1.
States and federal territories of Malaysia
–
The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia. Malaysia is a federation comprising thirteen states and three federal territories, eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula, collectively called Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia. Two states are on the island of Borneo, and the remaining one federal territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo, out of the 13 states in Malaysia,9 of the states are hereditary monarchies. The governance of the states is divided between the government and the state governments, while the federal territories are directly administered by the federal government. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states, however, legal scholars generally view this as a paupers bequest because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, the Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states, land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government. Nine of the states, based on historical Malay kingdoms, are known as the Malay states. Each Malay state has a ruler as titular head of state. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilans elective ruler holds the title of Yamtuan Besar, whereas the ruler of Perlis is titled Raja. The federal head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term and they have separate immigration policies and controls and a unique residency status. Each state has a legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri. Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population, the state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, however, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in withholding consent to dissolve the DUN. Each state sends two senators elected by the DUN to the Dewan Negara, the house of the federal parliament. The law in question must also be passed by the assembly as well. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim
States and federal territories of Malaysia
–
Malaysia
2.
Malay language
–
Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu. However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Macassar Malay, Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods, Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period, Late Modern Malay and it is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit literary language of Classical India, Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. Batenburg on November 29,1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang and it is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres. The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjong Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters and this 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the Adityawarman era of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who still live in the highlands of Sumatra. The Malay language came into use as the lingua franca of the Malacca Sultanate. During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature, the development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Malayalam and Sanskrit vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay, however, there is no connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. One of the oldest surviving letters written in Malay is a letter from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, the letter is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão. The letters show sign of non-native usage, the Ternateans used the unrelated Ternate language, Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia, malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking, many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language
Malay language
–
Malay Traffic-signs
Malay language
–
Koc Wanita street sign in Malay.
3.
Jawi alphabet
–
Jawi is an Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language, Acehnese, Banjarese, Minangkabau, Tausūg and several other languages in Southeast Asia. Jawi is one of the two scripts in Brunei, used as an alternative script in Malaysia and Malay dominated areas in Indonesia. It can be typed with the Jawi keyboard, day-to-day usage of Jawi is maintained in more conservative Malay-populated areas such as Kelantan in Malaysia and Pattani. Jawi is still used on road and building signs, and taught in primary and religious schools in Brunei. The word Jawi is an adjective for the Arabic noun Jawah, both terms may have originated from the term Javadwipa, the ancient name for Java. Prior to the onset of the Islamisation, when Hindu-Buddhist influences were still firmly established in the region and this is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay, notably the Kedukan Bukit Inscription and Talang Tuwo inscription. The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with the arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136, at the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat. Many Arabic characters are never used as they are not pronounced in Malay language and this was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey, Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus, the Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the Sri Paduka Tuan of Terengganu, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and this has attested the strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole. The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was restricted to the nobility. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class, with the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in the Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings, moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from the 15th century, other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet of Javanese language in Java and the Serang alphabet of Bugis language in South Sulawesi. Both writing systems applied extensively the Arabic diacritics and added several alphabets other than Jawi alphabets to suit the languages, due to their fairly limited usage, the spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advance developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi script. The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, as the Malays found that the earlier Pallava script was totally unsuited as a vehicle to relay religious concepts. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the use of jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam
Jawi alphabet
–
A copy of
Undang-Undang Melaka ('Laws of Malacca'). The Malacca system of justice as enshrined in the text was the legal source for other major regional sultanates like
Johor,
Perak,
Brunei,
Pattani and
Aceh.
Jawi alphabet
–
Pages from
Hikayat Abdullah in the Jawi script.
Jawi alphabet
–
The
Terengganu Inscription Stone, written in year 1303. It is the oldest written artefact with Jawi script on it. The Jawi inscriptions are of local laws influenced by the
Shariah and thus one of the earliest proof of
Islamic influence in Malaysia.
4.
Chinese language
–
Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
Chinese language
–
The
Tripitaka Koreana, a Korean collection of the
Chinese Buddhist canon
Chinese language
–
Hànyǔ (Chinese) written in
traditional (left) and
simplified (right) characters
Chinese language
–
"
Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion " by
Wang Xizhi, written in
semi-cursive style
5.
Tamil language
–
Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and also by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians. Tamil is a language of two countries, Singapore and Sri Lanka. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and it is also used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Tamil is one of the classical languages in the world. Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions from 500 BC have been found on Adichanallur and 2 and it has been described as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past. The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the classical traditions. A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years, the earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca.300 BC – AD300. It has the oldest extant literature among other Dravidian languages, the earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC. More than 55% of the inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India are in the Tamil language. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka, the two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiraan Vanakkam, the Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in the Indian languages. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent. It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family, the closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam, the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. According to linguists like Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Tamil, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian, the linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the second millennium BC, and that proto-Tamil emerged around the 3rd century BC. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been shortly thereafter
Tamil language
–
Silver coin of king
Vashishtiputra Sātakarni (c. AD 160). Obv: Bust of king; Rev: Ujjain/Sātavāhana symbol, crescented six-arch chaitya hill and river with
Tamil Brahmi script
Tamil language
–
Tamil
Tamil language
–
Agastya, Chairman of first Tamil
Sangam,
Madurai,
Pandiya Kingdom
Tamil language
–
Mangulam Tamil Brahmi inscription
6.
Flag of Perak
–
The flag of the state of Perak, in Malaysia, is a tricolour, made of three equal horizontal bands coloured white, yellow, and black. The stripes on the flag symbolises the three branches of the Perak royal family, the white stripe represents the Sultan, yellow represents the Raja Muda and black represents the Raja Di Hilir, which is the next in line after the crown prince. Probably by coincidence, the flag resembles a version of the Russian imperial colours that was in official use from 1858 to 1917. The colours of the flag plus red forms the basis of the used in the Federated Malay States flag. Perak has eleven districts, each assigned their own district-level flags
Flag of Perak
–
Flag of Perak. Ratio 1:2
7.
