1.
State school
–
State schools generally refer to primary or secondary schools mandated for or offered to all children without charge, funded in whole or in part by taxation. The term may refer to public institutions of post-secondary education. State education is inclusive, both in its treatment of students and in that enfranchisement for the government of public education is as broad as for government generally and it is often organized and operated to be a deliberate model of the civil community in which it functions. Although typically provided to groups of students in classrooms in a school, it may be provided in-home, employing visiting teachers. It can also be provided in non-school, non-home settings, such as shopping mall space, State education is generally available to all. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to school up to a certain age. In the case of private schooling, schools operate independently of the state, the funding for state schools, on the other hand, is provided by tax revenues, so that even individuals who do not attend school help to ensure that society is educated. In poverty stricken societies, authorities are often lax on compulsory school attendance because child labour is exploited and it is these same children whose income-securing labor cannot be forfeited to allow for school attendance. The term public education when applied to schools is not synonymous with the term publicly funded education. Government may make a policy decision that it wants to have some financial resources distributed in support of, and it may want to have some control over. Grants-in-aid of private schools and vouchers systems provide examples of publicly funded private education, conversely, a state school may rely heavily on private funding such as high fees or private donations and still be considered state by virtue of governmental ownership and control. In some countries, private associations or churches can operate schools according to their own principles, when these specific requirements are met, especially in the area of the school curriculum, the schools will qualify to receive state funding. Proponents of state education assert it to be necessary because of the need in society for people who are capable of reading, writing. In most industrialized countries, these views are distinctly in the minority, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, whereas independent schools usually charge attendance fees. They can be divided into two categories, open and selective schools, the open schools accept all students from their government-defined catchment areas. Government schools educate approximately 65% of Australian students, with approximately 34% in Catholic, regardless of whether a school is part of the Government or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for flexibility in the syllabus. Public or Government funded schools are found throughout Bangladesh and these schools mostly teach students from Year 1 to 10, with examinations for students in years 5,8, and 10
2.
Vancouver
–
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
3.
British Columbia
–
British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
4.
Canada
–
Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
University of British Columbia
–
The University of British Columbia, commonly referred to as UBC, is a public research university with campuses and facilities in British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1908 as the McGill University College of British Columbia and it is British Columbias oldest institution of higher learning and has over 60,000 students at its Vancouver and Okanagan Valley campuses. Most students are enrolled in five faculties, Arts, Science, Applied Science, UBC Faculty of Medicine. UBCs 4.02 km2 Vancouver campus is within the University Endowment Lands, the 2.09 km2 Okanagan campus, acquired in 2005, is in Kelowna. UBCs admission standards is the 2nd most rigorous in Canada with the average of 89. 95% high school GPA for all incoming domestic students in 2015 for the Vancouver Campus. According to the annual rankings compiled by Macleans and U. S. News, in 2015 U. S. News and World Report and Times Higher Education ranked UBC among the 20 best public universities worldwide. With an annual research budget valued at $600 million, UBC funds 8,442 projects as of 2014, the university has also educated three Canadian prime ministers, most recently Justin Trudeau, the current prime minister. One of the largest research libraries in Canada, the UBC Library system has over 9.9 million volumes among its 21 branches, since 1968, UBC is home to TRIUMF, Canadas national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics which houses the worlds largest cyclotron. In 1877, only six years after British Columbia joined Canada, the provincial legislature passed An Act Respecting the University of British Columbia in 1890, but disagreements arose over whether to build the university on Vancouver Island or the mainland. The British Columbia University Act of 1908 formally called a university into being. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership, the Act constituted a twenty-one member senate with Francis Carter-Cotton of Vancouver as Chancellor. Before the University Act, there had been attempts at creating a degree-granting university with help from the Universities of Toronto. Building on an affiliation between Vancouver and Victoria high schools with McGill University, Henry Marshall Tory helped establish the McGill University College of British Columbia. From 1906 to 1915, McGill BC operated as an institution providing the first few years toward a degree at McGill University or elsewhere. The Henry Marshall Tory Medal was established in 1941 by Tory, founding President of the University of Alberta and of the National Research Council of Canada, and a co-founder of Carleton University. In the meantime, appeals were made to the government to revive the legislation for a provincial institution, leading to the University Endowment Act in 1907. In 1910 the Point Grey site was chosen, and the government appointed Dr. Frank Fairchild Wesbrook as President in 1913, on the first day of lectures was September 30,1915, the new independent university absorbed McGill University College. The University of British Columbia awarded its first degrees in 1916, World War I dominated campus life, and the student body was decimated by enlistments for active service, with three hundred UBC students in Company D alone
6.
Juris Doctor
–
The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
7.
Master of Laws
–
The Master of Laws is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In some jurisdictions the Master of Laws is the professional degree for admission into legal practice. To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, while in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws is required, the U. S. and Canada generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law. The Juris Doctor is a doctorate and first professional graduate degree in law. The degree is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, the majority of individuals holding a J. D. must pass an examination in order to be licensed to practice law within their respective jurisdictions. If a person wishes to gain specialized knowledge through research in a area of law. The word legum is the plural form of the Latin word lex. When used in the plural, it signifies a body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word jus, from which the words juris. The highest research degree in law is the S. J. D. and it is equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy in Law, Doctorat en Droit, or the Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften in Germany. There are also variant doctoral degrees, such as the D. C. L. degree bestowed by McGill University in Canada, most schools require an LL. M. before admission to a SJD or a PhD in law degree program. Like the PhD, the SJD degree generally requires a dissertation that is graded, orally defended, the Doctor of Laws degree in the United States of America is usually an honorary degree. Historically, the LL. M. degree is an element particular to the system of English speaking countries. Over the past years, however, specialized LL. M, Programs have been introduced in many European countries, even where the Bologna process has not yet been fully implemented. Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Cyprus, Italy and Switzerland require a Masters with a two to five years to become a lawyer. As of 2014, Spain requires a degree in addition to a 4 years degree to become a lawyer. In Finland, an LL. M. is the graduate degree required to practice law. To be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, one needs an LL. M. degree with a course in litigation law. The Dutch Order of Lawyers require these courses for every potential candidate lawyer who wants to be written in the district court for three years
8.
Doctor of Philosophy
–
A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
9.
