On 5 December 1496, King Manuel I of Portugal signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims to take effect by the end of October of the next year.
Burning of Crypto-Jews in Lisbon, Portugal
Epistola de victoria contra infideles habita, 1507
Portuguese in the Netherlands, also Portuguese Dutch, Dutch Portuguese or Luso-Dutch, are the citizens or residents of the Netherlands whose ethnic origins lie in Portugal.
Portuguese-Jewish cemetery in Middelburg
Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam
![Baruch Spinoza, one of the epitomes of Western philosophy. He was of Portuguese-Jewish descent.[citation needed]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Denhaag_kunstwerk_spinoza.jpg/500px-Denhaag_kunstwerk_spinoza.jpg)
Baruch Spinoza, one of the epitomes of Western philosophy. He was of Portuguese-Jewish descent.[citation needed]
Esnoga in Amsterdam