1.
Flemish painting
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Flemish painting flourished from the early 15th century until the 17th century. These painters were invited to work at foreign courts and had a Europe-wide influence, since the end of the Napoleonic era, Flemish painters had again been contributing to a reputation that had been set by the Old Masters. The Franco-Flemish School of musical composition flourished at the same time, the so-called Flemish Primitives were the first to popularize the use of oil paint. Their art has its origins in the painting of the late Gothic period. Chief among them were Jan van Eyck, Hans Memling, Hugo van der Goes, Robert Campin, the court of the Duchy of Burgundy was an important source of patronage. From the early 16th century, the Italian Renaissance started to influence the Flemish painters, the result was very different from the typical Italian Renaissance painting. The leading artist was Pieter Brueghel the Elder, who avoided direct Italian influence, after the Siege of Antwerp, the Southern Provinces of the Netherlands remained under Spanish rule and were separated from the independent Dutch Republic. Following the deaths of major artists like Rubens in 1640 and the end of the Eighty Years War in 1648, a revival of painting in this region came in the advent of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 and work around that time is often considered Flemish. The painters, who flourished in the aftermath of this period, are usually referred to as Belgian rather than Flemish. That kingdom comprising Flanders, often influences also more recent artistss categorization, new York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Moderne Vlaamse schilderkunst van 1850 tot 1950 van Leys tot Permeke, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Liedtke, Walter A. Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2.
Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
3.
Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom
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In the United Kingdom hunting without qualification generally refers to hunting with hounds-normally fox hunting, beagling, stag hunting or minkhunting-whereas shooting is the shooting of game birds. What is called deer hunting elsewhere is deer stalking, as of 2012 game shooting and deer stalking are practised in the UK. Hunting with hounds in the traditional manner became illegal in 2002 in Scotland and 2005 in England and Wales, since 2005 it has also been illegal in England and Wales to shoot flights or game birds while they are not in flight. Following a trail rather than a live quarry subsequently grew in importance, the British Association for Shooting and Conservation says that over a million people a year participate in shooting, including game shooting, clay shooting and target shooting. Hunting has been practised in Britain since prehistoric times, it was an activity of hunter-gatherer societies before the domestication of animals. During the last ice age, humans and neanderthals hunted mammoths and woolly rhinoceroses by driving them over cliffs, in Britain, hunting with hounds was popular in Celtic Britain before the Romans arrived, using the Agassaei breed. The Romans brought their Castorian and Fulpine hound breeds to England, along with importing the brown hare and fallow deer as quarry. The earliest known attempt to hunt a fox with hounds was in Norfolk, in the East of England, in 1534. Packs of hounds were first trained specifically to hunt foxes in the late 17th century, by the end of the 17th century, many organised packs were hunting both hare and fox. Shotguns were improved during the 18th and 19th centuries and game shooting became more popular, Game Laws were relaxed in 1831 which meant anyone could obtain a permit to take rabbits, hares and gamebirds. Shooting on the estates of Scotland was particularly popular. This trend is attributed to the Victorians who were inspired by the romantic imagery of the Scottish Highlands. The shooting of birds, in particular pheasant, is found in the UK, on large, traditional driven shoots on estates. Shooting of game birds is carried out using a shotgun, most often 12 and 20 bore or a.410, Game birds are shot in different ways. The guns will be members of a syndicate sharing costs, or have paid in the region of £25+ per bird for pheasants, the total bag will be anywhere between 10 and 400, again dependent on the budget and quarry. The day may be formal, and the head gamekeeper or a shoot captain will oversee proceedings. Great emphasis is placed on safety, pickers-up with dogs are also employed to make sure all shot or wounded game is collected. On such estates, large numbers of pheasants, partridge and duck, grouse cannot be reared intensively but the heather moorland where they live is intensively managed to maximise numbers
4.
Landscape
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A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features. The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and it is the dynamic backdrop to people’s lives. Landscape can be as varied as farmland, a landscape park, the activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping. There are several definitions of what constitutes a landscape, depending on context, the term landscape emerged around the turn of the sixteenth century to denote a painting whose primary subject matter was natural scenery. Land may be taken in its sense of something to people belong. The suffix ‑scape is equivalent to the more common English suffix ‑ship, the roots of ‑ship are etymologically akin to Old English sceppan or scyppan, meaning to shape. The suffix ‑schaft is related to the verb schaffen, so that ‑ship, the word landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed from a Dutch painters term. An example of this usage can be found as early as 1662 in the Book of Common Prayer, Could we but climb where Moses stood. Setting, In works of narrative, it includes the moment in time and geographic location in which a story takes place. Picturesque, The word literally means in the manner of a picture, fit to be made into a picture, and used as early as 1703, gilpin’s Essay on Prints defined picturesque as a term expressive of that peculiar kind of beauty, which is agreeable in a picture. A view, A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene, wilderness, An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region. Cityscape, The urban equivalent of a landscape, in the visual arts a cityscape is an artistic representation, such as a painting, drawing, print or photograph, of the physical aspects of a city or urban area. Seascape, A photograph, painting, or other work of art depicts the sea. Geomorphology is the study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earths surface. Geomorphology is practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and this broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field. The surface of Earth is modified by a combination of processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause tectonic uplift and subsidence. Many of these factors are strongly mediated by climate, the Earth surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of climatic, hydrologic, and biologic action with geologic processes. Desert, Plain, Taiga, Tundra, Wetland, Mountain, Mountain range, Cliff, Coast, Littoral zone, Glacier, Polar regions of Earth, Shrubland, Forest, Rainforest, Woodland, Jungle, Moors
5.
John Wootton
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John Wootton was an English painter of sporting subjects, battle scenes and landscapes, and illustrator. As such, his paintings were very fashionable and were sought after by those among the highest strata of the British society and these included figures such as George II of Great Britain, Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the Duke of Marlborough. He is now somewhat eclipsed in the field of paintings by the later George Stubbs. John Wootton died in London on 13 November 1764, examples of his animal painting can be found in the Tate Gallery, London, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, the Yale Center for British Art, and in the Elizabethan Great Hall at Longleat. British art English school of painting List of British artists Lee, Sidney, ed. Wootton, London, Smith, Elder & Co. p.440. British Artists and War, The Face of Battle in Paintings and Prints, penguin Books, Yale History of Art series. John Wootton, Landscape and Sporting Art in Early Georgian England, kenwood House, London, the Iveagh Bequest
6.
James Seymour
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James Seymour was an English painter, widely recognized for his equestrian art. Luke - a gentlemans club his father belonged to, specializing in art, in a short time the boy was a self-taught artist, familiar with many of the prominent artists of the period. Seymours love of art was matched only by his love of horses and he began spending time at racetracks early on, and before long found himself absorbed in the sport - drawing, painting, owning, breeding, and racing horses. His art proved popular among the prominent sporting families of the day, eventually garnering Seymour patrons in Sir William Jolliffe and Charles Seymour, jolliffes love for horses and art proved great, and his will would later establish an equestrian statue in Hampshire. In time, Seymours work and fame had spread throughout Europe and America
7.
John Michael Rysbrack
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Johannes Michel or John Michael Rysbrack, original name Jan Michiel Rijsbrack, was an 18th-century Flemish sculptor. His birth-year is sometimes given as 1693 or 1684, Rysbrack was born in Antwerp as the son of the landscape painter Pieter Rijsbraeck. His older brother Pieter Andreas Rijsbrack was a landscape and still life painter and he studied drawings by Italian masters, before settling in London in 1720. Here he quickly established himself as the sculptor, a position he was to retain until the mid-1740s. He produced vivid portraits and monuments of lively baroque composition, rapidly establishing himself as a highly sought-after sculptor, dr Cox Macro commissioned him to make a bust of Flemish painter Peter Tillemans on his death in 1734. In 1733 Rysbrack carved a magnificent marble portrait bust of George Hamilton, Orkney was a distinguished general serving under the Duke of Marlborough. Orkney had taken the surrender of the French at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704, one of Rysbracks greatest works, the bust of Lord Orkney is on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Following the battle and pursuit, city after city – including Brussels, Bruges, the arrival in Antwerp of Marlborough’s victorious forces, led by Orkney is an event that Rysbrack, then a boy aged 12, would surely have witnessed. These events must have given sculptor and Lord Orkney a great deal of opportunity for shared reminiscences during the sittings for the bust, in St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton, there is another splendid monument by Rysbrack, signed and dated 1754. The 2nd and the 3rd Duke of Beaufort are depicted in Roman costume, one standing, decorative, asymmetrical drapery hangs down over the sarcophagus. Rysbrack also cast the equestrian statue of William III in Queen Square, Bristol in 1733. He died in Vere Street, Westminster, London, England, portraits of Rysbrack Model for the tomb of Sir Isaac Newton. John Michael Rysbrack at Find a Grave
8.