Corporate law
–
Corporate law is the practice or study of how shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and other stakeholders such as consumers, the community, and the environment interact with one another. Corporate law is a part of a broader companies law, other types of business associations can include partnerships, or trusts, or companies limited by guarantee. Under corporate law, corporations of all sizes have separate legal personality, shareholders control the company through a board of directors which, in turn, typically delegates control of the corporations day-to-day operations to a full-time executive. Corporate law deals with firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a state or their subnational states. Corporate law is divided into corporate governance and corporate finance. The word corporation is generally synonymous with large publicly owned companies in the United States, in United Kingdom, company is more frequently used as the legal term for any business incorporated under the Companies Act 2006. Large scale companies will be PLCs in the United Kingdom and will usually have shares listed on a Stock Market. In British legal usage any registered company, created under the Companies Act 2006 and previous equivalent legislation, is, strictly, such a company is created by the administrative process of registration under the Companies Act as a general piece of legislation. A corporation, in this British sense, can be a corporation sole which consists of an office occupied by one person e. g. the monarch or certain bishops in England. Here, the office is recognized as separate from the individual who holds it, in the United States, a company may or may not be a separate legal entity, and is often used synonymously with firm or business. A corporation may accurately be called a company, however, a company should not necessarily be called a corporation, which has distinct characteristics. According to Blacks Law Dictionary, in America a company means a corporation — or, less commonly, the defining feature of a corporation is its legal independence from the people who create it. If a corporation fails, its shareholders will lose their money, shareholders are not liable for any remaining debts owed to the corporations creditors. This rule is called limited liability, and it is why corporations end with Ltd, in the words of British judge, Walton J, a company is. only a juristic figment of the imagination, lacking both a body to be kicked and a soul to be damned. But despite this, under just about every system in existence and as per international norms, corporations have the same legal rights. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, just as they are born into existence through its members obtaining a certificate of incorporation, they can die when they lose money into insolvency. Corporations can even be convicted of offences, such as fraud. Although some forms of companies are thought to have existed during Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece, with increasing international trade, Royal charters were granted in Europe to merchant adventurers
10.
Tax law
–
Tax law is an area of legal study dealing with the constitutional, common-law, statutory, tax treaty, and regulatory rules that constitute the law applicable to taxation. Primary taxation issues facing the world over include, Taxes on income. Taxation of capital gains versus labor income, ecotax refers to taxes intended to promote environmentally friendly activities via economic incentives. Tax evasion and avoidance leading to reduced government revenue, due to an Inefficient tax system in many underdeveloped countries, the majority of small businesses are not taxed. In law schools, tax law is a sub-discipline and area of specialist study, U. S. law schools require 30 semester credit hours of required courses,60 hours or more of electives and a combined total of at least 90 credit hours completed. Law students must choose available courses on which to focus before graduation with the J. D. degree in the United States. S, Master of Laws programs are offered in Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Netherlands and an increasing number of countries. Many of these focus on domestic and international taxation. In the United States, most LL. M, programs require that the candidate be a graduate of an American Bar Association-accredited law school. In other countries a graduate law degree is sufficient for admission to LL. M. in Taxation law programs, the Master of Laws program is an advanced legal study. General Requirements J. D. or First degree in law, an English proficiency test score for students with a native language besides English. The Juris Doctor program is offered by only a number of countries and these include, United States, Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Philippines, Singapore and the United Kingdom. The courses vary in duration of years, curriculum and whether or not further training is required, law School Admission Test - Required for law school admission in United States, Canada and a growing number of countries. A list of tax faculty ranked by publication downloads is maintained by Paul Caron at TaxProf Blog
11.
Environmental law
–
The core environmental law regimes address environmental pollution. Other areas, such as environmental impact assessment, may not fit neatly into either category, early examples of legal enactments designed to consciously preserve the environment, for its own sake or human enjoyment, are found throughout history. In the common law, the protection was found in the law of nuisance. Thus smells emanating from pig stys, strict liability against dumping rubbish, private enforcement, however, was limited and found to be woefully inadequate to deal with major environmental threats, particularly threats to common resources. During the Great Stink of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the River Thames began to smell so ghastly in the heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. In 19 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the London sewerage system, London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this culminated in the Great Smog of 1952, which in turn triggered its on legislative response, the Clean Air Act 1956. The basic regulatory structure was to set limits on emissions for households, notwithstanding early analogues, the concept of environmental law as a separate and distinct body of law is a twentieth-century development. Air quality laws govern the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere, a specialized subset of air quality laws regulate the quality of air inside buildings. Air quality laws are designed specifically to protect human health by limiting or eliminating airborne pollutant concentrations. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing air pollutants, setting limits on acceptable emissions levels, Water quality laws govern the release of pollutants into water resources, including surface water, ground water, and stored drinking water. Some water quality laws, such as drinking water regulations, may be designed solely with reference to human health, regulatory areas include sewage treatment and disposal, industrial and agricultural waste water management, and control of surface runoff from construction sites and urban environments. Waste management laws govern the transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of all manner of waste, including solid waste, hazardous waste. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing waste types and mandating transport, treatment, storage, Environmental cleanup laws govern the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, sediment, surface water, or ground water. Chemical safety laws govern the use of chemicals in human activities, as contrasted with media-oriented environmental laws, chemical control laws seek to manage the pollutants themselves. Regulatory efforts include banning specific chemical constituents in consumer products, Environmental impact assessment is the assessment of the environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or concrete projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, Water resources laws govern the ownership and use of water resources, including surface water and ground water. Regulatory areas may include water conservation, use restrictions, and ownership regimes, mineral resource laws cover several basic topics, including the ownership of the mineral resource and who can work them. Mining is also affected by regulations regarding the health and safety of miners
12.
Canadian Aboriginal law
–
Canadian Aboriginal law is the body of Canadian law that concerns a variety of issues related to Indigenous peoples in Canada. Aboriginal law provides certain rights to land and traditional practices Aboriginal is a used in the Constitution of Canada and includes First Nations, Inuit. It enforces and interprets certain treaties between the government and Aboriginal people, and manages much of their interaction, a major area of Aboriginal law involves the duty to consult and accommodate. Aboriginal law is based on a variety of sources, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 is the foundation document creating special land rights for Aboriginal peoples within Canada. Section 91 of the Constitution Act,1867 gives the federal parliament exclusive power to legislate in matters related to Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians. Under this power, that body has enacted the Indian Act, First Nations Land Management Act, Indian Oil and Gas Act. Part II of the Constitution Act,1982, recognizes Aboriginal treaty and land rights, section 35s recognition of Aboriginal rights refers to an ancient source of Aboriginal rights in custom
13.
Pacific Rim
–
The Pacific Rim are the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Basin includes the Pacific Rim and the islands in the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacific Ring of Fire. This is a list of countries that are considered to be a part of the Pacific Rim. The Pacific is a hotbed of overseas shipping, the top 10 busiest container ports, with the exception of Dubais Port of Jebel Ali, are in the Rim nations. In addition, the RIMPAC naval exercises are coordinated by United States Pacific Command, the Pacific Asian Countries, A Force For Growth in the Global Economy. Los Angeles, World Affairs Council,1984, the Future of the Pacific Basin, A Keynote Address. New Zealand, Conference on New Zealands Prospects in the Pacific Region,1983, the Pacific Basin Alliances, Trade and Bases. New York, Foreign Policy Association,1987, rogers, Theodore S. and Robert L. Snakenber. Language Studies in the Schools, A Pacific Prospect, wedemeyer, Dan J. and Anthony J. Pennings, Eds. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Pacific Telecommunications Council, Honolulu, the Pacific Rim and the Bottom Line. Phillips, Douglas A. and Steven C, the Pacific Rim Region, Emerging Giant
14.
