1.
Terre Haute, Indiana
–
Terre Haute is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, near the states western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,785. Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is the capital of the Wabash Valley. The city is home to higher education institutions, including Indiana State University, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. Terre Haute is notable for being the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee, Debs and the Federal Correctional Complex. Terre Haute is located alongside the bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana. The city lies about 75 miles west of Indianapolis, according to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has a total area of 35.272 square miles, of which 34.54 square miles is land and 0.732 square miles is water. The Wabash River dominates the geography of the city, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of city mark the edge of the flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the northern and southern sections of the city, in the late 19th century, several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of the city. That well produced oil into the 1920s, Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways, U. S.40 from California to Maryland and US41 from Copper Harbor, Michigan to Miami, Florida. Terre Haute is located 77 miles southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 miles of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfa, Terre Hautes name was derived from the French phrase terre haute, meaning Highland. It was likely named by French explorers in the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River, at the time the area was claimed by the French and British, these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana. The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards, the village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816. Growth really began when the founders won the bid to make it the county seat when Vigo County was formed in March 1818. When the villages 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832, Terre Haute became a town, early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling and pork processing
2.
Peoria, Illinois
–
Peoria is a city in and the county seat of Peoria County, Illinois, United States, and the largest city on the Illinois River. Established in 1691 by the French explorer Henri de Tonti, Peoria is the oldest European settlement in Illinois, as of the 2010 census, the city was the seventh-most populated in Illinois, with a population of 115,007. The Peoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 373,590 in 2011, Peoria had a population of 118,943 in 2010, when far northern Peoria was also included. Around 12,000 jobs will still remain in the Peoria area, Peoria is one of the oldest settlements in Illinois, as explorers first ventured up the Illinois River from the Mississippi. The lands that eventually would become Peoria were first settled in 1680 and this fort would later burn to the ground, and in 1813 Fort Clark, Illinois was built. When the County of Peoria was organized in 1825, Fort Clark was officially named Peoria, Peoria was named after the Peoria tribe, a member of the Illinois Confederation. The original meaning of the word is uncertain, a 21st-century proposal suggests a derivation from a Proto-Algonquian word meaning to dream with the help of a manitou. Peoria was incorporated as a village on March 11,1835, the city did not have a mayor, though they had a village president, Rudolphus Rouse, who served from 1835 to 1836. The first Chief of Police, John B Lishk, was appointed in 1837, the city was incorporated on April 21,1845. This was the end of a president and the start of the mayoral system. Peoria, Arizona, a suburb of Phoenix, was named after Peoria, greenhut and Deloss S. Brown − wished to name it after their hometown. Peoria is located at 40°43′15″N 89°36′34″W, according to the 2010 census, Peoria has a total area of 50.23 square miles, of which 48.01 square miles is land and 2.22 square miles is water. Peoria is bounded on the east by the Illinois River except for the enclave of Peoria Heights, four bridges run directly between the city and neighboring East Peoria. On the south end of Peorias western border are Bartonville and the established city of West Peoria. Local municipal plans indicate that the city intends to continue its expansion northwest, into an area considered part of Dunlap. Peoria has a continental climate, with cold, snowy winters. Monthly daily mean temperatures range from 22.5 °F to 75.2 °F, snowfall is common in the winter, averaging 26.3 inches, but this figure varies considerably from year to year. Precipitation, averaging 36 inches, peaks in the spring and summer, extremes have ranged from −27 °F in January 1884 to 113 °F in July 1936
3.
Fantastic (magazine)
–
Fantastic was an American digest size fantasy and science fiction magazine, published from 1952 to 1980. It was founded by Ziff Davis as a companion to Amazing Stories. Early sales were good, and Ziff Davis quickly decided to switch Amazing from pulp format to digest, within a few years sales fell, and Howard Browne, the editor, was forced to switch the focus to science fiction rather than fantasy. Browne lost interest in the magazine as a result and the magazine generally ran poor quality fiction in the mid-1950s, under Browne and his successor and she helped to nurture the early careers of writers such as Roger Zelazny and Ursula K. Le Guin, but was unable to increase circulation, and in 1965 the magazines were sold to Sol Cohen and this was financially successful, but brought Cohen into conflict with the newly formed Science Fiction Writers of America. After a turbulent period at the end of the 1960s, Ted White became editor, White worked hard to make the magazine successful, introducing artwork from artists who had made their names in comics, and working with new authors such as Gordon Eklund. His budget for fiction was low, but he was able to find good stories from well-known writers which had been rejected by the other markets. Circulation continued to decline and in 1978 Cohen sold out his half of the business to his partner, in 1938, Ziff-Davis, a Chicago-based publisher looking to expand into the pulp magazine market, acquired Amazing Stories. Ziff-Davis agreed to back the new magazine, and Browne put together a copy, but when the Korean War broke out Ziff-Davis cut their budgets. Browne did not give up, and in 1952 received the go-ahead to try a new magazine instead, focused on high-quality fantasy, the first issue of Fantastic, dated Summer 1952, appeared on March 21 of that year. The experiment with quality fiction did not last, circulation dropped, which led to budget cuts, and in turn the quality of the fiction fell. Browne had wanted to separate Fantastic from Amazings pulp roots, but now found he had to print more science fiction, Fantastics poor results were probably a consequence of the overloaded sf magazine market, far more magazines appeared in the early 1950s than the market was able to support. In May 1956 Browne left Ziff-Davis to become a screenwriter, Paul W. Fairman took over as editor of both Fantastic and Amazing. In 1957 Bernard Davis left Ziff-Davis, it had been Davis who had suggested the acquisition of Amazing in 1939, with his departure Amazing and Fantastic stagnated, they remained monthly but drew no attention from Ziff-Daviss management. In November 1955, Ziff-Davis hired an assistant, Cele Goldsmith and she also read the slush piles for all the magazines, and was quickly given more responsibility. Goldsmith stayed as editor for six and a half years, circulation dropped for both Amazing and Fantastic, in 1964 Fantastic had a paid circulation of only 27,000. In 1965 Sol Cohen, who at time was Galaxys publisher, set up his own publishing company, Ultimate Publishing. Cohen had decided to make the magazines as profitable as possible by filling them only with reprints, using reprints in this way saved Cohen about $8,000 a year between the two magazines
4.
