions success. On April 15,1861, President Lincoln called for a total of 75,000 volunteers to join the Union army, on the same day, Governor Morton telegraphed the president offering 10,000 Indiana volunteers. The states initial quota was set at six regiments for three months of service, orders were issued on April 16 to form the states first regiments and to gather at Indianapolis. By April 27, Indianas first six regiments were organized as the First Brigade, Indiana Volunteers. Indiana ranked second among the states in terms of the percentage of its men of age who served in the Union army. Indiana contributed 208,367 men, roughly 15 percent of the total population to serve in the Union army. Most of Indianas soldiers were volunteers,11,718 were re-enlistments, Military conscription, which began in October 1862, was a divisive issue within the state. A total of 3,003 Hoosier men were drafted in October 1862, Indianas volunteers and draftees provided the Union army with 129 infantry regiments,13 cavalry regiments,3 cavalry companies,1 regiment of heavy artillery, and 26 light artillery batteries
9.
Iowa in the American Civil War
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Iowa had become the 29th state in the Union on December 28,1846, and the state continued to attract many settlers, both native and foreign-born. Only the extreme part of the state remained a frontier area. With the development in the 1850s of the Illinois Central and the Chicago and North Western Railway, manufacturing companies in the eastern part of the state, as well as farmers, could readily get their products to the Union army. The Civil War era brought considerable change to Iowas politics, during the 1850s, the states dominant Democratic Party developed serious internal problems, as well as being unsuccessful in getting the national Democratic Party to respond to their local needs. Iowans soon turned to the newly emerging Republican Party, the Democratic party remained particularly in places around the Mississippi River such as Dubuque that had been heavily settled by German immigrants. As the Civil War erupted, Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood led efforts to raise, the 1st Iowa Infantry was raised for three-months duty from May until August 1861. It helped secure the strategic Hannibal and St, there were no significant battles in Iowa, but the state sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities. 76,242 Iowa men served in the military, many in units attached to the western armies. 13,001 died of wounds or disease, cemeteries throughout the South contain the remains of Iowa soldiers that fell during the war, with the largest concentration at Vicksburg National Cemetery. A number also died in Confederate prison camps, including Andersonville prison, Iowa contributed 48 regiments of state infantry,1 regiment of black infantry,9 regiments of cavalry, and 4 artillery batteries. Other local units included the Sioux City Cavalry, sporadically, Confederate partisans and bushwhackers raided Iowa. One such incursion in the fall of 1864 was designed to disrupt the reelection of Abraham Lincoln, near the Missouri border, many Iowans were pro-slavery, anti-Lincoln Confederate sympathizers, and they provided a safe haven for guerrillas. On October 12,1864, a dozen raiders disguised as Union soldiers terrorized Davis County, the Keokuk National Cemetery was established as a final resting place for bodies from five local U. S. Army hospitals in Keokuk. It holds over 600 Union soldiers, and 8 Confederate prisoners of war, the G. A. R. provided the funds and impetus for the construction of the Iowa Soldiers Home in Marshalltown and other similar homes and hospitals, as well as orphanages. List of Iowa Civil War Units Camp McClellan Dubuque, Iowa, in the Civil War Bergman, Marvin, ed. Iowa History Reader essays by scholars
10.
Kansas in the American Civil War
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At the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, Kansas was the newest U. S. state, admitted just months earlier in January. Later the state witnessed the defeat of Confederate General Sterling Price by Union General Alfred Pleasonton at the Battle of Mine Creek, the second-largest cavalry action of the war. The Territory of Kansas was admitted to the Union on January 29,1861, in the midst of the secession crisis, six states had already seceded. Violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups began almost immediately, Kansas popular vote eventually chose against slavery, so Kansas would fight with the North. The first Kansas regiment was called on June 3,1861, and the seventeenth, the entire quota assigned to Kansas was 16,654, and the number raised was 20,097, leaving a surplus of 3,443 to the credit of Kansas. About 1,000 Kansans joined Confederate forces, since a number of people from the south had settled in Kansas. There are no statistics on those serving the Confederacy, since some joined guerrilla units, statistics indicate that losses of Kansas regiments killed in battle and from disease are greater per thousand than those of any other State. This led to a 19th-century nickname for Kansas, the Spartan State, the first action in Kansas was not between the rival Union and Confederate armies, it was a guerrilla raid by pro-slavery bushwhackers led by William C. Quantrill, who descended on Lawrence, a center of anti-slavery Unionist sentiment, as the raiders could be heard shouting Remember Osceola. The attack was taken to be a reprisal for a raid by anti-slavery Jayhawkers on Osceola. The massacre outraged the Confederate government, which had granted recognition to Quantrill under the Partisan Ranger Act, but now withdrew support from irregular forces. The Battle of Baxter Springs, sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a battle fought on October 6,1863, near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs. On October 25,1864, a series of three battles occurred, the first two in Linn County, Kansas, with the final in Vernon County, Missouri. They were between Major General Sterling Price, leading the Missouri expedition, against Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton, Price, after going south from Kansas City, was initially met by Pleasonton at Marais des Cygnes. At the end of the day, the Confederate army as a fighting force was decimated and forced to withdraw into Arkansas
11.
Maine in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, the U. S. state of Maine was a source of military manpower, supplies, ships, arms, and political support for the U. S. Army. Maine was so eager for the cause that it ended up contributing a number of combatants, in proportion to its population. It was second only to Massachusetts in the number of its sailors who served in the Union Navy, about 80,000 men from Maine served in the U. S. military as soldiers and sailors. They were organized into 32 infantry and two regiments, and seven light artillery batteries and one heavy artillery regiment. Hundreds of civilians served as nurses, doctors, relief workers, many served in the United States Sanitary Commission or United States Christian Commission, as well as similar organizations. Newspaper editors informed the populace of the conduct and outcome of the war efforts, Maine factories produced ships, naval stores and supplies, army equipment, tents, etc. Thomas Lincoln Casey oversaw the states coastal fortifications including forts McClary and he completed the massive Fort Knox on the Penobscot River. Hannibal Hamlin of Paris, Maine, was Lincolns vice-president during his first term, a strong orator and opponent of slavery, he urged both the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation and the arming of African Americans. He became aligned with Radical Republicans, which may have caused him to be dropped from the ticket in 1864, congressman James G. Blaine was a powerful voice on Capitol Hill and dominated post-war politics during the Reconstruction period. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was substantially Blaines proposition, more than two dozen men from Maine served in the Union army as generals, and dozens more Mainers led brigades at one time or another as colonels. The highest-ranking officer was Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard of Leeds and he had lost an arm at the Battle of Seven Pines during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign. In the fall of 1863, Howard and his corps were transferred to the Western Theater to join the Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee, in the Battle of Chattanooga, Howards corps helped capture Missionary Ridge and force the retreat of Gen. Braxton Bragg. In July 1864, Howard became commander of the Army of the Tennessee and he led the right wing of Maj. Gen. William T. Shermans forces in the famous March to the Sea and the subsequent Carolinas Campaign. Earlier in the war, the 20th had been led by Adelbert Ames of Rockland, the son of a sea captain, Ames rose at Gettysburg to command of a division. He led the assault in the Second Battle of Fort Fisher. Other notable generals from Maine included George Lafayette Beal of Norway, who led a brigade in the Red River Campaign and he was promoted to general for gallant service at the Battle of Cedar Creek, where his brigade broke the Confederate lines during the turning point of the battle. Hiram Berry of Rockland was killed at Chancellorsville while leading his 2nd Division of the III Corps in a bayonet charge. James G. Blunt, a fiery abolitionist born in Trenton, won a victory at the Battle of Honey Springs, in 1864, Blunts division inflicted the final defeat to Sterling Price at the Second Battle of Newtonia, ending Prices Missouri Raid
12.
Maryland in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, Maryland, a slave state, was one of the border states, straddling the South and North. Lincolns suspension of habeas corpus in Maryland, and dismissal of the Supreme Court Chief Justices ruling that such suspension was unconstitutional, would leave lasting scars. Later, in July 1864, the Battle of Monocacy near Frederick, Maryland in the third, across the state, nearly 85,000 citizens signed up for the military, with most joining the Union Army. Approximately one third as many enlisted to fight for the Confederacy, the end of the war would bring the abolition of slavery in Maryland, with a new constitution voted in 1864 by a small majority. Animosity against Lincoln would remain, and Marylander John Wilkes Booth would assassinate President Lincoln in April 1865, Maryland, as a slave-holding border state, was deeply divided over the antebellum arguments over states rights and the future of slavery in the Union. Culturally, geographically and economically, Maryland found herself neither one thing nor another, in the lead up to the American Civil War, it became clear that the state was bitterly divided in its sympathies. In the presidential election of 1860 Lincoln won just 2,294 votes out of a total of 92,421, only 2. 5% of the votes cast, in seven counties, Lincoln received not a single vote. Not all blacks in Maryland were slaves, the 1860 Federal Census showed there were nearly as many free blacks as slaves in Maryland. However, across the state, sympathies were mixed, many Marylanders were simply pragmatic, recognising that the states long border with pro-Union Pennsylvania would be almost impossible to defend in the event of war. Maryland businessmen feared the loss of trade that would be caused by war. After John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, many citizens began forming local militias, the first bloodshed of the Civil War occurred in Maryland. Panicked by the situation, several soldiers fired into the mob, whether accidentally, in a desultory manner, chaos ensued as a giant brawl began between fleeing soldiers, the violent mob, and the Baltimore police who tried to suppress the violence. Four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed in the riot, the disorder inspired James Ryder Randall, a Marylander living in Louisiana, to write a poem which would be put to music and, in 1939, become the state song, Maryland, My Maryland. The songs lyrics urged Marylanders to spurn the Northern scum and burst the tyrants chain - in other words, Confederate States Army bands would later play the song after they crossed into Maryland territory during the Maryland Campaign in 1862. After the April 19 rioting, skirmishes continued in Baltimore for the next month, Mayor George William Brown and Maryland Governor Thomas Hicks implored President Lincoln to reroute troops around Baltimore city and through Annapolis to avoid further confrontations. In a letter to President Lincoln, Mayor Brown wrote, It is my duty to inform you that it is not possible for more soldiers to pass through Baltimore unless they fight their way at every step. I therefore hope and trust and most earnestly request that no more troops be permitted or ordered by the Government to pass through the city, if they should attempt it, the responsibility for the bloodshed will not rest upon me. The destruction was accomplished the next day, one of the men involved in this destruction would be arrested for it in May without recourse to habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman ruling
13.