Peter A. Allard School of Law
–
The Peter A. Allard School of Law is the law school of the University of British Columbia. It offers a three-year Juris Doctor program and the degrees of Master of Laws, Master of Laws Common Law. Among other things, the faculty has courses emphasizing Pacific Rim issues, business law, tax law, environmental and natural law, indigenous law. It was renamed from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in 2015 to honor a $30M gift from Peter Allard, an alumnus, which followed a 2011 gift from him of about $12M. UBC offered lectures in law from 1920, but the faculty of law was established in 1945. Because it lacked adequate infrastructure, the law school used army huts from World War II until a permanent structure was built in 1951 and it was replaced by Allard Hall in 2009. The school was ranked 3rd in Canada and 31st in the world in the 2016 QS World University Rankings of law schools and it was fifth among Canadian law schools in Macleans 2013 rankings. The school is located at the University of British Columbias campus near Vancouver, in 2011 it moved out of its former building, a brutalist-style building with malfunctioning heating and cooling and into a new building that had recently been completed. The building cost around $56M, the university used $21M of its own funds, the Allard Prize was established in 2012 and was initially funded by part of the 2011 gift from Allard and further funded by a subsequent $30M donation by Allard in 2015. It is one of the worlds largest prizes dedicated to the fight against corruption, one Honourable Mention recipient was nominated posthumously after being tortured and dying in a Russian prison. UBC Law Review The University of British Columbia Law Review is the official law review and is published by the UBC Law Review Society. It was first published in 1949 as a collection of essays entitled the UBC Legal Notes. In 1959, it became the UBC Law Review. It was incorporated as a society in 1966. The UBC Law Review is a top ranking scholarly publication in Canada and globally, alongside the University of Toronto Law Journal, the TSL is published by students at the school. Annual Review of Insolvency Law The only Canadian peer-reviewed journal dedicated to insolvency and bankruptcy law and this annual publication offers articles by scholars and practitioners on personal and commercial insolvency law. Canadian Journal of Family Law First published in 1978, the Canadian Journal of Family Law is Canadas first family law journal, the journal is a biannual interdisciplinary journal that publishes both English and French academic articles on a broad range of issues related to family law. The journal is reviewed by an advisory board consisting of legal professionals
15.
Maclean's
–
Macleans is a Canadian news magazine that was founded in 1905, reporting on Canadian issues such as politics, pop culture, and current events. Maclean, established the magazine to provide a uniquely Canadian perspective on current affairs and to entertain and its publisher since 1994, Rogers Media, announced in September 2016 that Macleans would become a monthly beginning January 2017, while continuing to produce a weekly issue on the Texture app. The Business Magazine was founded in October 1905 by 43-year-old publisher, John Bayne Maclean, who wrote the magazines aim was not merely to entertain but also to inspire its readers. Maclean renamed the magazine after himself in 1911, dropping the title as too evocative of a business magazine for what had become a general interest publication. Costain was ordered to remove an article by Maclean himself as it was too critical of war policy, in 1919, the magazine moved from monthly to fortnightly publication and ran an exposé of the drug trade by Emily Murphy. In 1925 the circulation of the magazine was 82,013 copies, costain left the magazine to become a novelist and was replaced by J. Vernon Mackenzie who remained at the helm until 1926. During his tenure, Macleans achieved national stature, after Mackenzie, H. Napier Moore became the new editor. An Englishman, he saw the magazine as an expression of Canadas role in the British Empire, under Irwins influence, the magazines covers promoted Canadian scenery and imagery. The magazine also sponsored a short story contest on Canadian themes. Irwin was also responsible for orienting the magazine towards both small and big L Liberalism, during the Second World War, Macleans ran an overseas edition for Canadian troops serving abroad. By the time of its run in 1946, the bantam edition had a circulation of 800,000. Macleans war coverage featured war photography by Yousuf Karsh, later an internationally acclaimed portrait photographer, Allen became editor upon Irwins acceptance of a diplomatic posting in 1950. This era of the magazine was noted for its articles on the Canadian landscape and profiles of town, the feature article, Canadas North, by Pierre Berton, promoted a new national interest in the Arctic. Prominent writers during this period included Robert Fulford, Peter Gzowski, Newman, Trent Frayne, June Callwood, McKenzie Porter, Robert Thomas Allen and Christina McCall. Exposés in the 1950s challenged the criminal justice system, explored LSD, Macleans published an editorial the day after the 1957 federal election announcing the predictable re-election of the St. Laurent Liberal Party. Written before the results were known, Allen failed to anticipate the upset election of the Progressive Conservative Party under John Diefenbaker. Templeton quit after a time at the helm due to his frustration with interference by the publishing company. In 1961, Macleans began publishing a French-language edition, Le Magazine Maclean, which survived until 1976, Newman became editor in 1971, and attempted to revive the magazine by publishing feature articles by writers such as Barbara Frum and Michael Enright, and poetry by Irving Layton
16.
Brutalist architecture
–
Brutalist architecture is a movement in architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid-1970s, descending from the modernist architectural movement of the early 20th century. The term originates from the French word for raw in the used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material béton brut. British architectural critic Reyner Banham adapted the term into brutalism to identify the emerging style, there is often an emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations and in the whole-site architectural plan the main functions and people-flows of the buildings. Brutalism became popular for educational buildings, but was rare for corporate projects. Brutalism became favoured for government projects, high-rise housing. In one critical appraisal by Banham, Brutalism was posited not as a style, Brutalism as an architectural critical term was not always consistently used by critics, architects themselves usually avoided using it altogether. More recently, brutalism has become used in popular discourse to refer to buildings of the twentieth century that are large or unpopular – as a synonym for brutal. The term brutalism was originally coined by the Swedish architect Hans Asplund to describe Villa Göth in Uppsala, designed in 1949 by his contemporaries Bengt Edman and he originally used the Swedish-language term nybrutalism, which was picked up by a group of visiting English architects, including Michael Ventris. In England, the term was adopted by architects Alison. The best known proto Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité dHabitation, Brutalist buildings are usually formed with repeated modular elements forming masses representing specific functional zones, distinctly articulated and grouped together into a unified whole. Concrete is used for its raw and unpretentious honesty, contrasting dramatically with the refined and ornamented buildings constructed in the elite Beaux-Arts style. Surfaces of cast concrete are made to reveal the nature of its construction. Brutalist building materials include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone. Another common theme in Brutalist designs is the exposure of the buildings functions—ranging from their structure, from another perspective, the design of the Hunstanton School included placing the facilitys water tank, normally a hidden service feature, in a prominent, visible tower. This style had a position in the architecture of European communist countries from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s. In Czechoslovakia brutalism was presented as an attempt to create a national, John Andrewss government and institutional structures in Australia also exhibit the style. In the United States Paul Rudolph and Ralph Rapson are both noted Brutalists, Walter Netsch is known for his Brutalist academic buildings. Marcel Breuer was known for his approach to the style
17.