Fantasy
–
Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
5.
The Other Log of Phileas Fogg
–
The Other Log of Phileas Fogg is a science fiction/steampunk parallel history novel written by American author Philip José Farmer in 1973. It was originally published by DAW Books and later reprinted in 1979 by Hamlyn, Tor has subsequently reissued the novel in 1988 and 1993. The story takes place within the internal reality first imagined in the 1872 Jules Verne novel, Farmer includes many of the storys original characters, including Phileas Fogg and his French valet, Passepartout. He establishes that all of Vernes published works take place within the same shared continuity and he includes elements of crossover fiction, incorporating the Arthur Conan Doyle characters of Sherlock Holmes and James Moriarty into his setting. These elements place Phileas Fogg and his supporting cast into the Wold Newton family of literary characters. In an introduction, Farmer posits that Vernes story was not simply an article of fiction, but the chronology of actual events, which Verne later decided to adapt into a fictional setting. In the books epilogue, Farmer playfully alludes to the notion that Phileas Fogg is still alive, from Farmers perspective, Jules Verne revealed only a small and significantly subdued portion of the actual background and exploits of Phileas Fogg. Farmers story does not challenge any of the elements of the original text, Phileas Fogg is a mysterious British gentleman who lives with his valet Passepartout at No.7 Saville-Row in Burlington Gardens during the latter half of the 19th century. Unbeknownst to his peers, he is also the immortal foster child of a race of aliens known as the Eridani. A man of intellect and affluence, Fogg enters into a wager with a fellow Eridanian citing that he can circumnavigate the globe in exactly eighty days. Although witnesses feel that his claim is more than the boasting of a rich eccentric. His journey brings him face to face with the infamous sea scourge Captain Nemo, the two combatants match wits with one another at several key locations, including the mysterious ghost ship known as the Mary Celeste. The journey climaxes with a battle at Foggs home in London. Doc Savage, His Apocalyptic Life Wold Newton family The novel concludes with a twenty-one page addendum written by H. W, starr entitled A Submersible Subterfuge or Proof Impositive. It originally appeared in Leaves from the Copper Beeches and published for the Sons of the Copper Beeches Scion Society of the Baker Street Irregulars, Livingston Publishing Company, Narberth,1959. Starr exhaustively details the irreconcilable inconsistencies that take place within Vernes Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and he further contrasts the life and personality of Nemo, as originally presented by Verne, with that of James Moriarty – nemesis of Sherlock Holmes. Information contained within the addendum actually challenges Farmers merging of characters, citing specific comparisons of age, personality and lineage. Phillip Jose Farmer Official Website The Wold Newton Universe
6.
Ray Bradbury
–
Ray Douglas Bradbury was an American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction author and screenwriter. While most of his best known work is in speculative fiction, he wrote in other genres, such as the coming-of-age novel Dandelion Wine or the fictionalized memoir Green Shadows. Recipient of numerous awards, including a 2007 Pulitzer Citation, Bradbury also wrote and consulted on screenplays and television scripts, including Moby Dick, many of his works were adapted to comic book, television and film formats. On his death in 2012, The New York Times called Bradbury the writer most responsible for bringing modern science fiction into the literary mainstream. Bradbury was born on August 22,1920 in Waukegan, Illinois, to Esther Bradbury, a Swedish immigrant, and Leonard Spaulding Bradbury and he was given the middle name Douglas, after the actor Douglas Fairbanks. Bradbury was related to the American Shakespeare scholar Douglas Spaulding and was descended from Mary Bradbury, Bradbury was surrounded by an extended family during his early childhood and formative years in Waukegan, Illinois. An aunt read him stories when he was a child. This period provided foundations for both the author and his stories, in Bradburys works of fiction, 1920s Waukegan becomes Green Town, Illinois. The family arrived with only US$40, which paid for rent and this meant that they could stay, however, and Bradbury—who was in love with Hollywood—was ecstatic. Bradbury attended Los Angeles High School and was active in the drama club and he often roller-skated through Hollywood in hopes of meeting celebrities. Among the creative and talented people Bradbury met this way were special effects pioneer Ray Harryhausen, throughout his youth, Bradbury was an avid reader and writer and knew at a young age that he was going into one of the arts. Bradbury began writing his own stories at age eleven, during the Great Depression — sometimes writing on the available paper, butcher paper. In his youth, he spent much time in the Carnegie library in Waukegan, reading such authors as H. G. Wells, Jules Verne, at twelve, Bradbury began writing traditional horror stories and said he tried to imitate Poe until he was about eighteen. In addition to comics, he loved Edgar Rice Burroughs, creator of Tarzan of the Apes, the Warlord of Mars impressed him so much that at the age of twelve he wrote his own sequel. The young Bradbury was also a cartoonist and loved to illustrate and he wrote about Tarzan and drew his own Sunday panels. He listened to the radio show Chandu the Magician, and when the show went off the air every night he would sit, as a teen in Beverly Hills, he often visited his mentor and friend, science fiction writer Bob Olsen, sharing ideas and maintaining contact. In 1936, at a bookstore in Hollywood, Bradbury discovered a handbill promoting meetings of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society. Excited to find there were others sharing his interest, Bradbury joined a weekly Thursday-night conclave at age sixteen, at age 17, Bradbury read stories published in Astounding Science Fiction, and read everything by Robert A. Heinlein, Arthur C
7.
North Terre Haute, Indiana
–
North Terre Haute is a census-designated place in Vigo County, in the U. S. state of Indiana. The population was 4,305 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area. A post office was established at North Terre Haute in 1912, North Terre Haute is located at 39°31′54″N 87°21′43″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 3.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,606 people,1,850 households, the population density was 1,287.3 people per square mile. There were 1,950 housing units at a density of 545. 0/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96. 18% White,2. 56% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 35% Asian,0. 04% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 00% of the population. 27. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.94. In the CDP, the population was out with 26. 7% under the age of 18,8. 6% from 18 to 24,29. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $34,617, and the median income for a family was $42,469. Males had an income of $33,306 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,729, about 8. 7% of families and 9. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8. 0% of those under age 18 and 8. 7% of those age 65 or over
8.