Antwerp
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Antwerp is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium and its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary, the Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally. Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, the inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, lord, referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics, according to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands, eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giants own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan, a longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante Verpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the curve of a river. Note that the river Scheldt, before a period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, however, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named Antverpia, but more something like an outpost with a river crossing. However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, aan t werp is also possible. This warp is a hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide. Another word for werp is pol hence polders, historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961, produced pottery shards, the earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks, the name was reputed to have been derived from anda and werpum. The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century, at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, in the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michaels Abbey at Caloes
9.
Pieter Casteels III
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Pieter Casteels III was a Flemish painter and engraver mainly known for his flower pieces, game pieces and bird scenes. He spent a significant portion of his life in England where he had a career as a still life painter, printmaker. Pieter Casteels III was born in Antwerp as the son of Elisabeth Bosschaert and Pieter Casteels II, in 1708 he left with his brother-in-law Peter Tillemans to England to work for a picture dealer named Turner for whom they made copies of Old Master paintings. Casteels became a participant in Londons artistic community, subscribing to the Kneller Academy of Painting and Drawing in 1711 and becoming a member of the Rose. He returned briefly to Antwerp in 1712 where he became a member of the local Guild of Saint Luke in the same year, Casteels settled permanently in England around 1717. He developed a practice as a painter of flowers and exotic birds that chiefly served a decorative purpose as overdoors. He worked simultaneously as an art dealer and imported paintings from Europe and his customers included James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby who bought imported art as well as original work of Casteels. In 1726 Casteels launched a subscription for a set of 12 prints of birds, the success of this project encouraged him to work on two further publications, the Twelve Months of Flowers and the Twelve Months of Fruit. Casteels advertised the usefulness of the illustrations in these publications as patterns for workers in luxury industries, Casteels was thus able to demonstrate his potential as a textile designer. He died on 16 May 1749 in Richmond after a long illness, Casteels painted flowers, flower pieces, landscapes, bird scenes, game pieces and occasional portraits. He is often confused with Peter Frans Casteels, a still life painter active in Antwerp in the late 17th century, as he spent most of his active career in England, a large portion of his work is in public and private collections in the UK. When in 1726 Casteels embarked on his first publishing venture, the production of 12 plates of bird scenes, the birds were depicted against gardens with classical decoration as background settings. The British Museum has a set of the original prints in its collection. It is possible that the direct or indirect inspiration for the series of paintings on the 12 months made by Casteels was a series of the 12 months by the Antwerp painter Pieter Snyers. The 12 paintings by Casteels were engraved by Henry Fletcher and published by Robert Furber, the prints illustrate seasonal flowers that could be ordered from Furber and are thus the first illustrated nursery catalogue published in England. Each plant is numbered, with a list of the species names provided. More than 400 different species of plant are featured, for clear identification each flower is depicted facing to the front and is arranged separately. The plates were sold on a subscription basis for £1 5s in uncolored form
10.
Low Countries
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Most of the Low Countries are coastal regions bounded by the North Sea or the English Channel. The countries without access to the sea have linked themselves politically and economically to those with access to one union of port. The Low Countries were the scene of the northern towns, newly built rather than developed from ancient centres. In that period, they rivaled northern Italy for the most densely populated region of Europe, all of the regions mainly depended on trade, manufacturing and the encouragement of the free flow of goods and craftsmen. Germanic languages such as Dutch and Luxembourgish were the predominant languages, secondary languages included French, Romance-speaking Belgium, the Romance Flanders, and Namur. Governor Mary of Hungary used both the expressions les pays de par deça and Pays dEmbas, which evolved to Pays-Bas or Low Countries, today the term is typically fitted to modern political boundaries and used in the same way as the term Benelux, which also includes Luxembourg. The name of the country the Netherlands has the same meaning. The same name of countries can be found in other European languages, for example German Niederlande, French, les Pays-Bas, and so on. In the Dutch language itself no plural is used for the name of the modern country, so Nederland is used for the modern nation and de Nederlanden for the 16th century domains of Charles V. In Dutch, and to an extent in English, the Low Countries colloquially means the Netherlands and Belgium, sometimes the Netherlands. For example, a Derby der Lage Landen, is an event between Belgium and the Netherlands. Belgium was renamed only in 1830, after splitting from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, politically, before the Napoleonic wars, it was referred to as the Southern, Spanish or later Austrian Netherlands. It is still referred to as part of the low countries, the region politically had its origins in Carolingian empire, more precisely, most of it was within the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia. After the disintegration of Lower Lotharingia, the Low Countries were brought under the rule of various lordships until they came to be in the hands of the Valois Dukes of Burgundy. Hence, a part of the low countries came to be referred to as the Burgundian Netherlands also called the Seventeen Provinces up to 1581. Even after the secession of the autonomous Dutch Republic in the north. The Low Countries were part of the Roman provinces of Gallia Belgica, Germania Inferior and they were inhabited by Belgic and Germanic tribes. In the 4th and 5th century, Frankish tribes had entered this Roman region and they came to be ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, under which dynasty the southern part was re-Christianised
11.
Dirk Maas
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Dirk Maas, was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter. According to Houbraken he was first a pupil of Hendrick Mommers, a Haarlem painter of market scenes, and then took lessons from Nicolaes Berchem. Maas became a follower of Berchems Italianate landscape painting, eventually he took up with Jan van Huchtenburg, whereupon he devoted himself to painting horses. He was a pupil of Mommers, Berchem, and Huchtenburg who made prints, Italianate landscapes, in 1697 he became a member of the Confrerie Pictura, though he seems to have remained active in Haarlem also. Watercolor of the Siege of Namur by Dirk Maas on Geheugen van Nederland
12.
Jan Wyck
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Jan Wyck was a Dutch baroque painter, best known for his works on military subjects. There are still over 150 of his works known to be in existence, Jan Wyck was born on 29 October 1652, in Haarlem, then part of the Dutch Republic. The son of Thomas Wyck, also a Dutch painter, it is assumed that his father taught him to paint and his father had spent much of the 1630s in Rome, refining an Italianate style, which can be seen in the works of both father and son. It appears likely that at a young age he and his father moved to England during the reign of Charles II of England. At this hearing he also promised to deliver his proofe piece. However his father had returned to Haarlem within a year, the reference to him being a widower at the age of 24 indicates he was first married at a young age. His second wife was a 19-year-old English woman called Anne Skinner of St Martin-in-the-fields, following the death of Anne in 1687, he remarried for the third time to a Dutch woman by the name of Elizabeth Holomberg in 1688. They moved into a new home in Mortlake, and between 1689 and 1693 they had two sons and a daughter together and his wife Elizabeth died giving birth to their daughter. As the son of a successful artist, it is likely Wyck was painting and drawing from a young age. Enjoying the patronage of the Duke of Ormond Wyck was known as the best landscape painter in London by 1686, by the time William III of England ascended to the throne, Wyck was also enjoying the patronage of the Duke of Monmouth. He painted a portrait of Monmouth on horseback in the 1670s, as well as depictions of him in battle, such as at the Siege of Maastricht in 1673. Wyck was placed upon the committee of Acting Painters of the Painter-Stainers Company on 24 November 1680 and he first made a public name for himself when he accompanied fellow Dutch painter Dirk Maas to Ireland to paint the campaigns of William III. Maas had received a commission from King William to paint the Battle of the Boyne, throughout the 1690s, he is known to have created at least half a dozen oils of the battle, as well as countless battle pieces, encampments and equestrian portraits of soldiers before battle. William was impressed with his work, and commissioned him to paint himself, William had soon also called upon Wyck to depict countless scenes of his campaigns throughout the low countries during the Nine Years War, including the Siege of Namur, and the Siege of Naarden. Other scenes he painted include the Siege of Derry, and the horse and battle portion of Godfrey Knellers famous portrait of the Duke of Schomberg, wycks works are notable for their flair and colour, as well as the excellent attention to detail. He highlights features such as flourishing sabres, firing muskets, flaring horses nostrils, but most importantly he brought the viewer into the battle at a time when the prevailing trend was to present birds-eye views over a battle, showing disposition and locations of troop formations. He personalised the soldiers, and created an atmospheric presentation of the scenes depicted and he also celebrated notable commanders and recognisable figures within his works, a feature that made him popular with those commissioning works. One of his students that went on to produce great works of national importance was John Wootton
13.
