1.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
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An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
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Benjamin Franklin, 1777
2.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
United States Navy
United States Navy
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United States Navy portal
United States Navy
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USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the
Quasi-War
United States Navy
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USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the
War of 1812
3.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
–
Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
4.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
Historic districts in the United States
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The federally designated
Sycamore Historic District in
Illinois
Historic districts in the United States
–
Walker Hall, part of the
University of Florida Campus Historic District
Historic districts in the United States
–
Helvenston House, part of the
Ocala Historic District, in
Ocala, Florida
Historic districts in the United States
–
1848 Duncan House,
National Register of Historic Places Cooksville Historic District, Wisconsin
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Robert E. Peary
–
Robert Edwin Peary Sr. was an American explorer who claimed to have reached the geographic North Pole with his expedition on April 6,1909. Pearys claim was widely credited for most of the 20th century, rather than the claim by Frederick Cook. Both claims were debated in newspapers until 1913. Based on an evaluation of Pearys records, British polar explorer Wally Herbert concluded in a 1989 book that Peary did not reach the pole and his conclusions have been widely accepted but are in turn disputed by other authorities. Altogether Peary made eight Arctic trips, his last two solely for the purpose of trying to reach the North Pole, Robert Edwin Peary was born on May 6,1856, in Cresson, Pennsylvania, to Charles N. and Mary P. Peary. After his father died in 1859, Pearys mother took the boy with her and settled in Portland, after growing up in Portland, Peary attended Bowdoin College, some 36 miles to the north. He was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon and Phi Beta Kappa fraternities while at college and he graduated in 1877 with a civil engineering degree. After college, Peary worked as a draftsman making technical drawings in Washington, DC, at the US Coast and he joined the United States Navy and on October 26,1881, was commissioned as a civil engineer, with the relative rank of lieutenant. From 1884 to 1885 he was assistant engineer on the surveys for the Nicaragua Canal, as reflected in a diary entry he made in 1885, during his time in the Navy, he resolved to be the first man to reach the North Pole. In April 1886 he wrote a paper for the National Academy of Sciences proposing two methods for crossing Greenlands ice cap, one was to start from the west coast and trek about 400 miles to the east coast. Peary was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander on January 5,1901, Peary made his first expedition to the Arctic in 1886, intending to cross Greenland by dog sled, taking the first of his own suggested paths. He was given six months leave from the Navy, and he received $500 from his mother to book passage north and he sailed on a whaler to Greenland, arriving in Godhavn on June 6,1886. Peary wanted to make a solo trek but a young Danish official named Christian Maigaard convinced him he would die if he went out alone, Maigaard and Peary set off together and traveled nearly 100 miles due east before turning back because they were short on food. This was the second-farthest penetration of Greenlands ice sheet at that date, Peary returned home knowing more of what was required for long-distance ice trekking. Back in Washington attending with the US Navy, Peary was ordered in November 1887 to survey routes for a proposed Nicaragua Canal. To complete his tropical outfit he needed a sun hat, so he went to a clothing store. There he met 21-year-old Matthew Henson, a man working as a sales clerk. Learning that Henson had six years of seagoing experience as a cabin boy, on assignment in the jungles of Nicaragua, Peary told Henson of his dream of Arctic exploration
Robert E. Peary
–
Peary in naval uniform circa 1911
Robert E. Peary
–
Peary in arctic furs, c.1909
Robert E. Peary
–
Matthew Henson, Peary's assistant, 1910
Robert E. Peary
–
Josephine Diebitsch Peary in 1892
7.
Contributing property
–
Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
Contributing property
–
Thomas T. Gaff House, a contributing property to the
Dupont Circle Historic District in
Washington, D.C.
Contributing property
–
Plaque acknowledging Little Red Schoolhouse as a contributing property to
Newberry Historic District in Newberry, Florida
Contributing property
–
This medical clinic building in the
East Grove Street Historic District in
Bloomington, Illinois is an example of a non-contributing property.
8.
Naval shipyard
–
A shipyard is a place where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships, dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles. The shipbuilding industry tends to be fragmented in Europe than in Asia. In European countries there are a number of small companies. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are Naval facilities providing basing, support, Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. Sir Alfred Yarrow established his yard by the Thames in Londons Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at Scotstoun. Other famous UK shipyards include the Harland and Wolff yard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where Titanic was built, and the naval dockyard at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent. The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities, after a ships useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages, the worlds earliest known dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard, the dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the current of the river to avoid silting. The name of the ancient Greek city of Naupactus means shipyard, Naupactus reputation in this field extends to the time of legend, where it is depicted as the place where the Heraclidae built a fleet to invade the Peloponnesus. During its time of operation it was changed, rebuilt and modified. It is currently a maritime museum, ships were the first items to be manufactured in a factory, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, in the Venice Arsenal, Venice, Italy. The Arsenal apparently mass-produced nearly one every day using pre-manufactured parts. Chantiers de lAtlantique – established in 1861 Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the Deane, jean Street Shipyard 1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U. S. Located on the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida, Gloucester Marine Railways 1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England
Naval shipyard
–
Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft in Zürich-
Wollishofen, Switzerland
Naval shipyard
–
Gdynia Shipyard
Naval shipyard
–
Ancient Shipyard of the Seljuks in
Alanya,
Turkey. The shipyard, consisting of five docks and constructed in 1226 by the Sultan Alaaddin Keykubat, is 56 metres long and 44 metres deep and is the only remaining shipyard from the Seljuks.