Coat of arms of Perak
–
The coat of arms of Perak contains the coat of arms of the DYMM Sultan Perak, Malaysia. The coat of arms is circled with a crescent that contains flowers of rice, the coat of arms of the DYMM Sultan Perak symbolises the highness of the Sultan. The crescent denotes Islam as the official religion, while the flowers of rice reflects the source of money for the people of Perak. Perak State Governments Official Website Flagspot. net, About Perak
Coat of arms of Perak
–
Current coat of arms of Perak.
8.
Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan
–
Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan is the state anthem of Perak, Malaysia. The tune was originally that of a song in Seychelles during 19th century. It was adopted as the Perak Royal Anthem by Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II, in 1957, the national anthem of Malaysia, Negaraku was set to the melody of Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan
Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan
–
v
9.
Malaysia
–
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
Malaysia
–
"Malaysia" used as a label for the
Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas
Malaysia
–
Flag
Malaysia
–
The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the
Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of
Malacca.
Malaysia
–
Statue of
Francis Light in the
Fort Cornwallis of Penang, marking the first step of
British expansion in the 18th century over the Malay Archipelago.
10.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
11.
Ipoh
–
Ipoh /ˈiːpoʊ/ is the capital city of the state of Perak, Malaysia and also the third largest city in the country. It is approximately 200 km north of Kuala Lumpur and 130 km south of Penang on the North-South Expressway and it is bordered by Batu Gajah in the west, Cameron Highlands in the east and Simpang Pulai in the south. Ipoh is the city in Malaysia to be listed, at sixth place. Ipoh grew out from the Malay village of Palau along the banks of the Kinta River in the 1880s and its geographic location in the rich tin-bearing valley of the Kinta River made it a natural centre of growth. The Great Fire of Ipoh in 1892 destroyed over half the town, Ipoh was subsequently rebuilt in time for the second tin rush and grew rapidly as a result of the booming tin mining industry, particularly in the 1920s and 1930s. A local Hakka miner, millionaire Yau Tet Shin, started developing a large tract of the town in the early 1930s, today known as the New Town, in 1937, Ipoh was made the capital of Perak, replacing Taiping. Ipoh was invaded by the Japanese on 15 December 1941, in March 1942, the Japanese Civil Administration or Perak Shu Seicho was set up at the St. Michaels Institution. After the liberation of Malaya by British forces, Ipoh remained the capital of Perak to this day, the decline of the tin mining industry during the latter half of the 20th century caused the growth of Ipoh to stagnate. With the closure of the tin mines, its population was forced to seek employment in other cities within Malaysia. In spite of this, Ipoh remains one of the largest cities in Malaysia in terms of population, Ipoh gained Municipal status in 1962, and in 1988, was declared a city by the then Sultan of Perak, Sultan Azlan Shah. Ipoh is in the state of Perak, which is in the part of Peninsular Malaysia. The city is in the middle of the Kinta Valley, on the bank of the Kinta River, the city is surrounded by limestone hills, which can be found around suburban areas to the northeast, east and southeast. The Kledang mountain range stretches from the north to the west of the city and this range runs parallel to the Bintang mountain range with the Perak River flowing on its left bank and the Kinta River to its right. This range is interrupted to the north of Ipoh by a tributary of the Perak River called the Pelus River, which is sourced from the Titiwangsa mountain range, Ipoh features a tropical rainforest climate. Temperatures are about the same throughout the year, showing little variation, the citys average temperature is 28 °C. Ipoh sees high precipitation throughout the year with an average of 200 mm of each month. The wettest month is October where on average 297.2 mm of rain is seen, Ipohs driest month is January which has 132.3 mm of rain fall on average. Kek Lok Tong is a temple that lies on the other side of the same hill as Sam Poh Tong
Ipoh
–
Ipoh إڤوه 怡保 ஈப்போ
Ipoh
Ipoh
–
Seal
Ipoh
–
Town Hall
12.
Kuala Kangsar
–
The Kuala Kangsar District is a district and the royal town of Perak, Malaysia, located at the downstream of Kangsar River, where it flows into the Perak River. It is the town in the administrative district of Kuala Kangsar. The site must have had an effect on Sultan Yusuf Sharifuddin Mudzaffar Shah of Perak who ruled from 1877 to 1887. He then named it Istana Sri Sayong, the name Kuala Kangsar is believed to be derived from Kuala Kurang-Sa, which literally means 100 minus one, usually interpreted as the 99th small tributary to flow into the Perak River. One flooding was so severe, it almost swept the palace away, the Sultan of Perak officially resides in Kuala Kangsar, and it has been Peraks royal seat since the 18th century. It is one of four towns that plays a role in Peraks complex succession system and it was the administrative seat of the first British Resident in the Malay Peninsula, James W. W. Birch, from October 1874 until he was murdered on 2 November 1875. It was the capital of Perak until 1876, Kuala Kangsar is also known in Malaysian history as the site where the first Conference of Rulers, the Durbar, was held in 1897. By the 1890s, the growth of the tin mining towns of Ipoh and Taiping had eclipsed Kuala Kangsar, the town is also the site of the first rubber tree planted in Malaysia. The person responsible was the English botanist Henry Nicholas Ridley and he was the one who helped Malaya and eventually Malaysia become the largest rubber producer in the world. The first Malaysian scout troop was established in Kuala Kangsar, consequently, its squad number is 001. Kuala Kangsar is not only a town, but an administrative district too. Kuala Kangsar share its borders with Larut, Matang and Selama at the west, Hulu Perak at the north, Gua Musang at the east, Kinta at the south, Perak Tengah and Manjung at the southwest. Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah Bridge is made out of concrete and is located near the town while Sultan Iskandar Bridge is farther upstream and is out of steel. Kuala Kangsar is easily accessible via the North-South Expressway and by train, datin Mastura Mohd Yazid – Member of Parliament for the constituency of Kuala Kangsar. Lam Wei Haur Teluk Intan Kuala Kangsar travel guide from Wikivoyage
Kuala Kangsar
–
The clock tower at the town's center.