Willem van de Velde the Younger
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Willem van de Velde the Younger was a Dutch marine painter. Willem van de Velde was baptised on 18 December 1633 in Leiden, Holland and he was also patronized by the Duke of York and by various members of the nobility. He died on 6 April 1707 in London, England, and was buried at St. Jamess Church, most of Van de Veldes finest works represent views off the coast of Holland, with Dutch shipping. His best productions are delicate, spirited and finished in handling, the numerous figures are tellingly introduced, and the artist is successful in his renderings of sea, whether in calm or storm. The ships are portrayed with almost photographic accuracy, and are the most precise guides available to the appearance of 17th-century ships, there are a number of van de Veldes marine paintings in the Wallace Collection, London, including The Embarkation of King Charles II at Scheveningen,1660. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Vandevelde. Dutch and Flemish paintings from the Hermitage, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
14.
Richmond, London
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Richmond is a suburban town in southwest London,8.2 miles west-southwest of Charing Cross. The town is on a meander of the River Thames, with a number of parks and open spaces, including Richmond Park, and many protected conservation areas. A specific Act of Parliament protects the scenic view of the River Thames from Richmond, Richmond was founded following Henry VIIs building of Richmond Palace in the 16th century, from which the town derives its name. During this era the town and palace were particularly associated with Elizabeth I, during the 18th century Richmond Bridge was completed and many Georgian terraces were built, particularly around Richmond Green and on Richmond Hill. These remain well preserved and many have listed building architectural or heritage status, the opening of the railway station in 1846 was a significant event in the absorption of the town into a rapidly expanding London. Richmond was formerly part of the ancient parish of Kingston upon Thames in the county of Surrey, in 1890 the town became a municipal borough, which was later extended to include Kew, Ham, Petersham and part of Mortlake. The municipal borough was abolished in 1965 when, as a result of boundary changes, Richmond is now part of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, and has a population of 21,469. It has a significant commercial and retail centre with a developed day, the area now known as Richmond was formerly part of Shene. Shene was not listed in Domesday Book, although it is depicted on the maps as Sceon. Henry VII had a palace there and in 1501 he named it Richmond Palace in recognition of his earldom. The town that developed nearby took the name as the palace. Henry I lived briefly in the Kings house in Sheanes, Edward II, following his defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, founded a monastery for Carmelites at Sheen. When the boy-king Edward III came to the throne in 1327 he gave the manor to his mother Isabella, Edward later spent over two thousand pounds on improvements, but in the middle of the work Edward himself died at the manor, in 1377. Richard II was the first English king to make Sheen his main residence and it was rebuilt between 1414 and 1422, but destroyed by fire 1497. Following that fire Henry VII built a new residence at Sheen, there are unconfirmed beliefs that Shakespeare may have performed some plays there. Once Elizabeth I became queen she spent much of her time at Richmond and she died there on 24 March 1603. The palace was no longer in use after 1649, but in 1688 James II ordered partial reconstruction of the palace. The bulk of the palace had decayed by 1779, but surviving structures include the Wardrobe, Trumpeters House, and this has five bedrooms and was made available on a 65-year lease by the Crown Estate Commissioners in 1986
15.
George II of Great Britain
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George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain, he was born, after the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his fathers reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, as king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had direct control over government policy. He had a relationship with his eldest son, Frederick. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III. For two centuries after George IIs death, history tended to him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments. George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, both of Georges parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband. She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, George and his sister Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, who never saw their mother again. George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, until the age of four, after which he was taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein. In addition to French and German, he was schooled in English and Italian. Georges second cousin once removed, Queen Anne, ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, consequently, after his grandmother and father, George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms. England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, Georges father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made. Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein-Gottorp, the English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else. A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July, on 22 August /2 September 1705O. S. /N. S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen. George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, in early 1707, Georges hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick
16.
Suffolk
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Suffolk is an East Anglian county of historic origin in England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west, the North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich, other important towns include Lowestoft, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket and Felixstowe, the county is low-lying with very few hills, and is largely arable land with the wetlands of the Broads in the north. The Suffolk Coast and Heaths are an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, by the fifth century, the Angles had established control of the region. The Angles later became the folk and the south folk. Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, Suffolk was originally divided into four separate Quarter Sessions divisions. In 1860, the number of divisions was reduced to two, the eastern division was administered from Ipswich and the western from Bury St Edmunds. Under the Local Government Act 1888, the two divisions were made the administrative counties of East Suffolk and West Suffolk, Ipswich became a county borough. A few Essex parishes were added to Suffolk, Ballingdon-with-Brundon and parts of Haverhill. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, East Suffolk, West Suffolk, the county was divided into several local government districts, Babergh, Forest Heath, Ipswich, Mid Suffolk, St. Edmundsbury, Suffolk Coastal, and Waveney. This act also transferred some land near Great Yarmouth to Norfolk, in 2007, the Department for Communities and Local Government referred Ipswich Borough Councils bid to become a new unitary authority to the Boundary Committee. The Boundary Committee consulted local bodies and reported in favour of the proposal and it was not, however, approved by the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. Beginning in February 2008, the Boundary Committee again reviewed local government in the county, West Suffolk, like nearby East Cambridgeshire, is renowned for archaeological finds from the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. Bronze Age artefacts have been found in the area between Mildenhall and West Row, in Eriswell and in Lakenheath, other finds include traces of cremations and barrows. The majority of agriculture in Suffolk is either arable or mixed, Farm sizes vary from anything around 80 acres to over 8,000. Soil types vary from clays to light sands. The continuing importance of agriculture in the county is reflected in the Suffolk Show, although latterly somewhat changed in nature, this remains primarily an agricultural show. Below is a chart of regional gross value added of Suffolk at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling, well-known companies in Suffolk include Greene King and Branston Pickle in Bury St Edmunds
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Stowlangtoft
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Stowlangtoft is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England two miles south-east from Ixworth. Located around five miles north-east of Bury St Edmunds, in 2005 its population was 270, the village, originally just Stow, was held by the de Languetot family in the early 13th century. For all of Stowlangtofts small size, St Georges is within the group classed as Great Churches, the church was built as a single construction project in the late 14th century and barely changed until the restoration work undertaken in the 19th century. The church is in the decorated and later English styles, the chancel contains several richly-carved stalls, the church and parsonage-house are located on what was once the site of a Roman encampment. Sir Symonds DEwes, Bart. the eminent antiquary, lived in the Hall, peter Tillemans, one of the founders of the English school of sporting painting, was buried in St Georges on 7 December 1734. At some point after the Dissolution of the monasteries, St Georges acquired six 14th-century misericords and it is not clear where these misericords originated, but possible candidates are Thetford Priory or Bury Abbey. In the grounds of Stowlangtoft Hall, there is a gruesome-looking tree attracting many visitors, photos Media related to Stowlangtoft at Wikimedia Commons
18.
Joseph Francis Nollekens
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Joseph Francis Nollekens was a Flemish painter, baptised as Corneille François Nollekens and often called Old Nollekens in English. He was born in Antwerp, the son of Jan Baptiste Nollekens, a painter who practised for a time in England, but eventually settled in France. He perhaps studied under Antoine Watteau, whose style and choice of subject he to some extent imitated, Nollekens went to England in 1733. On 21 January 1748, he died at his house in Dean Street, Soho, according to a contemporary story of Thomas Banks, he was a miser, or had a pathological fear of being robbed of property. When first in England, Nollekens worked on making copies from Watteau and he also carried out decorative works at Stowe House for Lord Cobham, and painted pictures for the Marquess of Stafford at Trentham Hall. Nollekens found a patron in Richard Child, 1st Earl Tylney, for whom he painted conversation pieces, fêtes champêtres. Several of these were included in the held at Wanstead in 1822, one. At Windsor there was a picture by him in which portraits of Frederick, Prince of Wales, Nollekens married Mary Anne Le Sacq or Lesack, by whom he had five children, John Joseph, Joseph, Maria Joanna Sophia, Jacobus, and Thomas Charles. Of them, only Joseph Nollekens remained in England becoming one of the nations most famous sculptors, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Nollekens, Joseph Francis
19.