Naval shipyard
–
Aerial view of
Norfolk Naval Shipyard
9.
Industrial park
–
An industrial park is an area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development. An industrial park can be thought of as a more heavyweight version of a park or office park. Industrial parks are located on the edges of, or outside the main residential area of a city. One such example would be the number of industrial estates located along the River Thames in the Thames Gateway area of London. Industrial parks are located close to transport facilities, especially where more than one transport modes coincide, including highways, railroads. Such infrastructure includes roadways, railroad sidings, ports, high-power electric supplies, high-end communications cables, large-volume water supplies, to be able to attract new business by providing an integrated infrastructure in one location. Eligibility of Industrial Parks for benefits To set aside industrial uses from urban areas to try to reduce the environmental and social impact of the industrial uses, to provide for localized environmental controls that are specific to the needs of an industrial area. Different industrial parks fulfill these criteria to differing degrees, many small communities have established industrial parks with only access to a nearby highway, and with only the basic utilities and roadways. Public transportation options may be limited or non-existent, there may be few or no special environmental safeguards. An industrial park specializing in biotechnology is called an industrial park. It may also be known as a park or eco-industrial cluster. Flatted factories exist in cities like Singapore and Hong Kong, where land is scarce and these are typically similar to flats, but house individual industries instead. Flatted factories have cargo lifts and roads that serve each level, UNIDO Viet Nam has compiled a list of Industrial Parks in the ASEAN Economic Community in a report titled Economic Zones in the ASEAN written by Arnault Morisson
Industrial park
–
Part of the Municipal Airport industrial complex,
Edmonton,
Alberta,
Canada.
Industrial park
–
Industrial zone in
Dakar (Senegal).
10.
Aker Philadelphia Shipyard
–
Philly Shipyard, formerly Aker Philadelphia Shipyard, is a commercial shipyard located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States on part of the site of the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. The commercial yard began after the United States Navy had ended most of its operations at the site, the yard is a listed company on the Oslo Stock Exchange and part of the Aker Group controlled by Kjell Inge Røkke. The yard targets producing ships within the Jones Act for domestic shipping, primarily product tankers, the yard was started as a cooperation between Kværner and the City of Philadelphia, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the Government of the United States. Rebuilt and opened in 2000, the yard delivered its first ship in 2003, MV Manukai, a cargo ship for Matson Line. In 2005, control of the passed to Aker, which bought the troubled Kværner firm. Aker American Shipping ASA was formed and listed on the Oslo Bors, in 2007, Aker American Shipping was split into two companies - the shipbuilding company, Aker Philadelphia Shipyard, and the ship owning company, Aker American Shipping. In January 2013, the completed construction of fourteen product tankers for subsidiaries of American Shipping Company, Overseas Shipholding Group. On September 29,2011, Aker Philadelphia signed a contract with SeaRiver Maritime Inc. for the construction of two Aframax oil product tankers for delivery in 2014. At 820 ft. in length and measuring over 115,000 tons deadweight, they will be the largest ships yet built by the yard. On August 14,2013, Philly. com reported that Aker signed a joint business venture with Crowley Maritime Corp of Jacksonville, the venture was valued at $500 million and is expected to continue work at the yard through 2017. On November 7,2013, Aker Philadelphia Shipyard announced an agreement to build two 3,600 TEU containerships for Matson Navigation, with deliveries in 2018, on June 10,2014, the shipyard announced the planned establishment of Philly Tankers, a Jones Act Shipping Company. The shipyard has firm contracts to build two eco-design product tankers and options for two new builds. On June 11,2014, Aker Philadelphia Shipyard has delivered the first of two tankers to SeaRiver Maritime, Exxon Mobil Corporations U. S. marine affiliate. This tanker has 820 foot long and designed to transport 800,000 barrels of Alaskan North Slope crude oil from Prince William Sound, also, this vessel is equipped with double hull protection, the latest navigation and communications equipment, and an energy efficient engine. On September 30,2015, Aker Philadelphia Shipyard delivered the Ohio, on December 1,2015, at an extraordinary general meeting, shareholders of Aker Philadelphia Shipyard ASA approved a proposal to change the company’s name to Philly Shipyard ASA. Accordingly, Aker Philadelphia Shipyard, Inc. the sole operating subsidiary of AKPS, was changed its name to Philly Shipyard. On December 23,2015, Philly Shipyard completed the construction of the Texas for Crowley Maritime Corporation, Texas - its the 22nd vessel built by Philly Shipyard. Its the next generation 50,000 dwt product tanker, on April 15,2016 shipyard delivered the Louisiana
Aker Philadelphia Shipyard
–
The shipyard
11.
Front Street (Philadelphia)
–
Front Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is a north-south street running parallel to and near the Delaware River. Built when the city was out by William Penn in 1682, it was the first street surveyed. Front Street is the street of Philadelphias numbered streets. There is no First Street, Front Street exists in its place, at least three stations of SEPTAs Market–Frankford Line are built above Front Street. They include Girard Station, Berks Station, and York–Dauphin Station, the South Front Street Historic District, which includes numbers 700-712 on the west side of S. Front, is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district includes three buildings listed on the NRHP as well, Widow Malobys Tavern, Capt. Thomas Moore House. Four sites listed on the National Register adjoin North Front Street, Elfreths Alley, the Quaker City Dye Works, and two schools, the Thomas K. Finletter School and Olney High School
Front Street (Philadelphia)
–
Corner of South St. (left) and Front St. (right)
Front Street (Philadelphia)
–
758 South Front Street
Front Street (Philadelphia)
–
South Front Street Historic District
Front Street (Philadelphia)
–
North Front Street, looking north towards Arch Street
12.