Frederik Pohl
–
From about 1959 until 1969, Pohl edited Galaxy and its sister magazine If, the latter won three successive annual Hugo Awards as the years best professional magazine. He won the Campbell Memorial Award again for the 1984 collection of novellas Years of the City, for his 1979 novel Jem, Pohl won a U. S. National Book Award in the one-year category Science Fiction. It was a finalist for three other years best novel awards and he won four Hugo and three Nebula Awards. Pohl won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2010, for his blog, Pohl was the son of Frederik George Pohl and Anna Jane Mason. Pohl Sr. held various jobs, and the Pohls lived in such locations as Texas, California, New Mexico. The family settled in Brooklyn when Pohl was around seven and he attended Brooklyn Technical High School, and dropped out at 17. In 2009, he was awarded a diploma from Brooklyn Tech. While a teenager, he co-founded the New York–based Futurians fan group, and began lifelong friendships with Donald Wollheim, Isaac Asimov and others who would become important writers and editors. Pohl later said that other friends came and went and were gone, many of the ones I met through fandom were friends all their lives – Isaac, Damon Knight, Cyril Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, Dick Wilson. In fact, there are one or two – Jack Robins, Dave Kyle – whom I still count as friends, seventy-odd years later and he published a science fiction fanzine called Mind of Man. During 1936, Pohl joined the Young Communist League because of its positions for unions and against racial prejudice, Adolf Hitler and he became president of the local Flatbush III Branch of the YCL in Brooklyn. Pohl has said that after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, the party changed and he could no longer support it. Pohl served in the United States Army from April 1943 until November 1945, after training in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Colorado, he was mainly stationed in Italy with the 456th Bombardment Group. His first wife, Leslie Perri, was another Futurian, they were married in August 1940 and he then married Dorothy LesTina in Paris in August 1945 while both were serving in the military in Europe, the marriage ended in 1947. During 1948, he married Judith Merril, they had a daughter, Pohl and Merril divorced in 1952. In 1953, he married Carol M. Ulf Stanton, with whom he had three children and collaborated on books, they separated in 1977 and were divorced in 1983. From 1984 until his death, Pohl was married to science fiction expert and he fathered four children – Ann, Frederik III, Frederik IV and Kathy. Grandchildren include Canadian writer Emily Pohl-Weary and chef Tobias Pohl-Weary, from 1984 on, he lived in Palatine, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago
9.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
10.
Bachelor's degree
–
A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
11.
Bradley University
–
Bradley University is a private, mid-sized university in Peoria, Illinois. Founded in 1897, Bradley University currently enrolls 5,400 students, pursuing degrees in more than 100 undergraduate programs, all classes are taught by professors rather than teaching assistants. The university is accredited by 22 national accrediting agencies, including the Higher Learning Commission, students can participate in more than 240 student organizations, including the Lewis J. Burger Center for Student Leadership and Public Service, the Bradleys had discussed establishing an orphanage in memory of their deceased children. As a first step toward her goal, in 1892 she purchased a controlling interest in Parsons Horological School in LaPorte, Indiana, the first school for watchmakers in America, and moved it to Peoria. She specified in her will that the school should be expanded after her death to include an education as well as industrial arts. In October 1896 Mrs. Bradley was introduced to Dr. William Rainey Harper and he soon convinced her to move ahead with her plans and establish the school during her lifetime. Bradley Polytechnic Institute was chartered on November 13,1896, Mrs. Bradley provided 17.5 acres of land, $170,000 for buildings, equipment, and a library, and $30,000 per year for operating expenses. Contracts for Bradley Hall and Horology Hall were awarded in April, fourteen faculty and 150 students began classes in Bradley Hall on October 4—with 500 workers still hammering away. Bradley Polytechnic Institute was formally dedicated on October 8,1897 and its first graduate, in June 1898, was Cora Unland. Originally, the institute was organized as an academy as well as a two-year college. There was only one high school in the city of Peoria at the time. By 1920 the institute dropped the academy orientation and adopted a four-year collegial program, enrollment continued to grow over the coming decades and the name Bradley University was adopted in 1946. The Board of Trustees adopted the 2012-17 strategic plan on January 27,2012, the annual survey also recognized Bradley as the ninth best value Midwestern school in the ranking of Great Schools at Great Prices. The Bradley University Department of Teacher Education and College of Education, the University is also home to the Charley Steiner School of Sports Communication, the first such named school in the U. S. Each has its own requirements and varies in completion time. The program of physical therapy offers a Doctor of Physical Therapy degree, Bradley University is among the first universities in the nation to have a school of entrepreneurship and the first established as a freestanding academic unit. The Turner School of Entrepreneurship and Innovation is named in honor of Bob and Carolyn Turner, the Turners established the Robert and Carolyn Turner Center for Entrepreneurship in 2002
12.
