1.
Central processing unit
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The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early 1960s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip. An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called cores, in that context, one can speak of such single chips as sockets. Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, there also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources. Early computers such as the ENIAC had to be rewired to perform different tasks. Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner. On June 30,1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC and it was the outline of a stored-program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949. EDVAC was designed to perform a number of instructions of various types. Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the wiring of the computer. This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the considerable time, with von Neumanns design, the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory. Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger, however, this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities. This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit. The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers, both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones, the so-called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I, which was completed before EDVAC, also utilized a stored-program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory. Relays and vacuum tubes were used as switching elements, a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches, tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the Harvard Mark I failed very rarely. In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs. Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices
2.
Pentium III
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The Pentium III brand refers to Intels 32-bit x86 desktop and mobile microprocessors based on the sixth-generation P6 microarchitecture introduced on February 26,1999. The brands initial processors were very similar to the earlier Pentium II-branded microprocessors, the most notable differences were the addition of the SSE instruction set, and the introduction of a controversial serial number embedded in the chip during the manufacturing process. Similarly to the Pentium II it superseded, the Pentium III was also accompanied by the Celeron brand for lower-end versions, and the Xeon for high-end derivatives. The Pentium III was eventually superseded by the Pentium 4, but its Tualatin core also served as the basis for the Pentium M CPUs, the first Pentium III variant was the Katmai. It was a development of the Deschutes Pentium II. The Pentium III saw an increase of 2 million transistors over the Pentium II and it was first released at speeds of 450 and 500 MHz in February 1999. Two more versions were released,550 MHz on May 17,1999 and 600 MHz on August 2,1999, on September 27,1999 Intel released the 533B and 600B running at 533 &600 MHz respectively. The B suffix indicated that it featured a 133 MHz FSB, the Katmai contains 9.5 million transistors, not including the 512 Kbytes L2 cache, and has dimensions of 12.3 mm by 10.4 mm. It is fabricated in Intels P856.5 process, a 0.25 micrometre CMOS process with five levels of aluminum interconnect, the Katmai used the same slot-based design as the Pentium II but with the newer SECC2 cartridge that allowed direct CPU core contact with the heat sink. There have been some early models of the Pentium III with 450 and 500 MHz packaged in an older SECC cartridge intended for OEMs, a notable stepping for enthusiasts was SL35D. This version of Katmai was officially rated for 450 MHz, but often contained cache chips for the 600 MHz model and thus usually was capable of running at 600 MHz. The second version, codenamed Coppermine, was released on October 25,1999, running at 500,533,550,600,650,667,700, and 733 MHz. From December 1999 to May 2000, Intel released Pentium IIIs running at speeds of 750,800,850,866,900,933 and 1000 MHz, both 100 MHz FSB and 133 MHz FSB models were made. An E was appended to the name to indicate cores using the new 0.18 μm fabrication process. An additional B was later appended to designate 133 MHz FSB models, however, AMD were able to clock the Athlon higher, reaching speeds of 1.2 GHz before the launch of the Pentium 4. The Coppermine core was unable to reach the 1.13 GHz speed without various tweaks to the processors microcode, effective cooling, additional voltage. Intel only officially supported the processor on its own VC820 i820-based motherboard, in benchmarks that were stable, performance was shown to be sub-par, with the 1.13 GHz CPU equalling a 1.0 GHz model. Toms Hardware attributed this performance deficit to relaxed tuning of the CPU, Intel needed at least six months to resolve the problems using a new cD0 stepping and re-released 1.1 GHz and 1.13 GHz versions in 2001
3.