Pennsport, Philadelphia
–
Pennsport is a neighborhood in the South Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was also the site of a push for casinos along the Philadelphia waterfront. Foxwoods Casino was proposed for Christopher Columbus Boulevard at Reed Street, Pennsport is bound by Passyunk Square to the west, the Delaware River to the east, the Queen Village neighborhood to the north, and the Whitman neighborhood to the south. The Pennsport Redevelopment Area Plan of 1968 listed the border streets as Washington Avenue on the north, Snyder Avenue on the south, the 2000 census listed Pennsports population as 26,300, a figure that includes the populations of Southwark, Queen Village, and Whitman. Pennsport is 70% white, 17% black, 8% Asian, roughly 40% of the population is under 18. According to the Genealogy of Philadelphia County Subdivisions, Pennsport was originally part of Moyamensing Township, most of the area north of present-day Mifflin Street was included in the Southwark District from 1794 until the consolidation of Philadelphia in 1854. At that point, it was contained in the First Ward. The First and Second Wards ran east of Passyunk Avenue and were divided by Wharton Street, the southern boundary of the First Ward initially spanned south to the river, but it was stopped at Mifflin Street in 1898. The first United States naval yard was located in what is now Pennsport at Federal Street on the Delaware River, the naval yard was established 1801 and was active until 1875, when it moved to League Island, where the Philadelphia Navy Yard business campus is currently located. One of those six original frigates, the USS Philadelphia, was built at the site, furness High School and the former Abigail Vare School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Historic rowhouse synagogue Congregation Shivtei Yeshuron-Ezras Israel was featured in the Hidden City Philadelphia 2013 Festival, the School District of Philadelphia operates public schools serving Pennsport. For grades K-8, Vare-Washington School serves area residents, the school was previously named Abigail Vare School and had occupied a building in Pennsport. In October 2013 the Philadelphia School Reform Commission voted to close Washington School in Dickinson Narrows, Abigail Vare School moved from its previous building to the former Washington building, at 1198 South 5th Street. Furness High School serves area residents, the Free Library of Philadelphia Whitman Branch in Whitman serves Pennsport. Rob McElhenney - actor, creator of Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia Second Street Irish Society Pennsport Civic Association Friends of Dickinson Square Park Pennsport School of Dance
Pennsport, Philadelphia
–
Whitman Branch of the
Free Library of Philadelphia in Pennsport
13.
Delaware River
–
The Delaware River is a major river on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Its watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, not including Delaware Bay, the rivers length including its two branches is 388 miles. The Delaware River is one of nineteen Great Waters recognized by the Americas Great Waters Coalition, the Delaware River rises in two main branches that descend from the western flank of the Catskill Mountains in New York. The West Branch begins near Mount Jefferson in the Town of Jefferson in Schoharie County, the rivers East Branch begins at Grand Gorge near Roxbury Delaware County. These two branches flow west and merge near Hancock in Delaware County and the waters flow as the Delaware River south. The river meets tide-water at the junction of Morrisville, Pennsylvania and Trenton, the rivers navigable, tidal section served as a conduit for shipping and transportation that aided the development of the industrial cities of Trenton, Camden, and Philadelphia. The mean freshwater discharge of the Delaware River into the estuary of Delaware Bay is 11,550 cubic feet per second, in 1609, the river was first visited by a Dutch East India Company expedition led by Henry Hudson. Hudson, an English navigator, was hired to find a route to Cathay. Early Dutch and Swedish settlements were established along the section of river. Both colonial powers called the river the South River, compared to the Hudson River, lord de la Warr waged a punitive campaign to subdue the Powhatan after they had killed the colonys council president, John Ratcliffe, and attacked the colonys fledgling settlements. Lord de la Warr arrived with 150 soldiers in time to prevent colonys original settlers at Jamestown from giving up, the name of barony is pronounced as in the current spelling form Delaware and is thought to derive from French de la Guerre. It has often reported that the river and bay received the name Delaware after English forces under Richard Nicolls expelled the Dutch. However, the river and bay were known by the name Delaware as early as 1641, the state of Delaware was originally part of the William Penns Pennsylvania colony. In 1682, the Duke of York granted Penns request for access to the sea and leased him the territory along the western shore of Delaware Bay which became known as the Lower Counties on the Delaware. The Delaware Rivers watershed drains an area of 14,119 square miles and encompasses 42 counties and 838 municipalities in five U. S. states—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. This total area constitutes approximately 0. 4% of the mass in the United States. In 2001, the watershed was 18% agricultural land, 14% developed land, there are 216 tributary streams and creeks—an estimated 14,057 miles of streams and creeks—in the watershed. The waters of the Delaware Rivers basin are used to fishing, transportation, power, cooling, recreation
Delaware River
–
The river looking north above Walpack Bend, where it leaves the historic Minisink region, a buried valley eroded from Marcellus Shale bedrock.
Delaware River
–
Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr
Delaware River
–
The East Branch of the Delaware River near Margaretville, New York
Delaware River
–
Canoeing on the river at
Hawk's Nest, New York
14.