Massachusetts in the American Civil War
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The Commonwealth of Massachusetts played a significant role in national events prior to and during the American Civil War. Massachusetts dominated the early antislavery movement during the 1830s, motivating activists across the nation and this, in turn, increased sectionalism in the North and South, one of the factors that led to the war. Politicians from Massachusetts, echoing the views of social activists, further increased national tensions, the state was dominated by the Republican Party and was also home to many Radical Republican leaders who promoted harsh treatment of slave owners and, later, the Confederate States of America. Once hostilities began, Massachusetts supported the war effort in several significant ways, sending 159,165 men to serve in the army, one of the best known Massachusetts units was the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the first regiment of African American soldiers. Additionally, a number of important generals came from Massachusetts, including Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, Sumner and Darius N. Couch, who both successively commanded the II Corps. In terms of war material, Massachusetts, as a center of industry and manufacturing, was poised to become a major producer of ammunitions. The most important source of armaments in Massachusetts was the Springfield Armory, the state also made important contributions to relief efforts. Massachusetts played a role in Civil War causation, particularly with regard to the political ramifications of the antislavery movement. Antislavery activists in Massachusetts sought to influence opinion and applied moral and political pressure on Congress to abolish slavery. Garrison and his uncompromising rhetoric provoked a backlash both in the North and South and escalated regional tension prior to the war. In 1856, Sumner delivered a speech on the Senate floor so scathing and insulting to pro-slavery politicians that Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina severely beat him with a cane. More moderate Massachusetts political leaders adopted the views of the Free Soil Party, the Free Soil Party was eventually absorbed into the Republican Party, which became the dominant political party in Massachusetts. By 1860, the Republicans controlled the Governors office, the state legislature, breckinridge and the Southern Democratic Party. Support for the Republican Party increased during the war, with 72 percent voting for Lincoln in 1864, the dominant political figure in Massachusetts during the war was Governor John Albion Andrew, a staunch Republican who energetically supported the war effort. Massachusetts sent a total of 159,165 men to serve in the war, of these,133,002 served in the Union army and 26,163 served in the navy. Governor Andrew took office in January 1861, just two weeks after the secession of South Carolina, convinced that war was imminent, Andrew took rapid measures to prepare the state militia for active duty. On April 15,1861, Andrew received a telegraph from Washington calling for 1,500 men from Massachusetts to serve for ninety days. While passing through Baltimore on April 19,1861, the 6th Massachusetts was attacked by a pro-secession mob, the 6th Massachusetts was also the first volunteer regiment to reach Washington, D. C. in response to Lincolns call for troops
14.
Michigan in the American Civil War
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Michigan made a substantial contribution to the Union during the American Civil War. While the state itself was far removed from the theaters of the war, Michigan supplied a large number of troops and several generals. When, at the beginning of the war, Michigan was asked to supply no more than four regiments, before the Civil War, President James Buchanan took a weak position amid a looming South secession crisis. In December 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union, on January 2,1861, Austin Blair was sworn in as governor, vowing strong action to maintain the Union and punish secession. At the beginning of the Civil War, regiments from Michigan were raised to answer Lincolns call for men, the first volunteers from Michigan were mustered into the Army as the 1st Michigan Infantry on May 1,1861. On May 16, the regiment arrived in Washington, Lincoln was said to have exclaimed Thank God for Michigan, over the course of the war, some 90,000 Michigan men served in the Union forces. This figure includes some 1,600 black soldiers), Michigan raised a total of 30 infantry regiments, eleven cavalry regiments, one light artillery regiment, two light batteries, two companies of sharpshooters, and the 1st Michigan Engineers. According to Frederick H. Dyer, a total of 14,753 officers and men from Michigan died during the war, George Armstrong Custers Michigan Wolverine Cavalry effectively battled J. E. B. Stuart at Gettysburg on the East Cavalry Field, several Union generals hailed from Michigan, including, Custer, Elon J. Farnsworth, Byron Root Pierce, Orlando Metcalfe Poe, Israel Bush Richardson, and Orlando B. After this war is over, this country will undergo a change for the better. Abolishing slavery will dignify labor, that fact of itself will revolutionize everything, let Christians use all their influence to have justice done to the black man. 14,753 Michigan soldiers died in service, roughly one of six who served. Michigan suffered the sixth-highest losses among the Union states, Michigan actively participated in the American Civil War sending thousands of volunteers. However, by 1862 the casualties were mounting and the war was focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union. Copperhead Democrats called the war a failure, and it more and more a partisan Republican effort. Michigan voters in remained evenly split between the parties in the election of 1864. List of Michigan Civil War Units History of Michigan Bak, Richard, a Distant Thunder, Michigan in the Civil War. A Great Revolution in Feeling, The American Civil War in Niles and Grand Rapids, old Slow Town, Detroit during the Civil War
15.
History of Minnesota
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Minnesota achieved prominence through fur trading, logging, and farming, and later through railroads, and iron mining. While those industries remain important, the economy is now driven by banking, computers. The earliest known settlers followed herds of game to the region during the last glacial period. They preceded the Anishinaabe, the Dakota, and other Native American inhabitants, fur traders from France arrived during the 17th century. Europeans moving west during the 19th century, drove out most of the Native Americans, Fort Snelling, built to protect United States territorial interests, brought early settlers to the area. Early settlers used Saint Anthony Falls for powering sawmills in the area that became Minneapolis, Minnesota gained legal existence as the Minnesota Territory in 1849, and became the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858. After the upheaval of the American Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862, railroads attracted immigrants, established the farm economy, and brought goods to market. The power provided by St. Anthony Falls spurred the growth of Minneapolis, New industry came from iron ore, discovered in the north, mined relatively easily from open pits, and shipped to Great Lakes steel mills from the ports at Duluth and Two Harbors. Economic development and social changes led to a role for state government. The Great Depression brought layoffs in mining and tension in labor relations, after World War II, Minnesota became known for technology, fueled by early computer companies Sperry Rand, Control Data and Cray. The Twin Cities also became a center for the arts with cultural institutions such as the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota Orchestra. The oldest known human remains in Minnesota, dating back about 9000 years ago, were discovered near Browns Valley in 1933, Browns Valley Man was found with tools of the Clovis and Folsom types. Some of the earliest evidence of a presence in the area comes from a site known as Bradbury Brook near Mille Lacs Lake which was used around 7500 BC. Subsequently, extensive trading networks developed in the region, the body of an early resident known as Minnesota Woman was discovered in 1931 in Otter Tail County. Radiocarbon dating places the age of the bones approximately 8,000 years ago and she had a conch shell from a snail species known as Busycon perversa, which had previously only been known to exist in Florida. Several hundred years later, the climate of Minnesota warmed significantly, as large animals such as mammoths became extinct, native people changed their diet. They gathered nuts, berries, and vegetables, and they hunted animals such as deer, bison. The stone tools found from this era became smaller and more specialized to use these new food sources and they also devised new techniques for catching fish, such as fish hooks, nets, and harpoons
16.
Nevada in the American Civil War
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Largely isolated from the major theaters of the conflict, Nevada nonetheless served as an important target for political and economic strategists before and after gaining statehood. Its main contribution to the cause came from its mining industry. In addition, the state hosted a number of Union military posts, prior to the Civil War, the geographic area that makes up present-day Nevada belonged to several different U. S. territories. Many early Nevadans also sought political segregation from Mormons living to the east, the Nevada Territory was short-lived, however, as its entry into full statehood in the United States was expedited in 1864. The constitution was sent October 26–27,1864, less than two weeks before the election on November 7, the transmission took two days, it consisted of 16,543 words and cost $4303.27 to send. Nevada was officially admitted to the Union as the 36th state on October 31,1864 and it had fewer than 40,000 inhabitants when it gained statehood, far fewer than the population at statehood of any other state. In total, Nevada sent 1,200 men to fight for the Union, in May 1863, Nevada raised the 1st Battalion Nevada Volunteer Cavalry. In the summer of 1864, a battalion of infantry, the 1st Battalion Nevada Volunteer Infantry was mustered in. The adjutant-general of Nevada reported that since the beginning of the Civil War,34 officers and 1,158 enlisted men had enlisted in the service of the United States from Nevada. These troops were not used against the armies, but instead protected the central overland route. However, Nevadas main contribution to the war was the Comstock Lode, a common belief is that Nevada achieved early statehood due to its silver, but its admission to the Union was much more influenced by political concerns, not economic. Confederate symphatizers in Nevada were not unheard of during the war, in fact, of the Pacific Coast states, in Virginia City, in particular, sentiment towards the warring sides was split evenly. However, in military fashion, any strong sentiment that was pro-Confederate was struck down as Union army soldiers arrested the sympathizers. This perhaps contributed to the commander of Fort Churchill feeling additional paranoia about pro-Confederate sympathies in mining camps, one particularly pro-Union organization was the Virginia City Fire Department. Many of them were originally from New York and had feelings for the New York Fire Zouaves they had known when they lived back east
17.
History of New Hampshire
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New Hampshire is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. The colony that became the state of New Hampshire was founded on the division in 1629 of a grant given in 1622 by the Council for New England to Captain John Mason. The colony was named New Hampshire by Mason after the English county of Hampshire, Hampshire was itself named after the port of Southampton, which was known previously as simply Hampton. New Hampshire was first settled by Europeans at Odiornes Point in Rye by a group of fishermen from England under David Thompson in 1623, early historians believed the first native-born New Hampshirite, John Thompson, was born there. Fisherman David Thompson had been sent by Mason, to be followed a few years later by Edward and they led an expedition to the vicinity of Dover, which they called Northam. Mason died in 1635 without ever seeing the colony he founded, settlers from Pannaway, moving to the Portsmouth region later and combining with an expedition of the new Laconia Company under Captain Neal, called their new settlement Strawbery Banke. In 1638 Exeter was founded by John Wheelwright, in 1631, Captain Thomas Wiggin served as the first governor of the Upper Plantation. All the towns agreed to unite in 1639, but meanwhile Massachusetts had claimed the territory, in 1641 an agreement was reached with Massachusetts to come under its jurisdiction. Home rule of the towns was allowed, in 1653 Strawbery Banke petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts to change its name to Portsmouth, which was granted. The relationship between Massachusetts and the independent New Hampshirites was controversial and tenuous, and complicated by land claims maintained by the heirs of John Mason. In 1679 King Charles II separated New Hampshire from Massachusetts, issuing a charter for the royal Province of New Hampshire, New Hampshire was absorbed into the Dominion of New England in 1686, which collapsed in 1689. After a brief period without formal government William and Mary issued a new charter in 1691. From 1699 to 1741 the governors of Massachusetts were also commissioned as governors of New Hampshire, because of these factors it was on the front lines of many military conflicts, including King Williams War, Queen Annes War, Father Rales War, and King Georges War. By the 1740s most of the population had either been killed or driven out of the provinces territory. Because New Hampshires governorship was shared with that of Massachusetts, border issues between the two colonies were not properly adjudicated for many years. In 1741 King George II ruled that the border with Massachusetts was approximately what it is today, benning Wentworth in 1741 became the first non-Massachusetts governor since Edward Cranfield succeeded John Cutt in the 1680s. The so-called New Hampshire Grants area became a subject of contention from the 1740s until the 1790s, New Hampshire was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted with the British rule in the American Revolution
18.