Henry Fuseli
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Henry Fuseli RA was a Swiss painter, draughtsman and writer on art who spent much of his life in Britain. Many of his works, such as The Nightmare, deal with supernatural subject-matter and he painted works for John Boydells Shakespeare Gallery, and created his own Milton Gallery. He held the posts of Professor of Painting and Keeper at the Royal Academy and his style had a considerable influence on many younger British artists, including William Blake. Fuseli was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the second of 18 children and his father was Johann Caspar Füssli, a painter of portraits and landscapes, and author of Lives of the Helvetic Painters. He intended Henry for the church, and sent him to the Caroline college of Zurich, one of his schoolmates there was Johann Kaspar Lavater, with whom he became close friends. After taking orders in 1761 Fuseli was forced to leave the country as a result of having helped Lavater to expose an unjust magistrate and he travelled through Germany, and then, in 1765, visited England, where he supported himself for some time by miscellaneous writing. Eventually, he acquainted with Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom he showed his drawings. Following Reynolds advice, he decided to devote entirely to art. In 1770 he made an art-pilgrimage to Italy, where he remained until 1778, Early in 1779 he returned to Britain, taking in Zürich on his way. In London he found a commission awaiting him from Alderman Boydell, Fuseli painted a number of pieces for Boydell, and published an English edition of Lavaters work on physiognomy. He also gave William Cowper some valuable assistance in preparing a translation of Homer, in 1788 Fuseli married Sophia Rawlins, and he soon after became an associate of the Royal Academy. Fuseli later said I hate clever women, in 1790 he became a full Academician, presenting Thor Battering the Midgard Serpent as his diploma work. In 1799 Fuseli was appointed professor of painting to the Academy, four years later he was chosen as Keeper, and resigned his professorship, but resumed it in 1810, continuing to hold both offices until his death. As Keeper, he was succeeded by Henry Thomson, in 1799 Fuseli exhibited a series of paintings from subjects furnished by the works of John Milton, with a view to forming a Milton gallery comparable to Boydells Shakespeare gallery. There were 47 Milton paintings, many of them very large, the exhibition proved a commercial failure and closed in 1800. In 1805 he brought out an edition of Pilkingtons Lives of the Painters, which did little for his reputation. Antonio Canova, when on his visit to England, was taken with Fuselis works. As a painter, Fuseli favoured the supernatural and he pitched everything on an ideal scale, believing a certain amount of exaggeration necessary in the higher branches of historical painting
20.
Jacques Courtois
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Jacques Courtois or Giacomo Cortese, called il Borgognone or le Bourgignon was a French-Italian painter, draughtsman and etcher. He was mainly active in Rome and Florence and became known as the battle painter of his age. He also created paintings and portraits. He became a Jesuit later in life but continued to paint, Jacques Courtois was born in Saint-Hippolyte, near Besançon in France as the son of the obscure painter Jean-Pierre Courtois. Very little is known about Guillaume’s youth but it is assumed he received his training from his father. He had two brothers who also became painters Guillaume and Jean-François. As his brother was also known as il Borgognone, some of the works of the brothers have been confused. The father took his sons to Italy around 1636 when they were still young, according to contemporary biographers he served for three years in the Spanish army. During this time he drew marches and battles, fight scenes, landscapes and he then abandoned the weapons and studied for some time in Milan with an unidentified sculptor. He moved to Bologna in 1639 where he first entered the studio of Jérôme Colomès, according to early Italian biographer Filippo Baldinucci Courtois talent got noticed in Bologna by prominent painters Guido Reni and Francesco Albani. He continued his apprenticeship in Siena, where he studied for some time at the school of Astolfo Petrazzi and it is possible that the brothers Guillaume and Jacques remained together until the later 1640s. He stayed for a time in Florence where he met two Northern painters Jan Asselijn, a battle painter, and Matthieu van Plattenberg, a marine artist. He went to Rome around 1639-1640 where he initially was permitted to live in the monastery of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Milan through the intercession of the abbot Don Ilarione Rancati. The abbot also was instrumental in securing Courtois first official commissions, in Rome he also became friends with Pieter van Laer, a Dutch genre painter active in Rome where he was known by the nickname Bamboccio. Pieter van Laer was known for his scenes, animal paintings and landscapes. The style of painting practiced by Pieter van Laer was followed by other Northern. These followers became known as the Bamboccianti and a painting in this style as a Bambocciata, during the early and mid-1640s he started to attract the patronage of prominent noble Roman families, among them the Sacchetti, Chigi Family and Pamphili. It was Pietro da Cortona who had introduced him to these noble families and he also worked for patrons outside Rome and abroad in Spain and Italy
21.
David Teniers the Younger
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David Teniers the Younger was a Flemish artist born in Antwerp, the son of David Teniers the Elder. His son David Teniers III and his grandson David Teniers IV were also painters and his wife Anna, née Anna Breughel, was the daughter of Jan Brueghel the Elder and the granddaughter of Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Through his father, he was influenced by Elsheimer and by Rubens. The influence of Adriaen Brouwer can be traced to the outset of his career, the only trace of personal relations having existed between Teniers and Rubens is the fact that the ward of the latter, Anne Breughel, the daughter of Jan Breughel, married Teniers in 1637. Admitted as a master in the Guild of St Luke in 1632, the Berlin Museum possesses a group of ladies and gentlemen dated 1630. No special signature positively distinguishes these first productions from those of his father, Dr. Bode, in a study of Brouwer and his works, expresses the opinion that Tenierss earliest pictures are those found under the signature Tenier. Tenier is a Flemish version of a thoroughly Walloon name, Taisnier which the grandfather, a mercer, brought with him when he came from Ath in 1558. His touch is of the rarest delicacy, his colour at once gay and he was little over thirty when the Antwerp guild of St. George enabled him to paint the picture which ultimately found its way to the Hermitage in St. Petersburg the Meeting of the Civic Guards. Correct to the minutest detail, yet striking in effect, the scene, under the rays of sunshine, displays an astonishing amount of acquired knowledge. Teniers was chosen by the council of Antwerp to preside over the Guild of Saint Luke in 1644. The Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, who had assumed the government of the Spanish Netherlands employed Teniers as a painter, with the title of ayuda de camara, Teniers moved to Brussels shortly after 1647. Immense sums were spent buying paintings for the archduke, a number of valuable works of Italian masters, now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, came from Leopold Wilhelms gallery after having belonged to Charles I and the Duke of Buckingham. De Bie states that Teniers visited London, collecting pictures for the Duke of Fuensaldana, then acting as Leopold Wilhelms lieutenant in the Netherlands. Still more interesting is a canvas, now in the Munich Gallery, when Leopold Wilhelm returned to Vienna, Teniers appointment ended. Teniers nevertheless remained in favor with the new governor-general, Don Juan of Austria. The prince was his pupil, and de Bie tells us he painted the likeness of the painters son, in a petition to the king he reminded him that the honour of knighthood had been bestowed upon Rubens and van Dyck. The king at last declared his readiness to grant the request, the condition was not complied with, but it may perhaps account for his interest in founding an academy in Antwerp strictly limited to painters and sculptors. Teniers died in Brussels on 25 April 1690, the date is often wrongly given as 1694 or 1695
22.
Palace of Westminster
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The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster. The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and for ceremonial purposes, the building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker. The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, part of the New Palaces area of 3.24 hectares was reclaimed from the Thames, which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long façade, called the River Front. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin, an authority on Gothic architecture and style. The Palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom, Westminster has become a metonym for the UK Parliament, the Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987. The Palace of Westminster site was important during the Middle Ages. Known in medieval times as Thorney Island, the site may have been first-used for a residence by Canute the Great during his reign from 1016 to 1035. St Edward the Confessor, the penultimate Anglo-Saxon monarch of England, Thorney Island and the surrounding area soon became known as Westminster. Neither the buildings used by the Anglo-Saxons nor those used by William I survive, the oldest existing part of the Palace dates from the reign of William Is successor, King William II. The Palace of Westminster was the principal residence in the late Medieval period. The predecessor of Parliament, the Curia Regis, met in Westminster Hall, simon de Montforts parliament, the first to include representatives of the major towns, met at the Palace in 1265. The Model Parliament, the first official Parliament of England, met there in 1295, in 1512, during the early years of the reign of King Henry VIII, fire destroyed the royal residential area of the palace. In 1534, Henry VIII acquired York Place from Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, renaming it the Palace of Whitehall, Henry used it as his principal residence. Although Westminster officially remained a royal palace, it was used by the two Houses of Parliament and by the various law courts. Because it was originally a residence, the Palace included no purpose-built chambers for the two Houses. Important state ceremonies were held in the Painted Chamber which had originally built in the 13th century as the main bedchamber for King Henry III. The House of Commons, which did not have a chamber of its own, the Commons acquired a permanent home at the Palace in St Stephens Chapel, the former chapel of the royal palace, during the reign of Edward VI
23.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702. On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union, two of her realms, the kingdoms of England and Scotland, united as a sovereign state known as Great Britain. She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death, Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children. Her father, James, was first in line to the throne and his suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charless instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Annes Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Annes elder sister Mary II. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Annes finances, status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Marys accession, William and Mary had no children. After Marys death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702, as queen, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession and her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life, from her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. Anne was born at 11,39 p. m. on 6 February 1665 at St Jamess Palace, London, the child and second daughter of James, Duke of York. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St Jamess, her sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne, as a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as defluxion. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, Queen Henrietta Maria. Following her grandmothers death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, on the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year, as was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants, placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Annes preceptor, around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors
24.