Startling Stories
–
Startling Stories was an American pulp science fiction magazine, published from 1939 to 1955 by publisher Ned Pines Standard Magazines. It was initially edited by Mort Weisinger, who was also the editor of Thrilling Wonder Stories, Startling ran a lead novel in every issue, the first was The Black Flame by Stanley G. Weinbaum. Friend was replaced by Sam Merwin, Jr. in 1945, clarkes Against the Fall of Night, and several other well-received stories. Much of Startlings cover art was painted by Earle K. Bergey and he was known for equipping his heroines with brass bras and implausible costumes, and the public image of science fiction in his day was partly created by his work for Startling and other magazines. In mid-1952, Standard attempted to change Startlings image by adopting a more sober title typeface and reducing the sensationalism of the covers, but by 1955 the pulp magazine market was collapsing. Startling absorbed its two magazines, Thrilling Wonder and Fantastic Story Magazine, in early 1955, but by the end of that year it too ceased publication. Ron Hanna of Wild Cat Books revived Startling Stories in 2007, by the end of the 1930s the field was booming. Standard Magazines, a publishing company owned by Ned Pines, acquired its first science fiction magazine, Thrilling Wonder Stories. Mort Weisinger, the editor of Thrilling Wonder, printed an editorial in February 1938 asking readers for suggestions for a companion magazine, response was positive, and the new magazine, titled Startling Stories, was duly launched, with a first issue, dated January 1939. Initial pay rates were half a cent per word, lower than the magazines of the day. Startling was launched on a schedule, alternating months with Thrilling Wonder Stories. The first editor was Mort Weisinger, who had been a fan in the early 1930s and had joined Standard Magazines in 1935. During Friends tenure Startling slipped from bimonthly to quarterly publication, Friend lasted for a little over two years, and was replaced by Sam Merwin, Jr. as of the Winter 1945 issue. Merwin succeeded in making Startling popular and successful, and the schedule was resumed in 1947. At the start of 1952 Startling switched to a schedule, this was unusual in that Startling was notionally junior to Thrilling Wonder, its sister magazine. Merwin left shortly before this switch, in order to more time on his own writing. He was replaced by Samuel Mines, who had worked with Standards Western magazines, street & Smith, one of the longest established and most respected publishers, shut down all of their pulp magazines in the summer of 1949. The pulps were dying, partially as a result of the success of paperbacks, Standard continued with Startling and Thrilling, but the end came only a few years later
13.
Extraterrestrial life
–
Extraterrestrial life, also called alien life, is life that does not originate from Earth. These hypothetical life forms may range from simple single-celled organisms to beings with civilizations far more advanced than humanity, although many scientists expect extraterrestrial life to exist in some form, there is no evidence for its existence to date. The Drake equation speculates about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, the science of extraterrestrial life in all its forms is known as exobiology. The science of astrobiology considers life on Earth as well, in 2015, remains of biotic life were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia, when the young Earth was about 400 million years old. According to one of the researchers, If life arose relatively quickly on Earth and it has also played a major role in works of science fiction. Over the years, science fiction works have increased the publics interest in the possibility of extraterrestrial life, some encourage aggressive methods to try for contact with intelligent extraterrestrial life, whereas others argue that it might be dangerous to actively call attention to Earth. Alien life, such as microorganisms, has been hypothesized to exist in the Solar System and this hypothesis relies on the vast size and consistent physical laws of the observable universe. The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang,13.8 billion years ago, Life may have emerged independently at many places throughout the universe. Alternatively, life may have formed less frequently, then spread—by meteoroids, in any case, complex organic molecules may have formed in the protoplanetary disk of dust grains surrounding the Sun before the formation of Earth. According to these studies, this process may occur outside Earth on several planets and moons of the Solar System, since the 1950s, scientists have argued the idea that habitable zones around stars are the most likely places to find life. The nearest such planet may be 12 light-years away, according to the scientists, astrobiologists have also considered a follow the energy view of potential habitats. Life on Earth requires water as its solvent in which biochemical reactions take place, More generally, life based on ammonia has been suggested, though this solvent appears less suitable than water. It is also conceivable that there are forms of life whose solvent is a liquid hydrocarbon, about 29 chemical elements play an active positive role in living organisms on Earth. About 95% of this matter is built upon only six elements, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus. These six elements form the building blocks of virtually all life on Earth. The unique characteristics of carbon make it unlikely that it could be replaced, even on another planet, the carbon atom has the unique ability to make four strong chemical bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms. These covalent bonds have a direction in space, so that carbon atoms can form the skeletons of complex 3-dimensional structures with definite architectures such as nucleic acids, carbon forms more compounds than all other elements combined. The great versatility of the atom makes it the element most likely to provide the bases—even exotic ones—for the chemical composition of life on other planets
14.
Hugo Award
–
The Hugo Awards are a set of awards given annually for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The awards are named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine Amazing Stories. Organized and overseen by the World Science Fiction Society, the awards are given each year at the annual World Science Fiction Convention as the focus of the event. They were first given in 1953, at the 11th World Science Fiction Convention, the Hugo Awards have been termed as among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing. Works that have won have been published in collections. The 2016 awards were presented at the 74th Worldcon, MidAmeriCon II, in Kansas City, United States, the 2017 Hugos will be presented at the 75th Worldcon, Worldcon 75, in Helsinki, Finland, on August 12,2017. For lists of winners and nominees for each category, see the list of categories below. The World Science Fiction Society gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works, the award is named after Hugo Gernsback, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories and who is considered one of the fathers of the science fiction genre. Works are eligible for an award if they were published in English in the calendar year. There are no rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy. Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, the selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees per category, except in the case of a tie. The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, for each category of Hugo, the voter may rank No Award as one of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they feel the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for No Award other than as ones first choice signifies that the voter believes the nominee ranked higher than No Award are worthy of a Hugo in that category, while those ranked lower are not. The five works on the ballot for each category are the most-nominated by members that year, from 1953 to 1958 the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up novels, but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded. Worldcons are generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each year, the idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention. The idea was based on the Academy Awards, with the name Hugo being given by Robert A. Madle, the award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and Ben Jason in 1953, based on the design of hood ornaments of 1950s cars. It consisted of a rocket ship on a wooden base
15.
