1.
Alabama
–
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Oliver Hazard Perry
–
Oliver Hazard Perry was an American naval commander, born in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. He was the son of United States Navy Captain Christopher Raymond Perry and of Sarah Wallace Alexander, during the war against Britain, Perry supervised the building of a fleet at Erie, Pennsylvania. He earned the title Hero of Lake Erie for leading American forces in a naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, receiving a Congressional Gold Medal. His leadership materially aided the successful outcomes of all nine Lake Erie military campaign victories, and the victory was a turning point in the battle for the west in the war. He is remembered for the words on his flag, Dont Give Up the Ship and his message to General William Henry Harrison which reads in part, We have met the enemy. In 1815, he successfully commanded Java in the Mediterranean during the Second Barbary War, so seminal was his career that he was lionized in the press. He has been memorialized, and many places, ships. As a boy, Perry lived in Tower Hill, Rhode Island and he was the oldest of five boys born to Christopher and Sarah Perry. Perry came from a line of accomplished naval men from both sides of his family. His mother taught Perry and his brothers to read and write and had them attend Trinity Episcopal Church regularly. Theodore Dehon, rector of the church from 1797 to 1810, had a significant influence on the young Perry and he was educated in Newport, Rhode Island. At twelve years of age, Perry sailed with his father to the West Indies aboard the USS General Greene and he was appointed a midshipman in the United States Navy on April 7,1799, at the age of thirteen. The ship made its first stop in Cuba, charged with receiving American merchant ships, Perrys service aboard the General Greene continued during the Quasi-War with France. He first experienced combat on February 9,1800, off the coast of the French colony of Haiti, during the First Barbary War, he served aboard the USS Adams and later was first lieutenant of USS Nautilus. He then served under Captain John Rodgers on the USS Constitution and he was placed in charge of construction of gunboats in Newport and Westerly, Rhode Island. On January 9,1811, Revenge ran aground off Rhode Island and was lost. Seeing fairly quickly that he could not save the vessel, turned his attention to saving the crew, the subsequent court-martial exonerated Perry, placing blame on the ships pilot. In January 2011, a team of divers claimed to have discovered the remains of Revenge, following the court-martial, Perry was given a leave of absence from the Navy
4.
County seat
–
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Marion, Alabama
–
Marion is a city in, and the county seat of, Perry County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city is 3,686, first known as Muckle Ridge, the city was renamed after a hero of the American Revolution, Francis Marion. Marion is the 152th most populous city in the state of Alabama, formerly the territory of the Creek Indians, it was founded shortly after 1819 as Muckle Ridge. The city was renamed in honor of Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox, hero of the American Revolutionary War and it incorporated as a town the same year and also became the second county seat after the hamlet of Perry Ridge was unsuitable. In 1829, it upgraded from a town to a city, from the very early days, Marion created considerable history for a small town on the western frontier of Alabama. The old City Hall is but one of many public buildings, churches. General Sam Houston, while between terms as 1st and 3rd President of the Republic of Texas, married Margaret Lea of Marion in the city in 1840, at the 1844 meeting of the Alabama Baptist State Convention in Marion, the Alabama Resolutions were passed. This was one of the factors that led to the 1845 formation of the Southern Baptist Convention in Augusta, judson College was founded in 1838 and Marion Military Institute after Howard College moved in 1887. Howard College, initially the location of the current Marion Military Institute, was founded in Marion in 1842, a groundbreaking school for African Americans, the Lincoln Normal School, was founded here in 1867. The associated Lincoln Normal University for Teachers moved to Montgomery and became Alabama State University, in 1889, Marion Military Institute was chartered by the State of Alabama and today is the oldest military junior college in the nation. In December 1857, Andrew Barry Moore of Marion was elected the sixteenth Governor of Alabama, george Doherty Johnson served as mayor of Marion in 1856, state legislator from 1857-58 and rose to the rank of brigadier general in the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. Moore of Marion, to design a flag for the new Confederacy, at the turn of the century in 1900, Perry County peaked in population at 31,783 or three times the population of the county in 2010 census. In 1909, Marion became the county seat, Hal Kemp, a jazz alto saxophonist, clarinetist, bandleader, composer, and arranger. was born in Marion in 1904 and died in Madera, California, following an auto accident in 1940. His major recordings were Theres a Small Hotel, Where or When, This Years Kisses, When Im With You, Got a Date With an Angel and his band was very popular from 1934 until 1939. In 1936, he was one for two weeks with Theres a Small Hotel and two weeks with When Im With You. In 1937, his number one hits were This Years Kisses, which was one for four weeks, and Where or When. In 1992, Hal Kemp was inducted into the Big Band, coretta Scott King, wife of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in Marion in 1927 and spent her childhood there. She graduating from Lincoln Normal School as valedictorian in 1945, the couple was married on the front lawn of her mothers home north of Marion in 1953
6.