Schuylkill River
–
The Schuylkill River is an important river running west to east in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles before joining the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries in Philadelphia, in 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its length was once part of the Delaware peoples southern territories. The waters of its upper end rise in what are called the richest anthracite coal fields in the world. The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton, the Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia, other major tributaries include, Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek. The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, the Lenape or Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of the area around this river, which they called Tool-pay Hanna or Tool-pay Hok Ing. The river was discovered by European explorers from the Netherlands, Sweden and it was through historical documents called various names, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorer called it Menejackse kill or alternately Skiar kill or the Linde River, the headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English. The river was given the Dutch name Schuylkill. Another explanation is that the name translates to hideout creek in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Delaware tribe in their confederation. The two then backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762. The success, along with the opening of the first operable sections of New Yorks Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, from 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as an industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics. Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklins will, silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century
Schuylkill River
–
The Schuylkill River, looking south toward the skyline of
Philadelphia, through which the river flows.
Schuylkill River
–
The
Strawberry Mansion Bridge over the river at dusk.
Schuylkill River
–
The
Fairmount Water Works on the Schuylkill River were once the source of Philadelphia's water supply and are now an attraction in
Fairmount Park.
15.
USS Lamson (DD-328)
–
USS Lamson was a Clemson-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War I. The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding Wickes class although more fuel capacity was added, the ships displaced 1,290 long tons at standard load and 1,389 long tons at deep load. They had a length of 314 feet 4 inches, a beam of 30 feet 11 inches. They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men, performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27,000 shaft horsepower intended to reach a speed of 35 knots, the ships carried a maximum of 371 long tons of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2,500 nautical miles at 20 knots. The ships were armed with four 4-inch guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pdr guns for anti-aircraft defense, in many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21-inch torpedo tubes in four triple mounts and they also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A Y-gun depth charge thrower was added to many ships, after shakedown, Lamson was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet, arriving Charleston, South Carolina,28 December 1921. From 1921 to 1925, the destroyer operated along the east coast and in the Caribbean, participating in maneuvers, war games. Assigned to the U. S. Naval Forces in Europe, Lamson departed Boston, returning to the United States 1 year later, Lamson rejoined the Scouting Fleet and resumed exercises and maneuvers along the Atlantic coast and in the Caribbean. The destroyer continued operations until she decommissioned at Philadelphia 1 May 1930. Lamson was sold 17 January 1931 to Boston Iron & Metal Company, Baltimore, U. S. Destroyers, An Illustrated Design History. Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds, conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships, 1906–1921. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the entry can be found here
USS Lamson (DD-328)
–
History
16.
Andrew Jackson
–
Andrew Jackson was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson served in Congress, as president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against what he saw as a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union. Jackson was born in 1767 somewhere near the border between North and South Carolina, into a recently immigrated Scots-Irish farming family. During the American Revolutionary War, Jackson acted as a courier, at age 13, he was captured and mistreated by the British. He moved to Tennessee and practiced as a lawyer, in 1791, he married Rachel Donelson Robards. The couple later learned that Rachels previous husband had failed to finalize their divorce, Jackson served briefly in the U. S. House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate. Upon returning to Tennessee, he was appointed a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 1801, Jackson was appointed colonel in the Tennessee militia, and was elected its commander the following year. He built the Hermitage plantation in 1804, in 1806, he killed a man in a duel over a matter of honor regarding his wife. He led Tennessee militia and U. S. Army regulars during the Creek War of 1813-1814, Jackson won a decisive victory in the War of 1812 over the British army at the Battle of New Orleans, making him into a national hero. Because Spanish Florida was a refuge for blacks escaping slavery, who allied with the Seminole Indians, Jackson invaded the territory in 1816 to destroy the Negro Fort. He led an invasion in 1818, as part of the First Seminole War, resulting in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Jackson briefly served as Floridas first Territorial Governor in 1821, Jackson was nominated by several state legislatures to be a candidate for president in 1824. Although he earned a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote against three major candidates, Jackson failed to get a majority and lost in the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams, Jacksons supporters founded what became the Democratic Party. He ran again for president in 1828 against Adams, building and expanding upon his base of support in the West and South, he won in a landslide. He blamed the death of his wife, Rachel, which occurred after the election, on the Adams campaigners, as president, Jackson faced a threat of secession by South Carolina over the Tariff of Abominations, which Congress had enacted under Adams. In contrast to several of his successors, he denied the right of a state to secede from the union or to nullify federal law. The Nullification Crisis was defused when the tariff was amended and Jackson threatened the use of force if South Carolina attempted to secede. Jackson believed strongly in majority rule and he supported direct election of senators and abolition of the Electoral College, believing that these reforms would provide average citizens with greater power
Andrew Jackson
–
Daguerreotype of Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson
–
Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814 Jackson imposed severe terms on the Creek Indians under the Treaty with the Creeks (1847)
Andrew Jackson
–
The
Battle of New Orleans. General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking
Highlanders, painted by
Edward Percy Moran in 1910.
Andrew Jackson
–
Trial of Robert Ambrister during the Seminole War. Ambrister was one of two British subjects executed by General Jackson. (1848)
17.