New Jersey in the American Civil War
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The state of New Jersey in the United States provided a source of troops, equipment and leaders for the Union during the American Civil War. Though no major battles were fought in New Jersey, soldiers and volunteers from New Jersey played an important part in the war, including Philip Kearny and George B. McClellan, who led the Army of the Potomac early in the Civil War and unsuccessfully ran for President of the United States in 1864 against his former commander-in-chief, the Quaker population of New Jersey was especially intolerant of slavery. However, New Jersey ended up becoming the last of the states to abolish slavery by enacting legislation which caused the slow abolishment of slavery. Though New Jersey passed an act for the abolition of slavery in 1804. However, by the close of the Civil War, about a dozen African-Americans in New Jersey were still apprenticed freedmen, New Jersey at first refused to ratify the Constitutional Amendments that banned slavery. New Jersey was a part of the extensive Underground Railroad system. On May 4,1861, in response to President Abraham Lincolns call to arms, War Department directed New Jersey to fill a quota of three infantry regiments to serve a three-year term of enlistment. The 9th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, under Col. Joseph W. Allen at Camp Olden, was the last New Jersey regiment to leave the state in 1861, additional regiments were raised throughout the war, including cavalry and artillery. No battles took place within New Jersey throughout the course of the Civil War, however, over 88,000 soldiers from New Jersey were part of several infantry and cavalry regiments. In total,52 regiments were created by New Jersey soldiers during this war,23,116 of those soldiers served in the Army of the Potomac. Soldiers from New Jersey fought generally in the Eastern theater of the Civil War Over 6,000 soldiers from New Jersey lost their lives in the war, Philip Kearny, an officer from the Mexican-American War, led a brigade of New Jersey regiments under Brigadier General William B. Kearny distinguished himself as a brilliant officer during the Peninsula Campaign, on 24 March 1863, the New Jersey legislature passed a resolution that included many aspects of the situation caused by the war. The people of New Jersey also gave its votes to George McClellan when he ran for President against Lincoln in the election of 1864. McClellan later became the governor of New Jersey, from 1878 to 1881, another native from New Jersey was Hugh Judson Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick was made a general and was the first officer wounded in the war. He served in the Battle of Gettysburg and Atlanta Campaign as Shermans cavalry leader and he served as ambassador to Chile after the war. Many cities like Paterson and Camden, grew extremely strong through the duration of the Civil War and they produced many necessities, including clothing and war materials like ammunition
19.
New York in the American Civil War
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The state of New York during the American Civil War was a major influence in national politics, the Union war effort, and the media coverage of the war. New York provided a key member of the Lincoln Administration, as well as several important voices on Capitol Hill. The press and media of the state, heavily concentrated in New York City, influenced not only state politics and the view on the war. Important periodicals based in New York included The New York Times, New York Tribune, Harpers Weekly, Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper, german-born illustrator Thomas Nast was among the early political cartoonists. In the decades after the war ended, numerous memorials and monuments were erected across the Empire State to commemorate specific regiments, units, several archives and repositories, as well as historical societies, hold archives and collections of relics and artifacts. Upstate New York was among the leaders in the revolutions in transportation, agriculture, turnpikes, canals, and railroads connected eastern cities with western markets. New Yorks farmland was some of the most productive in the nation, the Genesee country became known as the breadbasket of the nation for its extraordinary grain production. Rapid-flowing rivers offered power for industrial sites. Following these expanding economic opportunities, people poured into upstate New York and they came from several different cultures—New England Yankees, Dutch and Yorkers from eastern New York, Germans and Scots Irish from Pennsylvania, and immigrants from England and Ireland. New York provided 400, 000–460,000 men during the war, nearly 21% of all the men in the state, of the total enlistment, more than 130,000 were foreign-born, including 20,000 from British North American possessions such as Canada. 51,000 were Irish and 37,000 German, the average age of the New York soldiers was 25 years,7 months, although many younger men and boys may have lied about their age in order to enlist. By the time the Civil War ended in 1865, New York had provided the Union Army with 27 regiments of cavalry,15 regiments of artillery,8 of engineers, and 248 of infantry. Among the more prominent military units from the state of New York was the Excelsior Brigade of controversial former congressman Daniel Sickles. Several early volunteer regiments traced their origins to antebellum New York State Militia regiments, including the 14th Brooklyn, which became known for its bright red chasseur-style pants. The first organized unit to leave the state for the front lines was the 7th New York State Militia, the 11th New York Infantry, a two-years regiment of new recruits, departed ten days later. Among the earliest casualties of the Civil War was Malta, New York, native Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth, who was killed in May 1861 during an armed encounter in Alexandria, Virginia. New York had long played an important role in the U. S. military, macDougall Hospital at Fort Schuyler would become a leading wartime military hospital, and Davids Island was a significant prisoner-of-war camp for captured Confederates. Several wealthy New York industrialists played crucial roles in supporting the war effort through materiel, weapons, ammunition, supplies, railroad impresario Cornelius Vanderbilt used his growing network of rail systems to effectively move large quantities of troops through the state to staging and training areas
20.
Ohio in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, the State of Ohio played a key role in providing troops, military officers, and supplies to the Union army. Due to its location in the Northern United States and burgeoning population. Despite the states boasting a number of very powerful Republican politicians, portions of Southern Ohio followed the Peace Democrats and openly opposed President Abraham Lincolns policies. Ohio played an important part in the Underground Railroad prior to the war, several leading generals were from Ohio, including Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and Philip H. Sheridan. Five Ohio-born Civil War officers would serve as the President of the United States. The Fighting McCooks gained fame as the largest immediate family ever to become officers in the U. S. Army. The state was spared many of the horrors of war as two minor battles were fought within its borders. Morgans Raid in the summer of 1863 spread terror among the populace, Ohio troops fought in nearly every major campaign during the war. Nearly 7,000 Buckeye soldiers were killed in action and its most significant Civil War site is Johnsons Island, located in Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie. Barracks and outbuildings were constructed for a prisoner of war depot, over three years more than 15,000 Confederate men were held there. The island includes a Confederate cemetery where about 300 men were buried, much of southern Ohios economy depended upon trade with the South across the Ohio River, which had served for years as passage and a link with the slave states of Virginia and Kentucky. Most of the population was solidly against secession and in favor of a strong central government. During the 1860 Presidential Election, Ohio voted in favor of Abraham Lincoln over Stephen Douglas, senator and Governor Salmon P. Chase as Secretary of the Treasury. Prominent Ohio politicians in Congress included Senators John Sherman and Benjamin F. Wade, during the war, three men would serve as Governor of Ohio– William Dennison, David Tod and John Brough. Without being asked by the War Department, Dennison sent Ohio troops into western Virginia, the convention led to the admission of West Virginia as a free state. Tod became known as the friend, for his determined efforts to help equip. He was noted for his response in calling out the state militia to battle Confederate raiders. Through the middle of the war, the Copperhead movement had appeal in Ohio, driven in part by noted states rights advocate, Congressman Clement Vallandigham, after General Ambrose E. Burnside ordered his arrest and took Vallandigham to Cincinnati for trial
21.
Oregon in the American Civil War
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At the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, regular U. S. Army troops in the District of Oregon were withdrawn from posts in Oregon and Washington Territory and sent east. Volunteer cavalry and infantry were recruited in California and sent north to Oregon to replace the Federal troops and keep the peace, Oregon also raised the 1st Oregon Cavalry that was activated in 1862 and served until June 1865. The 1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment was formed in 1864 and its last company was mustered out of service in July 1867, both units were used to guard travel routes and Indian reservations, escort emigrant wagon trains, and protect settlers from Indian raiders. Several infantry detachments also accompanied survey parties and built roads in central, oregons second United States Senator, Col. Edward Dickinson Baker was killed while leading Union troops at the Battle of Balls Bluff near Leesburg, VA on October 21,1861. His death in battle occurred exactly one month after another Oregonian, Captain James W. Lingenfelter of Company B, in civilian life, Captain Lingenfelter had been a practicing attorney in Jacksonville, Oregon. He had been visiting in the East when the war started and enlisted to serve with Colonel Baker
22.
Rhode Island in the American Civil War
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The state of Rhode Island during the American Civil War, as with all of New England, remained loyal to the Union. Rhode Island furnished 25,236 fighting men to the Union Army, on the home front, Rhode Island, along with the other northern states, used its industrial capacity to supply the Union Army with the materials it needed to win the war. Rhode Islands continued growth and modernization led to the creation of a mass transit system. During the war, Fort Adams near Newport was used temporarily as the United States Naval Academy, in September, the Academy moved to the Atlantic House hotel in Newport and remained there for the rest of the war. In 1862 Fort Adams became the headquarters and recruit depot for the 15th U. S and this regiment, along with several others, had an organization in which the regiment had three eight company battalions. The 3rd Battalion of the 15th Infantry was organized at the fort in March 1864, the USS Rhode Island was a side-wheel steamer commissioned in 1861 for the Union Navy. It served to intercept blockade runners in the West Indies and was later a part of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, anthony, a former governor born in Coventry, was a powerful newspaper owner and staunch advocate of the policies of President Lincoln during the Civil War. The other Senator from Rhode Island, Samuel G, Arnold of Providence, was also a Republican, he served in the Union Army until 1862 when he was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James F. Simmons. Rhode Islands early war governor, William Sprague, accompanied a detachment of troops in the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21,1861. He declined a commission as a general and remained in office. In 1862, he attended the Loyal War Governors Conference in Altoona, Pennsylvania, which ultimately backed Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, after failing to be re-elected as governor, he was elected as a U. S. Senator to replace Arnold, taking office in 1863 and serving into Reconstruction, during the war, Sprague married Kate Chase, daughter of Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase. On March 4,1863, Sprague became a United States Senator was replaced as governor by prominent businessman, cozzens left office in May when he was succeeded by Governor James Y. Smith who led Rhode Island during the last two years of the war. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside, an arms manufacturer, politician. He rose to command of the Army of the Potomac before his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862 and he later commanded the Department of the Ohio as well as the IX Corps. He star-crossed field duty ended during the Siege of Petersburg with another fiasco for which he took the blame, the Battle of the Crater. Maj. Gen. Silas Casey of East Greenwich led a division in the Army of the Potomac during the 1862 Peninsula Campaign that suffered losses at Battle of Seven Pines facing George Picketts brigade. He wrote the three-volume System of Infantry Tactics, including Infantry Tactics volumes I and II, published in August 1862 and Infantry Tactics for Colored Troops, the manuals were used by both sides during the Civil War
23.
Vermont in the American Civil War
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The second article in Vermonts constitution, originally written in 1777, abolished slavery, making it the first state to do so. Although its climate was not conducive to the trade, Vermonters were early participants in the abolitionist movement. In the 1860 presidential election, the Green Mountain State gave Abraham Lincoln a lopsided victory,33,808 votes compared to 8,649 for Stephen Douglas,1,866 for John Bell, and 217 for John C. One historian opined that the rain on election day reduced the Republican majority by at least 7,000 votes. In the closing days of 1860, in response to a resolution by Representative Albert Rust of Arkansas. His amendment was rejected by a majority, and Congress. Lawyer Lucius E. Chittenden served on the ill-fated Peace conference of 1861, Vermont politicians in Congress included Senators Solomon Foot and Jacob Collamer and Representatives Justin S. Morrill, Homer Elihu Royce and Portus Baxter. During the war, three men served as Governor of Vermont, Erastus Fairbanks, Frederick Holbrook and J. Gregory Smith, Fairbanks reportedly responded to the Federal Governments response for troops with Vermont will do its Full Duty. Under his administration, Vermont fielded six infantry and one cavalry regiments, Governor Holbrooks administration saw the recruitment of 10 infantry regiments,2 light artillery batteries, and 3 sharpshooter companies. The state sent more than 34,000 to serve, out of a population of about 350,000 citizens. More than 28,100 Vermonters served in Vermont volunteer units, Vermont fielded 17 infantry regiments,1 cavalry regiment,3 light artillery batteries,1 heavy artillery company,3 companies of sharpshooters, and 2 companies of frontier cavalry. Instead of replacing units as they were depleted, Vermont regularly provided recruits to bring the units in the back up to normal strength. Nearly 5,000 others served in other units, in the United States Army or the United States Navy. The 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry included 66 Vermont blacks, a total of 166 black Vermonters served out of a population of 709 in the state. Vermonters suffered a total of 1,832 men killed or mortally wounded in battle, another 3,362 died of disease, in prison or from other causes, for a total loss of 5,194. More than 2,200 Vermonters were taken prisoner during the war, General Winfield Scott, learning that a regiment of Green Mountain Boys was awaiting orders, said I want your Vermont regiments, all of them. I have not forgotten the Vermont men on the Niagara frontier, I remember the Vermont men in the War of 1812. A significant number of generals hailed from Vermont, several led Vermont units, including Lewis A. Grant, John W. Phelps, William Farrar Smith, George J. Stannard, Edwin H. Stoughton, Stephen Thomas, James M. Warner, and William Wells
24.