X86
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X86 is a family of backward-compatible instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086 CPU and its Intel 8088 variant. The term x86 came into being because the names of several successors to Intels 8086 processor end in 86, many additions and extensions have been added to the x86 instruction set over the years, almost consistently with full backward compatibility. The architecture has been implemented in processors from Intel, Cyrix, AMD, VIA and many companies, there are also open implementations. In the 1980s and early 1990s, when the 8088 and 80286 were still in common use, today, however, x86 usually implies a binary compatibility also with the 32-bit instruction set of the 80386. An 8086 system, including such as 8087 and 8089. There were also terms iRMX, iSBC, and iSBX – all together under the heading Microsystem 80, however, this naming scheme was quite temporary, lasting for a few years during the early 1980s. Today, x86 is ubiquitous in both stationary and portable computers, and is also used in midrange computers, workstations, servers. A large amount of software, including operating systems such as DOS, Windows, Linux, BSD, Solaris and macOS, functions with x86-based hardware. There have been attempts, including by Intel itself, to end the market dominance of the inelegant x86 architecture designed directly from the first simple 8-bit microprocessors. Examples of this are the iAPX432, the Intel 960, Intel 860, however, the continuous refinement of x86 microarchitectures, circuitry and semiconductor manufacturing would make it hard to replace x86 in many segments. The table below lists processor models and model series implementing variations of the x86 instruction set, each line item is characterized by significantly improved or commercially successful processor microarchitecture designs. Such x86 implementations are seldom simple copies but often employ different internal microarchitectures as well as different solutions at the electronic, quite naturally, early compatible microprocessors were 16-bit, while 32-bit designs were developed much later. For the personal computer market, real quantities started to appear around 1990 with i386 and i486 compatible processors, other companies, which designed or manufactured x86 or x87 processors, include ITT Corporation, National Semiconductor, ULSI System Technology, and Weitek. Some early versions of these microprocessors had heat dissipation problems, AMD later managed to establish itself as a serious contender with the K6 set of processors, which gave way to the very successful Athlon and Opteron. There were also other contenders, such as Centaur Technology, Rise Technology, VIA Technologies energy efficient C3 and C7 processors, which were designed by the Centaur company, have been sold for many years. Centaurs newest design, the VIA Nano, is their first processor with superscalar and it was, perhaps interestingly, introduced at about the same time as Intels first in-order processor since the P5 Pentium, the Intel Atom. The instruction set architecture has twice been extended to a word size. In 1999-2003, AMD extended this 32-bit architecture to 64 bits and referred to it as x86-64 in early documents, Intel soon adopted AMDs architectural extensions under the name IA-32e, later using the name EM64T and finally using Intel 64
4.
Microprocessor
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A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computers central processing unit on a single integrated circuit, or at most a few integrated circuits. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system. The integration of a whole CPU onto a chip or on a few chips greatly reduced the cost of processing power. Integrated circuit processors are produced in numbers by highly automated processes resulting in a low per unit cost. Single-chip processors increase reliability as there are many electrical connections to fail. As microprocessor designs get better, the cost of manufacturing a chip generally stays the same, before microprocessors, small computers had been built using racks of circuit boards with many medium- and small-scale integrated circuits. Microprocessors combined this into one or a few large-scale ICs, the internal arrangement of a microprocessor varies depending on the age of the design and the intended purposes of the microprocessor. Advancing technology makes more complex and powerful chips feasible to manufacture, a minimal hypothetical microprocessor might only include an arithmetic logic unit and a control logic section. The ALU performs operations such as addition, subtraction, and operations such as AND or OR, each operation of the ALU sets one or more flags in a status register, which indicate the results of the last operation. The control logic retrieves instruction codes from memory and initiates the sequence of operations required for the ALU to carry out the instruction, a single operation code might affect many individual data paths, registers, and other elements of the processor. As integrated circuit technology advanced, it was feasible to manufacture more and more complex processors on a single chip, the size of data objects became larger, allowing more transistors on a chip allowed word sizes to increase from 4- and 8-bit words up to todays 64-bit words. Additional features were added to the architecture, more on-chip registers sped up programs. Floating-point arithmetic, for example, was not available on 8-bit microprocessors. Integration of the point unit first as a separate integrated circuit and then as part of the same microprocessor chip. Occasionally, physical limitations of integrated circuits made such practices as a bit slice approach necessary, instead of processing all of a long word on one integrated circuit, multiple circuits in parallel processed subsets of each data word. With the ability to put large numbers of transistors on one chip and this CPU cache has the advantage of faster access than off-chip memory, and increases the processing speed of the system for many applications. Processor clock frequency has increased more rapidly than external memory speed, except in the recent past, a microprocessor is a general purpose system. Several specialized processing devices have followed from the technology, A digital signal processor is specialized for signal processing, graphics processing units are processors designed primarily for realtime rendering of 3D images
5.