Arms industry
–
The arms industry, also known as the defense industry or the arms trade, is a global industry responsible for the manufacturing and sales of weapons and military technology. It consists of a commercial industry involved in the research and development, engineering, production, and servicing of military material, equipment, and facilities. Arms-producing companies, also referred to as arms dealers, defense contractors, or as the industry, produce arms for the armed forces of states. Departments of government also operate in the industry, buying and selling weapons, munitions. An arsenal is a place where arms and ammunition are made, maintained and repaired, stored, or issued, in any combination, the arms industry also provides other logistical and operational support. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimated in 2012 that 2012 military expenditures were roughly 1.8 trillion United States dollars and this represents a relative decline from 1990 when military expenditures made up 4% of world GDP. Part of the money goes to the procurement of military hardware, the combined arms sales of the top 100 largest arms-producing companies amounted to an estimated $395 billion in 2012 according to SIPRI. In 2004 over $30 billion were spent in the arms trade. According to SIPRI, the volume of transfers of major weapons in 2010–14 was 16 per cent higher than in 2005–2009. The five biggest exporters in 2010–2014 were the United States, Russia, China, Germany and France, and the five biggest importers were India, Saudi Arabia, China, many industrialized countries have a domestic arms-industry to supply their own military forces. Some countries also have a legal or illegal domestic trade in weapons for use by its citizens, primarily for self-defense. Illegal trade in small arms occurs in countries and regions affected by political instability. The Small Arms Survey estimates that 875 million small arms circulate worldwide, contracts to supply a given countrys military are awarded by governments, making arms contracts of substantial political importance. Various corporations, some publicly held, others private, bid for these contracts, other times, no bidding or competition takes place. The modern arms industry emerged in the half of the nineteenth century as a product of the creation and expansion of the first large military-industrial companies. In 1854, the British government awarded a contract to the Elswick Ordnance Company of industrialist William Armstrong for the supply of his latest breech loading rifled artillery pieces and this galvanised the private sector into weapons production, with the surplus being increasingly exported to foreign countries. Armstrong became one of the first international arms dealers, selling his weapon systems to governments across the world from Brazil to Japan. In 1884, he opened a shipyard at Elswick to specialise in warship production—at the time, it was the factory in the world that could build a battleship
16.
Syracuse, New York
–
Syracuse is a city in, and the county seat of, Onondaga County, New York, in the United States. It is the largest U. S. city with the name Syracuse, and is the fifth most populous city in the state of New York following New York City, Buffalo, Rochester, and Yonkers. At the 2010 census, the city population was 145,170 and it is the economic and educational hub of Central New York, a region with over a million inhabitants. Syracuse is also well-provided with convention sites, with a convention complex. Syracuse was named after the original Greek city Syracuse, a city on the eastern coast of the Italian island of Sicily. The city has functioned as a crossroads over the last two centuries, first between the Erie Canal and its branch canals, then of the railway network. Today, Syracuse is located at the intersection of Interstates 81 and 90, Syracuse is home to Syracuse University, a major research university, as well as Le Moyne College, a nationally recognized liberal arts college. In 2010, Forbes rated Syracuse 4th in the top 10 places in the U. S. to raise a family, the Syracuse area was first seen by Europeans when French missionaries came to the area in the 1600s. Marie de Gannentaha, on the northeast shore of Onondaga Lake, Jesuit missionaries visiting the Syracuse region in the mid 1600s reported salty brine springs around the southern end of Salt Lake, known today as Onondaga Lake. It is the north flowing brine from Tully that is the source of salt for the salty springs found along the shoreline of Onondaga lake, the rapid development of this industry in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the nicknaming of Syracuse as The Salt City. In 1847, the city was named after Syracuse, Sicily. In 1861, he developed the process for the manufacture of soda ash from brine wells dug in the southern end of Tully valley. The process was an improvement over the earlier Leblanc process, the Syracuse Solvay plant was the incubator for a large chemical industry complex owned by Allied Signal in Syracuse, the result of which made Onondaga Lake the most polluted in the nation. The salt industry declined after the Civil War, but a new manufacturing industry arose in its place, the Geneva Medical College was founded in 1834. It is now known as Upstate Medical University, one of four medical colleges in the State University of New York system. The first New York State Fair was held in Syracuse in 1841, world War II sparked significant industrial expansion in the area, specialty steel, fasteners, custom machining. After the war, two of the Big Three automobile manufacturers had major operations in the area, Syracuse was headquarters for Carrier Corporation, and Crouse-Hinds manufactured traffic signals in Syracuse. General Electric had its television manufacturing plant at Electronics Parkway in Syracuse
17.
Riders of the Purple Wage
–
Riders of the Purple Wage is a science fiction novella by Philip José Farmer. The title of the story is a take-off on Riders of the Purple Sage, Riders of the Purple Wage is an extrapolation of the mid-twentieth centurys tendency towards state supervision and consumer-oriented economic planning. In the story, all receive a basic income from the government. The typical dwelling is an house, outside of which is a realistic simulation of an open environment with sky, sun. In reality each community is on one level of a multi-level arcology, for those who dislike this lifestyle, there are wildlife reserves where they can join tribes of Native Americans and like-minded Anglos living closer to nature for a while. Art are prominently displayed in this society, artists receive press coverage comparable to that of movie stars. Hardly less glamorous are the art critics, each of whom has a pet theory about art, a critic also acts as an agent or manager, promoting the work of one or more artists, especially if their work seems to support his ideas. The story revolves around one of these artists, who sometimes find themselves uninspired. Sexual relations and sexual orientation are portrayed as free from prejudice. The main character is bisexual, and it is implied that most of his acquaintances have had at least experimental relations with members of both sexes, several forms of birth control are also commonplace, encouraged by the government and freely discussed. See also, Sex in science fiction, for people who do not want to bother with social interaction, there is the fornixator, a device that supplies sexual pleasure on demand by direct stimulation of the brains pleasure centers. The fornixator is technically illegal, but tolerated by the government because its users are happy, do not demand anything else, two new sets of customs have arisen which profoundly influence the story. By tradition, everyone has a Naming Day when they are grown, at which point they select a name which reflects their outlook on life, their chosen profession, or the way they want others to see them. The second change derives from the so-called Panamorite religion, which features total sexual freedom including oral sex between parents and their children, Grandpa is in hiding from the government, and most people think of him as having pulled off some huge swindle in the past. In fact, he was a businessman whose workers were highly paid and very content. The resentment which this caused motivated the gummint to close down his business, whereupon he managed to steal twenty billion dollars, which has never been found, a Federal Agent calling himself Falco Accipiter has resolved to hunt down the money at all costs, and is harassing Chib. Throughout the narrative we are treated to extracts from Grandpas unpublished manuscript, in these writings, he describes society and muses on human foibles. He seems particularly fond of James Joyce, and this is a clue to the storys resolution, Chib is preparing for a new art show
18.