Kuala Kangsar
–
Seal
Kuala Kangsar
–
Ubudiah Mosque in Kuala Kangsar
Kuala Kangsar
–
Sultan Abdul Jalil Bridge at Kuala Kangsar, crossing the Perak River.
13.
Sultan of Perak
–
The Sultan of Perak is one of the oldest hereditary seats among the Malay states. When the Sultanate of Malacca empire fell to Portugal in 1511, Sultan Mahmud Syah I retreated to Kampar, Sumatra and he left behind two princes named Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II and Sultan Muzaffar Syah. The former went on to establish the Sultanate of Johor, Muzaffar Syah was invited to rule Perak, he became the first sultan of Perak
Sultan of Perak
–
Replica of royal throne of Perak in
National Museum
Sultan of Perak
–
This white headgear embroidered with silver thread, named "Rooster with Broken Wings", is the headdress of the Sultan of Perak.
Sultan of Perak
–
Perak royal regalia.
14.
List of Menteris Besar of Perak
–
The Menteri Besar of Perak is the head of government in the Malaysian state of Perak. According to convention, the Menteri Besar is the leader of the majority party or largest coalition party of the Perak State Legislative Assembly, the 10th and current Menteri Besar of Perak is Zambry Abdul Kadir, who took office on 12 May 2009. The Sultan on the Menteri Besars advice shall appoint not more than ten nor less than four members from among the members of the Legislative Assembly, the Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly. The members of the Executive Council shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, the Sultans choice of replacement Menteri Besar will be dictated by the circumstances. The power of the Menteri Besar is subject to a number of limitations, the legislative assembly unless sooner dissolved by the Sultan with His Majestys own discretion on the advice of the Menteri Besar shall continue for five years from the date of its first meeting. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one legislative assembly and the convening of the next, the Menteri Besar, the following is the list of Menteris Besar of Perak since 1948, Colour key, Alliance Party Barisan Nasional Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 2009 Perak constitutional crisis Dato Seri Ir Hj. Mohammad Nizar Bin Jamaluddin v. Dato Dr. Zambry Bin Abd, Kadir Portal YAB Menteri Besar Perak
List of Menteris Besar of Perak
–
Incumbent
Dr. Zambry Abdul Kadir since 12 May 2009
15.
Zambry Abdul Kadir
–
ZAMBRY ABD KADIR was born on March 22,1962 in Pulau Pangkor, a fisherman island in the state of Perak, Malaysia. He was appointed as the Chief Minister on Feb 6,2009 and he is the 11th Chief Minister for the state. He is married to Datin Seri DiRaja Saripah Zulkifli and parents to three girls and two boys—Husna, Huda, Syifa, Munir and the youngest Mukhlis, in 2012, he received the TUAN PADUKA SUTTAN JAYANEGARA medal from the Governor of Lampung, a province in Indonesia. He became the first foreign dignitary to have received such prestigious award, Dr. Zambry recently attended a two-week Executive Leadership Development Programme entitled “Leaders in Development – Managing Change in a Dynamic World, at Harvard University, USA. Dr. Zambry specializes in the field of academics – political economy, political thoughts, South East Asia Contemporary Politics, Malaysian Political and Islamic Political Thoughts. He is also an administrator as he had personal experiences in managing a university, a think tank. Dr. Dr. Zambry became actively involved in politics in 1995 and he started his political journey in UMNO as the Pangkor UMNO Branch Chief before being elected as Lumut UMNO Youth Division Chief. He later won a seat as the council member at the National UMNO Youth before being appointed as the State UMNO Youth Chief. In 2004 General Election, he stood and won the Perak State Legislative Assembly seat for Pangkor and he is holding the seat as a Pangkor State Assemblyman for the third term and second term as the Chief Minister of Perak. Currently, Dr. Zambry is the head of Perak UMNO and he also had his share of political bitterness when he was detained under the Internal Security Act in 1998. Dr. Zambry was bestowed several awards and received recognition for his works. Among the highest is the in Dubai, United Arab Emirates last year, the special award was presented to him as an exemplary leader in eradicating poverty in the state by setting up Yayasan Bina Upaya Darul Ridzuan. The City of Sarajevo has also conferred Dr. Zambry with Medallion of the City of Sarajevo, presented to him by the Mayor of Sarajevo, to date, only three other world leaders received such an honour. They were the President of India Dr. Abdul Kalam, former Slovakia President Dr. Micheal Kovac, WAAC also awarded Dr. Zambry with honorary Doctorate of Literature for his contribution in literature. In 2010, Dr. Zambry received an honorary Doctorate in Fisheries Science from the National University of Pukyong Korea for his aspiration and commitment to fishermen. As a son of a fisherman and being born and bred on an island, among other forms of recognition received were the WAMY Awards conferred during the first UIA Convocation, National Award in 1986 and National Award for Essay Writings. Being born on an island close to the Malaysian Royal Navy based in Lumut. As testament to the camaraderie, the Malaysian of Armed Forces Council has conferred him with the Honorary First Admiral status in 2010
Zambry Abdul Kadir
–
Yang Amat Berhormat Datuk Seri Diraja Dr. Zambry bin Abdul Kadir
MLA,
SPSA,
SPMP,
DGSM,
DPMP,
AMS
16.