Martin Van Buren
–
Martin Van Buren was an American politician who served as the eighth President of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in a number of senior roles, including eighth Vice President and tenth Secretary of State. Van Buren won the presidency by promising to follow through on Jacksons policies, during his half-century of public service, he built, perfected, and defended a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level. In New York he reorganized the Democratic-Republican Party and established the Albany Regency to keep it in power and he then moved on Washington where he did more than anyone to construct the modern Democratic Party which dominated American politics down to the American Civil War. A delegate to a convention at age 18, he quickly moved from local to state politics. Elected to the Senate by the New York State Legislature in 1821, Van Buren supported William H. Crawford for president in the 1824 election, but by 1828 had come to support Jackson. Van Buren was a supporter and organizer for Jackson in the 1828 election. Jackson and Van Buren were elected, and after serving as governor for two months, Van Buren resigned to become Jacksons Secretary of State. During Jacksons eight years as president, Van Buren was a key advisor, in 1831, following his resignation as Secretary of State, which aided Jackson in resolving the Petticoat affair, Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as American minister to Britain. Van Burens nomination was rejected by the Senate, cutting short his service in London, Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention, and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election. Van Buren was the first president to be born a United States citizen, of Dutch ancestry, he is the only president who spoke English as a second language, and was the first not to have a university degree or a military commission. As president, Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837 and he attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury—rather than in state banks—but Congress would not approve of this until 1840. Additionally, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War, in the 1840 election, Van Buren was voted out of office, losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. Van Buren was the candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844, but lost to James K. Polk. In the 1848 election Van Buren ran unsuccessfully as the candidate of the anti-slavery Free Soil Party and he returned to the Democratic fold to endorse Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Stephen A. Douglas for the presidency. However, his increasingly abolitionist views and support for the Union led him to support Abraham Lincolns policies after the start of the American Civil War, Van Burens health began to fail in 1861, and he died in July 1862 at the age of 79. Martin Van Buren was born on December 5,1782, in the village of Kinderhook, Van Buren was the first President not born a British subject, or even of British ancestry. His father, Abraham van Buren, was an inn–tavern keeper, Abraham Van Buren supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution as a captain in the Albany County Militias 7th Regiment, and later joined the Jeffersonian Republicans
Martin Van Buren
–
Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren
–
Historical marker located at the birthplace of Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren
–
Baptismal record from Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church. Van Buren's name was spelled "Maarten" in Dutch, and he was baptized on December 15, 1782
Martin Van Buren
–
1832 Whig cartoon shows
Jackson carrying Van Buren into office
18.
Naval Aircraft Factory
–
The Naval Aircraft Factory was established by the United States Navy in 1918 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was created to solve aircraft supply issues which faced the Navy Department upon the entry of the U. S. into World War I. On 27 July 1917, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels approved the project, the entire plant was completed by 28 November 1917,110 days after ground breaking. When it was completed the greatest need was for flying boats. On 27 March 1918, just 228 days after ground breaking and 151 days from receipt of drawings, on the following second of April the first two NAF-built H-16s were shipped to the patrol station at RNAS Killingholme, England. The NAF ended aircraft production in early 1945, upon disestablishment, the aircraft test functions were passed to the newly formed Naval Air Test Center at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland. Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 2 Washington, D. C. Naval Historical Center, wings for the Navy, A History of the Naval Aircraft Factory, 1917-1956. The Naval Aircraft Factory, the American Aviation Industry, and Government Competition, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons Volume 2, The History of VP, VPB, VP and VP Squadrons Chapter 1
Naval Aircraft Factory
–
Aerial view of the NAF
Naval Aircraft Factory
–
F5L under construction at the Naval Aircraft Factory, c.1920
Naval Aircraft Factory
–
N3N production in 1937.
19.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
World War I
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
World War I
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
World War I
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
World War I
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
20.
Crane (machine)
–
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places, the device uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden and these cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, in the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron, for many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first mechanical power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, mini-cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to oil rigs. Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the definition of a crane. The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC, the archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a replacement of ramps as the main means of vertical motion. Also, the practice of erecting large monolithic columns was abandoned in favour of using several column drums. The first unequivocal evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in the Mechanical Problems attributed to Aristotle. The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the Roman Empire, the Romans adopted the Greek crane and developed it further. We are relatively well informed about their techniques, thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the engineers Vitruvius. There are also two surviving reliefs of Roman treadwheel cranes, with the Haterii tombstone from the late first century AD being particularly detailed, the simplest Roman crane, the trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a winch, a rope, and a block containing three pulleys. Heavier crane types featured five pulleys or, in case of the largest one, the polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could readily lift 3,000 kg. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, for instance, the blocks weigh up to 60 tons each
Crane (machine)
–
Reconstruction of a 10.4 m high Roman Polyspastos powered by a treadwheel at
Bonn, Germany
Crane (machine)
–
A modern mobile crane with
outriggers. The
latticed boom is fitted with a
gib.
Crane (machine)
–
Medieval port crane for mounting masts and lifting heavy cargo in the former
Hanse town of
Gdańsk
Crane (machine)
–
Double treadwheel crane in Pieter Bruegel's
The Tower of Babel
21.
McMyler-Interstate Company
–
Designed and built in Bedford in 1919, the crane was called the League Island Crane by its builder. Weighing 3,500 tons, the crane was shipped to the Navy yard in sections, at the time, it was the worlds largest crane. The League Island Crane was for years the Navys largest crane. Hog Island Cranes League Island Crane
McMyler-Interstate Company
–
The "League Island Crane" with Clemson-class destroyer
USS Lamson (DD-328) in the foreground.
McMyler-Interstate Company
–
A 1912 advertisement highlighting the McMyler Interstate Company's Type J 35-Ton Capacity Standard Gauge Locomotive Crane fitted with a 1 yard or 1 yard Scraper Bucket
22.