Intel
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Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board
6.
Pentium 4
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Pentium 4 was a line of single-core central processing units for desktops, laptops and entry-level servers introduced by Intel on November 20,2000 and shipped through August 8,2008. They had a seventh-generation x86 microarchitecture, called NetBurst, which was the companys first all-new design since the introduction of the P6 microarchitecture of the Pentium Pro CPUs in 1995, NetBurst differed from P6 by featuring a very deep instruction pipeline to achieve very high clock speeds. Intel claimed that NetBurst would allow speeds of up to 10 GHz in future chips, however. In 2004, the initial 32-bit x86 instruction set of the Pentium 4 microprocessors was extended by the 64-bit x86-64 set, the first Pentium 4 cores, codenamed Willamette, were clocked from 1.3 GHz to 2 GHz. They were released on November 20,2000, using the Socket 423 system, notable with the introduction of the Pentium 4 was the 400 MT/s FSB. It actually operated at 100 MHz, but the FSB was quad-pumped, meaning that the transfer rate was four times the base clock of the bus. The AMD Athlons double-pumped FSB was running at 100 or 133 MHz at that time, Pentium 4 CPUs introduced the SSE2 and, in the Prescott-based Pentium 4s, SSE3 instruction sets to accelerate calculations, transactions, media processing, 3D graphics, and games. Later versions featured Hyper-Threading Technology, a feature to one physical CPU work as two logical CPUs. Intel also marketed a version of their low-end Celeron processors based on the NetBurst microarchitecture, in 2005, the Pentium 4 was complemented by the Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition dual-core CPUs. In benchmark evaluations, the advantages of the NetBurst microarchitecture were unclear, with carefully optimized application code, the first Pentium 4s outperformed Intels fastest Pentium III, as expected. But in legacy applications with many branching or x87 floating-point instructions and its main handicap was a shared unidirectional bus. Furthermore, the NetBurst microarchitecture consumed more power and emitted more heat than any previous Intel or AMD microarchitectures, as a result, the Pentium 4s introduction was met with mixed reviews, Developers disliked the Pentium 4, as it posed a new set of code optimization rules. For example, in applications, AMDs lower-clocked Athlon easily outperformed the Pentium 4. Tom Yager of Infoworld magazine called it the fastest CPU - for programs that fit entirely in cache, computer-savvy buyers avoided Pentium 4 PCs due to their price premium, questionable benefit, and initial restriction to Rambus RAM. In terms of marketing, the Pentium 4s singular emphasis on clock frequency made it a marketers dream. The result of this was that the NetBurst microarchitecture was often referred to as a marchitecture by various computing websites and it was also called NetBust, a term popular with reviewers who reflected negatively upon the processors performance. The two classical metrics of CPU performance are IPC and clock speed, while IPC is difficult to quantify due to dependence on the benchmark applications instruction mix, clock speed is a simple measurement yielding a single absolute number. Unsophisticated buyers would simply consider the processor with the highest clock speed to be the best product, because AMDs processors had slower clock speeds, it countered Intels marketing advantage with the megahertz myth campaign
7.