Rule of law
–
The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, John Locke defined freedom under the rule of law as follows, “Freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of nature and political society. Freedom of nature is to be no other restraint but the law of nature. Freedom of people under government is to be under no restraint apart from standing rules to live by that are common to everyone in the society and made by the lawmaking power established in it. Persons have a right or liberty to follow their own will in all things that the law has not prohibited and not be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, and arbitrary wills of others. ”The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including lawmakers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy. In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men, Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws, according to the Roman statesman Cicero, We are all servants of the laws in order that we may be free. During the Roman Republic, controversial magistrates might be put on trial when their terms of office expired, under the Roman Empire, the sovereign was personally immune, but those with grievances could sue the treasury. In contrast, the Huang-Lao school of Daoism rejected legal positivism in favor of a law that even the ruler would be subject to. There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law, according to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented. The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the right of kings. In Islamic jurisprudence rule of law was formulated in the century, so that no official could claim to be above the law. However, this was not a reference to law. Alfred the Great, Anglo-Saxon King of the 9th century, reformed the law of his kingdom and created a law code with the biblical Mosaic law and he ruled that justice had to be equal between people, whether rich or poor, friends or enemies. This was likely inspired from Leviticus 19, You shall do no injustice in judgment and you shall not be partial to the poor, nor defer to the great
18.
Sergei Magnitsky
–
Magnitsky had alleged there had been a large-scale theft from the Russian state sanctioned and carried out by Russian officials. He was arrested and eventually died in prison seven days before the expiration of the term during which he could be legally held without trial. In total, Magnitsky served 358 days in Moscows Butyrka prison and he developed gall stones, pancreatitis and a blocked gall bladder and received inadequate medical care. A human rights council set up by the Kremlin found that he was physically assaulted shortly before his death, in response, Russia blocked hundreds of foreign adoptions. The money had gone into a real estate firm that was buying luxury Wall Street apartments, the US Department of Justice filed a seizure order to recover the apartments in Sept.2013. In 2013, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, a Washington, the ICIJ investigation also revealed that the husband of one of the Russian tax officials deposited millions in a Swiss bank account set up by one of the offshore companies. Magnitsky was an auditor at the Moscow law firm Firestone Duncan, working for its owner, there he represented the investment advisory firm Hermitage Capital Management, which had been accused of tax evasion and tax fraud by the Russian Interior Ministry. He was a specialist in civil law, Hermitages company co-founder Bill Browder was soon expelled from Russia as a national threat. Browder himself has indicated that he represented only a threat to politicians and bureaucrats in Russia. In November 2005, Browder arrived in Moscow to be told his visa had been annulled and he was deported the next day and has not seen his Moscow home for 10 years. On June 4,2007, Hermitages Moscow office was raided by about 20 Ministry of Interior officers, the offices of Firestone Duncan were also raided. The officers had a warrant alleging that Kamaya, a company administered by Hermitage, had underpaid its taxes. This was highly irregular as the Russian tax authorities had just confirmed in writing that this company had overpaid its tax, in both cases, the search warrants permitted the seizure of materials related only to Kamaya. In October 2007, Browder received word that one of the firms maintained in Moscow had a judgement against it for an unpaid debt of hundreds of millions of dollars. According to Browder, this was the first he had heard of this court case, Magnitsky was given the assignment of investigating what had happened. Magnitskys testimony implicated police, the judiciary, tax officials, bankers, before then, however, Magnitsky had himself been brought under investigation by one of the policemen he had testified was involved in the fraud. According to Browder, Sergei was the guy in Moscow on courts, taxes, fines. According to Magnitskys investigation, the documents that had taken by the Russian police in June 2007 were used to forge a change in ownership
19.
Russia
–
Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
20.
Harvard Law Review
–
The Harvard Law Review is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the Harvard Law Reviews 2015 impact factor of 4.979 placed the journal first out of 143 journals in the category Law. It is published monthly from November through June, with the November issue dedicated to covering the previous term of the Supreme Court of the United States. The journal also publishes the online-only Harvard Law Review Forum, a journal of scholarly responses to the main journals content. The Harvard Law Review published its first issue on April 15,1887, from the 1880s to the 1970s, editors were selected on the basis of their grades, the president of the Review was the student with the highest academic rank. The first female African-American president, ImeIme Umana, was elected in 2017, Gannett House, a white building constructed in the Greek Revival style that was popular in New England during the mid-to-late 19th century, has been home to the Harvard Law Review since the 1920s. Before moving into Gannett House, the journal resided in the Law Schools Austin Hall, since the change of criteria in the 1970s, grades are no longer the primary basis of selection for editors. The writing competition includes two components, an edit of an article and an analysis of a recent United States Supreme Court or Court of Appeals case. The writing competition submissions are graded blindly to assure anonymity, fourteen editors are selected based on a combination of their first-year grades and their competition scores. Twenty editors are selected based solely on their competition scores, the remaining twelve editors are selected on a discretionary basis. According to the law reviews webpage, Some of these discretionary slots may be used to implement the Reviews affirmative action policy, the president of the Harvard Law Review is elected by the other editors. Roberts, Jr. served as managing editor for volume 92 Antonin Scalia, served as editor for volume 73 Edward Sanford David J. Secretary of Transportation. Solicitor General, served as Supreme Court editor Archibald Cox, late U. S, solicitor General Christopher Cox, former chairman of U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission Ted Cruz, U. S. Senator from Texas Viet Dinh, former Assistant Attorney General, served as Bluebook editor Charles Evans Hughes Jr. former U. S. Solicitor General Michael Froman, U. S. Trade Representative Julius Genachowski, former chairman of the Federal Communications Commission Ian Gershengorn, edith Ramirez, chairwoman of the Federal Trade Commission Rod Rosenstein, nominee for U. S. Deputy Attorney General Jamie Raskin, U. S. Representative from Maryland Robert A. Taft, U. S, white, former United States Ambassador to Norway Preeta D. He was the Reviews first Canadian editor in the late 1930s
21.