Bedford, Ohio
–
Bedford is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 13,074 at the 2010 census and it is an eastern suburb of Cleveland. Bedford is located at 41°23′33″N 81°32′04″W, according to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 5.40 square miles, of which 5.35 square miles is land and 0.05 square miles is water. Bedford began as part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in 1797 and was surveyed Seth Pease, the area was originally marked as Lot 46 of the Western Reserve Survey and after the survey it was labeled as Range II Township 6 which would eventually become Bedford Township. The area attracted many enterprising settlers as it had both an abundance of forests and Tinkers Creek, which had waterfalls that were conducive for building mills. The first settlers to the area started to arrive in 1813, in 1816, the Taylor Chair Company was created by Benjamin Franklin Fitch along the banks of Tinkers Creek. The original workshop site was located at the corners of Libby Rd and Warrensville-Center Rd in Bedford, the company is still in existence today and is considered to be the longest running, single family owned company in the US. Bedford Township was officially founded in 1823 and Township 6 was renamed Bedford Township by Daniel Benedict, originally a native of Bedford, from the 1830s to 1890s, industries spring up along Tinkers Creek, using the fast-flowing water as a source of power to operate numerous mills. In 1834, the First Baptist Church was established to meet the religious needs of the growing population in the area. In 1892, the moved into its first dedicated building located on the Bedford Commons. The old First Baptist Church is a stone building done in the Late Gothic Revival style and was designed by architect Jacob Snyder, in 1968, the First Baptist Church moved to its present location at the corner of Turney Road and West Glendale Avenue. The old stone still stands though and is owned by the Bedford Historical Society. It currently serves as a community building and a rental hall, the deed for the land stated the property was to be used as a public square forever. 1861 -1865 Bedford sends over 280 of its sons to fight in the Civil War, a monument to these men was erected in 1886 to commemorate their sacrifices. 1890s - Bedford becomes a train isthmus for the railroad network, in 1889, the Bedford Depot for passengers awaiting trains is built. 1905 - A new Bedford Central High School is opened 1915 - The village of Maple Heights splits from Bedford Township, the village of Maple Heights left Bedford Township in 1915. 1921 - Saint Marys Parish becomes Bedfords first Catholic parish, in 1927, the Bedford Municipal Hospital was built. The original hospital still stands, though it has been added onto since it was first constructed
Bedford, Ohio
–
Broadway Avenue in Bedford
23.
Mustin Field
–
It was in service from 1926 to 1963. On 27 July 1917, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels approved the development of a Naval Aircraft Factory as a Navy-owned aircraft design, the factory opened 17 November 1917. Production of H-16 and MF flying boats began in 1918, the NAF produced Vought VE-7 airframes when the small Lewis & Vought organization was unable to handle a large production order. The factory also constructed nine Curtiss TS-1s, -2s, and -3s in 1922 for cost comparisons and performance evaluations with different powerplants. As the Navy introduced progressively more land based aircraft in the 1920s, in 1926 the eastern end of the Back Channel of League Island in the Delaware River was landfilled to create space for flight operations, after the training school in Rockaway, New York, was closed. League Island ceased to be one with change, the western end of Back Channel becoming the Reserve Basin for the Navy Yard. The aerodrome was established as Naval Air Facility Mustin Field on 17 September 1926, Mustin, Navy Air Pilot No.3, and Naval Aviator No. 11, who recorded the first catapult launch from a vessel on 5 November 1915 when he flew off of USS North Carolina in a Curtiss Model AB-2. The dedication took place toward the end of the six-month Philadelphia Sesquicentennial Exposition, thirty foreign nations attended the Sesqui, and all the planes from the exhibition flew in formation with aircraft of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps to honor Mustin. The station consisted of 53 enlisted,16 officers, four seaplanes, throughout the 1930s, the field hosted a variety of test operations, conducted by experimental test squadron VX-3D4. The Naval Aircraft Factory produced 997 N3N primary training biplanes from 1935 to 1942. The Status of Naval Aircraft, dated June 1937, lists the following as assigned at the Naval Aircraft Factory,1 XRK-1,2 O2U-3,1 XO4U-2,1 XO5U-1,1 SU-1,2 SU-2,1 T4M-1, and 1 NT-1. In 1939 the base was redesignated Naval Reserve Air Base Mustin Field, the NRAB was moved to the new air station, but was soon renamed when its mailing address was moved to a new post office at Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. Mustin Field was redesignated an Naval Auxiliary Air Station for flight testing with the Philadelphia Naval Aircraft Factory on 20 July 1943, the Naval Aircraft Factory was redesignated the Naval Air Material Center in 1943. At the end of the war construction program, the Naval Air Material Center occupied 500 acres adjacent to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, the Naval Aircraft Factory was renamed the Naval Air Engineering Facility on 26 April 1956. Its revised mission included research, engineering, design, development, the redesignation ceremony occurred on 1 June. It was formally disestablished on 7 October 1958, the Navy officially closed the Henry C. After the closing of the shipyard in 1995, all Naval activity at the site ceased, several of the Naval Air Facility’s buildings have been repurposed and much of the land is slated for redevelopment
Mustin Field
–
Aerial view of Naval Air Material Center (NAMC) Philadelphia, Mustin Field, and the shipyard circa 1947, published in Naval Aviation News. The Reserve Basin at upper left is what remains of the Back Channel which was filled to create the flying field.
24.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
25.