House of Lords
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The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century
25.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
26.
Godfrey Kneller
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Kneller was born Gottfried Kniller in the Free City of Lübeck, the son of Zacharias Kniller, a portrait painter. Kneller studied in Leiden, but became a pupil of Ferdinand Bol, the brothers came to England in 1676, and won the patronage of the Duke of Monmouth. He was introduced to, and painted a portrait of, Charles II, in England, Kneller concentrated almost entirely on portraiture. His portraits set a pattern that was followed until William Hogarth, nevertheless, he established himself as a leading portrait artist in England. When Sir Peter Lely died in 1680, Kneller was appointed Principal Painter to the Crown by Charles II, in the 1690s, Kneller painted the Hampton Court Beauties depicting the most glamorous ladies-in-waiting of the Royal Court for which he received his knighthood from William III. He produced a series of Kit-cat portraits of 48 leading politicians and his paintings were praised by Whig luminaries such as John Dryden, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, and Alexander Pope. On the landing in Horsham Museum hang works of art from the Museums extensive painting collection, featuring a large 18th-century portrait of Charles Eversfield and his wife, in the painting Eversfield is giving his wife some violets which signifies fidelity, love and honesty. It is likely that the picture was cut down at some time as it was unusual to stop just below the knee and he married a widow, Susanna Grave, on 23 January 1704 at St Brides Church, London. She was the daughter of the Reverend John Cawley, Archdeacon of Lincoln and Rector of Henley-on-Thames, Kneller died of fever in 1723 at Great Queen Street and his remains were interred at Twickenham. He had been a churchwarden at St Marys, Twickenham when the 14th-century nave collapsed in 1713 and was active in the plans for the reconstruction by John James. His widow was buried at Twickenham on 11 December 1729, a memorial was erected in Westminster Abbey. Knellers will gave a pension of £100 a year to his assistant Edward Byng, Byng also inherited the drawings in Knellers studio. Kneller and his wife had no children together, the site of the house Kneller built in 1709 in Whitton, near Twickenham, became occupied by the mid-19th century Kneller Hall, home of the Royal Military School of Music. As to thinking better or worse of mankind from experience, some cunning people will not be satisfied unless they have put men to the test, there is a very good story told of Sir Godfrey Kneller, in his character of a Justice of the peace. In his hometown Lübeck there are works to be seen in the St. Annen Museum and his former works at St. Marys Church were destroyed by the Bombing of Lübeck 1942. A large oil portrait of James VII of Scotland hangs on the staircase of private members Club, The Caledonian Club, in Belgravia
27.
Great Queen Street
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Great Queen Street is a street in the West End of central London in England. It is a continuation of Long Acre from Drury Lane to Kingsway and it runs from 1 to 44 along the north side, east to west, and 45 to about 80 along the south side, west to east. The street straddles and connects the Covent Garden and Holborn districts and is in the London Borough of Camden, the street was called Queen Street from around 1605–9, and Great Queen Street from around 1670. In 1646 William Newton was given permission to build fourteen large houses, each with a forty-foot frontage, the regular design of the houses proved influential. According to John Summerson they laid down the canon which put an end to gabled individualism, roughly half of the south side is occupied by Freemasons Hall, the headquarters of the United Grand Lodge of England. The first English Grand Lodge was founded in 1717, which explains the dates on the top of the current building and their first buildings on this site were replaced in 1860 by the architect Frederick Pepys Cockerell. However, this is the third Freemasons Hall, which was built by international subscriptions in 1927–33 as a Masonic Peace Memorial after the Great War. It is a grade II listed building, and the only Art Deco building in London that is unaltered, there are 29 meeting rooms and the 1,000 seat Grand Temple, which with the Library and Museum are open to the public with hourly guided tours. The four Masonic Charities are also located in Freemasons Hall, in 1775 the Freemasons Tavern stood at 61–65, now the hotel and New Connaught Rooms. There are conflicting stories about the founding in 1863 of the Football Association to set down the rules of the game. The existing pub The Freemasons Arms on Long Acre is sometimes said to be the site of this event, but other sources say it was the Freemason’s Tavern where the New Connaught Rooms now stand. There is a pub called The Prince of Wales at 45 Great Queen Street, the north side of the road is also partly occupied by Masonic regalia shops, Masonic charities and administrative offices. At numbers 19–21 is the premises of the regalia manufacturer Toye, Kenning & Spencer, at 23 is another shop where Masonic regalia is sold. At 30–31 is the Royal Masonic Trust for Girls and Boys, at 72 is the Kingsway Hall Hotel. At 31 Great Queen Street lived James Basire, a member of the Society of Antiquaries who took on William Blake as an apprentice in 1772, between 1837 and 1840, the painter Richard Dadd lived in Great Queen Street while studying at the Royal Academy. Shanks and Co. ran their well-known coachbuilding business at 70–71 Great Queen Street from the 1850s, the business moved out of Great Queen Street around 1905. The Shanks coachworks was located in New Yard, this land was sold to the Freemasons around 1920 to build the Freemasons Hall, from 1882 to 1959 the Novelty Theatre was on Great Queen Street. At 56–58 lived James Boswell, lawyer, diarist and author, opposite Freemasons Hall was one of the feature sites for the Camden bench when it was first introduced
28.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Westminster
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Westminster is an area of central London within the City of Westminster, part of the West End, on the north bank of the River Thames. Historically the area lay within St Margarets parish, City & Liberty of Westminster and it has been the home of the permanent institutions of Englands government continuously since about 1200 and is now the seat of British government. In a government context, Westminster often refers to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the closest tube stations are Westminster, St Jamess Park on the Jubilee, Circle, and District lines. Within the area is Westminster School, a public school which grew out of the Abbey. Bounding Westminster to the north is Green Park, a Royal Park of London, the area has a substantial resident population, indeed most of its listed buildings are residential. A proportion of residents are people of limited means, living in council, hotels, large Victorian homes and barracks exist nearer to Buckingham Palace. The name describes an area no more than 1 mile from Westminster Abbey, the settlement grew up around the palace and abbey, as a service area for them. The need for a church, St Margarets Westminster for the servants of the palace. It became larger and in the Georgian period became connected through urban development with the City along the Strand. It did not become a local government unit until created as a civil parish. Indeed, the Cathedral and diocesan status of the church lasted only from 1539 to 1556, as such it is first known to have had two Members of Parliament in 1545 as a new Parliamentary Borough, centuries after the City of London and Southwark were enfranchised. The historic core of Westminster is the former Thorney Island on which Westminster Abbey was built, the abbey became the traditional venue of the coronation of the kings and queens of England from that of Harold Godwinson onwards. From about 1200, near the abbey, the Palace of Westminster became the royal residence, marked by the transfer of royal treasury. Later the palace housed the developing Parliament and Englands law courts, thus London developed two focal points, the City of London and Westminster. The monarchs later moved to St James Palace and the Palace of Whitehall a little towards the north-east, the main law courts have since moved to the Royal Courts of Justice. The Westminster area formed part of the City and Liberty of Westminster in Middlesex, the ancient parish was St Margaret, after 1727 this became the civil parish of St Margaret and St John, the latter a new church required for the increasing population. The area around Westminster Abbey formed the extra-parochial Close of the Collegiate Church of St Peter surrounded by —, until 1900 the local authority was the combined vestry of St Margaret and St John, which was based at Westminster City Hall in Caxton Street from 1883. The Liberty of Westminster, governed by the Westminster Court of Burgesses, also included St Martin in the Fields, Westminster had its own quarter sessions, but the Middlesex sessions also had jurisdiction
30.
Frans van Mieris the Younger
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Frans van Mieris, the younger was a Dutch painter. He was born in Leiden, the son of Willem van Mieris, Willem bequeathed his painting-room to his son Frans. Neither Willem nor Frans the younger equalled Frans the elder in artistic reputation
31.