Pastiche
–
A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, or music that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists. Unlike parody, pastiche celebrates, rather than mocks, the work it imitates, the word pastiche is a French cognate of the Italian noun pasticcio, which is a pâté or pie-filling mixed from diverse ingredients. Metaphorically, pastiche and pasticcio describe works that are composed by several authors. Pastiche is an example of eclecticism in art, a literary allusion may refer to another work, but it does not reiterate it. Moreover, allusion requires the audience to share in the cultural knowledge. Both allusion and pastiche are mechanisms of intertextuality, in literature usage, the term denotes a literary technique employing a generally light-hearted tongue-in-cheek imitation of anothers style, although jocular, it is usually respectful. For example, many stories featuring Sherlock Holmes, originally penned by Arthur Conan Doyle, have written as pastiches since the authors time. Ellery Queen and Nero Wolfe are other subjects of mystery parodies and pastiches. A similar example of pastiche is the posthumous continuations of the Robert E. Howard stories and this includes the Conan stories of L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter. David Lodges novel The British Museum Is Falling Down is a pastiche of works by Joyce, Kafka, in 1991 Alexandra Ripley wrote the novel Scarlett, a pastiche of Gone with the Wind, in an unsuccessful attempt to have it recognized as a canonical sequel. Charles Rosen has characterized Mozarts various works in imitation of Baroque style as pastiche, some of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys works, such as his Variations on a Rococo Theme and Serenade for Strings, employ a poised classical form reminiscent of 18th-century composers such as Mozart. Perhaps one of the best examples of pastiche in modern music is that of George Rochberg, Rochberg turned to pastiche from serialism after the death of his son in 1963. Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen is unusual as it is a pastiche in both senses of the word, as there are distinct styles imitated in the song. A similar earlier example is Happiness is a Warm Gun by The Beatles, one can find musical pastiches throughout the work of the American composer Frank Zappa. A pastiche Mass is a musical Mass where the constituent movements come from different Mass settings, most often this convention has been chosen for concert performances, particularly by early-music ensembles. Masses are composed of movements, Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, for example, the Missa Solemnis by Beethoven and the Messe de Nostre Dame by Guillaume de Machaut. In a pastiche Mass, the performers may choose a Kyrie from one composer, and a Gloria from another, or choose a Kyrie from one setting of a composer. In musical theater pastiche is often a tool for evoking the sounds of a particular era for which a show is set
19.
James Joyce
–
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist, short story writer, and poet. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde and is regarded as one of the most influential, other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners, and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Finnegans Wake. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism and his published letters, Joyce was born in 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin—about half a mile from his mothers birthplace in Terenure—into a middle-class family on the way down. He went on to attend University College Dublin, in 1904, in his early twenties, Joyce emigrated permanently to continental Europe with his partner Nora Barnacle. They lived in Trieste, Paris and Zurich, Ulysses in particular is set with precision in the streets and alleyways of the city. In the particular is contained the universal, James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce and Mary Jane May Murray, in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was baptised according to the Rites of the Catholic Church in the nearby St Josephs Church in Terenure on 5 February by Rev. John OMulloy and his godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann. He was the eldest of ten surviving children, two of his siblings died of typhoid and his fathers family, originally from Fermoy in County Cork, had once owned a small salt and lime works. Joyces father and paternal grandfather both married into families, though the familys purported ancestor, Seán Mór Seoighe was a stonemason from Connemara. In 1887, his father was appointed rate collector by Dublin Corporation, around this time Joyce was attacked by a dog, which engendered in him a lifelong cynophobia. He also suffered from astraphobia, as an aunt had described thunderstorms to him as a sign of Gods wrath. In 1891 Joyce wrote a poem on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Party had dropped Parnell from leadership. But the Vaticans role in allying with the British Conservative Party to prevent Home Rule left an impression on the young Joyce. The elder Joyce had the printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the familys slide into poverty caused mainly by his drinking and general financial mismanagement. Joyce had begun his education at Clongowes Wood College, a Jesuit boarding school near Clane, County Kildare and this came about because of a chance meeting his father had with a Jesuit priest who knew the family and Joyce was given a reduction in fees to attend Belvedere. In 1895, Joyce, now aged 13, was elected to join the Sodality of Our Lady by his peers at Belvedere, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas continued to have a strong influence on him for most of his life
20.
Finnegans Wake
–
Finnegans Wake is a work of avant-garde comic fiction by Irish writer James Joyce. It is significant for its style and reputation as one of the most difficult works of fiction in the English language. Written in Paris over a period of seventeen years and published in 1939, the entire book is written in a largely idiosyncratic language, which blends standard English lexical items and neologistic multilingual puns and portmanteau words to unique effect. Many critics believe the technique was Joyces attempt to recreate the experience of sleep, despite the obstacles, readers and commentators have reached a broad consensus about the books central cast of characters and, to a lesser degree, its plot, but key details remain elusive. The book discusses, in a fashion, the Earwicker family, comprising the father HCE, the mother ALP. The opening line of the book is a fragment which continues from the books unfinished closing line. Joyce began working on Finnegans Wake shortly after the 1922 publication of Ulysses, the actual title of the work remained a secret until the book was published in its entirety, on 4 May 1939. The work has come to assume a preeminent place in English literature. Anthony Burgess has lauded Finnegans Wake as a great comic vision, in 1998, the Modern Library ranked Finnegans Wake 77th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The now commonplace term quark - the subatomic particle - originates from Finnegans Wake, having completed work on Ulysses, Joyce was so exhausted that he did not write a line of prose for a year. On 10 March 1923 he wrote a letter to his patron, Harriet Weaver, having found a pen, with some difficulty I copied them out in a large handwriting on a double sheet of foolscap so that I could read them. This is the earliest reference to what would become Finnegans Wake, the two pages in question consisted of the short sketch Roderick OConor, concerning the historic last king of Ireland cleaning up after guests by drinking the dregs of their dirty glasses. Joyce completed another four short sketches in July and August 1923, the sketches, which dealt with different aspects of Irish history, are commonly known as Tristan and Isolde, Saint Patrick and the Druid, Kevins Orisons and Mamalujo. The first signs of what would eventually become Finnegans Wake came in August 1923 when Joyce wrote the sketch Here Comes Everybody, which dealt for the first time with the books protagonist HCE. Over the next few years, Joyces method became one of increasingly obsessional concern with note-taking, as Joyce continued to incorporate these notes into his work, the text became increasingly dense and obscure. By 1926 Joyce had largely completed both Parts I and III, geert Lernout asserts that Part I had, at this early stage, a real focus that had developed out of the HCE sketch, the story of HCE, of his wife and children. For the next few years Joyce worked rapidly on the book, adding what would become chapters I.1 and I.6, and revising the already written segments to make them more lexically complex. By this time some supporters of Joyces work, such as Ezra Pound
21.