Beverley McLachlin
–
Beverley McLachlin, PC is the 17th and current Chief Justice of Canada, the first woman to hold this position, and the longest serving Chief Justice of Canada in history. In her role as Chief Justice, she serves as a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada. McLachlin was born Beverley Gietz in Pincher Creek, Alberta, the eldest child of Eleanora Marian and her parents, who were of German descent, were fundamentalist Christians of the Pentecostal Church. She received a B. A. and an M. A. in philosophy and she was called to the Bar of Alberta in 1969 and to the Bar of British Columbia in 1971. She practiced law from 1969 until 1975, from 1974 to 1981, she was an Associate Professor and Professor with tenure at the University of British Columbia. She has one son, Angus, from her first marriage to Roderick McLachlin and her first husband died of cancer in 1988, a few days after she was appointed chief justice of the B. C. Supreme Court. In 1992 she married Frank McArdle, a lawyer and executive director of the Canadian Superior Courts Judges Association, in 1980, she was appointed to the County Court of Vancouver and then to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. In 1985 she was appointed to the British Columbia Court of Appeal and she was appointed by Brian Mulroney as a Puisne Justice to the Supreme Court of Canada on March 30,1989, and was made Chief Justice of Canada on January 7,2000 by Jean Chretien. Upon being sworn into the Supreme Court of Canada, she became a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada together with the other justices of the Supreme Court. In her role as Administrator, she gave royal assent to the Civil Marriage Act and she relinquished that task when the Governor General returned to good health in late July. She is the Chairperson of the Canadian Judicial Council, on the Board of Governors of the National Judicial Institute and she is a Member of the Queens Privy Council for Canada. She was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour by the Government of France in 2008, on December 15,2006 she was appointed Commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John. In the opinion of an interviewer, this is not only to convey an impression of balance, to her, judgment is not a coldly neutral evaluation of competing positions, robotically free of passion or perspective. It is an engaged, human act of imagination, McLachlin surpassed Sir William Johnstone Ritchie as the longest-serving Chief Justice of Canada in history on September 22,2013. She is the Honorary Patron of the Institute of Parliamentary and Political Law and she has also been awarded the Yes She Can Award from Balmoral Hall School in 2005. She is currently the Visitor of Massey College, a graduate college for students of distinguished ability at the University of Toronto. V. Keegstra, finding that the criminal offences were unconstitutional. This was also seen to an extent in her decision of R. v. Sharpe where she upheld the child pornography criminal provisions, but limited it by excluding imaginative works that are for private use
22.
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
–
Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence. The quorum for Privy Council meetings is four, as its function is to provide the vehicle for advising the Crown, the members of the QPC are predominantly all living current and former ministers of the Crown. In addition, the justices of Canada and former governors general are appointed. To date, only Prime Minister Paul Martin advised that Parliamentary Secretaries be admitted to the QPC, I will in all things to be treated, debated and resolved in Privy Council, faithfully, honestly and truly declare my mind and my opinion. I shall keep secret all matters committed and revealed to me in this capacity, generally, in all things I shall do as a faithful and true servant ought to do for Her Majesty. Harper, on 15 October 2007, also advised Governor General Michaëlle Jean to appoint Jim Abbott, on occasion, a non-Canadian has been appointed to the QPC. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was inducted during a visit to Canada on 29 December 1941. Privy councillors are entitled to the style The Honourable or, for the minister, chief justice, or certain other eminent individuals, The Right Honourable. These appointments ended under Lester Pearson, though the style remained in use, limited to only prime ministers. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had the Privy Council convene in 1947 to consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, as per the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The council has assembled in the presence of the sovereign on two occasions, First, at 10,00 am on Thanksgiving Monday of 1957, at the residence in Ottawa. Two years later, the QPC again met before the Queen in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the last formal meeting of the Privy Council was held in 1981 to give formal consent to the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer. There, all gathered were informed of the Princes engagement, nodded their approval, Prince Charles was himself appointed to the council on 18 May 2014
23.
Supreme Court of Canada
–
The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court of Canada, the final court of appeals in the Canadian justice system. The court grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal appellate courts, the creation of the court was provided for by the British North America Act,1867, renamed in 1982 the Constitution Act,1867. The first bills for the creation of a supreme court, introduced in the Parliament of Canada in 1869. It was not until 8 April 1875 that a bill was passed providing for the creation of a Supreme Court of Canada. Prior to 1949, however, the Supreme Court did not constitute the court of last resort, as well, some cases could bypass the court and go directly to the Judicial Committee from the provincial courts of appeal. The Supreme Court of Canada formally became the Court of last resort for criminal appeals in 1933, the last decisions of the Judicial Committee on cases from Canada were made in the mid-1950s, as a result of their being heard in a court of first instance prior to 1949. The increase in the importance of the court was mirrored by the numbers of its members, the court was established first with six judges, and these were augmented by an additional member in 1927. It was in 1949 that the bench reached its current composition, prior to 1949, most of the appointees to the Supreme Court of Canada owed their position to political patronage. Each judge had strong ties to the party in power at the time of their appointment, in 1973, the appointment of a constitutional law professor, Bora Laskin, as chief justice represented a major turning point for the court. Increasingly in this period, appointees either came from backgrounds or were well-respected practitioners with several years experience in appellate courts. Laskins federalist and liberal views were shared by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, the evolution from the Dickson court through to the Lamer court witnessed a continuing vigour in the protection of civil liberties. Lamers criminal law background proved an influence on the number of cases heard by the court during his time as chief justice. Nonetheless, the Lamer court was more conservative with charter rights, the appointment of Beverly McLachlin as chief justice in 2000 has resulted in a more centrist and unified court. Dissenting and concurring opinions are fewer than during the Dickson and Lamer Courts, with the 2005 appointments of Justices Louise Charron and Rosalie Abella, the court became the worlds most gender-balanced national high court, four of its nine members being female. Justice Marie Deschamps retirement on 7 August 2012 caused the number to fall to three, the appointment of Suzanne Côté on 1 December 2014 restored the number of female justices to four. At the next level are the provinces and territories superior courts, judgments from the superior courts may be appealed to a still higher level, the provincial or territorial courts of appeal. Several federal courts also exist, the Tax Court of Canada, the Federal Court, the Federal Court of Appeal, unlike the provincial superior courts, which exercise inherent or general jurisdiction, the federal courts jurisdiction is limited by statute. In all there are over 1,000 federally appointed judges at various levels across Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada rests at the apex of the judicial pyramid
24.