West Virginia in the American Civil War
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The U. S. state of West Virginia was formed out of western Virginia and added to the Union as a direct result of the American Civil War. In the summer of 1861, Union troops under General George McClellan drove off Confederate troops under General Robert E. Lee and this essentially freed Unionists in the northwestern counties of Virginia to form their own government as a result of the Wheeling Convention. After Lees departure, western Virginia continued to be a target of Confederate raids, guerrilla warfare also gripped the new state, especially in the Allegheny Mountain counties to the east, where loyalties were much more divided than in the Unionist northwest part of the state. On April 17,1861, the Virginia state convention in Richmond declared secession, nearly all delegates from counties west of the Allegheny Mountains voted against secession, and most people and officials in that area refused any directions from the secessionist state government. On May 15, western Virginia Unionists convened the first session of the Wheeling Convention, many of the delegates were informally or self-appointed, so the Convention only denounced secession and called for a formal election of delegates. The elected delegates met in the session on 11 June. On 20 June the Convention declared that by acceding to secession, the officials of the government in Richmond had forfeited their offices. The Convention then elected replacements for these offices, creating the Restored Government of Virginia. The Restored government was supported in areas where secession was opposed. Union troops also held the three northernmost counties in the Shenandoah Valley, and despite the views of most residents. At the Wheeling Convention, some proposed the immediate establishment of a separate state. However, other delegates pointed out that the creation of a new state would require the consent of Virginia, thus it was necessary to establish the Restored Government of Virginia to give that consent, which was granted 20 August 1861. A referendum in October 1861 approved statehood, a convention met. Congress approved statehood that December, with the condition that slavery must be abolished in the new state and this condition required a new constitutional convention and referendum. The revised constitution provided for the abolition of slavery, which took effect on 3 February 1865. On 20 June 1863, the newly proclaimed state of West Virginia was admitted to the Union, including all the western counties, all the northern states had free public school systems before the war, but not the border states. West Virginia set up its system in 1863, over bitter opposition it established an almost-equal education for black children, most of whom were ex-slaves. When Union troops occupied parts of eastern Virginia such as Alexandria and Norfolk and they were not included in West Virginia
25.
Wisconsin in the American Civil War
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Most of the Wisconsin troops served in the Western Theater, although several regiments served in Eastern armies, including three regiments within the famed Iron Brigade. 3,794 were killed in action or mortally wounded,8,022 died of disease, the total mortality was 12,216 men, about 13.4 percent of total enlistments. Approximately 1 in 9 residents served in the army, and, in turn, a number of Wisconsin regiments were distinguished, including three that served in the celebrated Iron Brigade— the 2nd Wisconsin, 6th Wisconsin, and 7th Wisconsin. All were noted for their fighting and dashing appearance, being among the only troops in the Army of the Potomac to wear Hardee hats. They suffered severely at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 8th Wisconsin, another hard-fighting regiment, was often accompanied into battle by its mascot, Old Abe, a bald eagle. While men were fighting, many women needed to learn how to farm, besides having to tend to the home and children while the men were away at war, women also contributed supplies. Quilts and blankets were often given to soldiers, some had encouraging messages sewn on them. At one point, after the Battle of Resaca, women sent every wounded man within a distance a fresh orange or lemon. These fruits were to quench the strong thirst that was known to accompany a wound, list of Wisconsin Civil War units Belgian immigrants in Wisconsin during the Civil War Hurn, Ethel A. Wisconsin Women in the War between the States, klement, Frank L. Wisconsin and the Civil War. Madison, State Historical Society of Wisconsin,1963, klement, Frank L. Wisconsin in the Civil War, The Home Front and the Battle Front, 1861-1865. Madison, State Historical Society of Wisconsin,1997, there Stands old Rock, Rock County, Wisconsin and the War to Preserve the Union. Friendship, Wis, Rock County Historical Society,2001, wells, Robert W. Wisconsin in the Civil War. This Wicked Rebellion, Wisconsin Civil War Soldiers Write Home, madison, Wisconsin Historical Society Press,2012. Wisconsin in the Civil War Civil War changed Wisconsin The Civil War Home Front
26.
Kentucky in the American Civil War
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Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln recognized the importance of the Commonwealth when he declared I hope to have God on my side, in a September 1861 letter to Orville Browning, Lincoln wrote, I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland and these all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol, Kentucky, being a border state, was among the chief places where the Brother against brother scenario was prevalent. After early 1862 Kentucky came largely under Union control, Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles, including Mill Springs and Perryville. Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky, kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control, as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state. Kentucky was the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary Todd, Kentuckys citizens were split regarding the issues central to the Civil War. In 1860, slaves composed 19. 5% of the Commonwealths population, the ancestors of many Kentuckians hailed from Southern states like Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, but many Kentucky children were beginning to migrate toward the North. Kentucky, along with North Carolina, also boasted the best educational systems in the South, politically, the Commonwealth had produced some of the countrys best known leaders. Breckinridge and Richard M. Johnson both hailed from the state, as did Henry Clay, John J. Crittenden, U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, however, by the time of the Civil War, Kentucky was in a politically confused state. The decline of the Whig Party, which Clay had founded, had left many politicians looking for an identity. Many joined the Democratic Party, a few joined the newly formed Republican Party, the party was composed mainly of former Whigs and Know-Nothings. Kentucky was strategically important to both the North and South, the Commonwealth ranked ninth in population by 1860, and was a major producer of such agricultural commodities as tobacco, corn, wheat, hemp, and flax. Geographically, Kentucky was important to the South because the Ohio River would provide a boundary along the entire length of the state. Kentucky governor Beriah Magoffin believed that the rights of the Southern states had been violated and favored the right of secession, Magoffin proposed a conference of slave states, followed by a conference of all the states to secure these concessions. Due to the pace of events, neither conference was ever held. Magoffin called a session of the Kentucky General Assembly on December 27,1860. The majority of the General Assembly had Unionist sympathies, however, when the General Assembly convened again on March 20, it called for a convention of the border states in the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on May 27,1861
27.
Missouri in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, Missouri was a hotly contested border state populated by both Union and Confederate sympathizers. Counting minor actions and skirmishes, Missouri saw more than 1,200 distinct engagements within its boundaries, only Virginia, Missouri was initially settled by Southerners traveling up the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The compromise was that Maine would enter the Union as a state to balance Missouri. Of the greatest concern for Missouri slave-holders in the years before the war was a law that decreed that if a slave physically entered a free state. The violence along the Kansas–Missouri border foreshadowed the national violence to come, and indeed continued throughout the Civil War. Against the background of Bleeding Kansas, the case of Dred Scott, citizen and therefore that African-Americans could not initiate legal action in any court, even when they clearly had what would otherwise be a valid claim. The decision calmed the skirmishes between Missouri and Kansas partisans, but its publicity enraged abolitionists nationwide and contributed to the rhetoric that led to the Civil War. In 1860, it took 25 days for a message to reach the Pacific coast from what was then the westernmost railroad terminus at St. Joseph, the firm of Russell, Majors and Waddell proposed to do it in 10 days using a relay system of horses. The resulting Pony Express began operations on April 3,1860, Ulysses S. Grants first commission in the Civil War was to protect the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, which delivered its mail. Scarcely a year after the ride from Missouri to San Francisco. By 1860, Missouris initial southern settlers had been supplanted with a more diversified non-slave-holding population, including former northerners, particularly German, the policy was first put forth in 1860 by outgoing Governor Robert Marcellus Stewart, who had Northern leanings. It was notionally reaffirmed by incoming Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, who had Southern leanings, Jackson, however, stated in his inaugural address that in case of federal coercion of southern states, Missouri should support and defend her sister southern states. A Constitutional Convention to discuss secession was convened with Sterling Price presiding, the delegates voted to stay in the Union and supported the neutrality position. At the time of the 1860 U. S. Census, Missouris total population was 1,182,012, most of the slaves lived in rural areas rather than cities. Of the 299,701 responses to Occupation,124,989 people listed Farmers and 39,396 listed Farm Laborers, the next highest categories were Laborers, Blacksmiths, and Merchants. Less than half the population was listed as native-born. Those who had migrated from other states were predominantly from Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana,906,540 people were listed as born in the United States. Of the 160,541 foreign-born residents of Missouri, most came from the German states, Ireland, England, France, in the election of 1860, Missouris newly elected governor was Claiborne Fox Jackson, a career politician and an ardent supporter of the South
28.