USS New Jersey (BB-62)
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USS New Jersey is an Iowa-class battleship, and was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named after the US state of New Jersey. New Jersey earned more battle stars for combat actions than the three completed Iowa-class battleships, and was the only US battleship providing gunfire support during the Vietnam War. During World War II, New Jersey shelled targets on Guam and Okinawa, during the Korean War, she was involved in raids up and down the North Korean coast, after which she was decommissioned into the United States Navy reserve fleets, better known as the mothball fleet. She was briefly reactivated in 1968 and sent to Vietnam to support US troops before returning to the fleet in 1969. Reactivated once more in the 1980s as part of the 600-ship Navy program, New Jersey was modernized to carry missiles, in 1983, she participated in US operations during the Lebanese Civil War. After a brief retention in the fleet, she was donated to the Home Port Alliance in Camden, New Jersey. New Jersey was one of the Iowa-class fast battleship designs planned in 1938 by the Preliminary Design Branch at the Bureau of Construction and she was launched on 12 December 1942 and commissioned on 23 May 1943. The ship was the second of the Iowa class to be commissioned by the U. S. Navy, New Jerseys main battery consisted of nine 16/50 caliber Mark 7 guns in three three-gun turrets, which could fire 2, 700-pound armor-piercing shells some 23 miles. Her secondary battery consisted of twenty 5/38 caliber guns mounted in twin-gun dual purpose turrets, when reactivated in 1968, New Jersey had her 20 mm and 40 mm AA guns removed and was tailored for use as a heavy bombardment ship. When reactivated in 1982, New Jersey had four twin 5/38 caliber DP mounts removed, unlike the other Iowa-class battleships, New Jersey was named by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to repay a political debt, to then-New Jersey Governor Charles Edison. New Jersey completed fitting out and trained her initial crew in the Western Atlantic, on 7 January 1944 she passed through the Panama Canal war-bound for Funafuti, Ellice Islands. She reported there 22 January for duty with the United States Fifth Fleet, New Jersey began her career as a flagship 4 February in Majuro Lagoon when Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, commanding the 5th Fleet, broke his flag from her main. Her first action as a flagship was in Operation Hailstone, a two-day surface and this attack was coordinated with the assault on Kwajalein, and effectively interdicted the Japanese naval retaliation to the conquest of the Marshalls. New Jersey destroyed a trawler and, with ships, sank the destroyer Maikaze. New Jersey also fired on an aircraft that attacked her formation. The task force returned to the Marshalls 19 February, upon his return to Majuro, Admiral Spruance transferred his flag to Indianapolis. New Jerseys next war cruise,13 April –4 May 1944, began, New Jersey and her formation shot down two enemy torpedo bombers at Truk. Her 16 inch salvos pounded Ponape 1 May, destroying tanks, badly damaging the airfield
USS New Jersey (BB-62)
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USS New Jersey underway in January 1985.
USS New Jersey (BB-62)
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A crewman assigned to one of New Jersey 's anti-aircraft guns watches helplessly as a Japanese kamikaze pilot prepares to strike
Intrepid.
USS New Jersey (BB-62)
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New Jersey photographed shortly after her 1948 decommissioning. The "
igloo "-like domes on the ship were placed over her anti-aircraft guns as protection from the elements.
USS New Jersey (BB-62)
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New Jersey opens up on Communist targets near the
38th parallel.
26.
USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
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USS Wisconsin is an Iowa-class battleship, the second ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the U. S. state of Wisconsin. She was built at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and launched on 7 December 1943, during the Korean War, Wisconsin shelled North Korean targets in support of United Nations and South Korean ground operations, after which she was decommissioned. She was reactivated on 1 August 1986, after a modernization program and she currently functions as a museum ship operated by Nauticus, The National Maritime Center in Norfolk, Virginia. Wisconsin was struck from the Naval Vessel Register 17 March 2006, on 15 April 2010, the City of Norfolk officially took over ownership of the ship. Wisconsin was one of the fast battleship designs planned in 1938 by the Preliminary Design Branch at the Bureau of Construction and she was the third of four completed ships of the Iowa class of battleships. Her keel was laid down on 25 January 1941, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She was launched on 7 December 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Goodland, wife of Walter S. Goodland, the Governor of Wisconsin, and commissioned on 16 April 1944, with Captain Earl E. Stone in command. Wisconsins main battery consisted of nine 16 in /50 cal Mark 7 guns, the secondary battery consisted of 205 in /38 cal guns in ten twin turrets, which could fire at targets up to 10 mi away. Wisconsin is numerically the highest numbered US battleship built, although her keel was laid after the USS Missouris, she was commissioned before the Missouris commissioning date. Thus, Wisconsins construction began after Missouris, and finished earlier, Iowa and Wisconsin were finally stricken from the Naval Vessel Registry on 17 March 2006 making them the last battleships in commission in the world. After the ships trials and initial training in the Chesapeake Bay, Wisconsin departed Norfolk, Virginia, on 7 July 1944, following her shakedown cruise she returned to the builders yard for alterations and repairs. On 24 September 1944, Wisconsin sailed for the west coast, transiting the Panama Canal, the battleship later moved to Hawaiian waters for training exercises and then headed for the Western Caroline Islands. Upon reaching the Caroline Island Ulithi she joined Admiral William F. Halseys 3rd Fleet on 9 December, as a part of that movement, the planners had envisioned landings on the southwest coast of Mindoro, south of Luzon. From that point, American forces could threaten Japanese shipping lanes through the South China Sea, in preparation for the coming invasion of Mindoro, Wisconsin was assigned to protect the 3rd Fleets Fast Carrier Task Force, as they conducted air raids at Manila to soften up Japanese positions. At the time the ships were operating about 300 mi east of Luzon in the Philippine Sea, the carriers had just completed three days of heavy raids against Japanese airfields, suppressing enemy aircraft during the American amphibious operations against Mindoro in the Philippines. The task force rendezvoused with Captain Jasper T. Acuff and his fueling group 17 December with the intention of refueling all ships in the task force, although the sea had been growing rougher all day, the nearby cyclonic disturbance gave relatively little warning of its approach. On 18 December, the small but violent typhoon overtook the Task Force while many of the ships were attempting to refuel, many of the ships were caught near the center of the storm and buffeted by extreme seas and hurricane-force winds. Three destroyers, Hull, Monaghan, and Spence, capsized and sank with all hands, while a cruiser, five aircraft carriers
USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
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USS Wisconsin at sea, c. 1990
USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
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Wisconsin tied up alongside the hulk of
Oklahoma at
Pearl Harbor in November 1944, prior to her departure to join up with the 3rd Fleet.
USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
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Wisconsin escorting US Essex -class aircraft carriers in the Pacific Ocean during
World War II. The tail crane was used to recover reconnaissance planes launched by Wisconsin.
USS Wisconsin (BB-64)
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Buck, Wisconsin, and
Saint Paul steam in close formation during operations off the Korean coast, 1952
27.
Philip Abelson
–
Philip Hauge Abelson was an American physicist, a scientific editor, and a science writer. Abelson was born on April 27,1913, in Tacoma and he attended Washington State University, where he received degrees in chemistry and physics, and the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned his PhD in nuclear physics. As a young physicist, he worked for Ernest Lawrence at the UC Berkeley and he was among the first American scientists to verify nuclear fission in an article submitted to the Physical Review in February 1939. From 1939 until 1941, he worked as an assistant physicist at the Carnegie Institution in Washington DC and it was while he was here that he worked on a substance that emitted beta rays and was produced by irradiation of uranium with neutrons. After he collaborated with the Nobel Prize laureate Luis Alvarez they isolated the material, McMillan was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery among other elements. Abelson was a key contributor to the Manhattan Project during World War II, after the war, he turned his attention under the guidance of Ross Gunn to applying nuclear power to naval propulsion. While not written at a level, he wrote the first physics report detailing how a nuclear reactor could be installed in a submarine. His report anticipated the nuclear role as a missile platform. This concept was supported by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover. Under Rickover, the concept became reality in the form of USS Nautilus, from 1962 to 1984 he was editor of Science, one of the most prestigious academic journals, and served as its acting executive officer in 1974,1975 and 1984. From 1972 until 1974 he served as the president of the American Geophysical Union, Abelson was outspoken and well known for his opinions on science. In a 1964 editorial published in Science magazine, Abelson identified overspecialization in science as a form of bigotry and he estimated that based on his experiments alanine would be stable for billions of years. Perhaps his most famous work from time period is an editorial entitled Enough of Pessimism. This became the title of a 100 essay collection, during the 1970s he became interested in the problem of world energy supplies. Books on the topic include Energy for Tomorrow, from a series of lectures at the University of Washington and he pointed out the possibilities of mining the Athabascan tar sands, as well as oil shale in the Colorado Rockies. In addition he urged conservation and a change of attitude towards public transit, after 1984, he remained associated with the magazine. This would exceed by far the temperature fluctuations of the past several years and would very likely. Abelson died on August 1,2004, from complications following a brief illness
Philip Abelson
–
Philip Abelson
28.
Manhattan Project
–
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom, from 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs, the Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District, Manhattan gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project. Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, the Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $2 billion. Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce material, with less than 10% for development. Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States, the United Kingdom, two types of atomic bombs were developed concurrently during the war, a relatively simple gun-type fission weapon and a more complex implosion-type nuclear weapon. Chemically identical to the most common isotope, uranium-238, and with almost the same mass, three methods were employed for uranium enrichment, electromagnetic, gaseous and thermal. Most of this work was performed at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, in parallel with the work on uranium was an effort to produce plutonium. The plutonium was then separated from the uranium. The Fat Man implosion-type weapon was developed in a concerted design, the project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, despite the Manhattan Projects tight security, Soviet atomic spies still penetrated the program. The first nuclear device ever detonated was a bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexicos Alamogordo Bombing. Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947, there were fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop one first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries. In August 1939, Hungarian-born physicists Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner drafted the Einstein–Szilárd letter and it urged the United States to take steps to acquire stockpiles of uranium ore and accelerate the research of Enrico Fermi and others into nuclear chain reactions. They had it signed by Albert Einstein and delivered to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Roosevelt called on Lyman Briggs of the National Bureau of Standards to head the Advisory Committee on Uranium to investigate the issues raised by the letter. Briggs held a meeting on 21 October 1939, which was attended by Szilárd, Wigner, the committee reported back to Roosevelt in November that uranium would provide a possible source of bombs with a destructiveness vastly greater than anything now known. The Advisory Committee on Uranium became the National Defense Research Committee Committee on Uranium when that organization was formed on 27 June 1940, Briggs proposed that the spend $167,000 on research into uranium, particularly the uranium-235 isotope, and the recently discovered plutonium
Manhattan Project
–
The Manhattan Project created the first
nuclear bombs. The
Trinity test is shown.
Manhattan Project
–
A 1940 meeting at Berkeley with (from left to right)
Ernest O. Lawrence,
Arthur H. Compton,
Vannevar Bush,
James B. Conant,
Karl T. Compton, and
Alfred L. Loomis
Manhattan Project
–
J. Robert Oppenheimer and
Leslie Groves at remains of the
Trinity test in September 1945. The white overshoes prevent fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes.
Manhattan Project
–
Groves confers with
James Chadwick, the head of the British Mission