Joel Bakan
–
Joel Conrad Bakan is a American-Canadian writer, jazz musician, filmmaker, and professor at the Peter A. Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia. He is a member of the Prize Committee of the Allard Prize for International Integrity, in 1971, he moved with his parents to Vancouver, British Columbia. He was educated at Simon Fraser University, University of Oxford, Dalhousie University and he served as a law clerk to Brian Dickson in 1985. During his tenure as clerk, Chief Justice Dickson authored the judgment R. v. Oakes, Bakan then pursued a masters degree at Harvard Law School. After graduation, he returned to Canada, where he has taught law at Osgoode Hall Law School of York University and he joined the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in 1990 as an associate professor. Bakan teaches Constitutional Law, Contracts, socio-legal courses and the graduate seminar and he has won the Faculty of Laws Teaching Excellence Award twice and a UBC Killam Research Prize. Bakan has a son from his first wife, Marlee Gayle Kline, also a scholar, Professor Kline died of leukemia in 2001. Bakan helped establish The Marlee Kline Memorial Lectures in Social Justice to commemorate her contributions to Canadian law and he is now married to Canadian actress and singer Rebecca Jenkins. His sister, Laura Naomi Bakan is a court judge in British Columbia. Bakan authored The Corporation, a book analyzing the evolution and modern-day behavior of corporations from a critical perspective, published in 2004, it was made into a film The Corporation the same year and won 25 international awards. His book Childhood Under Siege was published in August 2011 and he is also the author of a number of books on Canadian constitutional law, including Just Words, Constitutional Rights and Social Wrongs. Bakan and his wife Jenkins released an album, Blue Skies in 2008, an album of Jenkins original songs, Somethings Coming, in 2012
25.
Queen's Counsel
–
A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. In each of the years 1973 to 1978, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 329,345,370,372,384 and 404, in 1989, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 601. In each of the years 1991 to 2000, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 736,760,797,845,891,925,974,1006,1043, the title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign. The current Queen, Elizabeth II has had a long reign and it can be assumed that, should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant, the title will again become KC, as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs. Queens Counsel and serjeants were prohibited, at least from the century, from drafting pleadings alone
26.
Supreme Court of British Columbia
–
The Supreme Court of British Columbia is the superior trial court for the province of British Columbia, Canada. The BCSC hears civil and criminal law cases as well as appeals from the Provincial Court of British Columbia, including supernumerary judges, there are presently 108 judges. There are also 13 Supreme Court masters who hear and dispose of a variety of applications in chambers. The court was established in 1869 as the The Supreme Court of the Mainland of British Columbia to distinguish it from the Supreme Court of Vancouver Island, the two courts merged in 1870 under the present name. The BCSC is a court of record, having jurisdiction in all cases, civil and criminal. The BCSC has inherent jurisdiction under the Constitution of Canada in addition to any jurisdiction granted to it by federal or provincial statute. The BCSC has jurisdiction in any dispute, including those matters where the dollar amount involved is within the jurisdiction of the Small Claims division of the Provincial Court. Under the Criminal Code, the BCSC is included as a court of criminal jurisdiction. The BCSC also hears appeals from the Provincial Court and some administrative tribunals, appeals from its own judgments are heard by the Court of Appeal of British Columbia. The BCSC is also responsible for ceremonies for admitting lawyers. All justices of the BCSC are appointed by the federal cabinet, all BCSC justices have full jurisdiction over any matter before the BCSC. Masters are appointed by the cabinet, on recommendation of the Attorney General in consultation with the Chief Justice. As provincial appointees, masters do not have inherent jurisdiction and their jurisdiction is limited to those matters granted to them by statute and the Rules of Court. Masters preside in chambers, where they usually hear interlocutory applications, masters cannot hear civil trials and do not preside in criminal matters. Masters also sit and hear matters as registrars, hearing such matters as assessments of solicitors fees, the BCSC sits in eight judicial districts called counties. Prior to 1990, there existed in British Columbia a County Court, in 1990, the County Court of B. C. merged with the BCSC and its judges became justices of the BCSC. The judicial districts of the Supreme Court have the boundaries of the counties of the former County Court. The judicial districts are, Cariboo, Kootenay, Nanaimo, Prince Rupert, Vancouver, Victoria, Westminster, the Counties of Vancouver and Westminster are collectively one judicial district under the name of the Vancouver Westminster Judicial District
27.
Kim Campbell
–
Avril Phædra Douglas Kim Campbell PC CC OBC QC is a Canadian politician, diplomat, lawyer and writer who served as the 19th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 25,1993, to November 4,1993. Campbell was the first and, to date, only female minister of Canada, the first baby boomer to hold that office. She currently is the chairperson for Canadas Supreme Court Advisory Board, Campbell was born in Port Alberni, British Columbia, the daughter of Phyllis Lissa Margaret and George Thomas Campbell, a barrister. Her father was born in Montreal, to Scottish parents, from Glasgow and her mother left the family when Campbell was 12, leaving Kim and her sister Alix to be raised by their father. As a teenager, Campbell permanently nicknamed herself Kim, while in her pre-teens, Campbell was a host and reporter on the CBC childrens program Junior Television Club. Campbell and her family moved to Vancouver, where she attended Prince of Wales Secondary School and was a top student and she became the schools first female student president, and graduated in 1964. She earned a bachelors degree in political science from the University of British Columbia. She was active in the student government and served as the schools first female president of the freshman class and she then completed a year of graduate study at that school, to qualify for doctoral-level studies. Campbell entered the London School of Economics in 1970 to study towards her doctorate in Soviet Government and she had spent several years studying the Russian language, and was nearly fluent. Campbell ultimately left her studies, returning to live in Vancouver after marrying Nathan Divinsky, her longtime partner. She earned, in 1983, an LL. B. from the University of British Columbia and she was called to the British Columbia Bar in 1984, and practised law in Vancouver until 1986. During her marriage to Divinsky, Campbell lectured part-time in political science at the University of British Columbia and at Vancouver Community College. While still attending law school, she entered politics as a trustee on the Vancouver School Board, becoming, in 1983 and she once claimed to have told the board to back off although others alleged that she said fuck off. In total, she was a trustee there from 1980 to 1984, Campbell and Divinsky were divorced in 1983, and Campbell married Howard Eddy in 1986, a marriage that lasted until shortly before she became prime minister. Campbell is the prime minister of Canada to have been divorced. She is currently married to Hershey Felder, an actor, playwright, composer and she remains close to Nathan Divinskys daughter Pamelea. Campbell was the unsuccessful British Columbia Social Credit Party candidate in Vancouver Centre for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia in 1983, receiving 12,740 votes. Consigned to the backbenches, she became disenchanted with Premier Bill Vander Zalms leadership and broke him and Social Credit over the issue of abortion
28.