United States Census Bureau
–
The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Alabama's 7th congressional district
–
Alabamas 7th congressional district is a United States congressional district in Alabama that elects a representative to the United States House of Representatives. The district encompasses Choctaw, Dallas, Greene, Hale, Lowndes, Marengo, Pickens, Perry, Sumter and Wilcox counties, the district encompasses portions of the Birmingham, Montgomery and Tuscaloosa/Northport urban areas. The largest city entirely within the district is Selma, the district has been majority-minority, with a majority of African-American residents, since the redistricting following the 1990 census. It is represented by Democrat Terri Sewell, who succeeded Artur Davis in 2010, alabamas 7th Congressional District was first defined in 1843, it has continued since then with the exception of the years 1867–1873 during the Reconstruction era. The geographic area represented by this district has changed over time, around the turn of the 20th century, the district included the city of Gadsden. Over time, the district was redefined to include the area around Tuscaloosa, the last two representatives for the district before its reconfiguration as a majority-minority area were Richard Shelby and Claude Harris, both Tuscaloosa residents. Most of Birminghams white residents remained in the 6th District, the three representatives elected from the district following reconfiguration—Earl F. Hilliard, Artur Davis and Terri Sewell—have all been residents of Birmingham. Mostly minor changes in the following two redistrictings have not substantially changed the shape of the district, but, western portions of Montgomery County have been restored to this district, including large swaths of inner-city Montgomery in the redistricting following the 2010 census. This area had earlier been removed after the 2000 census, the district contains urbanized areas of Birmingham, Montgomery and Tuscaloosa, and ten of the fourteen rural counties in the Black Belt. Three of the states largest colleges are located in the district, Alabama State University in Montgomery, the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, democrats have represented the 7th district in all but 6 years since 1843. A majority of voters in the district are African Americans who support the Democratic Party, as of April 2015, there are four former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from this district who are living. Alabamas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Time in the United States
–
The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Central Time Zone
–
The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
–
Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
County (United States)
–
In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
13.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
2010 United States Census
–
The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
Rhode Island
–
Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
16.
United States Navy
–
The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
17.
Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
–
Jimmie Lee Jackson was a civil rights activist in Marion, Alabama, and a deacon in the Baptist church. On February 18,1965, while participating in a voting rights march in his city, he was beaten by troopers. Jackson was unarmed and died eight days later in the hospital, in 2007 former trooper Fowler was indicted in Jacksons death, and in 2010 he pleaded guilty to manslaughter. He was sentenced to six months in prison, Jimmie Lee Jackson was a deacon of the St. James Baptist Church in Marion, Alabama, ordained in the summer of 1964. Jackson had tried to register to vote for four years, without success under the system maintained by Alabama officials. Jackson was inspired by Martin Luther King, Jr. who had come with other Southern Christian Leadership Conference staff to Selma, Alabama, Jackson attended meetings several nights a week at Zions Chapel Methodist Church. His desire to vote led to his death at the hands of an Alabama State Trooper, on the night of February 18,1965, about 500 people organized by the SCLC activist C. T. Vivian left Zion United Methodist Church in Marion and attempted a walk to the Perry County jail, about a half a block away. The marchers planned to sing hymns and return to the church, police later said that they believed the crowd was planning a jailbreak. They were met at the post office by a line of Marion police officers, sheriffs deputies, during the standoff, streetlights were abruptly turned off, and the police began to beat the protesters. Among those beaten were two United Press International photographers, whose cameras were smashed, and NBC News correspondent Richard Valeriani, the marchers turned and scattered back toward the church. Jackson, his mother Viola Jackson, and his 82-year-old grandfather Cager Lee, ran into Macks Café behind the church, police clubbed Lee to the floor in the kitchen, when Viola attempted to pull the police off, she was also beaten. When Jackson tried to protect his mother, one trooper threw him against a cigarette machine, a second trooper shot Jackson twice in the abdomen. James Bonard Fowler later admitted to pulling the trigger, saying he thought Jackson was going for his gun, the wounded Jackson fled the café, suffering additional blows by the police, and collapsed in front of the bus station. In the presence of FBI officials, Jackson told a lawyer, Oscar Adams of Birmingham, Jackson died of his wounds at Good Samaritan Hospital in Selma, on February 26,1965. Sister Michael Anne, an administrator at Good Samaritan, later there were powder burns on Jacksons abdomen. Jackson was buried in Heard Cemetery, an old burial ground, next to his father. His headstone has been vandalized, bearing the marks of at least one shotgun blast and it also was called to publicize the effort to gain voters registration reform
18.
Selma to Montgomery marches
–
The Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile highway from Selma, Alabama to the state capital of Montgomery. By highlighting racial injustice, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act, the African-American group known as the Dallas County Voters League launched a voters registration campaign in Selma in 1963. Joined by organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, they began working that year in an effort to register black voters. SCLC brought many prominent civil rights and civic leaders to Selma in January 1965, local and regional protests began, with 3,000 people arrested by the end of February. Bevel had been working on his Alabama Project for voting rights since late 1963, the first march took place on March 7,1965, organized locally by Bevel, Amelia Boynton, and others. State troopers and county possemen attacked the marchers with billy clubs and tear gas after they passed over the county line. Law enforcement beat Boynton unconscious, and the media publicized worldwide a picture of her wounded on the bridge. The second march took place March 10, troopers, police, and marchers confronted each other at the county end of the bridge, but when the troopers stepped aside to let them pass, King led the marchers back to the church. He was obeying a federal injunction while seeking protection from court for the march. That night, a white group beat and murdered civil rights activist James Reeb, a Unitarian Universalist minister from Boston, many other clergy and sympathizers from across the country also gathered for the second march. The violence of the Bloody Sunday and of Reebs death led to an outcry and some acts of civil disobedience. The protesters demanded protection for the Selma marchers and a new voting rights law to enable African Americans to register. With Governor Wallace refusing to protect the marchers, President Johnson committed to do so, the third march started March 21. The marchers arrived in Montgomery on March 24 and at the Alabama State Capitol on March 25, with thousands having joined the campaign,25,000 people entered the capital city that day in support of voting rights. The route is memorialized as the Selma To Montgomery Voting Rights Trail, subjective application of the laws effectively closed most blacks out of politics. Selma is a town and the seat of Dallas County. In 1961, the population of Dallas County was 57% black, with the literacy test administered subjectively by white registrars, even educated blacks were prevented from registering or voting. Led by the Boynton family, Rev. L. L. Anderson, J. L. Chestnut, and Marie Foster and their efforts were blocked by state and local officials, the White Citizens Council, and the Ku Klux Klan
19.
Barack Obama
–
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
20.