UMNO
–
The United Malays National Organisation is Malaysias largest political party. It is a member of the Barisan Nasional coalition which. Each of Malaysias six Prime Ministers has been an UMNO member, UMNO emphasises as its foundation the struggle to uphold the aspirations of Malay nationalism and the dignity of race, religion and country. The party also aspires to protect the Malay culture as the culture and to uphold. After the British returned to Malaya in the aftermath of World War II, however, the Union was met with much opposition due to its constitutional framework, which allegedly threatened Malay sovereignty over Malaya. A series of Malay congresses were held, culminating in the formation of the nationalist party, UMNO on 10 May 1946 at the Third Malay Congress in Johor Bahru, UMNO strongly opposed the Malayan Union, but originally did not seek political power. UMNO has no choice with continuing to play its role to the British rulers. The British cooperated with UMNO leaders and helped to defeat the communist insurgency, in 1949, after the Malayan Union had been replaced by the semi-autonomous Federation of Malaya, UMNO shifted its focus to politics and governance. The Malay people thus search for their birth-rights since the government of Malaya did not proclaim it openly, however it is crucial that UMNOs struggle is apparently not racial based. As they also fought for other races once they are at the helm of the country, in 1951, Onn Jaafar left UMNO after failing to open its membership to non-Malay Malayans to form the Independence of Malaya Party. Tunku Abdul Rahman replaced Dato Onn as UMNO President and that same year, the Radical Party won thein Malaya—the George Town municipal council election—claiming six out of the nine seats available. UMNO and MCA eventually carried nine out of the twelve seats, after several other successes in local council elections, the coalition was formalised as an Alliance in 1954. In 1954, state elections were held, in these elections, the Alliance won 226 of the 268 seats nationwide. In the same year, a Federal Legislative Council was formed,52 would be elected, and the rest would be appointed by the British High Commissioner. The Alliance demanded that 60 of the seats be elected, but despite the Tunku flying out to London to negotiate, when the results were released, it emerged that the Alliance had won 51 of the 52 seats contested, with the other seat going to PAS. The Tunku became the first Chief Minister of Malaya, throughout this period, the Malayan Emergency had been on-going. Their stated goal was the end of colonialism in Malaya, the British declared the MCP, along with several left-wing political groups, illegal in 1948. In 1955, the Alliance government together with the British High Commissioner declared an amnesty for the communist insurgents who surrendered, representatives from the Alliance government also met with leaders of the MCP in an attempt to resolve the conflict peacefully, as their manifesto in the election stated
UMNO
–
Tunku Abdul Rahman, first Prime Minister of Malaya
UMNO
–
United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu ڤرتوبوهن کبڠساءن ملايو برساتو
UMNO
–
Mahathir Mohamad
UMNO
–
Current Prime Minister of Malaysia,
Najib Tun Razak.
17.
Demonym
–
A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
–
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
18.
Human Development Index
–
The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the level is higher. The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, while the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that the IHDI is the actual level of human development, and the HDI can be viewed as an index of potential human development. The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme, nobel laureate Amartya Sen, utilized Haqs work in his own work on human capabilities. The following three indices are used,1, Life Expectancy Index = LE −2085 −20 LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20. Education Index = MYSI + EYSI22.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index = MYS15 Fifteen is the maximum of this indicator for 2025. 2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index = EYS18 Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a degree in most countries. Income Index = ln − ln ln − ln II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100. Finally, the HDI is the mean of the previous three normalized indices, HDI = LEI ⋅ EI ⋅ II3. Standard of living, as indicated by the logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity. This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report, the formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme. The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on March 21,2017, below is the list of the very high human development countries, = increase. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed relative to the ranking in the 2015 report, the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is a measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data. Countries in the top quartile of HDI with a missing IHDI, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on December 14,2015, below is the list of the very high human development countries, = increase. The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed relative to the ranking in the 2014 report, the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is a measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account. Note, The green arrows, red arrows, and blue dashes represent changes in rank, the rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data
Human Development Index
–
Mahbub ul Haq
Human Development Index
–
Amartya Sen
19.
List of postal codes in Malaysia
–
Postal codes in Malaysia, usually referred to as postcodes, are five digit numeric. The first two digits of the postcode denote the state or federal territory, malaysias current postcode system was initiated by M. Rajasingam, director-general of Pos Malaysia from 1976 to 1986. In 1976, only addresses in Kuala Lumpur had postcodes, wanting to expand the postcode system to the whole country, Rajasingam enlisted the help of the French postal authorities. The postcode system made the process of sorting out mail smoother, in 2014, Rajasingam was honoured with the Darjah Panglima Jasa Negara, which carries the title of Datuk, for his contributions to the postal service. Listed below are the first 2 digits of codes assigned to each state, the state capital for each state is indicated in brackets
List of postal codes in Malaysia
–
2-digit postcode areas Malaysia(defined through the first two postcode digits)
20.
Vehicle registration plate
–
A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
Vehicle registration plate
–
Some
jurisdictions license non-traditional vehicles, such as
golf carts, particularly on on-road vehicles, such as this one in
Put-in-Bay, Ohio.
Vehicle registration plate
–
Burkina passenger plate
Vehicle registration plate
–
Burkina Faso Gendarmerie plate
Vehicle registration plate
–
Botswana plate
21.