Territories of the United States
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Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions directly overseen by the United States federal government. These territories are classified by whether they are incorporated and whether they have a government through an Organic Act passed by the U. S. Congress. Currently, the United States has sixteen territories, five of which are inhabited, Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, the U. S. Virgin Islands. They are classified as unincorporated territories and they are organized, self-governing territories with locally elected governors and territorial legislatures. Each also elects a member to the U. S. House of Representatives. Eleven territories are small islands, atolls and reefs, spread across the Caribbean and Pacific, the status of some are disputed by Colombia, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, and the Marshall Islands. The Palmyra Atoll is the territory currently incorporated. Historically, territories were created to govern newly acquired land while the borders of the United States were still evolving, other territories administered by the United States went on to become independent countries, such as the Philippines, Micronesia, Marshall Islands and Palau. Many organized incorporated territories of the United States existed from 1789 to 1959, currently, the United States has sixteen territories, five of which are permanently inhabited, Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, United States Virgin Islands and American Samoa. The 11 uninhabited territories administered by the Interior Department are Palmyra Atoll, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, while claimed by the US, Navassa Island, Wake Island, Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo Bank are disputed. Territories have always been a part of the United States, by Act of Congress, the term United States, when used in a geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands of the United States. Since political union with the Northern Mariana Islands in 1986, they too are treated as a part of the U. S, an Executive Order in 2007 includes American Samoa as U. S. geographical extent duly reflected in U. S. State Department documents. Approximately 4 million islanders are U. S. citizens, about 32,000 U. S. non-citizen nationals live in American Samoa, under current law among the territories, only persons born in American Samoa and Swains Island are non-citizen U. S. nationals. American Samoans are under the protection of the U. S. with freedom of U. S. travel without visas. The five inhabited U. S. territories have local voting rights and protections under U. S. courts, pay some U. S. taxes, depending on the congress, they may also vote on the floor in the House Committee of the Whole. S. Every four years, the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their candidates at conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. The citizens there, however, do not vote in the election for U. S. President. S. Incorporated territories are considered a part of the United States
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Arizona Territory
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It was created from the western half of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War. These proposals arose from concerns about the ability of the government in Santa Fe to effectively administer the newly acquired southern portions of the territory. The first proposal dates from a conference held in Tucson that convened on August 29,1856. The conference issued a petition to the U. S. Congress, signed by 256 people, requesting organization of the territory, later a similar proposal was defeated in the Senate. In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, a convention of 31 delegates met in Tucson, the delegates elected Lewis Owings as provisional governor. At the outbreak of the Civil War, sentiment in the territory was in favor of the Confederacy, the Confederacy regarded the territory as a valuable route for possible access to the Pacific Ocean, with the specific intention of capturing California. In July 1861, a small Confederate force of Texans under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor assaulted Fort Fillmore at Mesilla in the part of the territory. After the fort was abandoned by the Union garrison, Baylors force cut off the fleeing Union troops and forced them to surrender. On August 1, Baylor issued a Proclamation to the People of the Territory of Arizona, taking possession of the territory for the Confederacy, with Mesilla as the capital and himself as the governor. On August 28, a convention met again in Tucson and declared that the formed the previous year was part of the Confederacy. Granville H. Oury was elected as delegate to the Confederate Congress, Oury drafted legislation authorizing the organization of the Confederate Territory of Arizona. The legislation passed on January 13,1862, and the territory was created by proclamation of President Jefferson Davis on February 14. The following month, in March 1862, the U. S, the use of a north-south border rather than an east-west one had the effect of denying a de facto ratification of the Confederate Arizona Territory. The house bill stipulated that Tucson was to be the capital, the first capital was at Prescott, in the northern Union-controlled area. The boundaries for the territory, if they had kept their same size. However, in 1866, the section was annexed to the state of Nevada. The following year, the capital was moved to Tucson, the territory was admitted to the Union as the 48th state on February 14,1912. Proclamation To The People Of Arizona, the Worlds Work, A History of Our Time
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Colorado in the American Civil War
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The Colorado Territory was formally created in 1861 shortly before the bombardment of Fort Sumter sparked the American Civil War. Although sentiments were somewhat divided in the days of the war. Colorado was strategically important to both the Union and Confederacy because of the gold and silver mines there as both wanted to use the mineral wealth to help finance the war. The campaign was intended as a prelude to an invasion of the Colorado Territory, however, the Confederates were defeated at the Battle of Glorieta Pass in New Mexico and were forced to retreat back to Texas, effectively ending the New Mexico Campaign. During the late 1850s, many Southerners migrated to the Colorado Territory in search of new opportunities, when the War broke out, many returned to the South to defend their homes. However, some remained and formed groups in Fairplay, Leadville, Denver. There were also pockets of support for the Confederacy in the mining areas and in the Arkansas River Valley, from Cañon City eastward to Lamar. The first actual demonstration of opposition to the Union occurred in Denver on April 24,1861 just a few days after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, Denver awakened to find the Stars and Bars had been raised over the Wallingford & Murphy store on Larimer Street. A turbulent pro-Union crowd soon gathered in front of the store, the southern adherents were equally determined that the flag should stay. A young man in the crowd, Samuel M. Logan, later a Captain in the First Colorado Volunteers, climbed to the roof of the store to remove the flag. There are conflicting reports as to what happened next, some say a compromise was reached, at this time, Confederate recruits in Colorado were first sent to a camp in the Pikes Peak area, and then sent to the main Confederate encampment at Maces Hole. In early 1862, Captain Madison and his men captured mail en route to Ft. Garland, Madison was also actively planning a raid on Ft. Garland. Federal soldiers learned of the encampment at Maces Hole and broke up the regiment while many of the Confederates were away, the Federals captured forty-four Confederates and took them to Denver. The Reynolds Gang, a group of Southern Sympathizers, operated in South Park in 1864 and their objective was to rob the gold mines in the area to help finance the Confederate Government. However, their goal was never accomplished and the members were eventually captured, while the captured southern sympathizers were being taken to Fort Lyon, the first stop on their way to Denver for a military trial, they attempted their escape. A gunfight ensued and three of the prisoners were killed, however, two managed to steal horses in the confusion and escaped to the New Mexico Territory. Interestingly, Colorado became the only state to have two ex-Confederate Soldiers elected as state governors, James B. Grant served as the 3rd Governor of Colorado from 1883 to 1885, charles S. Thomas served as the 11th Governor of Colorado from 1899 to 1901 and as a U. S
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Dakota Territory
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The name refers to the Dakota branch of the Sioux tribes which occupied the area at the time. Most of Dakota Territory was formerly part of the Minnesota and Nebraska territories, when Minnesota became a state in 1858, the leftover area between the Missouri River and Minnesotas western boundary fell unorganized. Three years later President-elect Abraham Lincolns cousin-in-law, J. B. S, todd, personally lobbied for territory status and the U. S. Congress formally created Dakota Territory. It became a territory on March 2,1861. Upon creation, Dakota Territory included much of present-day Montana and Wyoming as well as all of present-day North Dakota and South Dakota, the Department of the Northwest sent expeditions into Dakota Territory in 1863,1864 and 1865. It also established forts in Dakota Territory to protect the settlements of the Territory, Iowa and Minnesota. Following the Civil War, hostilities continued with the Sioux until the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, by 1868, creation of new territories reduced Dakota Territory to the present boundaries of the Dakotas. Territorial counties were defined in 1872, including Bottineau County, Cass County, during the existence of the organized territory, the population first increased very slowly and then very rapidly with the Dakota Boom from 1870 to 1880. Because the Sioux were considered hostile and a threat to early settlers. Gradually, the population grew and the Sioux were not considered as severe a threat. The population increase can largely be attributed to the growth of the Northern Pacific Railroad, settlers who came to the Dakota Territory were from other western territories as well as many from northern and western Europe. These included large numbers of Norwegians, Germans, Swedes, commerce was originally organized around the fur trade. Furs were carried by steamboat along the rivers to the settlements, gold was discovered in the Black Hills in 1874 and attracted more settlers, setting off the last Sioux War. The population surge increased the demand for meat spurring expanded cattle ranching on the territorys vast open ranges, with the advent of the railroad agriculture intensified, wheat became the territorys main cash crop. Economic hardship hit the territory in the 1880s due to lower wheat prices, the territorial capital was Yankton from 1861 until 1883, when it was moved to Bismarck. The Dakota Territory was divided into the states of North Dakota, the admission of two states, as opposed to one, was done for a number of reasons. The two population centers in the territory were in the northeast and southeast corners of the territory, on a national level, there was pressure from the Republican Party to admit two states to add to their political power in the Senate. Admission of new states was a party political battleground with each party looking at how the proposed new states were likely to vote
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Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War
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Washington, D. C. during the American Civil War was a significant civilian leadership, military headquarters, and logistics center. As the capital of the United States, defending the city and the District of Columbia became a priority of the War Department. This set the stage for the expansion of the city throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Despite being the capital, Washington remained a small city of a few thousand residents, virtually deserted during the torrid summertime. In February 1861, the Peace Congress, an attempt by delegates from 21 of the 34 states to avert what many saw as the impending Civil War. The strenuous effort failed and the War started in April 1861, faced with an open rebellion that had turned hostile, President Abraham Lincoln began organizing a military force to protect Washington. The Confederates desired to make Washington their capital and massed to take it, on April 10 forces began to trickle into the city. On April 19, the Baltimore riot threatened the arrival of further reinforcements, led by Andrew Carnegie, a railroad was built circumventing Baltimore, allowing soldiers to arrive on April 25, thereby saving the capital. Thousands of raw volunteers came to the area to fight for the Union, George Templeton Strongs observation of Washington life led him to declare Of all the detestable places Washington is first. Crowd, heat, bad quarters, bad fair, bad smells, mosquitos, beelzebub surely reigns here, and Willards Hotel is his temple. The city became the area for what became the Manassas Campaign. Most Washington citizens embraced the arriving troops, although there were pockets of apathy, upon hearing a Union regiment singing John Browns Body as the soldiers marched beneath her window, resident Julia Ward Howe wrote the patriotic Battle Hymn of the Republic to the same tune. The 1860 Census put the population at just over 75,000 persons, warehouses, supply depots, ammunition dumps, and factories were established to provide and distribute materiel for the Federal armies, and civilian workers and contractors flocked to the city. Slavery was abolished throughout the District on April 16,1862 — eight months before Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation — with the passage of the Compensated Emancipation Act. Washington became a place for freed slaves to congregate. At the beginning of the war, Washingtons only defense was one old fort, when Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan assumed command of the Department of the Potomac on August 17,1861, he became responsible for the capitals defense. McClellan began by laying out lines for a ring of entrenchments. In between these batteries interconnected rifle pits were dug, allowing highly effective co-operative fire and this layout, once complete, would make the city one of the most heavily defended locations in the world, and almost unassailable by nearly any number of men
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Idaho in the American Civil War