U.S. Route 80
–
U. S. Route 80 is an east–west United States Numbered Highway, much of which was once part of the early auto trail known as the Dixie Overland Highway. As the 0 in the number indicates, it was originally a cross-country route. However, the segment west of Dallas, Texas, has been decommissioned in favor of various Interstate Highways. Currently, the western terminus is at an interchange with Interstate 30 on the Dallas–Mesquite. The highways eastern terminus is in Tybee Island, Georgia, at the intersection of Butler Avenue, Inlet Avenue, modern US80 begins as a significant component of the urban freeway system of Dallas, Texas. With Spur 557, it serves as the shortest freeway route from the central and northern portions of Dallas to I-20, heading east towards Shreveport and it rejoins I-20 for about five miles, before splitting to pass through downtown Waskom before crossing into Louisiana. US80 is parallel to the newer I-20, which has supplanted it as a long-distance route, the highway crosses the state line from Texas into Caddo Parish as a two-lane road and crosses over to the south of I-20 without connecting with the freeway. It passes through the town of Greenwood where it meets US79 coming north from Texas, US 79/US80 crosses over I-20 again, this time at an interchange, and enters the city of Shreveport as Greenwood Road. US171 ends at US 79/US80 at the intersection with Hearne Avenue, at this intersection, the road narrows to two through lanes. US80 intersects I-20 again just east of here, at Mansfield Road, the highway name changes to Texas Avenue and angles northeast through an industrial area. The road skirts the I-20/I-49 interchange and expands to four lanes for its approach to downtown. US 79/US80 passes through downtown Shreveport on Texas Street before crossing the Red River on the 1930s vintage Long–Allen Bridge and entering Bossier City, through Bossier Parish, US 79/US80 comprises a major urban and suburban arterial carrying a minimum of four lanes. In the eastern reaches of the parish, and continuing into Webster Parish, the road intersects the east end of I-220 at an interchange. US 79/US80 stays to the north of I-20, except for a stretch east of Haughton where it strays to the south for a period, at Dixie Inn, the highway intersects US371. In Minden, US79 separates from US80 and continues its northeasterly trajectory toward Arkansas, East of Minden, US80 crosses to the south of I-20 and serves the Bienville Parish towns of Gibsland and Arcadia. Entering Lincoln Parish, the highway serves Simsboro and Grambling before entering Ruston, US80 resumes its eastward path on the north side of Ruston and exits the city on East Georgia Avenue. Between Ruston and Monroe the highway serves the communities of Choudrant. Now on the side of the interstate, it enters Ouachita Parish
21.
Alabama State Route 14
–
State Route 14 is a 218. 289-mile-long state highway maintained by the U. S. state of Alabama. SR14 travels from west to east through the portion of the state. The highway begins at the Mississippi state line at the terminus of Mississippi Highway 69 and connects the cities of Selma, SR14 was one of the original routes in the Alabamas first statewide highway system in the 1920s. The original routing followed much of the path as today. The highway as built then started in Selma and traveled east along its current route to Auburn, as was standard for highways of the era, SR14 was unpaved for its full length. The first paved section was constructed in 1932 between Elmore and Wetumpka, paving continued sporadically for the next 15 years, with the last gravel section on the route being paved in 1947. When US280 was re-routed to meet I-85 between Auburn and Opelika in 1998, SR-14 was truncated to a new endpoint at US280 in Opelika. In 2009, it was truncated to its present terminus at the junction with SR147. SR14 is routed along Broad Street in Pickensville, SR14 is routed along Columbus Road NW, 2nd Street NW, 1st Avenue, 3rd Street SE, and Dr. Martin Luther King Memorial Highway in Aliceville. SR14 is routed along Mesopotamia Street, Eutaw Avenue, Main Street, Morrow Avenue, Boligee Street, SR14 is routed along Hobson Street and State Street in Greensboro. SR14 is routed along West Greene Street, Washington Street, SR14 shares a route with SR183 for 5 miles between Marion and Sprott in Perry County. SR14 shares a route with SR219 for 4 miles north of US80 in Selma, Alabama, SR14 shares a route with US80 for 4 miles through Selma. SR14 is routed along Highland Avenue in Selma, SR14 shares a route with US82 for roughly five miles in Prattville. SR14 is routed along I-65 in Prattville between Exits 179 and 181 SR14 is routed along Elmore Road, Coosa River Parkway, SR14 shares a route with SR111 in Wetumpka. SR14 is routed along Gilmer Avenue, Barnette Boulevard, Central Boulevard, Main Street, SR14 is routed along Tallapoosa Street and Auburn Road in Notasulga
22.