Malaysian vehicle license plates
–
Malaysian registration plates are displayed at the front and rear of all private and commercial motorised vehicles in Malaysia, as required by law. The issuing of the plates is regulated and administered by the Malaysian Road Transport Department or JPJ. Standards for number plate designs have been defined by the Road Transport Department but are practiced to an extent. Character size, layouts, and colour use are strictly enforced for accurate identification. However, the dimensions of the plates displaying the number are more loosely enforced. A compact version of Arial Bold is currently the typeface preferred by the Road Transport Department and is thus the most commonly used, more obscure custom typefaces have also been known to be used primarily on grey import vehicles and aftermarket license plates. Early Malaysian number plates were made of pressed metal, but were superseded by plastic plates since the 1970s. S - The state or territory prefix, the exceptions in the algorithm are as follows, There can be no leading zeroes in the number sequence. The letters I and O are omitted from the alphabetical sequences due to their similarities with the numbers 1 and 0, the letters Z is omitted and reserved for use on Malaysian military vehicles. The algorithm started with a prefix and a number sequence which ranged from 1 to 9999. For example, P1 would be the first registration plate of Penang, once P9999 was achieved, an alphabetical sequence was added to the right of the state prefix, PA1 was the result. When PA9999 was reached, the sequence was reset. After PY9999 was achieved, an alphabetical sequence was added to the right of the first alphabetical sequence. When PAY9999 was reached, the alphabetical sequence was reset. To allow further W plates, the algorithm was altered to feature an alphabetical suffix behind the number sequence, when W9999 Y was achieved, the second alphabetical sequence emerged between the state prefix and number sequence, leading to WA1 A. When WA9999 Y is met, the first alphabetical sequence will reset, when WY9999 Y is reached, a third new alphabetical sequence will be spliced into the algorithm, between the second alphabetical sequence and number sequence, resulting in WAA1 A. The series will end when WYY9999 Y is reached, the decision was made in response to massive declines in bidding for extended W series plates as the public was gauged to favour a Sxx #### format over Kuala Lumpurs Sxx #### x format. The V series has launched on 1 October 2016 after completion of WD9999 F, vehicles in Langkawi, a Kedahan resort archipelago, are issued KV series plates after the islands achieved duty-free status
Malaysian vehicle license plates
–
A standard
Peninsular Malaysian number plate, registered in
Penang and affixed on a dealership plate frame.
Malaysian vehicle license plates
–
A Sabahan number plate.
Malaysian vehicle license plates
–
A Selangor-registered "H" taxi number plate.
Malaysian vehicle license plates
–
A Malaysian plate for a Yemenese diplomatic vehicle.
22.
Pangkor Treaty
–
The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. Perak was a major tin producer throughout the century, leading the United Kingdom. However, local strife, collectively known as the Larut War, in 1871, Sultan Ali of Perak died. Raja Abdullah later asked the British for help in solving these two problems, tan, together with an English merchant in Singapore drafted a letter to Governor Sir Andrew Clarke which Abdullah signed. The letter expressed Abdullahs desire to place Perak under British protection, the British immediately saw this as a great opportunity to expand its influence in Southeast Asia and strengthened its monopoly on tin. As a result, the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was signed, the Malay translation of the treaty was prepared by Frank Swettenham and Mohamed Said, the official interpreter for the Straits Settlements. The agreement dictated, Raja Abdullah was acknowledged as the legitimate Sultan to replace Sultan Ismail who would be given a title and a pension of 1000 Mexican pesos a month. The Sultan would receive a British Resident whose advice had to be sought and adhered to in all matters except those pertaining to the religion, the Minister of Larut would continue to be in control but would no longer be recognized as a liberated leader. Instead, a British officer, who would have vast authority in administering the district, the Sultan, and not the British government, would pay the salary of the Resident. Perak ceded Dinding and Pangkor Island to the United Kingdom, Raja Ismail did not attend the meeting arranged between Sir Andrew Clarke and Raja Abdullah. Raja Ismail obviously did not recognize the agreement but had no choice as he was faced with the alliance between Raja Abdullah and the British, as a result, Raja Abdullah was made Sultan, and Sir James W. W. Birch was appointed as Peraks first British Resident after the treaty came into force, following this precedent, the British actively became involved in three other Malay states, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Pahang. These states, along with Perak, were reorganized into the Federated Malay States
Pangkor Treaty
–
Sultan Abdullah of Perak
23.
Federated Malay States
–
Two years later, the Union became the Federation of Malaya and finally Malaysia in 1963 with the inclusion of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore. The United Kingdom was responsible for foreign affairs and defence of the federation, even so, the British Resident General would give advice on domestic issues, and the states were bound by treaty to follow that advice. The federation had Kuala Lumpur, which was part of Selangor. The first FMS Resident General was Sir Frank Swettenham, the federation, along with the other Malay states and British possessions of the peninsula, was overrun and occupied by the Japanese during World War II. Although the Resident General was the administrator of the federation. This formed the basis for the Conference of Rulers that was created later on under Article 38 of the Malaysian Constitution on 27 August 1957, the Federated Malay States had a flag of its own until its dissolution in 1946. The flag consisted of four different-coloured stripes, from top to bottom, white, red, yellow, the same design concept is used in Malaysian national emblem. In the middle is a circle with a Malayan tiger in it. The National History Museum located near the Dataran Merdeka in Kuala Lumpur, the coat of arms of the Federated Malay States featured a shield guarded by two tigers. On the top of the shield is the crown, symbolising the federation of monarchies under the protection of the United Kingdom, a banner with the phrase Dipelihara Allah written in Jawi is located underneath the shield. The combinations of the four colours of the shield represents the colours of the flags of the states of the FMS in the way the stripes of the FMS flag do. The phrase Dipelihara Allah was also adopted as the current state motto for the state of Selangor, in addition to a state flag, the Federated Malay States also had a naval jack or ensign for use on government ships. This was the largest and the only full-scale clash of battleships during World War I, with the Treaty of Federation the Malay Rulers effectively gave up their political power in their states, having to act after consulting and only with the due consent of their respective Residents. However, the United Kingdom pledged not to interfere in matters relating to native Malay traditions, a well-ordered system of public administration was established, public services were extended, and large-scale rubber and tin production was developed. This control was interrupted by the Japanese invasion and occupation from 1941 to 1945 during World War II, the British established the Federal Council in 1898 to administer the FMS. It was headed by the High Commissioner, assisted by the Resident-General, the Sultans and this structure remained until the Japanese invaded Malaya on 8 December 1941. From 1896 to 1936, real power lay in the hands of the Resident-General, the State Council was made up of the Resident, native chiefs, and representative of the Chinese community nominated by the Sultan. The council discussed matters of interest for each state such as legislative and administrative issues as well as revision of all sentence of capital punishment
Federated Malay States
–
Malay Rulers at the first
Durbar, Kuala Kangsar, Perak
Federated Malay States
–
Flag
Federated Malay States
–
Stamp issued by the Federated Malay States in 1906
24.