Pentium Pro
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The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 microprocessor developed and manufactured by Intel introduced in November 1,1995. It introduced the P6 microarchitecture and was intended to replace the original Pentium in a full range of applications. While the Pentium and Pentium MMX had 3.1 and 4.5 million transistors, respectively, the Pentium Pro contained 5.5 million transistors. Later, it was reduced to a narrow role as a server and high-end desktop processor and was used in supercomputers like ASCI Red. The Pentium Pro was capable of both dual- and quad-processor configurations and it only came in one form factor, the relatively large rectangular Socket 8. The Pentium Pro was succeeded by the Pentium II Xeon in 1998, the lead architect of Pentium Pro was Fred Pollack who was specialized in superscalarity and had also worked as the lead engineer of Intel iAPX432. The Pentium Pro incorporated a new microarchitecture in a departure from the Pentium x86 architecture and it has a decoupled, 14-stage superpipelined architecture which used an instruction pool. The Pentium Pro featured many advanced concepts not found in the Pentium, the Pentium Pro thus featured out of order execution, including speculative execution via register renaming. It also had a wider 36-bit address bus, allowing it to access up to 64GB of memory, the Pentium Pro has an 8 KiB instruction cache, from which up to 16 bytes are fetched on each cycle and sent to the instruction decoders. The decoders are not equal in capability, only one can decode any x86 instruction and this restricts the Pentium Pros ability to decode multiple instructions simultaneously, limiting superscalar execution. X86 instructions are decoded into 118-bit micro-operations, the micro-ops are RISC-like, that is, they encode an operation, two sources, and a destination. The general decoder can generate up to four micro-ops per cycle, thus, x86 instructions that operate on the memory can only be processed by the general decoder, as this operation requires a minimum of three micro-ops. Likewise, the simple decoders are limited to instructions that can be translated into one micro-op, instructions that require more micro-ops than four are translated with the assistance of a sequencer, which generates the required micro-ops over multiple clock cycles. Micro-ops exit the re-order buffer and enter a station, where they await dispatch to the execution units. In each clock cycle, up to five micro-ops can be dispatched to five execution units, the Pentium Pro has a total of six execution units, two integer units, one floating-point unit, a load unit, store address unit, and a store data unit. Of the two units, only one has the full complement of functions such as a barrel shifter, multiplier and divider. The second integer unit, which shares paths with the FPU, does not have facilities and is limited to simple operations such as add, subtract. Addition and multiplication are pipelined and have a latency of three and five cycles, respectively, division and square-root are not pipelined and are executed in separate units that share the FPUs ports
8.
Micro-Star International
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MSI is a Taiwanese multinational information technology corporation headquartered in New Taipei City, Taiwan. The company has a listing on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and was established in August 1986 by 5 founders – Hsu Xiang, Huang Jinqing, Lin Wentong, Yu Xianneng. It also provides global warranty service in North America, Central/South America, Asia, Australia, the company has been a sponsor for a number of eSports teams and is also the host of the international gaming event MSI Masters Gaming Arena. The earliest Beat IT tournament can be traced back to 2010, the company first built its reputation on developing and manufacturing computer motherboards and graphics cards. It established its subsidiary FUNTORO in 2008 to provide solutions for vehicle infotainment, when established in 1986, MSI focused on the design and manufacturing of motherboards and add-on cards. Later that year, it introduced the first overclockable 286 motherboard, in 1989, MSI introduced its first 486 motherboard, in 1993, its first 586 motherboard, in 1995, its Dual Pentium Pro-based motherboard. In 2000 MSI introduced its first set-top box product, in 2003, its first Pen Tablet PC product, and in 2004, its first Notebook product. In 2009, MSI introduced its first Ultra Slim Notebook, in early 2016, MSI announced collaboration with HTC and has revealed Vive-ready systems to offer Virtual Reality experience. In 1997, MSI inaugurated its Plant I in Jung-He city, in 2000, it inaugurated its Plant III in Jung-He city In 1998, in 2000, MSI Computer Co. Ltd. was founded, and in 2001, MSI Electronics Co. Ltd. In 2008, MSI was ranked among the Top 20 Taiwan Global Brands, in 2011, the firm was named one of the Top 100 Taiwan Brands, distinguished among 500 brands. By 2013, MSI has been awarded from Taiwan Excellence for 15 consecutive years, in 2015, MSI was ranked the 4th best laptop brand of 2015 by Laptop magazine. MSIs offices in Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, Taiwan serve as the companys headquarters, manufacturing initially took place at plants in Taiwan. The company has offices in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia. As of 2015 the company has employed a workforce of over 13,500 and has a global presence in over 120 countries, spanning the Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa. List of companies of Taiwan Official website
9.