Alabama State Route 175
–
State Route 175 is a 5. 382-mile state highway in Perry County. The southern terminus of the route is at its junction with State Routes 14 and 183 approximately three miles northeast of Marion, the northern terminus of the route is at its junction with State Route 5 approximately one mile south of Heiberger, the birthplace of Coretta Scott King. The north–south route is aligned along a road in rural Perry County. The route serves as a bypass around Marion for motorists driving from westbound State Route 14 towards northbound State Route 5. The entire route is in Perry County
23.
Alabama State Route 183
–
State Route 183 or SR-183 is a 47. 443-mile state highway that serves as a north-south connection predominantly through Perry County. SR-185 intersects US-80 at its terminus in Uniontown and US-82 at its northern terminus in Chilton County. State Route 183 begins at its intersection with US-80 in Uniontown, from this point, the route travels in a northerly direction through Uniontown before taking a more northeasterly course en route to Marion. At Marion, SR-183 begins an approximately 4-mile concurrency with SR-5 through the town, from Sprott, SR-183 continues on its northeasterly course through the Talladega National Forest en route to its northern terminus at US-82 in Chilton County
24.
Bibb County, Alabama
–
Bibb County is a county in the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 23rd Decennial 2010 United States Census its population was 22,915. Its name is in honor of William W. Bibb, the Governor of Alabama Territory, and the first Governor of Alabama, who is also the namesake for Bibb County, Georgia where he began his political career. It is a prohibition or dry county, however, the cities of West Blocton, Brent, the Bibb County Courthouse is located in the county seat of Centreville. Cahawba County was established on February 7,1818, named for the Cahawba River and this name came from the Choctaw language word meaning water above. On December 4,1820, it was renamed as Bibb County, with a large population of slaves before the American Civil War, during and after Reconstruction whites worked to dominate and establish white supremacy. These extrajudicial murders were a form of terrorism by the whites against blacks. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 626 square miles. Many African Americans joined the Great Migration to northern and western cities, to escape the violence, as of the census of 2010, there were 22,915 people,7,953 households, and 5,748 families residing in the county. The population density was 37 people per square mile, there were 8,981 housing units at an average density of 14.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 75. 8% White,22. 0% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 8% from other races, and 0. 9% from two or more races. 1. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.09. In the county, the population was out with 22. 7% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,26. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.8 years, for every 100 females there were 115.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.5 males, the median income for a household in the county was $41,770, and the median income for a family was $51,956. Males had an income of $40,219 versus $28,085 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,918, about 9. 4% of families and 12. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 4% of those under age 18 and 11. 3% of those age 65 or over
25.
Chilton County, Alabama
–
Chilton County is a county of the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,643, Chilton County is included in the Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2010, the center of population of Alabama was located in Chilton County, near the city of Jemison, the county is known for its peaches and its unique landscape. Baker County was established on December 30,1868, named for Alfred Baker, residents of the county petitioned the Alabama legislature for the renaming of their county, it was not something forced upon them. On December 17,1874, the petitioners accepted the suggestion of Chilton County, in 1870 the county seat was moved after the court house burned to what is now Clanton. In 1942, the U. S. Navy commissioned a new vessel, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 701 square miles, of which 693 square miles is land and 7.9 square miles is water. At the 2000 census, there were 39,593 people,15,287 households and 11,342 families residing in the county, the population density was 57 per square mile. There were 17,651 housing units at a density of 25 per square mile. Nearly 2. 91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, nearly 22. 90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57, and the family size was 3.00. 25. 70% of the population were under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,29. 00% from 25 to 44,23. 40% from 45 to 64, the median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 97.80 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.90 males. The median household income was $32,588 and the family income was $39,505. Males had an income of $31,006 versus $21,275 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,303, about 12. 60% of families and 15. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 40% of those under age 18 and 18. 20% of those age 65 or over. The County Commission is made up of seven elected by cumulative vote. Chilton County adopted cumulative voting in 1988 as part of the settlement of a vote dilution lawsuit brought against its previous election system, according to the 1990 Census, African Americans constituted 9. 9% of the countys voting age population. Since then, African Americans were able finally to register and vote in the county, the adoption of cumulative voting in Chilton County has enabled the minority to elect candidates of their choice by pooling their votes
26.