Japanese occupation of Malaya
–
Malaya was gradually occupied by the Japanese between 8 December 1941 and the Allied surrender at Singapore on the 16 February 1942. The Japanese remained in occupation until their surrender to the Allies in 1945, the first Japanese garrison in Malaya to lay down their arms was in Penang on 2 September 1945 aboard HMS Nelson. The Japanese Army said the new Japanese empire was an Asian equivalent of the Monroe Doctrine, the regions of Asia, it was argued, were as essential to Japan as Latin America was to the U. S. The Japanese Foreign Minister Yōsuke Matsuoka formally announced the idea of the Co-Prosperity Sphere on 1 August 1940, in a press interview, leaders in Japan had long had an interest in the idea. These factors helped make the formation of the sphere, while lacking any real authority or joint power, Japanese Military Affairs Bureau Unit 82 was formed in 1939 or 1940 and based in Taiwan to bring this about. In its final planning stages, the unit was under the then-Colonel Yoshihide Hayashi, intelligence on Malaya was gathered through a network of agents which included Japanese embassy staff, disaffected Malayans, and Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese business people and tourists. Japanese spies, which included a British intelligence officer, Captain Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan, heenans intelligence enabled the Japanese to destroy much of the Allied air forces on the ground. By 1941 the Japanese had been engaged for four years in trying to subjugate China and they were heavily reliant on imported materials for their military forces, particularly oil from the United States. From 1940 to 1941, the United States, the United Kingdom, the object of the embargoes was to assist the Chinese and encourage the Japanese to halt military action in China. The Japanese considered that pulling out of China would result in a loss of face and decided instead to take action against US, British. The Japanese forces for the invasion were assembled in 1941 on Hainan Island, the troop build-up in Indo-China and Hainan was noticed by the Allies and, when asked, the Japanese advised that it related to its operations in China. This battle marked the start of the Pacific War and the start of the Japanese occupation of Malaya. Kota Bharu airport was occupied in the morning, sungai Patani, Butterworth, and Alor Star airports were captured on 9 December 1941. Japanese soldiers landing at Kota Bharu divided into two forces, with one moving down the east coast towards Kuantan, and the other southwards towards the Perak River. On 11 December 1941, the Japanese started bombing Penang, Jitra and then Alor Star fell into Japanese hands on 12 December 1941. The British had to retreat to the south, on 16 December 1941, the British left Penang to the Japanese, who occupied it on 19 December. The Japanese continued to advance southwards, capturing Ipoh on 26 December, fierce resistance to Japanese progress in the Battle of Kampar lasted three days and three nights between 30 December 1941 and 2 January 1942, before the British had to retreat once again. On 7 January 1942, two brigades of the 11th Indian Infantry Division were defeated in the Battle of Slim River, giving the Japanese army easy passage to Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaya
Japanese occupation of Malaya
–
Japanese possessions in
British Malaya on 1942.
Japanese occupation of Malaya
–
National flag
Japanese occupation of Malaya
–
HMS Prince of Wales sinking after being hit by Japanese bombs and torpedoes on 10 December 1941.
Japanese occupation of Malaya
–
Japanese troops take cover behind steam engines at the Johor railway station in the final stages of their advance down the Malayan peninsula which culminated in the surrender of all British forces, and the occupation of the British naval base on Singapore island.
25.
Federation of Malaya
–
The Federation of Malaya was a federation of 11 states that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957, and in 1963 Malaysia was formed with the Singapore, North Borneo, the combination of states that formerly made up the Federation of Malaya is currently known as Peninsular Malaysia. From 1946 to 1948, the 11 states formed a single British crown colony known as the Malayan Union, due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states. Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang, like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with Malaya. The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957, Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on 9 August 1965. The Federation of Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946, at the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page Blue Book. The Federation of Malaya Agreement was signed on 1 April 1946 at King House by the Malay rulers, the Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored, as with the Malayan Union, the Federation excluded Singapore, despite its traditional links to Malaya. The Federation of Malaya Executive Council comprised 7 official and 7 unofficial members, additionally,9 State Council Yang Di Pertua, Chief Ministers and 2 representatives from the Straits Settlements became unofficial members. The Malay Conference of Rulers would advise the High Commissioner on immigration issues, the British Resident was replaced with a Chief Minister in each state of the federation. The conditions of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya were further tightened using law enforcement, the federation agreement set the powers of the federal and state governments. Financial matters must be handled by the respective states, the Sultan was given full power on religious issues and Malay customs. Foreign policy and defence continued to be administered by the British government, the federation agreement was made the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and officially declared on 1 February 1948. The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council held its first meeting in the Tuanku Abdul Rahman Hall and it was opened by the British High Commissioner Sir Edward Gent. Attendees included the British Minister of State for Colonial Affairs, Lord Listowel, the membership of the Council was structured to include, the British High Commissioner,3 ex officio members,11 State and Settlement Members 11 official members, and 34 appointed unofficial members. The unofficial members were required to be either Federation citizens or British subjects, at this first Council meeting, several minor committees were formed, the Standing Committee on Finance, the Election Committee, and the Committee of Privileges. The first session passed the Kuala Lumpur City Bill, the Transfer of Power Bill, in 1950, the Federation of Malaya Government rejected the registration of the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya as a legitimate political party. PKMM had two wings, namely Angkatan Pemuda Insaf and Angkatan Wanita Sedar, initially, PKMM did not have communist leanings
Federation of Malaya
–
Flag (1950–1963)
26.