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The history of Idaho in the American Civil War is atypical, as the territory was far from the battlefields. At the start of the Civil War, modern-day Idaho was part of the Washington Territory, on March 3,1863, the Idaho Territory was formed, consisting of the entirety of modern-day Idaho, Montana, and all but southwest Wyoming. However, there were concerns about Confederate sympathizers in the half of the territory. As a result, in 1863 Sidney Edgerton traveled quickly to see President Abraham Lincoln about the situation, the split also resulted in most of Idaho Territorys land consisting of modern-day Wyoming being reassigned to the Dakota Territory. Fort Boise, at the site of the city of Boise was founded on July 3,1863, Old Fort Boise near the present day city of Parma was a French post and was built in 1834. It became one with the Snake River in 1854, and although the French began to rebuild, many people are confused by the two forts of the same name. Gold had been found at Orofino and Florence, Idaho that brought trouble with the friendly Nez Perce tribe, Camp Lapwai—later Fort Lapwai—was established to keep the peace between the Indians and the miners. This was in response to attacks against white settlers in the previous year which were blamed on the Shoshone. The incident saw little coverage outside California and Utah, as most major newspapers were concerned with news of the war fronts. The Bear River Massacre Site is currently a National Historic Landmark, there were some Southerners in the territory at the time. Most had originally gone to California, and came to Idaho to pursue gold mining, however the invasion of their territory by miners in 1863, to places like Silver City, brought on the Snake War. The Volunteers fought the Snakes until relieved by Federal troops in late 1865, after the Civil War, Idaho attracted many veterans of the Union Army to the state, including several governors. An Idaho Soldiers Home was constructed during the 1890s, in the 20th century, the deaths of veterans routinely made the news. The last Civil War veteran to die in Idaho was Israel Broadsword in 1952, Fort Franklin, Franklin, Idaho Old Fort Hall, Fort Hall Indian Reservation,11 miles west of the town of Fort Hall. Fort Hall, on Spring Creek just north of Old Fort Hall, Camp Lander, located three miles southeast of Old Fort Hall. Camp Salmon Falls, located on the Snake River north of Buhl, Camp Conner, Soda Springs, Idaho Fort Boise, Boise Camp Lapwai, Lapwai Fort Lapwai, Lapwai Samuel Smiths Camp, near the mouth of the Raft River. Camp Reed, near Twin Falls on old Kelton Road near its crossing of Rock Creek, Camp Wallace or Cantonment Soldier, located on the Big Camas Prairie near Fairfield, Idaho. Camp Lyon, Idaho, near Jordan Valley, Oregon on Jordan Creek within one mile of the state line, history of Idaho Montana in the American Civil War List of Civil War Veterans that lived in Idaho
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Indian Territory in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, Indian Territory occupied most of what is now the U. S. state of Oklahoma. It served as a region set aside for Native American tribes of the Southeastern United States following the Indian Removal Act. It was occupied by captured Native Americans who had removed from their lands. The Union organized several regiments of Indian Home Guard to serve in the Indian Territory and sometimes adjacent areas of Kansas, Missouri, the area was largely undeveloped, railroads did not exist in this area and the Union did not have enough troops to control the few roads. Pro-Union Indians had abandoned their own farms because of raids by pro-Confederacy Indians and fled to Kansas or Missouri and it was not feasible to sustain a large military operation by living off the land. This was demonstrated in 1862, when General William Weer led 5,000 men in the Indian Expedition into Indian Territory from Baxter Springs, weers troops captured a Confederate supply train at the Battle of Locust Grove. However, no Union supplies arrived after that, and the expedition ran short of food, ammunition, weers men mutinied, arresting Weer and putting Colonel Frederick Salomon in command. The Confederacy took an interest, seeking a source of food in the event of a Union blockade, a connection to western territories. At the onset of war, Confederate forces took possession of the US army forts in the area, in June and July 1861, its officers negotiated with Native American tribes for combat support. After refusing to allow Creek lands to be annexed by the Confederacy, after reaching Kansas and Missouri, Opothleyahola and Native Americans loyal to the Union formed three volunteer regiments known as the Indian Home Guard. It fought in Indian Territory and Arkansas, the first battle in the territory occurred on November 19,1861. Opothleyahola rallied Indians to the Union cause at Deep Fork, a total of 7,000 men, women, and children resided in his camp. A force of 1,400 Confederate soldiers under Colonel Douglas H. Cooper initiated the Battle of Round Mountain, Opothleyahola moved his camp to a new location at Chustenalah. On December 26,1861, Confederate forces again attacked, this time driving Opothleyahola, in 1862, Union General James G. Blunt ordered Colonel William Weer to lead an expedition into the Indian Territory, the expedition included five white regiments, two Indian regiments and two artillery battalions. The main objective of the expedition was to escort the Indian refugees who had fled to Kansas back to their homes in Indian Territory, a secondary objective was to hold the territory for the Union. Weers expedition met with success at the Battle of Locust Grove in Indian Territory. The expedition camped at Locust Grove for two weeks, waiting for a Union supply train, one detachment from the main force moved on to Fort Gibson, causing the Confederates stationed there to withdraw
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Montana in the American Civil War
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The area that eventually became the U. S. state of Montana played little direct role in the American Civil War. The closest the Confederate States Army ever came to the area was New Mexico and eastern Kansas, there was not even an organized territory using Montana until the Montana Territory was created on May 26,1864, three years after the Battle of Fort Sumter. In 1861, the area was divided between the Dakota Territory and the Washington Territory, and in 1863, it was part of the Idaho Territory, nevertheless, Confederate sympathizers did have a presence in what is now the U. S. state of Montana. Those in the Montana Territory who supported the Confederate side were varied, among them were Confederate sympathizers who were determined that some of Montanas gold would go into the Southern instead of Northern coffers. But most were those who would not fight in the war. The Varina Townsite Company, on June 16,1863, went to confirm the 320 acres of land as the town of Varina, however, when they applied for the name, the judge—Connecticut native Dr. G. G. Bissell—refused, saying they would be damned before he would allow the town to be named for the first lady of the Confederacy. Bissell did say he would allow the company to name the town after the state of Virginia, charles Dickens even mentioned it in his book All the Year Round. The town would remain sympathetic to the South, even after being named the capital of Montana, when boats sailed down the Yellowstone River from the town, the local newspaper said they were sailing to America. The loyalty towards the Confederacy concerned many supporters of the Union, seeing this, Sidney Edgerton in 1863 went quickly to see Abraham Lincoln about the situation, and this was one impetus to create the Montana Territory so quickly. Gold mining in Montana began during the Civil War, gold deposits were discovered at Bannack in 1862. The resulting gold rush resulted in more placer discoveries, including those at Virginia City in 1863 and at Helena, gold from the Montana gold mines went to both sides of the conflict. In Broadwater County, in the portion of the state, Confederate sympathizers found a vein of gold eight miles west of Townsend. It was said to be among the largest and richest of the placer diggings within the state
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Nebraska in the American Civil War
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During the American Civil War, Nebraska was still a territory of the United States, not achieving statehood until two years after the War. Antebellum Nebraska Territory was a slavery-free region, the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 had established the 40th parallel north as the dividing line between the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It had also repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries, Nebraska residents, many of them migrants from the Northern United States, chose to exclude slavery from their territory. Anti-secession feelings ran strong in the fledgling Nebraska Territory, Seward County was originally called Greene County, after a popular U. S. Army general from Missouri. But after General Greene joined the Confederacy, the county was renamed Seward for William H. Seward, as the war began in April 1861, Algernon Paddock was serving as the territorial secretary, the highest office. On May 15, Alvin Saunders, a staunch Republican and supporter of President Lincoln, was sworn in as the formal Governor of Nebraska Territory and he served in that capacity throughout the war. Regular Army troops were withdrawn from Fort Kearny and Fort Randall to serve in more threatened areas, the Federal government requested that the Nebraska Territory form one volunteer regiment, with some companies supposed to stay behind to protect the territory. The territorial legislature met in session in Omaha, and agreed to raise the requested local defense force. Thus, the 1st Regiment Nebraska Volunteer Infantry was formed in June and July 1861, with the governor of Nebraska. However, the promise was reneged, and the regiment was sent eastward in August to fight the Confederacy. Serving in the forces under Ulysses S. Grant, the 1st Nebraska Infantry participated in the attack on Fort Donelson in Tennessee. It then participated in minor engagements in Missouri and Arkansas. In October 1863, the regiment was changed from infantry into cavalry and it was mustered out of the Union Army in 1866. Later in the war, some of the soldiers who served at Fort Kearny were former Confederates who had changed their allegiance to the Union, thus becoming galvanized Yankees. By the end of the Civil War, more than a third of the men of age in the Nebraska Territory had served in the Union army. In addition to the 1st Nebraska, the territory raised three other regiments of cavalry, as well as several battalions of militia. Thirty-five Nebraskans were killed in action during the war, while another 204 died of causes, including disease. No Civil War battles or skirmishes were fought within the borders of Nebraska
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New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War
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Both Confederate and Union governments claimed ownership and territorial rights over it. Confederate power in the New Mexico Territory was effectively broken after the Battle of Glorieta Pass in 1862, however, the territorial government continued to operate out of Texas, and Confederate troops marched under the Arizona flag until the end of the war. Additionally, over 8,000 troops from New Mexico Territory served the Union, the first proposals for the Arizona Territory were not based on the current east-west scheme, but rather a north-south division. The proposals arose from concerns about the effectiveness of the government in Santa Fe to administer the newly acquired southern portions of the territory. The first proposal dates from a conference held in Tucson that convened on August 29,1856. The conference issued a petition to the U. S. Congress, signed by 256 people, requesting organization of the territory, later a similar proposal was defeated in the Senate. The delegates elected Lewis Owings as provisional governor, however, due to the small number of inhabitants in the proposed territory, the U. S. Congress continued to refuse to recognize any proceedings from any of the conventions being held in this area. Additionally, making matters worse, on March 2 of 1861 the U. S, the loss of this key communications link with the rest of the United States angered the settlers in the Arizona region, just as the deep South states were seceding from the Union. Having been recently annexed from Mexico, the majority of New Mexicos population was apathetic to secession, the prior experiences of the territory had created considerable animosity toward Texans among the population. As a result, when a side had to be chosen, while the people of the southern portion of the territory had closer ties to the South, the more populated northern section had strong ties to Northern trade via Missouri. Subsequently, a convention was held in Tucson on March 28,1861, chaired by Mark Aldrich. Early in war, the Confederacy regarded the territory as a route for possible access to the Pacific Ocean. In July 1861, a small Confederate force of Texans, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor, after the fort was abandoned by the Union garrison, Baylors force cut off the fleeing Union troops and forced them to surrender. However, the people of Arizona remained firm in their support of Baylor, once again, G. H. Oury was re-elected as a congressman to the Confederate States Congress. Governor Baylor approved the proceedings, and Delegate Oury was sent off to Richmond, Delegate Oury was not initially seated in the congress, but met with C. S. leaders as well as President Jefferson Davis. Texas Congressman John Reagan introduced a bill on November 22,1861 to formally create the Territory of Arizona, the following month, in March 1862, the U. S. The use of a north-south border rather than an east-west one had the effect of denying a de facto ratification of the Confederate Arizona Territory, the house bill stipulated that Tucson was to be capital. It also stipulated that slavery was to be abolished in the new territory. S, the first capital was at Fort Whipple, followed by Prescott, in the northern Union-controlled area
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Utah in the American Civil War
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Although no battles were fought in the territory, the withdrawal of Union forces at the beginning of the war allowed the Indian tribes to start raiding the trails passing through Utah. As a result, units from California and Utah were assigned to protect against these raids, mineral deposits found in Utah by California soldiers encouraged the immigration of non-Mormon settlers into Utah. However, the void in military presence allowed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to regain control over the territory, although the Mormons were the majority of settlers in the Great Salt Lake basin, the western area of the territory began to attract many non-Mormon settlers. Partly as a result of this, in March the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Earlier in the year, a portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. In October 1861, the First Transcontinental Telegraph was completed, with Salt Lake City being the last link, Mormon leader Brigham Young was among the first to send a message, along with President Lincoln and other officials. In 1862, with the ranks of the Union army swelled by more than 100,000 volunteers, in addition, it was important to protect the overland mail route and telegraph lines along what later became known as the California Trail. Col. Patrick E. Connor marched into Utah with a regiment of California volunteers and his soldiers, of the 3rd California Infantry, constructed a small garrison just three miles east of the Mormon stronghold of Salt Lake City. The post, named Camp Douglas for former Illinois presidential candidate, Connor at once engaged in an acrimonious and bitter cold war with Brigham Young and the Mormon people, whom he accused of being disloyal and immoral. During the rest of the war, the served as the headquarters of the District of Utah in the Department of the Pacific. The District of Utah was organized on August 1, covering the territories of Utah and Nevada, one incident in particular involving miners from Montana traveling through Cache Valley was enough to justify an expedition to investigate the situation further. Eager for combat, Connor marched his regiment 140 miles over the winter landscape to deal with the Indians. On January 29,1863, Connors troops encountered the Shoshoni encampment along the Bear River and his men massacred the Indian encampment and then marched back to Utah. Connor encouraged his men to explore the Utah region for mineral deposits and his men discovered gold, silver, lead, and zinc deposits in Tooele County in 1864. As Connor hoped, miners began to flock to the territory, the Rush Valley Mining District was established by soldiers in the western Oquirrh Mountains and more than 100 claims were staked in the first year. Before the Civil War, John F. Kinney had been named as Chief Justice of the Territory of Utah by President Buchanan and he served from June 26,1860, until March 1863. Kinney was elected as the Territory of Utahs Democratic delegate to the 38th Congress, in 1861, President Lincoln had appointed James Duane Doty to the position of Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Utah Territory. In 1863, Utahs territorial governor, Stephen Harding, was removed from office after public backlash from his criticism of the LDS Church, Lincoln appointed Doty to the governorship shortly thereafter
39.