Dallas County, Alabama
–
Dallas County is a county of the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, its population was 43,820 and its name is in honor of United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas, who served 1814-1816. Dallas County comprises the Selma, AL Micropolitan Statistical Area, Dallas County was created by the Alabama territorial legislature on February 9,1818, from Montgomery County. This was a portion of the Creek cession of lands to the US government of August 9,1814, the Creek were known as one of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast. The county was named for U. S. Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas of Pennsylvania, Dallas County is located in what has become known as the Black Belt region of the west-central portion of the state. The name referred to its soil, and the area was largely developed for cotton plantations. After emancipation, many of the African Americans who stayed in the area worked as sharecroppers, the county is traversed by the Alabama River, flowing from northeast to southwest across the county. It is bordered by Perry, Chilton, Autauga, Lowndes, Wilcox, originally, the Dallas county seat was at Cahaba, which also served as the state capital for a brief period. In 1865, the county seat was transferred to Selma, other towns and communities in the still mostly rural county include Marion Junction, Sardis, Orrville, Valley Grande, and Minter. Cotton production suffered in the early 20th century due to infestation of boll weevil, the period from 1877 to 1950, was the height of lynchings across the South, as whites worked to impose white supremacy and Jim Crow. Dallas ranks with Bibb and Pickens counties as having 15 lynchings in this period, in the early 20th century, many blacks left the South in the Great Migration to escape these oppressive conditions. The still mostly rural county reached a peak of population in 1960, younger people have since left to seek work elsewhere. The county is working on new directions for economic development, from 1963 through 1965, Selma and Dallas County were the sites of a renewed Voting Rights Campaign. It was organized by locals of the Dallas County Voters League, in late 1964 they invited help by SCLC leaders. With Martin Luther King, Jr. participating, this campaign attracted national and international news in February, two activists were killed before the final march took place. The events were covered by national media, the protesters renewed their walk on March 21, having been joined by thousands of sympathizers from across the country and gained federal protection, to complete the Selma to Montgomery marches. More people joined them, so that some 25,000 people entered Montgomery on the last day of the march, in August of that year, Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Millions of African-American citizens across the South registered and voted in the subsequent years, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 994 square miles, of which 979 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water
27.
Marengo County, Alabama
–
Marengo County is a county of the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 21,027, the largest city is Demopolis and the county seat is Linden. It is named in honor of the battlefield of the site of Battle of Marengo near Turin, Italy, where the Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Austrians on June 14,1800. Marengo County was created by the Alabama Territorial legislature on February 6,1818, the name of the county commemorates Napoleons victory at the Battle of Marengo over the Austrian armies on June 14,1800. This name was chosen in honor of the first European-American settlers, Bonapartists exiled from France after Napoleons downfall and they were trying to develop a Vine and Olive Colony. The county seat was known as the Town of Marengo. Linden is a version of Hohenlinden, scene of the Battle of Hohenlinden. County courthouse fires occurred in 1848 and 1965, but most of the records were in a vault. Situated in Alabamas Black Belt and having a rich soil. The population was majority black, and overwhelmingly enslaved, decades before the American Civil War, in 1860 the population consisted of 24,409 slaves,6761 free whites, and one free person of color, for a total combined population of 31,171. At this time there were 778 plantations and farms in the county, Demopolis was home to the fourth-oldest Jewish congregation in Alabama, Bnai Jeshurun. After the American Civil War, the continued to be based on agriculture. In the transition to free labor, many turned to sharecropping as a way to establish some independence. They did not want to work in owner-controlled field gangs, the population began to diminish rapidly after World War II. People left the farms for manufacturing jobs elsewhere, particularly with the buildup of the defense industry on the West Coast. The movement of blacks out of Mississippi and other parts of the Deep South was considered part of their Great Migration, the former cotton fields were gradually converted to other uses. Some were used for pastures for cattle and horses, others for woodlands for timber, beginning in the 1960s industry began to move into the area, and the work force started to work in paper mills, lumber mills, and chemical plants. Marengo County is situated in the area of the state
28.