Jawi script
–
Jawi is an Arabic alphabet for writing the Malay language, Acehnese, Banjarese, Minangkabau, Tausūg and several other languages in Southeast Asia. Jawi is one of the two scripts in Brunei, used as an alternative script in Malaysia and Malay dominated areas in Indonesia. It can be typed with the Jawi keyboard, day-to-day usage of Jawi is maintained in more conservative Malay-populated areas such as Kelantan in Malaysia and Pattani. Jawi is still used on road and building signs, and taught in primary and religious schools in Brunei. The word Jawi is an adjective for the Arabic noun Jawah, both terms may have originated from the term Javadwipa, the ancient name for Java. Prior to the onset of the Islamisation, when Hindu-Buddhist influences were still firmly established in the region and this is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay, notably the Kedukan Bukit Inscription and Talang Tuwo inscription. The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with the arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136, at the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat. Many Arabic characters are never used as they are not pronounced in Malay language and this was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey, Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus, the Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the Sri Paduka Tuan of Terengganu, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and this has attested the strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole. The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was restricted to the nobility. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class, with the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in the Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings, moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from the 15th century, other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet of Javanese language in Java and the Serang alphabet of Bugis language in South Sulawesi. Both writing systems applied extensively the Arabic diacritics and added several alphabets other than Jawi alphabets to suit the languages, due to their fairly limited usage, the spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advance developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi script. The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, as the Malays found that the earlier Pallava script was totally unsuited as a vehicle to relay religious concepts. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the use of jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam
Jawi script
–
A copy of
Undang-Undang Melaka ('Laws of Malacca'). The Malacca system of justice as enshrined in the text was the legal source for other major regional sultanates like
Johor,
Perak,
Brunei,
Pattani and
Aceh.
Jawi script
–
Pages from
Hikayat Abdullah in the Jawi script.
Jawi script
–
The
Terengganu Inscription Stone, written in year 1303. It is the oldest written artefact with Jawi script on it. The Jawi inscriptions are of local laws influenced by the
Shariah and thus one of the earliest proof of
Islamic influence in Malaysia.
27.
Chinese script
–
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese, and sometimes also in English, they are called hànzì. They have been adapted to write a number of languages including, Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja. Collectively, they are known as CJK characters, in English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world, Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan,2,136 are taught through secondary school, the characters used in Japan are distinct from those used in China in many respects. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, in South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. In Old Chinese, most words were monosyllabic and there was a correspondence between characters and words. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes. Modern Chinese has many homophones, thus the same syllable may be represented by many characters. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings, cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations and these foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese. When the script was first used in the late 2nd millennium BC, words of Old Chinese were generally monosyllabic, increasing numbers of polysyllabic words have entered the language from the Western Zhou period to the present day. The process has accelerated over the centuries as phonetic change has increased the number of homophones and it has been estimated that over two thirds of the 3,000 most common words in modern Standard Chinese are polysyllables, the vast majority of those being disyllables. The most common process has been to form compounds of existing words, words have also been created by adding affixes, reduplication and borrowing from other languages. Polysyllabic words are written with one character per syllable
Chinese script
–
Chinese characters
Chinese script
–
"Chinese character" in
traditional (left) and
simplified form (right)
Chinese script
–
Ox scapula with oracle bone inscription
Chinese script
28.
Tamil script
–
Certain minority languages such as Saurashtra, Badaga, Irula, and Paniya language are also written in the Tamil script. The Tamil script has 12 vowels,18 consonants and one special character, however, it is listed at the end of the vowel set. The script is syllabic, not alphabetic and these combinant letters are formed by adding a vowel marker to the consonant. Some vowels require the basic shape of the consonant to be altered in a way that is specific to that vowel. Others are written by adding a suffix to the consonant, yet others a prefix. In every case the vowel marker is different from the character for the vowel. The Tamil script is written left to right. The Tamil script, like the other Brahmic scripts, is thought to have evolved from the original Brahmi script, the earliest inscriptions which are accepted examples of Tamil writing date to a time just after the Ashokan period. The script used by these inscriptions is known as the Tamil-Brahmi or Tamili script. For example, early Tamil-Brahmi, unlike Ashokan Brahmi, had a system to distinguish pure consonants and consonants with an inherent vowel. Inscriptions from the second century use a form of Tamil-Brahmi, which is substantially similar to the writing system described in the Tolkāppiyam. Most notably, they use the puḷḷi to suppress the inherent vowel, the Tamil letters thereafter evolved towards a more rounded form, and by the fifth or sixth century had reached a form called the early vaṭṭeḻuttu. The modern Tamil script does not, however, descend from this script, parallel to Pallava script a new script again emerged in Chola territory resembling the same glyph development like Pallava script, although it didnt evolve from that. By the 8th century, the new scripts supplanted Vaṭṭeḻuttu in the Chola resp, Pallava kingdoms which lay in the north portion of the Tamil-speaking region. With the fall of Pallava kingdom, the Chola dynasty pushed the Chola-Pallava script as the de facto script, over the next few centuries, the Chola-Pallava script evolved into the modern Tamil script. The Grantha and its parent script influenced the Tamil script notably, the use of palm leaves as the primary medium for writing led to changes in the script. The scribe had to be not to pierce the leaves with the stylus while writing, because a leaf with a hole was more likely to tear. As a result, the use of the puḷḷi to distinguish pure consonants became rare, the forms of some of the letters were simplified in the nineteenth century to make the script easier to typeset
Tamil script
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History of Tamil script
Tamil script
–
Diverging evolution of
Tamil Brahmi script (center column) into the
Vatteluttu alphabet (leftmost column) and the Tamil script (rightmost column)
Tamil script
–
A page from a Tamil
palm-leaf manuscript.