Joe Clark
–
Charles Joseph Joe Clark, PC CC AOE is a Canadian statesman, businessman, writer, and politician who served as the 16th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 4,1979, to March 3,1980. Despite his relative inexperience, Clark rose quickly in politics, entering the House of Commons in the 1972 election. He came to power in the 1979 election, defeating the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau, taking office the day before his 40th birthday, Clark is the youngest person to become Prime Minister. His tenure was brief as he won a minority government. Clarks Progressive Conservative Party subsequently lost the 1980 election and Clark lost the leadership of the party in 1983 and he returned to prominence in 1984 as a senior cabinet minister in Brian Mulroneys cabinet, retiring from politics after not standing for re-election for the House of Commons in 1993. He made a comeback in 1998 to lead the Progressive Conservatives in their last stand before the partys eventual dissolution. Clark today is recognized as a scholar and statesman, and serves as a university professor. Charles Joseph Clark was born in High River, Alberta, the son of Grace Roselyn, Clark attended local schools and the University of Alberta, where he earned bachelors and masters degrees in political science. While in high school, he gained experience with the High River Times. In his first year at the University of Alberta, Clark joined the staff of the campus newspaper Gateway, Clark was also a member of the University of Alberta Debate Society. He later worked one summer at the Edmonton Journal where he met his future biographer and he also worked one summer with The Canadian Press in Toronto, and for a time seriously considered a career in journalism. Clark then attended Dalhousie Law School, however, he spent more time with the Dalhousie Student Union, Progressive Conservative politics and the Dalhousie Gazette, than on his courses. After leaving Dalhousie, he unsuccessfully pursued first-year law studies at the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law in Vancouver, Clark again became active in student politics, serving as president of the Progressive Conservative Youth wing for two terms. He then worked full-time for the Progressive Conservative Party, in 1973, Clark married law student Maureen McTeer. They met when Clark hired her to work in his parliamentary office, McTeer has developed her own career as a well-known author and lawyer, and caused something of a fuss by keeping her maiden name after marriage. That feminist practice was not common at the time, but was taken up by other political wives. Their daughter, Catherine has pursued a career in public relations, Clark became politically active while at university, although he had been aware from a young age of politics in Canada and was an admirer of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker. He competed with the University of Alberta Debate Society and he served as president of the University of Alberta Young Progressive Conservatives, and eventually served as national president for the Young PCs group
29.
Order of Canada
–
The Order of Canada is a Canadian national order, admission into which is the second highest honour for merit in the system of orders, decorations, and medals of Canada. It comes second only to membership in the Order of Merit, membership is accorded to those who exemplify the orders Latin motto, desiderantes meliorem patriam, meaning they desire a better country, a phrase taken from Hebrews 11,16. Appointees to the order are recommended by a board and formally inducted by the governor general or the sovereign. As of October 2016,6,699 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada, including scientists, musicians, politicians, artists, athletes, business people, and film stars, benefactors, and others. Some have resigned or have been removed from the order, while other appointments have been controversial, appointees are presented with insignia and receive the right to armorial bearings. Pearson, who was assisted with the establishment of the order by John Matheson. Laurent, Hugh MacLennan, David Bauer, Gabrielle Roy, Donald Creighton, Thérèse Casgrain, Wilder Penfield, Arthur Lismer, M. J. Coldwell, Edwin Baker, Alex Colville, and Maurice Richard. From the Order of Canada grew a Canadian honours system, thereby reducing the use of British honours, by the 1980s, Canadas provinces began to develop their own distinct honours and decorations. The Canadian monarch, seen as the fount of honour, is at the apex of the Order of Canada as its Sovereign, followed by the governor general, who serves as the fellowships Chancellor. Thereafter follow three grades, which are, in order of precedence, Companion, Officer, and Member, each incumbent governor general is also installed as the Principal Companion for the duration of his or her time in the viceregal post and continues as an extraordinary Companion thereafter. As of March 2016, there have twenty one honorary appointments. There were originally, in effect, only two ranks to the Order of Canada, Companion and the Medal of Service, there was, however, also a third award, the Medal of Courage, meant to recognize acts of gallantry. This latter decoration fell in rank between the two levels, but was anomalous within the Order of Canada, being a separate award of a different nature rather than a middle grade of the order. Lester Pearsons vision of a structure to the order was thus fulfilled. Companions of the Order of Canada have demonstrated the highest degree of merit to Canada and humanity, up to 15 Companions are appointed annually, with an imposed limit of 165 living Companions at any given time, not including those appointed as extraordinary Companions or in an honorary capacity. As of October 2015, there are 143 living Companions, none being honorary, since 1994, substantive members are the only regular citizens who are empowered to administer the Canadian Oath of Citizenship. As of October 2015, there were 1,123 living Officers, Members of the Order of Canada have made an exceptional contribution to Canada or Canadians at a local or regional level, group, field or activity. As many as 136 Members may be appointed annually, not including extraordinary Members and those inducted on an honorary basis, as of October 2015, there were 2,225 living Members, none being honorary
30.
Alberta Order of Excellence
–
The Alberta Order of Excellence is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Alberta. Instituted in 1979 when Lieutenant Governor Frank C, Canadian citizenship is a requirement, and those who are elected or appointed members of a governmental body are ineligible as long as they hold office. Only 10 people may be inducted each year, though a nomination may remain up for consideration by the council for seven years, upon admission into the Alberta Order of Excellence, in a ceremony held at Government House in Edmonton, members are presented with the orders insignia. On the reverse is a maple leaf supported by a sheaf of wheat, members will also receive for wear on casual clothing a lapel pin. Canadian order of precedence Symbols of Alberta Alberta Order of Excellence
31.
Prime Minister of Canada
–
Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada
32.
British Columbia Court of Appeal
–
The British Columbia Court of Appeal is the highest appellate court in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It was established in 1910 following the 1907 Court of Appeal Act, the BCCA hears appeals from the Supreme Court of British Columbia and a number of boards and tribunals. The BCCA also hears appeals from the Provincial Court of British Columbia where the proceedings in that court were by indictment. It will hear summary conviction appeals from the Supreme Court on criminal matters that originated in the Provincial Court, statute restricts appeals on civil matters from the Provincial Court to the Supreme Court. However, some Provincial Court civil matters may come before the BCCA on very narrow matters having to do with questions of law or other unusual circumstances. The BCCA consists of 22 justices, ten of whom are supernumerary, all justices of the BCCA are appointed by the federal government. The central registry for the BCCA is in Vancouver, where the BCCA holds most of its sittings, the BCCA also occasionally hears cases in Victoria, Kelowna, and Kamloops. The judges for the Court also double as judges for the Yukon Court of Appeal, cases from Yukon are heard in both Vancouver and in Whitehorse. A full division of the consists of five justices, however. A single justice will preside over matters heard in ”chambers”, usually Interlocutory matters or applications for leave to appeal. Unlike in Ontario where a sitting of the Court of Appeal is referred to as a panel, Counsel appearing in the BCCA are required to gown. This court dress is identical to that worn in the Supreme Court of British Columbia, male barristers will generally wear black or striped trousers, with female barristers wearing either trousers or a skirt. Queens Counsel wear a more elaborate bar jacket as well as a silk gown, Court dress is not required for matters heard in Chambers, wherein standard business dress can be worn by both counsel and the sitting justice. When the court moved from its previous location, one of the old courtrooms was reconstructed in the present Arthur Erickson designed Vancouver Law Courts, when in session, a division of the court will often preside in this Heritage Courtroom. All courts in the Province of British Columbia display the Arms of Her Majesty in Right of the United Kingdom, southin Thomas R. Braidwood William A. Esson Wallace T. Oppal John Douglas Lambert H. A. Hollinrake Patricia M. Proudfoot G. S. Cumming Allan McEachern D. B, hutcheon Josiah Wood Samuel Toy Beverley McLachlin BCCA website
33.