Conversation piece
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A conversation piece is an informal group portrait, especially those painted in Britain in the 18th century, beginning in the 1720s. They are distinguished by their portrayal of the group engaged in genteel conversation or some activity. Typically the group will be members of a family, but friends may be included, often the paintings are relatively small, about the same size as a half-length portrait but in horizontal or landscape format, others are much larger. The genre was developed from 17th century portraiture in the Low Countries, in this last work, Rubens showed how a garden could be used as a setting for amorous dalliance and courtship. In the Low Countries many group portraits were painted, both of groups and groups such as Governors or Regents of institutions, or militia officers. Frans Hals, Rembrandt and other artists had adopted a variety of poses to liven up the group portrait, for example the famous Night Watch. The name derives from the Italian term, also used in English, sacra conversazione for a similarly painting of the Virgin and Child with saints. There are many varieties of conversation piece, people may be portrayed sharing common activities such as hunts, meals, or musical parties. Dogs and/or horses are frequently featured. Arthur Devis was a regional painter famous for his small conversation pieces, william Hogarth also worked in the genre, and parodied it in his print A Midnight Modern Conversation, which depicted a group of men whose conversation has degenerated into drunken incoherence. Johann Zoffany specialized in complicated conversation pieces, and most portraits by George Stubbs take this form, joshua Reynolds would on request produce conversation pieces in the Grand Manner, and at his usual near-life scale. The phrase conversation piece later acquired a different meaning and it came to refer to objects that were perceived to be interesting enough to spark conversation about them. They provide a stimulus for prop-based conversation openers, the original conversation pieces sometimes depicted a group united in conversation about an object, which would typically be an item linked to science or scholarship. References Sources Mario Praz, Conversation Pieces, A Survey of the Informal Group Portrait in Europe and America Tour, British Conversation Pieces and Portraits of the 1700s
32.
Baron Byron
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Baron Byron, of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster, is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1643 by letters patent for John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, a Cavalier general and former Member of Parliament. The peerage was created with remainder to the male of his body, falling to his six brothers, Richard, William, Thomas, Robert, Gilbert, and Philip. Lord Byron died childless and was succeeded according to the remainder by his next eldest brother Richard. The latters great-grandson, the fifth Baron, killed his cousin and he was brought before his peers in the House of Lords but under the statute of Edward VI he was found guilty only of manslaughter and forced to pay a small fine. Byron henceforth became known as the Wicked Lord and the Devil Byron and he was succeeded by his great-nephew, George Gordon Byron, the sixth Baron, the famous Romantic poet. He was the son of John Mad Jack Byron, son of Vice-Admiral the Hon. John Foulweather Jack Byron, second son of the fourth Baron and the younger brother of the fifth Baron. Lord Byron died without issue and was succeeded by his first cousin, the seventh Baron. On the death of his great-grandson, the eleventh Baron, this line of the family expired, the late Baron was succeeded by his distant relative, the twelfth Baron. He was the great-great-great-grandson of Reverend the Hon. Richard Byron, as of 2009 the title is held by his second son, the thirteenth Baron, who succeeded in 1989. From the 16th century until 1818, the residence of the Lords Byron was Newstead Abbey in Nottinghamshire. Most Lords Byron are buried in the vault in the nearby Church of St. Mary Magdalene. Charles Richard Gordon Byron Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David, new York, St Martins Press,1990, Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Lundy, Darryl. Charles Mosley, editor, Burkes Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition,3 volumes, volume 1, page 630
33.
Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull
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Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull KG PC was an English aristocrat. He had been the member of parliament for East Retford before his accession to the peerage as fifth Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull in 1690. While serving as one of the commissioners for the union with Scotland he was created Marquess of Dorchester in 1706 and he was made a privy councillor and in 1715 was created Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, afterwards serving as Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council. The Duke was a prominent figure in the society of his day. His first wife was Lady Mary Feilding, a daughter of William Feilding, 3rd Earl of Denbigh and he was succeeded by his grandson Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull, whose sister was Lady Frances Pierrepont
34.
Battle of Glen Shiel
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It was the last close engagement of British and foreign troops in Great Britain. It is sometimes known as the Nineteen and this battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and is protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment Act 2011. After the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, Philip V was accepted as King of Spain in exchange for several concessions. Great Britain received control over Spanish possessions, such as Menorca and Gibraltar, philips plans to restore Spanish power would lead to a violent clash with Britain. Philip and his Italian counsellor, Cardinal Giulio Alberoni, carried out a campaign in the western Mediterranean, in 1717,8,500 infantrymen and 500 cavalrymen sailed from Barcelona and occupied Sardinia without difficulty. The next year,38,000 troops did the same with Sicily, Spain then declared war, with Alberoni deciding to take the initiative and stir up trouble in Britain to forestall an attack on the Iberian Peninsula. Alberoni decided to meddle in the disputes, supporting the Jacobite claims. The original plan had two phases, George Keith, tenth Earl Marischal would infiltrate Scotland with 300 Spanish marines to raise the Western clans and it was a feint intended to divert British forces. The main fleet, with 27 ships and 7000 men under James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, would disembark in South West England or Wales, the resulting alliance would march east to besiege London, depose George I and enthrone James Stuart. Three weeks after leaving Cadiz, Ormondes fleet encountered a storm near Cape Finisterre which dispersed and damaged most of the ships, Ormonde was forced to withdraw the ships to several Spanish havens. By then, Keith had already left the Spanish port of Pasajes and occupied the Isle of Lewis, Keith could not proceed to Inverness and established his headquarters in the castle of Eilean Donan. The two Spanish frigates returned to Spain, the Spaniards were accompanied by William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth, who was chief of the Clan Mackenzie, the Earl Marischal, and the Marquess of Tullibardine, and some Irish officers. They were joined by several hundred Highlanders, including members of the Clan Mackenzie, Clan MacRae, Robert Roy MacGregor, some days later, the main body of the troop went south to stir up the Highlanders, leaving a small garrison at the castle. The Jacobite forces were to be led by the Earl of Seaforth and also John Cameron of Lochiel, 18th Captain and Chief of Clan Cameron and their plan of action was to capture Inverness. At the beginning of May, the Royal Navy sent five ships to the area for reconnaissance, in the evening, under the cover of an intense cannonade, the ships boats went ashore and captured the castle against little resistance. The Spanish prisoners were put on board HMS Flamborough and taken away to Edinburgh, the Jacobite army had advanced about 12 miles from Eilean Donan, as far as the narrows of Glen Shiel where a mountain spur almost blocks the valley. The great natural strength of the Jacobite position had been increased by hasty fortifications, a barricade had been constructed across the road, and along the face of the hill on the north side of the river entrenchments had been thrown up. Here the main body was posted, consisting of,200 men of the Regiment Galicia from Spain, under its Colonel, Don Nicolás de Castro Bolaño,150 men of the Clan Cameron, under their chief Cameron of Lochiel
35.
Scottish National Portrait Gallery
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The Scottish National Portrait Gallery is an art museum on Queen Street, Edinburgh. The gallery holds the collections of portraits, all of which are of. It also holds the Scottish National Photography Collection, the gallery reopened on 1 December 2011 after being closed since April 2009 for the first comprehensive refurbishment in its history, which was carried out by Page\Park Architects. The founder of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, David Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan, formed a collection of Scottish portraits in the late 18th century, eventually John Ritchie Findlay stepped in and paid for the entire building, costing £50,000. The museum was established in 1882, before its new building was completed, the famous collection of portraits housed in the Vasari Corridor in Florence remains only accessible to the public on a limited basis. The work generally restores the gallery spaces to their layout, with areas set aside for education, the shop & café. In total the Portrait Gallery has 60% more gallery space after the changes, the cost of the refurbishment was £17.6 million. The museums collection totals some 3,000 paintings and sculptures,25,000 prints and drawings, in the 16th century most painted portraits are of royalty or the more important nobility, the oldest work in the collection is a portrait of James IV of Scotland from 1507. The gallery holds several works by Bronckhorst and his successor, Adrian Vanson, the first significant native Scot to be a portrait painter, George Jamesone only once got the chance to paint his monarch, when Charles I visited Edinburgh in 1633. The collection includes two Jamesone self-portraits and portraits of the Scottish aristocracy, as well as some imagined portraits of heroes of Scotlands past. There are three portraits by Jamesones talented pupil John Michael Wright and ten aristocratic portraits by Sir John Baptist Medina, also wearing tartan is Flora MacDonald, painted by Richard Wilson in London after her arrest for helping Bonnie Prince Charlie to escape after the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. The museum owns the iconic portrait of Robert Burns by Alexander Nasmyth and his subjects include Adam Smith, James Beattie and Robert Adam. The later 19th century in Scotland had no such dominant figures, but many fine artists, and saw the beginning of photography
36.