Tamil script
–
Tampiran Vanakkam (Doctrina Christum) was the first book in Tamil, printed on 20 October 1578
29.
Kedah
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Kedah also known by its honorific, Darul Aman, or Abode of Peace is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a area of over 9,000 km². The mainland has a flat terrain, which is used to grow rice. Langkawi is an archipelago of islands, most of which are uninhabited, Kedah was called Kadaram by ancient and medieval Tamil people and Syburi by the Siamese when it was under their influence. To the north, Kedah borders the state of Perlis and shares a boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand. It borders the states of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest, the states capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in Anak Bukit. Other major towns include Sungai Petani, and Kulim on the mainland, archaeological evidence found in Bujang Valley reveals that a Hindu–Buddhist kingdom ruled ancient Kedah possibly as early as 110 A. D. The discoveries in Bujang Valley also made the ancient Kedah as the oldest civilisation of Southeast Asia, reference to ancient Kedah was first mentioned in a Tamil poem Paṭṭiṉappālai written at the end of the 2nd century A. D. It described goods from Kadaram heaped together in the streets of Chola capital. Other than Kadaram, Kedah was known with different names at varying times in Indian literature, Kataha-Nagara, Anda-Kataha, Kataha-Dvipa, according to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or the Kedah Annals, Kedah was founded by a Hindu king named Merong Mahawangsa. According to the further, the Sultanate of Kedah started in year 1136 when King Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam. In the 7th and 8th centuries, Kedah was under the control of Srivijaya. In 1025, the city was conquered by Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel in South India, a second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century. During the reign of Kulothunga Chola I Chola overlordship was established over the Sri Vijaya province Kedah in the late 11th century and it was later under Siam, until it was conquered by the Malay sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese after their conquest of Malacca, in the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, the sultan handed over Penang and then Province Wellesley to the British at the end of the 18th century. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821, and it remained under Siamese control under the name of Syburi, in 1896, Kedah along with Perlis and Satun was combined into the Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. In World War II, Kedah was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan, the Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah was a reluctant addition to the Federation of Malaya in 1948, since 1958, the hereditary Sultan of Kedah has been Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah
Kedah
–
Candi Bukit Batu Pahat of
Bujang Valley.
Kedah
–
Menara Alor Setar is the tallest tower in Kedah.
Kedah
–
A
paddy field in Kedah.
Kedah
–
Entrance to KHTP
30.
Yala Province
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Yala is the southernmost province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Songkhla, Pattani and Narathiwat, Yala is the only landlocked province in the south of Thailand and its southern part borders Kedah and Perak of Malaysia. The name Yala is the Thai transliteration of Jala and the original Sanskrit name means net, the province is also known as Jolor in Patani Malay language. Yala Province is in south Thailand, the highest point of the Sankalakhiri Range, the 1,533 metres -high Ulu Titi Basah, is on the Thai/Malaysian border between Yala Province and Perak. Historically, Pattani Province was the centre of the Sultanate of Patani, after Ayutthaya fell under Burmese control in 1767, the Sultanate of Patani gained full independence, but under King Rama I, the area was again placed under Siams control in 1785 and made a Mueang. In 1808, the Mueang Pattani was split into seven smaller Mueang including Yala, the province was recognized as part of Siam by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, negotiated with the British Empire, while Siam surrendered its claims to Kelantan, Kedah, Terengganu and Perlis. There is a small separatist movement in Yala, which after being dormant for many years, eight bombs exploded in the province over two days, on 6 and 7 April 2014. The bombings resulted in one death and 28 injuries, as well as damage to an estimated at about THB100 million. Local officials accordingly tightened security in the province during the Songkran festivities scheduled for 13 to 15 April, Yala is one of the four provinces of Thailand with a Muslim majority. About 72% of the people are Malay-speaking Muslims and mainly live in rural locations, the remainder are Thai and Thai Chinese Buddhists, who live in towns and cities. The provincial seal shows a miner with simple mining tools including hoes, crowbars, Yala was originally a mining town with tin and tungsten ores. The provincial tree is the red saraca, and the flower is the bullet wood. Yala is subdivided into eight districts, which are subdivided into 56 subdistricts and 341 villages. City Pillar Shrine, This shrine houses the City Pillar made of Chaiyapruk wood and it is 50 centimetres tall, bottom circumference is 43 inches, top circumference is 36 inches with the four-faced Brahma and a flame on top. Yala Central Mosque, is the mosque of the province in Western architectural style intertwined with the unique mosque frame. The front has about 30 wide steps leading to the upper terrace, sanam Chang Phueak Park, Used as the ground to give the king a white elephant named Phra Sawet Sura Khachathan. The park has a pavilion in the middle of a large pond, Suan Khwan Mueang, Its vast area of 207 rai has a separate sports ground and a 69 rai pond, landscaped with sandy beach and sea pines. Wat Khuhaphimuk or Wat Na Tham, One of the three most-revered places of the south, a figure of a giant, made in B. E.2484 and named by the villagers as “Chao Khao”, protects the entrance of the cave that houses the reclining Buddha
Yala Province
.JPG)