Home theater PC
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In recent years, other types of consumer electronics, including gaming systems and dedicated media devices have crossed over to manage video and music content. The term media center also refers to specialized application software designed to run on personal computers. An HTPC and other convergence devices integrate components of a theater into a unit co-located with a home entertainment system. An HTPC system typically has a control and the software interface normally has a 10-foot user interface design so that it can be comfortably viewed at typical television viewing distances. An HTPC can be purchased pre-configured with the hardware and software needed to add video programming or music to the PC. Enthusiasts can also piece together a system out of components as part of a software-based HTPC. The increased availability of specialized devices, coupled with paid and free online content. Integrating televisions and personal computers dates back to the late 1980s with tuner cards that could be added to Commodore Amiga PCs via the Video Toaster and this adaptation would allow a small video window to appear on the screen with broadcast or cable content. Apple Computer also developed the Macintosh TV in late 1993 that included a tuner card built into an Macintosh LC520 chassis, in 1996 Gateway Computer unveiled the Destination computer that included a tuner card and video card. The unit cost $4,000 and mostly integrated television viewing, the Destination was called a PC-TV Combo but by December the term Home-theater PC appeared in mainstream media, The home theater PC will be a combination entertainment and information appliance. By 2000, DVD players had become ubiquitous and consumers were seeking ways to improve the picture. The value of using a computer instead of stand alone DVD player drove more usage of the PC as a media device. In particular, the desire for progressive scanning DVD players with better fidelity led some consumers to consider their computers instead of very expensive DVD players. As DVD players dropped in price, so did PCs and their video processing. In 2000, DVD decryption software using the DeCSS algorithm let DVD owners consolidate their DVD video libraries on hard-drives, innovations like TiVo and ReplayTV allowed viewers to store and timeshift broadcast content using specialty designed computers. ReplayTV for instance ran on a VxWorks platform, incorporating these capabilities into PCs was well within the ability of a computer hobbyist who was willing to build and program these systems. Key benefits of these DIY projects included lower cost and more features, advancements in hardware identified another weak link, the absence of media management software to make it easy to display and control the video from a distance. By 2002, major software developments also facilitated media management, hardware integration, MythTV provided a free and open source solution using Linux
10.
Asus
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AsusTek Computer Inc. is a Taiwanese multinational computer hardware and electronics company headquartered in Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan. The company is also an original equipment manufacturer, Asus is the worlds 4th-largest PC vendor by 2015 unit sales.3 billion. Asus has a listing on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the ticker code 2357. The company is referred to as Asus or Huáshuò in Chinese. According to the website, the name Asus originates from Pegasus. Only the last four letters of the word were used in order to give the name a high position in alphabetical listings, the companys slogan/tagline was Rock Solid. Persistent Perfection. and is currently In Search of Incredible, persistent Perfection In Search of Incredible Asus was founded in Taipei in 1989 by T. H. Tung, Ted Hsu, Wayne Hsieh and M. T, liao, all four having previously worked at Acer as hardware engineers. At this time, Taiwan had yet to establish a position in the computer-hardware business. According to the legend, the created a prototype for a motherboard using an Intel 486. When Asus approached Intel to request a processor to test it, Asus solved Intels problem and it turned out that Asus own motherboard worked correctly without the need for further modification. Since then, Asus was receiving Intel engineering samples ahead of its competitors, in September 2005 Asus released the first PhysX accelerator card. In December 2005 Asus entered the LCD TV market with the TLW32001 model, in January 2006 ASUS announced that it would cooperate with Lamborghini to develop the VX series. On 9 March 2006 Asus was confirmed as one of the manufacturers of the first Microsoft Origami models, together with Samsung, on 8 August 2006 Asus announced a joint venture with Gigabyte Technology. On 5 June 2007 Asus announced the launch of the Eee PC at COMPUTEX Taipei, on 9 September 2007 Asus indicated support for Blu-ray, announcing the release of a BD-ROM/DVD writer PC drive, BC-1205PT. ASUS subsequently released several Blu-ray based notebooks, in January 2008, Asus began a major restructuring of its operations, splitting into three independent companies, Asus, Pegatron, and Unihan Corporation. In the process of the restructuring, a highly criticized pension-plan restructuring effectively zeroed out the existing pension balances, the company paid out all contributions previously made by employees. On 9 December 2008, the Open Handset Alliance announced that Asus had become one of 14 new members of the organization, on 1 June 2010, Asus spun off Pegatron Corp
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