University of Toronto Faculty of Law
–
The University of Toronto Faculty of Law is the law school of the University of Toronto. The Faculty is widely considered to be the most prestigious law school in Canada, the Facultys admissions process is the most selective of any law school in Canada and is one of the most selective in North America. The Faculty has consistently ranked as the top law school in Canada by Macleans since it began to publish law school rankings. The Faculty offers the JD, LLM, SJD, MSL, a number of deans at North Americas top ranked law schools—Columbia Law School, Toronto Faculty of Law, Queens Faculty of Law, and Alberta Faculty of Law—are Toronto Law graduates. The current Dean of the Faculty of Law is Professor Edward Iacobucci and his father, Frank Iacobucci, is a former Dean of the law school and Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. The University of Toronto Faculty of Law was established as a faculty in 1887 pursuant to the University Federation Act. An earlier faculty of law had existed at Kings College between 1843 and 1854, but was abolished by an Act of Parliament in 1853, the Faculty of Law was officially opened in 1889, with two part-time professors appointed at its inauguration - William Proudfoot and David Mills. The Faculty awarded LL. B. degrees to graduates of its program, thus, students who graduated from the Faculty were still required to complete a full three-year articling term and complete courses at Osgoode Hall in order to join the legal profession. As a result, the Facultys enrollment numbers in the years were relatively low. It was not until 1949 that the Faculty adopted its current form, in the 1940s, the Faculty played the leading role in making legal education in Ontario into a modern academic degree course, rather than an apprenticeship. In 1949, Cecil Wright assumed the deanship of the Faculty of Law, Wright brought with him his colleagues John Willis and Bora Laskin, the latter of whom would go on to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. Despite the Faculty of Laws academic program, the Law Society of Upper Canada refused to recognize it as an institution for the purposes of accreditation. Finally, in 1958, after years of negotiation and discord, the University of Toronto Faculty of Law has consistently been rated as the top law school in Canada. The Faculty has held the one spot in Macleans law school rankings since it began to evaluate law schools in 2007. In 2011, the school was ranked 13th globally by the QS World University Rankings in the subject of law, along with a few select schools from US, UK, and Australia. As of 2016, the Faculty is ranked 19th globally by QS, as a result of its reputation, the Faculty of Law has the most selective admission criteria in Canada, and is one of the most selective in North America. It has a rate of 13. 5% and a yield rate of 70. 1%. The Faculty features a 98% yield rate in the province of Ontario, the median undergraduate GPA of students accepted into the J. D. program is 3.85, and the median Law School Admission Test score is 168
34.
Jody Wilson-Raybould
–
Jody Wilson-Raybould PC QC MP is a Kwakwaka’wakw Canadian politician and the Liberal Member of Parliament for the riding of Vancouver Granville. She was sworn in as Minister of Justice of Canada on November 4,2015, before entering Canadian federal politics, she was a provincial Crown prosecutor, B. C. Treaty Commissioner and Regional Chief of the B. C, Wilson-Raybould is a descendant of the Musgamagw Tsawataineuk and Laich-Kwil-Tach peoples, which are part of the Kwakwaka’wakw, also known as the Kwak’wala speaking peoples. She is a member of the We Wai Kai Nation. Wilson-Raybould carries the Kwak’wala name Puglaas, which means “woman born to noble people. ”Wilson-Raybould is the daughter of Bill Wilson, a First Nations politician and graduate of University of British Columbia Faculty of Law, and Sandra Wilson, a teacher. On Canadian national television in 1983, Wilson-Raybouds father informed then-Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau that his two daughters hoped to become lawyers and then Prime Minister some day. Born at Vancouver General Hospital, she was raised in Vancouver, British Columbia and later Comox, Wilson-Raybould completed her bachelor of arts degree in political science and history at the University of Victoria. She then earned a law degree from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law and she married Dr. Tim Raybould on November 29,2008. Wilson-Raybould comes from a line of community activists, including her grandmother Ethel Pearson. She has championed the environment and social justice, the rights of peoples. She continues to advocate for democratic reform generally and a more inclusive Canada, Wilson-Raybould is a lawyer by profession and was called to the bar in 2000. She was a provincial Crown prosecutor in Vancouver’s Main Street criminal courthouse in the Downtown Eastside for four years, in 2003, she took a position as a process advisor at the B. C. Treaty Commission, a body established to oversee the negotiations of treaties between First Nations and the Crown. She was quickly elected a commissioner by the chiefs of the First Nations Summit in 2004 and she served as commissioner for nearly seven years, one and a half of which she spent as the acting chief commissioner. As a Commissioner, she helped to advance a number of treaty tables, including Tsawwassen First Nation, Wilson-Raybould also helped the establishment of a ‘Common Table’ of 60 plus First Nations and the Crown. As a councillor for We Wai Kai she was instrumental in helping her community develop a Land Code, Wilson-Raybould was appointed the We Wai Kai representative to the FNFA. The Borrowing Members of the FNFA elected Wilson-Raybould as the Chair in 2013,2014 and 2015, the FNFA is a not-for-profit that pools the public borrowing requirements of qualifying First Nations and issues bonds on the strength of a central credit. Under Wilson-Raybould’s chair, the FNFA issued its inaugural debenture in 2014 in the amount $96 million and this issue was reopened in 2015 adding an additional $50 million
35.
Minister of Justice (Canada)
–
The Minister of Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice, chief federal legal adviser and is also Attorney General of Canada. This cabinet position is reserved for someone holding a legal qualification. There have been exceptions, Joe Clark only studied the first year of law at University of British Columbia Faculty of Law before embarking on political life and this is the only Canadian Ministry which has not been reorganized since its creation in 1867. The Attorney General of Canada is the top prosecuting officer in Canada, the role is part of the cabinet post of the Minister of Justice. The role was created in 1867 replacing the Attorney General of Canada West, key, Attorney General of Upper Canada Attorney General of Lower Canada