Battle of Killiecrankie
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Although it was a stunning victory for the Jacobites, it had little overall effect on the outcome of the war and left their leader dead. Their forces were scattered at the Battle of Dunkeld the next month, the battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009. The battle is remembered in four known as The Braes o Killiecrankie. William of Orange, invited to England by certain key members of a Parliament displeased at having a Catholic king, King James fled the country on 23 December, and, in February 1689, the English Parliament declared that, by fleeing, James had abdicated. Parliament then offered the throne jointly to William and Mary, the Protestant daughter of James to whom William largely owed his claim to the throne, Scotland was a divided country politically, culturally, and religiously. The Stuarts had ruled Scotland since the time of Robert II in the late 14th century, a convention held on 14 March 1689 in Edinburgh decided that the Scottish government would pledge loyalty to William of Orange. A number of people opposed this, including many of the Highland clans and John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Dundee left the Convention, planning with others loyal to King James to summon another convention at Stirling in Jamess name. The others, irresolute, decided to attend the Edinburgh Convention once more and he refused, and with some retainers retired to his home, Dudhope Castle near Dundee. Instead, the Estates declared him a rebel and a fugitive on 30 March, on 4 April they declared that King James had forfeited the throne, and on 11 April offered it to William and Mary. Dundee raised the standard on Dundee Law, and left for the Highlands to raise an army. When Dundee went north, he was pursued by a force of about 3,500, led by General Hugh Mackay of Scourie. Dundee, moving quickly, outmanoeuvered Mackay, and on 16 May arrived in Glenroy, with a total of some 1800 men, Dundee marched, in hopes of meeting Mackay on grounds favourable to the Highlanders. Unable to do so, he retreated back to Glenroy, where he arrived on 11 June, many of the Highlanders returned to their homes, but some remained. Blair Castle was in a key position that access to the Lowlands. It was owned by the Marquis of Atholl, he headed south to Bath to take the waters for his health. His heir, Lord Murray, was on the governments side, Dundee ordered Patrick Steuart of Ballechin, a relative of the Murrays, to hold Blair Castle for the King, Lord Murray ended up besieging his own castle. Dundee learned that Mackay was at Perth, on his way to assist in taking Blair Castle, Dundee was determined to intercept Mackay near Blair Atholl, astride the road through the hills that Mackay would have to pass. Many of the clans had not arrived yet, but he set out anyway, Ewen himself also had a force of about 240 Camerons with him at the time, and tried to catch up while he dispatched his sons to raise support along the path of march
37.
Newmarket Racecourse
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Newmarket Racecourse, which has a capacity of 45,000, is a British Thoroughbred horse racing venue in the town of Newmarket, Suffolk. The racecourse hosts two of the countrys five Classic Races - the 1,000 Guineas and 2,000 Guineas, in total, it hosts 9 of British racings 32 annual Group 1 races. Racing in Newmarket was recorded in the time of James I, charles II was known to attend races on Newmarket Heath with his brother, the future James II. Up until 1744, the two most valuable races run at the course were the Kings Plate and the Town Plate. Two more Plate races were added in year, paid for by local traders. Another paid for by landowners was a race over four miles. At that time, formal races at Newmarket only took place twice a year - once in April, a second Spring meeting was added in 1753. Both are wide, galloping tracks used for Flat racing only, the Rowley Mile Course has a 1 mile 2 furlong straight with minor undulations towards The Bushes, two furlongs out. The penultimate furlong is downhill and the last is uphill, forming The Dip, Races beyond the distance of 1m 2f start on the Cesarewitch or Beacon course which turns right-handed into the straight. The July Course, also called the Summer Course, has a 1 mile straight. After 2 furlongs, there is a downhill stretch before the uphill furlong to the finish. This course also uses the Cesarewitch/Beacon course for longer distances, again turning right into the straight, the Rowley Mile is used for racing in the Spring and Autumn, while the July Course is used in Summer. The Rowley Mile has a grass strip used by light aircraft, the Devils Dyke runs past the edge of the July course. About half of the complex, including the July and Cesarewitch/Beacon courses, is actually in the neighbouring county of Cambridgeshire. Historically, there are names that have been given to courses or parts of courses at Newmarket. The Kings Plate was a race run between 1634 and 1765. 52°13′51. 1″N 0°22′56. 1″E 52°14′15″N 0°22′28″E 52°13′47. 5″N 0°21′43. 5″E Whyte, history of the British turf, from the earliest period to the present day, Volume I. Official website Course guide on GG. COM Course guide on At The Races
38.
Newmarket, Suffolk
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Newmarket is a market town in the English county of Suffolk, approximately 65 miles north of London. It is generally considered the birthplace and global centre of thoroughbred horse racing and it is a major local business cluster, with annual investment rivalling that of the Cambridge Science Park, the other major cluster in the region. Two Classic races, and an additional three British Champions Series races are held at Newmarket every year, the town has been a centre for British royalty since James I, and was also a home to Charles I, Charles II and many monarchs since. The current monarch, Queen Elizabeth, regularly visits the town to see her horses in training, Newmarket has over fifty horse training stables, two large racetracks, The Rowley Mile and The July Course and one of the most extensive and prestigious horse training grounds in the world. The town is home to over 3,500 racehorses, the town is surrounded by over sixty horse breeding studs. On account of its position in the multibillion-pound horse racing and breeding industry. 1200, Newmarkets name was recorded as Novum Forum, a Latin phrase meaning new market, february 1605, James I first visited, describing it as a poor little village. 1606 to 1610, James I built the Newmarket Palace, an estate covering an acre of land from the High Street to All Saints’ churchyard and this made Newmarket into a horseracing town. 1619, Inigo Jones was commissioned to build a new lodge for the Prince of Wales and it had three storeys and was Italianate in style. 1642, In Newmarket Charles I met a parliamentary deputation that demanded his surrender of the armed forces, by God not for an hour, Charles replied, You have asked such of me that was never asked of a King. This effectively started the English Civil War, Newmarket remained Royalist throughout the war. Early June 1647, Charles was captured at Holdenby House in Northamptonshire and he was placed under house arrest in the palace while the whole of Cromwells New Model Army kept guard over the town. 30 January 1649, Charles I was executed,1649, A survey showed that the palace was in disrepair. 1650, The palace was sold to John Okey, who demolished most of the buildings,1666 to 1685, Charles II often visited Newmarket. 1668, Charles II commissioned William Samwell to build a new palace on the High Street,1670, John Evelyn said that the palace was meane enough, and hardly capable for a hunting house, let alone a royal palace. October 1677, October 1695, William of Orange visited Newmarket, start of the 19th century, The palace was largely torn down, but a part survives and is now named Palace House. 19th century, Newmarket south of the High Street spread into the parishes of Woodditton,1894, The county border was moved to accommodate this, and has been further altered since. 15 December 1977, An F111-F jet fighter crashed at Exning near Newmarket because of hydraulic failure, about 2011, Time Team excavated on the site of Charles IIs palace at Newmarket, and found foundations of racehorse stables
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Government Art Collection
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The United Kingdoms Government Art Collection places works of art in major Government buildings in the UK and around the world to promote British art, culture and history. The majority of the Collection is on display in Government buildings, wherever possible, the GAC lends works of art to exhibitions in public museums and galleries throughout the UK and abroad. The GAC also collaborates with other departments, such as the Home Office, at the Home Office building in central London, the GAC commissioned a programme of public art by seven contemporary artists, and new commissions for its interior spaces. In 2005, new works of art were commissioned for the Deputy High Commissioners offices in Chennai, commissions were completed in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport between 2006 and 2007 and at the Ministry of Justice in 2009 and in London. Works of art continue to be added to the Collection, purchases and commissions are made with the support and agreement of the Advisory Committee on the Government Art Collection, whose members are appointed by the Secretary of State. The Collection receives £551,000 each year from the government, the Advisory Committee is currently chaired by Sir David Verey and comprises five ex officio members, together with an additional four independent members. Government Wine Cellar GAC website, showing the works of art Pictures for Politicians
40.
Norwich Castle
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Norwich Castle is a medieval royal fortification in the city of Norwich, in the English county of Norfolk. It was founded in the aftermath of the Norman conquest of England when William the Conqueror ordered its construction because he wished to have a place in the important city of Norwich. It proved to be his only castle in East Anglia and it is one of the Norwich 12 heritage sites. In 1894 the Norwich Museum moved to Norwich Castle and it has been a museum ever since and it is now known as Norwich Castle Museum & Art Gallery, and holds significant objects from the region, especially archaeological finds and natural history specimens. Norwich Castle was founded by William the Conqueror some time between 1066 and 1075 and it originally took the form of a motte and bailey. The castle is first mentioned in 1075 when Ralph de Gael, Earl of Norfolk, rebelled against William the Conqueror, a siege was undertaken, but ended when the garrison secured promises that they would not be harmed. Norwich is one of 48 castles mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086, building a castle in a pre-existing settlement could require demolishing properties on the site. At Norwich, estimates vary that between 17 and 113 houses occupied the site of the castle, excavations in the late 1970s discovered that the castle bailey was built over a Saxon cemetery. Historian Robert Liddiard remarks that to glance at the landscape of Norwich. Until the construction of Orford Castle in the century under Henry II. The stone keep, which stands today, was probably built between 1095 and 1110. In about the year 1100, the motte was made higher, during the Revolt of 1173–1174, in which Henry IIs sons rebelled against him and started a civil war, Norwich Castle was put in a state of readiness. Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk was one of the powerful earls who joined the revolt against Henry. With 318 Flemish soldiers that landed in England in May 1174 and they captured the castle and took fourteen prisoners who were held for ransom. When peace was restored later that year, Norwich was returned to royal control, the Normans introduced the Jews to Norwich and they lived close to the castle. A cult was founded in Norwich in the wake of the murder of a boy, William of Norwich. In Lent 1190, violence against Jews erupted in East Anglia, some fled to the safety of the castle, but those who did not were killed. The Pipe Rolls, records of expenditure, note that repairs were carried out at the castle in 1156–1158
41.