Welfare state
–
The welfare state is a concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the social and economic well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, the general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization. Marshall described the modern state as a distinctive combination of democracy, welfare. Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories, Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal, the welfare state involves a transfer of funds from the state, to the services provided, as well as directly to individuals. It is funded through redistributionist taxation and is referred to as a type of mixed economy. Such taxation usually includes an income tax for people with higher incomes. Proponents argue that this helps reduce the gap between the rich and poor. The German term Sozialstaat has been used since 1870 to describe state support programs devised by German Sozialpolitiker, the literal English equivalent social state didnt catch on in Anglophone countries. However, during the Second World War, Anglican Archbishop William Temple, author of the book Christianity and the Social Order, popularized the concept using the phrase welfare state. Bishop Temples use of state has been connected to Benjamin Disraelis 1845 novel Sybil, or the Two Nations, which speaks of the only duty of power. In Germany, the term Wohlfahrtsstaat, a translation of the English welfare state, is used to describe Swedens social insurance arrangements. The Italian term stato sociale reproduces the original German term, spanish and many other languages employ an analogous term, estado del bienestar – literally, state of well-being. In Brazil, the concept is referred to as previdência social, in French, welfare state is translated into LÉtat-providence. Modern welfare programs are distinguished from earlier forms of poverty relief by their universal. The institution of social insurance in Germany under Bismarck was an influential template, some schemes were based largely in the development of autonomous, mutualist provision of benefits. Others were founded on state provision, in an influential essay, Citizenship and Social Class, British sociologist T. H. Examples of such states are Germany, all of the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, France, Uruguay and New Zealand, since that time, the term welfare state applies only to states where social rights are accompanied by civil and political rights. Changed attitudes in reaction to the worldwide Great Depression, which brought unemployment, during the Great Depression, the welfare state was seen as a middle way between the extremes of communism on the left and unregulated laissez-faire capitalism on the right
22.
To Your Scattered Bodies Go
–
To Your Scattered Bodies Go is a science fiction novel and the first book in the Riverworld series of books by Philip José Farmer. It won a Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1972 at the 30th Worldcon, british adventurer Richard Francis Burton dies on Earth and is revived in mid-air in a vast dark room filled with human bodies, some only half formed. There, he is confronted by men in a vehicle who blast him with a weapon. He next awakes upon the shores of a river, naked. All around him are other people in a similar situation, shortly after they awaken, a nearby structure, nicknamed a grailstone, causes food and other supplies to appear in the grails bound to each individual. Burton quickly attracts a group of companions, the neanderthal Kazzintuitruaabemss, the science fiction author Peter Jairus Frigate, among these is the extraterrestrial Monat Grrautut, earlier part of a small group of beings from Tau Ceti who had arrived on Earth in the early 21st century. When one of their number was accidentally killed by humans, their spaceship automatically killed all the people on Earth, Frigate and others alive at the time confirm Monats story. Retreating into the woods for safety, Burtons party chew gum provided by their grails. As days and weeks pass, peoples physical wants are provided for by the grails, rumors reach Burtons region that the river continues seemingly forever. After setting off, Burtons group encounters many adventures, but are enslaved by a riverbank kingdom run by Hermann Göring, Göring himself is murdered by Alice. After the revolt Burton is part of the ruling council. Later, the protagonists discover a person among them whom they conclude is an agent of the beings who created this world, before the man can be questioned, he dies of no apparent cause. An autopsy reveals a device planted in the mans brain which apparently allowed him to kill himself at will. Burton is visited by the Mysterious Stranger and is warned that the beings who created this world, desperate to escape, Burton kills himself to be resurrected elsewhere in the river valley, and continues thus to explore it. He often finds himself resurrected near Hermann Göring, who undergoes a moral and religious conversion and this novel, and the Riverworld series itself, is based on Farmers earlier, unpublished novel Owe for the Flesh. Riverworld To Your Scattered Bodies Go at Worlds Without End Audio review and discussion of To Your Scattered Bodies Go at The Science Fiction Book Review Podcast
23.
Kurt Vonnegut
–
Kurt Vonnegut /kɜːrt ˈvʌnəɡət/, in full Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was an American writer. In a career spanning over 50 years, Vonnegut published 14 novels and he is most famous for his darkly satirical, best-selling novel Slaughterhouse-Five. Born and raised in Indianapolis, Indiana, Vonnegut attended Cornell University, as part of his training, he studied mechanical engineering at Carnegie Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee. He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II and he was interned in Dresden and survived the Allied bombing of the city by taking refuge in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned. After the war, Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox, with whom he had three children and he later adopted his sisters three sons, after she died of cancer and her husband died in a train accident. Vonnegut published his first novel, Player Piano, in 1952, the novel was reviewed positively, but was not commercially successful. In the nearly 20 years that followed, Vonnegut published several novels that were marginally successful, such as Cats Cradle and God Bless You. Vonneguts magnum opus, however, was his successful sixth novel. The books antiwar sentiment resonated with its readers amidst the ongoing Vietnam War, after its release, Slaughterhouse-Five went to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list, thrusting Vonnegut into fame. He was invited to give speeches, lectures, and commencement addresses around the country and received many awards, later in his career, Vonnegut published several autobiographical essays and short-story collections, including Fates Worse Than Death, and A Man Without a Country. After his death, he was hailed as a morbidly comical commentator on the society in which he lived, Vonneguts son Mark published a compilation of his fathers unpublished compositions, titled Armageddon in Retrospect. Numerous scholarly works have examined Vonneguts writing and humor, Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born on November 11,1922 in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was the youngest of three children of Kurt Vonnegut Sr. and his wife Edith and his older siblings were Bernard and Alice. Vonneguts mother was born into Indianapolis high society, as her family, thus, they did not teach their youngest son German or introduce him to German literature and tradition, leaving him feeling ignorant and rootless. Vonnegut later credited Ida Young, his familys African-American cook and housekeeper for the first 10 years of his life, for raising him, gave me decent moral instruction and was exceedingly nice to me. So she was as great an influence on me as anybody, Vonnegut described Young as humane and wise, adding that the compassionate, forgiving aspects of beliefs came from her. The financial security and social prosperity that the Vonneguts once enjoyed were destroyed in a matter of years, the Lieberss brewery was closed in 1921 after the advent of Prohibition in the United States. When the Great Depression hit, few people could afford to build, Vonneguts brother and sister had finished their primary and secondary educations in private schools, but Vonnegut was placed in a public school, called Public School No
24.