Washington in the American Civil War
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The history of Washington in the American Civil War is atypical, as the territory was the most remote from the battlefields of the American Civil War. At the start of the American Civil War, modern-day Washington was part of the Washington Territory, Washington Territory before the Civil War was a in the United States from the theater of conflict. Also of great concern locally was the recent Pig War and continuing dispute over San Juan Island that affected relations with Great Britain during the American Civil War. Politically the territory was also a stronghold for the Democratic Party with many sympathetic to the Southern cause or at least tolerant of it. With the regular U. S. Army troops recalled from the District of Oregon to fight the Civil War in the east, soldiers were still needed to man the forts and outposts in Washington Territory. The acting governor of the territory, Henry M. McGill, issued a proclamation on May 10,1861, in response to President Lincolns first call for volunteers, not until October 12, was an effective step taken to raise volunteers in the territory when Colonel Thomas A. Leaving R. V. Peabody to raise a company in the Sound country, there he opened a recruiting office on March 1,1862, and two months later had secured four companies, and had two more started, soon to be at full strength. Early in May, with the four companies then completed and mustered, he left San Francisco for Fort Vancouver, later two more were raised in California, making eight in all from California, in the regiment which was not withstanding known as the 1st Washington Territory infantry. In the end only two companies of the Regiment were raised in Washington Territory, and one of these was recruited largely from residents of Oregon, Company K, which was mustered in at Fort Steilacoom was the only Company raised only from men from Washington Territory. East of the Cascades troops could not be raised from the men involved in the frenzy of the Idaho gold rush then beginning. Three companies in the newly formed Idaho Territory were engaged in an expedition to clear the area of the Snake Indians who threatened emigrants to the territory in 1863 and 1864. It was first garrisoned by Company A, U. S. 9th Infantry Regiment and later by Company A, in 1863, a mate to Cape Disappointment, Fort at Point Adams, later Fort Stevens was established in Oregon on the south bank of the Columbia River. In 1864, Post at Cape Disappointment was renamed Fort Cape Disappointment, despite the fears of the Union, these forts saw no action against any enemy in the Civil War. On March 15,1863, a schooner, called the J. M. Chapman, had seized in the harbor of San Francisco. This seizure made Union men everywhere along the coast more alert for other attempts to get a vessel for the purpose, among its papers was one letter disclosing plans for the capture of the USS Shubrick but the scheme appeared to have been abandoned. In the ensuing Shubrick Incident, Shubricks Captain Pease and most of the crew and they are awaiting, it seems from rumors, the receipt of letters of marque from the president of the so-called Confederate States. At this moment an English steamer, called the Fusi Yama, is expected in this port from England, USS Saginaw cruised the Puget Sound and Straits of San Juan de Fuca and found no privateer. The Southern Association failed to carry out their intentions to outfit a privateer
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Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
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Military technology
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Military technology is the application of technology for use in warfare. Military technology is researched and developed by scientists and engineers specifically for use in battle by the armed forces. Many new technologies came as a result of the funding of science. Weapons engineering is the design, development, testing and lifecycle management of military weapons and this section is divided into the broad cultural developments that affected military technology. The first use of tools may have begun during the Paleolithic Period. The earliest stone tools are from the site of Lomekwi, Turkana, stone tools diversified through the Pleistocene Period, which ended ~12,000 years ago. Humans entered the Bronze Age as they learned to smelt copper into an alloy with tin to make weapons, in Asia where copper-tin ores are rare, this development was delayed until trading in bronze began in the third millennium BCE. In the Middle East and Southern European regions, the Bronze Age follows the Neolithic period, but in parts of the world. The first large use of iron type weapons began in Asia Minor around the 14th century BCE and in Central Europe around the 11th century BCE followed by the Middle East and India. The Assyrians are credited with the introduction of cavalry in warfare. Assyrians were also the first to use iron-tipped arrows, the book covers topics of military strategy, training, and the production and employment of advanced weaponry. Advances in military technology aided the Song dynasty in its defense against hostile neighbors to the north, the flamethrower found its origins in Byzantine-era Greece, employing Greek fire in a device with a siphon hose by the 7th century. The earliest reference to Greek Fire in China was made in 917, written by Wu Renchen in his Spring, lin Yu mentioned also that the fierce fire oil derived ultimately from one of Chinas maritime contacts in the southern seas, Arabia Dashiguo. The Chinese applied the use of bellows to pump petrol out of a single cylinder. This device was featured in description and illustration of the Wujing Zongyao military manuscript of 1044, in the suppression of the Southern Tang state by 976, early Song naval forces confronted them on the Yangtze River in 975. Southern Tang forces attempted to use flamethrowers against the Song navy, the first art depiction of the Chinese fire lance was from a Buddhist mural painting of Dunhuang, dated circa 950. Eventually, perishable bamboo was replaced with hollow tubes of cast iron, the earliest known depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan, dating to 1128, that portrays a figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard, firing flames and a cannonball. However, the oldest existent archaeological discovery of a metal barrel handgun is from the Chinese Heilongjiang excavation, the Chinese also discovered the explosive potential of packing hollowed cannonball shells with gunpowder
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Ironclad warship
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An ironclad is a steam-propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates used in the early part of the second half of the 19th century. The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of warships to explosive or incendiary shells. The first ironclad battleship, Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in November 1859 and this type of ship would come to be very successful in the American Civil War. Ironclads were designed for several roles, including as high seas battleships, coastal defense ships and this change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns, more sophisticated steam engines, and advances in metallurgy which made steel shipbuilding possible. The quick pace of change meant that ships were obsolete as soon as they were finished. Many ironclads were built to use of the ram or the torpedo. There is no end to the ironclad period, but towards the end of the 1890s the term ironclad dropped out of use. New ships were constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armored cruisers. The ironclad became technically feasible and tactically necessary because of developments in shipbuilding in the first half of the 19th century. According to naval historian J. Richard Hill, The had three characteristics, a metal-skinned hull, steam propulsion and a main armament of guns capable of firing explosive shells. It is only when all three characteristics are present that a ship can properly be called an ironclad. Each of these developments was introduced separately in the decade before the first ironclads, in the 18th and early 19th centuries fleets had relied on two types of major warship, the ship of the line and the frigate. The first major change to these types was the introduction of power for propulsion. While paddle steamer warships had been used from the 1830s onwards, steam-powered screw frigates were built in the mid-1840s, and at the end of the decade the French Navy introduced steam power to its line of battle. The desire for change came from the ambition of Napoleon III to gain influence in Europe. The first purpose-built steam battleship was the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850, the introduction of the steam ship-of-the-line led to a building competition between France and Britain. Eight sister ships to Napoléon were built in France over a period of ten years, altogether, France built ten new wooden steam battleships and converted 28 from older ships of the line, while the United Kingdom built 18 and converted 41. The era of the wooden steam ship-of-the-line was brief, because of new, in the 1820s and 1830s, warships began to mount increasingly heavy guns, replacing 18- and 24-pounder guns with 32-pounders on sailing ships-of-the-line and introducing 68-pounders on steamers
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Gunboat
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In the age of sail, a gunboat was usually a small undecked vessel carrying a single smoothbore cannon in the bow, or just two or three such cannons. A gunboat could carry one or two masts or be oar-powered only, but the version of about 15 m length was most typical. Some types of gunboat carried two cannons, or else mounted a number of guns on the railings. The gun that such boats carried could be heavy, a 32-pounder for instance. For example, in the Battle of Alvøen during the Gunboat War of 1807-1814, Gunboats used in the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain during the American Revolutionary War were mostly built on the spot, attesting to the speed of their construction. All navies of the era kept a number of gunboats on hand. Gunboats saw extensive use in the Baltic Sea during the late 18th century as they were well-suited for the extensive coastal skerries and archipelagoes of Sweden, Finland and Russia. The rivalry between Sweden and Russia in particular led to an expansion of gunboat fleets and the development of new gunboat types. The majority of these were developed from the 1770s and onwards by the naval architect Fredrik Henrik af Chapman for the Swedish archipelago fleet. The designs, copied and refined by the rival Danish and Russian navies, spread to the Mediterranean, British ships engaged larger 22 m Russian gunboats off Turku in southeast Finland in 1854 during the Crimean War. The Russian vessels had the distinction of being the last oared vessels of war in history to fire their guns in anger, Gunboats played a key role in Napoleon Bonapartes plan for the invasion of England in 1804. Denmark-Norway used them heavily in the Gunboat War, between 1803 and 1812 the United States Navy had a policy of basing its navy on coastal gunboats, experimenting with a variety of designs. President Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party opposed a strong navy and they proved useless against the British blockade during the War of 1812. With the introduction of power in the early 19th century. Initially, these vessels retained full sailing rigs and used steam engines for auxiliary propulsion, the British Royal Navy deployed two wooden paddle-gunboats in the Lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River during the Rebellions of 1837 in Upper and Lower Canada. The United States Navy deployed an iron-hulled paddle gunboat, the USS Michigan, the Von der Tann became the first propeller-driven gunboat in the world. Conradi shipyards in Kiel built the steam-powered 120 long tons gunboat in 1849 for the navy of Schleswig-Holstein. 1, Von der Tann was the most modern ship in the navy and she participated successfully in the First Schleswig War of 1848-1851
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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Phoenix Iron Works (Phoenixville, Pennsylvania)
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The Phoenix Iron Works, located in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, was a manufacturer of iron and related products during the 19th century and early 20th century. Phoenix Iron Company was a producer of cannons for the Union Army during the American Civil War. The company also produced the Phoenix column, an advance in construction material, Company facilities are a core component of the Phoenixville Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places site that was in 2006 recognized as a historic landmark by ASM International. As the complex grew, it featured a huge blast furnace and puddling furnace, an adjacent iron foundry, warehouses, ancillary buildings, in 1825, the company was the first to generate steam by burning anthracite coal. Engineers at the foundry invented a power-driven rolling method to weld and forge wrought iron, in the late 20th century, the company declined along with the steel and iron industry of Pennsylvania. By 1984, production in Phoenixville had ceased, in 1986, the new management of the renamed Phoenix Steel Corporation announced plans to close its remaining production plants in Claymont, Delaware. The following year, the mill closed, all production of steel ceased, Phoenix made its last shipment of steel. A new corporation, CitiSteel, was formed to operate the facility, in 1998, the Phoenixville Area Economic Development Corporation took ownership of the building. The museum tells the story of the Phoenix Iron & Steel Company, the Hankin Group acquired the Phoenix Foundry property from PAEDCO in 2006 to create an 18,000 square feet event space. As of 2012, the Phoenix Steel site is empty, most of its buildings were dismantled. Only the old foundry and company office buildings remain from the once-sprawling complex, the Eiffel Tower in Paris used puddled iron from Phoenixville. In 1855, the foundry began producing six-pound smoothbore artillery pieces known as Griffen Guns, hundreds were turned out before production shifted in 1861 to other Griffen designs. Company owner Daniel Reeves spent much money on equipment and processes to modernize the factory and make it one of Americas leading producers of iron and steel. During the Civil War, the factory manufactured over 1,000 Griffen-designed 3-inch Ordnance Rifles, produced by the companys unique rolling process, the 820-pound wrought iron barrels were durable and resisted bursting, unlike the cast iron gun tubes of Phoenixvilles smaller competitors. At its peak, the factory was producing fifty rifles a week, many of these rifled guns are in private collections, municipal parks, and at battlefields across the country, including the Gettysburg Battlefield. They are distinguished by the letters PIC stamped on the muzzle, the Phoenix Column, patented by Samuel Reeves in 1862, was a hollow cylinder composed of four, six, or eight wrought iron segments riveted together. The resulting column was much lighter and stronger than the solid cast iron columns of the day and they allowed the construction of massive structures without brutally heavy load-bearing walls. Taller and taller buildings could now be built on narrow plots, helping facilitate the creation of the skyscraper