Duke of Somerset
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Duke of Somerset is a title in the peerage of England that has been created several times. The only subsidiary title of the Duke of Somerset is Baron Seymour, several other titles have been held by the Dukes of Somerset, but have become extinct. The ducal seat is Bradley House in Maiden Bradley, west Wiltshire, with an estate at Berry Pomeroy Castle, Totnes. William de Mohun of Dunster, a favourite of Empress Matilda, in the foundation charter of the priory at Bruton he describes himself as Willielmus de Moyne, comes Somersetensis. The title was not recognised by Stephen or Henry II, John Beaufort was the eldest son from John of Gaunts marriage to Katherine Swynford. In 1399 upon the accession of Henry IV his marquessates were revoked, the Commons petitioned the King for his restoration but he himself objected stating the name of marquess is a strange name in this realm. He was succeeded as Earl of Somerset by his son Henry Beaufort and he was created Duke of Somerset and Earl of Kendal on 28 August 1443. He died on 27 May 1444, possibly through suicide, the dukedom and the Earldom of Kendal became extinct. The Earldom of Somerset passed to his brother Edmund Beaufort, Count of Mortain, Edmund had been created Earl of Dorset on 18 August 1442 and Marquess of Dorset on 24 June 1443. He was created Duke of Somerset under a new creation on 31 March 1448, however he is usually referred to as the 2nd Duke of Somerset. After the defeat at the battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 he fled to Scotland and was attainted on 4 November 1461, all his honours and estates were declared forfeit. His titles were restored to him on 10 March 1463 but he deserted the King and was captured and beheaded after the battle of Hexham on 15 May 1464 and he was unmarried but his illegitimate son Charles Somerset became the 1st Earl of Worcester. Henrys titles were forfeited by act of Parliament, but his brother Edmund Beaufort was styled Duke of Somerset by the Lancastrians, after the Battle of Tewkesbury on 4 May 1471 he fled and took refuge in Tewkesbury Abbey. He was beheaded by the Yorkists, and buried in the abbey church, upon his death the house of Beaufort became extinct in the legitimate line. In 1499 Henry VII nominated his infant son Edmund to the dukedom of Somerset at his baptism, the illegitimate son of Henry VIII, Henry Fitzroy, by Bessie Blount, was created Earl of Nottingham, and Duke of Richmond and Somerset on 18 June 1525. He died without heirs on July 22,1536 so his titles became extinct, robert Carr, born Kerr/Ker, son of Sir Thomas Ker of Ferniehirst, became a favourite of King James VI and I. On 25 March 1611 he was created Viscount Rochester, and subsequently a privy councillor, on the death of Lord Salisbury in 1612 he began to act as the king’s secretary. On the 3 November 1613 he was created Earl of Somerset and he died in July 1645, leaving a daughter, Anne
42.
Duke of Rutland
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Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England, derived from Rutland, a county in the East Midlands of England. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created twice in history, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 25 February 1390 for Edward of Norwich, son of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, and grandson of King Edward III. Upon the Dukes death in 1402 Edward became Duke of York, the title Earl of Rutland was created on 29 January 1446 for Edmund, second son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York. Thomas Manners, son of the 11th Baron de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and he was the great-grandson of Richard Plantagenet. The barony of de Ros of Hamlake, Truibut and Belvoir was created by Simon de Montfort with a writ of summons to the House of Lords for Robert de Ros in 1264, the 3rd Earl was succeeded as 4th Earl by his brother John. The barony of Ros was restored to the Manners family when Francis Manners, however, Francis died without male issue and the assumption of the courtesy title of Lord Ros for the eldest son of subsequent earls appears to have had no legal basis. On the death of the seventh Earl in 1641 the Earldom passed to his distant cousin John Manners of Haddon Hall, in 1703, the ninth Earl of Rutland was created Duke of Rutland and Marquess of Granby by Queen Anne. The most notable Marquess of Granby was John Manners, eldest son of the third Duke and he was an accomplished soldier and highly popular figure of his time, in 1745 he became a colonel, his military career flourished during the Seven Years War. At the Battle of Minden, although his role was small, in 1760, at the Battle of Warburg, he led a cavalry charge which routed the French, losing his hat and wig in the process. In recognition of this, soldiers of the Blues and Royals have the privilege in the British Army of being permitted to salute while not wearing headgear. Granbys losing his helmet and wig in the charge gave rise to the expression going bald-headed at something, in 1758, the King made him Colonel of the Royal Horse Guards and in 1766, as Lieutenant-General, he became Commander-in-Chief. His title was honoured by being used by a number of pubs throughout Britain. The towns of Granby, Quebec in Canada and Granby, Massachusetts in the United States as well as Granby Street in Norfolk, Virginia and he died before his father, and therefore did not become Duke. The subsidiary titles of the dukedom are, Marquess of Granby, Earl of Rutland, Baron Manners, of Haddon in the County of Derby, the title Baron Roos of Belvoir is in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the remaining titles being in the Peerage of England. The most senior title, Marquess of Granby, is the courtesy title used by the Dukes eldest son. The Manners family own medieval Haddon Hall, Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire that were successively extended, some rooms in both buildings are open to the public. They are Grade I in architecture, set in listed parks, woodland and gardens and span a central water feature, which acted as models for other landscaped estates. In 2009, to mark 500 years of the occupancy of Belvoir Castle by the two aircraft from RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, bore the Duke of Rutlands Coat of Arms
43.
Marquess of Winchester
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Marquess of Winchester is a title in the Peerage of England that was created in 1551 for the prominent statesman William Paulet, 1st Earl of Wiltshire. The Marquessate of Winchester is the oldest English Marquessate still in existence, and as a result, the current holder is Nigel Paulet, 18th Marquess of Winchester. It was created in 1551 for the prominent statesman William Paulet and he had already been created Baron St John in 1539 and Earl of Wiltshire in 1550, also in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his son, the second Marquess, who had summoned to the House of Lords in his fathers lifetime through a writ of acceleration in his fathers junior title of Baron St John. His son, the third Marquess, was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration as Lord St John in 1572 and his grandson, the fifth Marquess, represented St Ives in the House of Commons. During the Civil War he was a supporter of King Charles I. The family seat of Basing House was burnt to the ground by the Parliamentarians during the conflict and he was succeeded by his son, the sixth Marquess. The sixth Marquess was a supporter of King William III and Queen Mary II and was rewarded for his support after the Glorious Revolution when he was created Duke of Bolton. He was succeeded by his son, the second Duke, who, the second Duke was a politician and notably served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. On his death the titles passed to his son, the third Duke and he was a Whig Member of Parliament and served as Lord Lieutenant of several counties. In 1717 he was meant to be summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his fathers title of Baron St John. However, he was summoned as Lord Pawlett of Basing. However, the barony of Pawlett of Basing became extinct as he had no legitimate offspring while he was succeeded in the titles by his younger brother. He notably served as a Lord of the Admiralty and as Lord Lieutenant of both Hampshire and Glamorganshire and his eldest son, the fifth Duke, was a Member of Parliament and Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire. He was succeeded by his brother, the sixth Duke. He was an Admiral of the White, the sixth Duke had no sons and on his death in 1794 the Dukedom became extinct. Most of the estates passed to his niece Jean Mary Browne-Powlett. She was the wife of Thomas Orde, who assumed the surname of Powlett and was created Baron Bolton in 1797
44.
Earl of Portmore
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Earl of Portmore was a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1703 for the Scottish military commander David Colyear and he had already been created Lord Portmore in 1699 and was made Lord Colyear and Viscount of Milsington at the same time as he was granted the earldom, also in the Peerage of Scotland. He was the son of Alexander Colyear, who had created a Baronet, of Holland. Lord Portmore married Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester, a mistress of James II. He was succeeded by his surviving son, the second Earl. He represented Wycombe and Andover in Parliament and his grandson, the fourth Earl, sat as Member of Parliament for Boston. The fourth Earl died without surviving issue in 1835 when the titles became extinct. Brownlow Charles Colyear Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages
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"Tillemans, Peter". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
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