Hale County, Alabama
–
Hale County is a county of the U. S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,760 and it is named in honor of Confederate officer Stephen Fowler Hale. Hale County is part of the Tuscaloosa, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area, Hale County was established following the end of the American Civil War, on January 30,1867. Located in the section of the state, it was created from portions of Greene, Marengo, Perry. The vast majority came from Greene County, the first American settlers hailed from Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and the Carolinas. Hale County is connected to three major twentieth century artists, Walker Evans photographed the area in 1936 while he collaborated with James Agee on the 1941 book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Since the 1960s, artist William Christenberry, born in Tuscaloosa, has been photographing various structures in Hale County as part of his multi-media artistic investigations and it is also the birthplace of Eugene Sawyer, the second African American mayor of Chicago. Since the American Civil War, whites controlled economic and political power in Hale County, however, in 1997 after a highly contested mayoral election the city of Greensboro elected its first black mayor, John E. Owens Jr. The first African American chief of police was appointed in 2000, in 2006, both black and white county residents came together and elected their first black sheriff, Kenneth W. Ellis, who was formerly the Moundville police chief. Like many Blackbelt counties, Hale County has experienced economic decline, many businesses and manufacturing plants have closed in and around Greensboro. Tuscaloosa County Bibb County Perry County Marengo County Greene County Talladega National Forest As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 15,760 people residing in the county. 59. 0% were Black or African American,39. 8% White,0. 2% Asian,0. 2% Native American,0. 3% of some other race and 0. 6% of two or more races. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,185 people,6,415 households, the population density was 27 people per square mile. There were 7,756 housing units at a density of 12 per square mile. 0. 91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the family size was 3.19. In the county, the population was out with 29. 60% under the age of 18,9. 10% from 18 to 24,26. 70% from 25 to 44,21. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 89.40 males
29.
Talladega National Forest
–
The Talladega National Forest is located in the U. S. state of Alabama and covers 392,567 acres at the southern edge of the Appalachian Mountains. Before it was bought by the government in the 1930s. Pine forest regrowth now hosts a diverse eco-system, the tiny 7,400 acre Cheaha Wilderness preserves a portion of this natural wealth on Talladega Mountain. The forests second wilderness area, the Dugger Mountain Wilderness protects the area around Alabamas second-highest mountain peak. Animals that inhabit the forest include coyote, black bear, white-tailed deer, gray and red fox, bobwhite quail, gray and fox squirrel, turkey, rabbit, raccoon, and various waterfowl. The four forests are home to a number of threatened, endangered and sensitive species including the gopher tortoise, flattened musk turtle and this forest is headquartered in Montgomery, as are all four of Alabamas National Forests. The other National Forests in the state are Conecuh, Tuskegee and it consists of level to moderately sloping, broad ridges with stream terraces and broad floodplains. The ranger station is located in Brent and this district lies within the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion and supports mixed forests of pine and oak. The Shoal Creek and Talladega Districts are located in the part of the state in Cherokee, Calhoun, Cleburne, Talladega. They consist of hills and low mountains with predominantly moderately steep slopes. They support Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests, the Shoal Creek ranger station is located in Heflin and the Talladega ranger station in its namesake city of Talladega. The forest covers parts of counties in Alabama. In descending order of forest land area they are Cleburne, Clay, Bibb, Talladega, Perry, Hale, Calhoun, Chilton, Tuscaloosa, Cherokee, Forest Service website on Talladega National Forest
30.
1860 United States Census
–
The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
31.
1890 United States Census
–
The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
32.
1910 United States Census
–
The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
33.
1920 United States Census
–
In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
34.
1930 United States Census
–
The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
35.
1940 United States Census
–
The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
36.
1950 United States Census
–
Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
37.
1970 United States Census
–
Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population
U.S. Highway 80
State Route 5
State Route 14
State Route 61
State Route 175
State Route 183
State Route 219
State Route 289
Perry County, Alabama