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Cannon
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A cannon is any piece of artillery that uses gunpowder or other usually explosive-based propellants to launch a projectile, which may or may not be explosive. The word cannon is derived from languages, in which the original definition can usually be translated as tube, cane. The Greeks invented the first type—a steam cannon—designed by Archimedes during the Siege of Syracuse, ctesibius built a steam cannon in Alexandria and in the fifteenth century Leonardo da Vinci designed another, the Architonnerre, based on Archimedes work. The earliest form of artillery was developed in Song China, over time replacing siege engines. In the Middle East, the first use of the cannon is argued to be during the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut between the Mamluk Sultanate and Mongol Empire. The first cannon in Europe were in use in the Iberian Peninsula by the mid-13th century and it was during this period, the Middle Ages, that cannon became standardised, and more effective in both the anti-infantry and siege roles. After the Middle Ages most large cannon were abandoned in favour of greater numbers of lighter, Cannon also transformed naval warfare in the early modern period, as European navies took advantage of their firepower. In World War I, the majority of fatalities were caused by artillery. Most modern cannon are similar to those used in the Second World War, Cannon was widely known as the earliest form of a gun and artillery, before early firearms were invented. The word has been used to refer to a gun since 1326 in Italy, both Cannons and Cannon are correct and in common usage, with one or the other having preference in different parts of the English-speaking world. Cannons is more common in North America and Australia, while cannon as plural is more common in the United Kingdom, Cannon in general have the form of a truncated cone with an internal cylindrical bore for holding an explosive charge and a projectile. The thickest, strongest, and closed part of the cone is located near the explosive charge, as any explosive charge will dissipate in all directions equally, the thickest portion of the cannon is useful for containing and directing this force. Field artillery cannon in Europe and the Americas were initially made most often of bronze, though later forms were constructed of cast iron and eventually steel. However, cast iron cannon have a tendency to burst without having any previous weakness or wear. The following terms refer to the components or aspects of a classical western cannon as illustrated here. In what follows, the words near, close, and behind will refer to those parts towards the thick, closed end of the piece, and far, front, in front of, and before to the thinner, open end. Bore, The hollow cylinder bored down the centre of the cannon, including the base of the bore or bottom of the bore, the diameter of the bore represents the cannons calibre. Chamber, The cylindrical, conical, or spherical recess at the nearest end of the bottom of the bore into which the gunpowder is packed
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Frankford Arsenal
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Opened in 1816 on 20 acres of land purchased by President James Madison, it was the center of U. S. military small-arms ammunition design and development until its closure in 1977. Among the many other products manufactured at the arsenal were fire-control and range-finding instruments, by the end of the war, the arsenal employed over 1,000 workers. During the Gettysburg Campaign, the arsenal provided tens of thousands of muskets, among the innovations extensively tested at the Arsenal was the Gatling Gun, an early form of machine gun that saw extensive service in the Indian Wars. During World War I and World War II, the arsenal was again busy with supplying the war efforts, providing a source of jobs. The Arsenal was part of the U. S, Arsenal System -- dedicated military establishments spread throughout the country to perform specific military missions for the Government. From the beginning, the Frankford Arsenal was involved in the design, as military weapons became more complex, the Centers role expanded to cover the development of a whole range of the Armys more advanced weapon systems. The Arsenal contained the world-famous Pitman-Dunn Laboratories along with a number of other R&D departments, New portable and imbedded computer applications saw the development of the LASER rangefinder, fielded artillery computational machines and radar systems. During the Vietnam War, experiments in caseless ammunition, far-infrared low-light-level technologies, the labs were supported by a full range of first-class drafting and machine shops scattered throughout the many buildings of the Center. Everything from milling, to electroplating, to printed circuit board fabrication could be accomplished by “The Shops”. The Optical Lens Design Facility was one of the finest in the country, the Optical Assembly shop also refurbished field binoculars. Once a newly designed system was manufactured, complete structural and environmental testing was necessary to insure that the device could withstand the rigors of a fielded environment and this was accomplished in the Arsenal’s environmental testing and evaluation facility. As the U. S. military-industrial complex grew, the Arsenal could no longer compete as a manufacturing entity, more and more of its programs were farmed out to industry. The Arsenal’s functions were transferred to the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey. During the presidential campaign of 1976, vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale stood in front of the Frankford Arsenal, the Carter/Mondale ticket won the election but the promise was not fulfilled, the arsenal closed for U. S. government use in 1977. Before closing, many designs were developed and tested, including the use of aluminum. The northernmost part of the site was assumed by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission for use as a boat ramp, the southernmost part is currently being used as a light-industrial and office park. Each round of ammunition was marked with the headstamp F A on its base, early metallic cartridges produced at Frankford were not head-stamped. These were either Martin or Benet primed copper cases, early cartridges were stamped F for Frankford or R for rifle or C for carbine
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Battle of Gettysburg
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The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 1–3,1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the war and is often described as the wars turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Meades Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lees attempt to invade the North. After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North—the Gettysburg Campaign. Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit, but was relieved of command just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade. Elements of the two armies collided at Gettysburg on July 1,1863, as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there, his objective being to engage the Union army. Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. John Buford, on the second day of battle, most of both armies had assembled. The Union line was out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook. In the late afternoon of July 2, Lee launched an assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devils Den. On the Union right, Confederate demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culps Hill, all across the battlefield, despite significant losses, the Union defenders held their lines. The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire, at great loss to the Confederate army, Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the battle, the most costly in US history. Shortly after the Army of Northern Virginia won a victory over the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Such a move would upset U. S. plans for the campaigning season. The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much-needed rest, in addition, Lees 72, 000-man army could threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North. Thus, on June 3, Lees army began to shift northward from Fredericksburg, the Cavalry Division remained under the command of Maj. Gen. J. E. B. The Union Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, consisted of seven corps, a cavalry corps. The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between cavalry forces at Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Virginia
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Gettysburg Campaign
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The Gettysburg Campaign was a military invasion of Pennsylvania by the main Confederate army under General Robert E. Lee in summer 1863. The Union won a victory at Gettysburg July 1-3, with heavy casualties on both sides. Lee managed to back to Virginia with most of his army. It was a point in the American Civil War, with Lee increasingly pushed back toward Richmond until his surrender in April 1865. The Union Army of the Potomac was commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, Lees army slipped away from Federal contact at Fredericksburg, Virginia, on June 3,1863. The largest predominantly cavalry battle of the war was fought at Brandy Station on June 9, the Confederates crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains and moved north through the Shenandoah Valley, capturing the Union garrison at Winchester, Virginia, in the Second Battle of Winchester, June 13–15. Crossing the Potomac River, Lees Second Corps advanced through Maryland and Pennsylvania, reaching the Susquehanna River, however, the Army of the Potomac was in pursuit and had reached Frederick, Maryland, before Lee realized his opponent had crossed the Potomac. Lee moved swiftly to concentrate his army around the town of Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg was the largest of the war, on July 2, with most of both armies now present, Lee launched fierce assaults on both flanks of the Union defensive line, which were repulsed with heavy losses on both sides. On July 3, Lee focused his attention on the Union center, the defeat of his massive infantry assault, Picketts Charge, caused Lee to order a retreat that began the evening of July 4. The Confederate retreat to Virginia was plagued by bad weather, difficult roads, however, Meades army did not maneuver aggressively enough to prevent Lee from crossing the Potomac to safety on the night of July 13–14. Shortly after Lees Army of Northern Virginia defeated Hookers Army of the Potomac during the Chancellorsville Campaign, Lees army could also threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and encourage the growing peace movement in the North. Lee had numerous misunderstandings that shaped his strategy, Lee misread Northern opinion by his reliance on anti-war Copperhead newspapers for northern public opinion. Reading them, he assumed the Yankees must be just as war weary as southerners, Lee did know he was seriously short of supplies for his own army, so he planned the campaign primarily as a full-scale raid that would seize supplies. He wrote, If we can baffle them in their various designs this year & our people are true to our cause. our success will be certain, next year there will be a great change in public opinion at the North. The Republicans will be destroyed & I think the friends of peace will become so strong as that the administration will go in on that basis. We have only therefore to resist manfully, the war will be over and we shall achieve the recognition of our independence. The Confederate government had a different strategy, in essence, Lees strategy was identical to the one he employed in the Maryland Campaign of 1862
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Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
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Chambersburg is a borough in the South Central region of Pennsylvania, United States. It is 13 miles miles north of Maryland and the Mason-Dixon line and 52 miles southwest of Harrisburg in the Cumberland Valley, Chambersburg is the county seat of Franklin County. According to the United States Census Bureau the 2010 population was 20,268, when combined with the surrounding Greene, Hamilton, and Guilford Townships, the population of Greater Chambersburg is 52,273. Chambersburg is at the core of the Chambersburg, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area which includes surrounding Franklin County, the population of the Chambersburg Micropolitan Area in 2010 was 149,618. Chambersburgs settlement began in 1730 when water mills were built at the confluence of Conococheague Creek and its history includes episodes relating to the French and Indian War, the Whiskey Rebellion, John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry, and the American Civil War. The borough was the major northern community burned down by Confederate forces during the war. Interstate 81 skirts the borough to its east, Native Americans living or hunting in the area during the 18th century included the Iroquois, Lenape and Shawnee. The creek provided power to the mills, and the settlement was known as Falling Spring, the Penn family encouraged settlement in the area in order to strengthen its case in a border dispute with the Maryland Colony, which had resulted in hostilities known as Cresaps War. This dispute was not settled until 1767 and the surveying of the known as the Mason-Dixon line. Chambers traveled to England to testify in support of Penns claims, to maintain peace with the Indians, European settlers were sometimes removed from the nearby area. In May 1750, Benjamin Chambers participated in removing settlers from nearby Burnt Cabins, the area was officially part of Chester County, then Lancaster, and then Cumberland until it became part of the newly established Franklin County in 1784. The Great Wagon Road connecting Philadelphia with the Shenandoah Valley passed nearby, in 1744, it was completed through Harriss Ferry, Carlisle, Shippensburg, and Chambersburg to the Potomac River. In 1748 a local militia was formed for protection against Indians, Chambersburg was on the frontier during the French and Indian War. The areas population dropped from about 3,000 in 1755 at the start of the war to about 300, Benjamin Chambers built a private stone fort during the war, which was equipped with two 4 pounder cannons and fighting occurred nearby. Because Chamberss fort was otherwise lightly defended, the authorities attempted to remove the cannons to prevent them from being captured by Indians, the attempted removal was unsuccessful, and one of the cannons was used to celebrate Independence Day in 1840. The Forbes Road and other trails going to Fort Pitt passed nearby as well, fighting continued in the area after the war, most notably the Enoch Brown school massacre during Pontiacs War and the Black Boys rebellion against British troops at Fort Loudon. The first settlers were Scots-Irish Presbyterians and German Protestants came soon afterward, quakers and English Protestants, who made up a large proportion of early Pennsylvania settlers, did not often move as far west as Chambersburg. Blacks lived in Chambersburg almost from the start of settlement, Benjamin Chambers owned a black female slave sometime before the French and Indian War and twenty slaves were recorded as taxable property in 1786