Isaac Asimov
–
Isaac Asimov was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. He was known for his works of fiction and popular science. Asimov was a writer, and wrote or edited more than 500 books. His books have published in 9 of the 10 major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification. Asimov wrote hard science fiction and, along with Robert A. Heinlein, Clarke, he was considered one of the Big Three science fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimovs most famous work is the Foundation Series, his major series are the Galactic Empire series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. He wrote hundreds of stories, including the social science fiction Nightfall. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Most of his science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way. He often provides nationalities, birth dates, and death dates for the scientists he mentions, as well as etymologies, Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly, he described some members of that organization as brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs. He took more joy in being president of the American Humanist Association, the asteroid 5020 Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, and a literary award are named in his honor. His exact date of birth within that range is unknown, the family name derives from a word for winter crops, in which his great-grandfather dealt. This word is spelled озимые in Russian, and азімыя in Belarusian, phonetically, both words are almost identical because in Russian О in the first unstressed syllable is always pronounced as А. Accordingly, his name originally was Исаак Озимов in Russian, however, he was known in Russia as Ayzek Azimov. Asimov had two siblings, a sister, Marcia, and a brother, Stanley, who was vice-president of New York Newsday. His family emigrated to the United States when he was three years old, since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in Yiddish as well as English. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five, after becoming established in the U. S. his parents owned a succession of candy stores, in which everyone in the family was expected to work
25.
The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
26.
Science Fiction Writers of America
–
Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, or SFWA is a nonprofit 5013 organization of professional science fiction and fantasy writers. While SFWA is based in the United States, its membership is open to writers worldwide, the organization was founded in 1965 by Damon Knight under the name Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. The president of SFWA as of 2015 is Cat Rambo, SFWA has about 1,900 professionally published writer members worldwide. SFWA members vote for the Nebula Awards, one of the principal English-language science fiction awards, SFWA informs, supports, promotes, defends and advocates for its members. Science Fiction Writers of America, Inc. was founded in 1965 by a group of associated with the Milford Conference. According to Todd McCaffrey, the organization immediately acquired great status in its efforts to help J. R. R, tolkien get fair recompense in America for pirated sales of The Lord of the Rings. Later, the name of the organization was changed to Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America and her withdrawal was sent after voting had been completed. When informed she had won, she contacted SFWA and told them she refused to accept it and she was told that her reasons for doing so would be announced. Her publisher accepted the award in her place, apparently with no knowledge of her withdrawal, in September 2009, SFWA joined the Open Book Alliance to oppose the Google Book Settlement. As a party to the class action suit, SFWA had recently explained its reservations about the settlement, in 2013, the SFWA Bulletin was the subject of a controversy about sexism. This led to a hiatus, followed by a reboot of the magazine in a modern. In 2014, the original Massachusetts corporation was dissolved and SFWA reincorporated as a California nonprofit 5013 organization with new bylaws, SFWA holds a semi-annual business meeting at the World Science Fiction Convention when its held in North America, and at the North American Science Fiction Convention otherwise. Other Nebula Awards Weekend events include a semi-annual SFWA business meeting and a mass autographing session for member authors, Nebula Awards Weekend is held in a different location every two years. Over the years, the reception has gone by names, including Authors and Editors, Mill and Swill. The SFWA Reading Series, A series of free events during which SFWA authors read or discuss their fiction with members of local communities. Currently held in Seattle, WA and Portland, OR, SFWA sponsors Writer Beware, whose mission is to track, expose, and raise awareness of the prevalence of fraud and other questionable activities in and around the publishing industry. Writer Beware receives additional support from the Mystery Writers of America, Writer Beware staff assist law enforcement agencies with investigations of literary fraud, and have been instrumental in the convictions of several literary scammers. Greifcom, or the Grievance Committee, is formed of volunteers who undertake to mediate writer disputes and grievances between member writers and their publishers
27.
Richard Francis Burton
–
Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS was an English explorer, geographer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer, and diplomat. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, according to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian and African languages. Burton defied many aspects of the pervasive British ethnocentrism of his day and his works and letters extensively criticized colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career. A characteristic feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations, Burton was a captain in the army of the East India Company, serving in India. Following this, he was engaged by the Royal Geographical Society to explore the east coast of Africa, in later life, he served as British consul in Fernando Pó, Santos, Damascus and, finally, Trieste. He was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded a knighthood in 1886. Burton was born in Torquay, Devon, at 21,30 on 19 March 1821, in his autobiography and he was baptized on 2 September 1821 at Elstree Church in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. His father, Lt. -Colonel Henry Peard Driscoll and Mrs Richard Graves, richards mother, Martha Baker, was the daughter and co-heiress of a wealthy English squire, Richard Baker, of Barham House, Hertfordshire, for whom he was named. Burton had two siblings, Maria Katherine Elizabeth Burton and Edward Joseph Netterville Burton, born in 1823 and 1824, Burtons family travelled considerably during his childhood. In 1825, they moved to Tours, France, Burtons early education was provided by various tutors employed by his parents. He first began an education in 1829 at a preparatory school on Richmond Green in Richmond, Surrey. Over the next few years, his family travelled between England, France, and Italy, Burton showed an early gift for languages and quickly learned French, Italian, Neapolitan, and Latin, as well as several dialects. During his youth, he was rumored to have carried on an affair with a young Roma woman, even learning the rudiments of her language, the peregrinations of his youth may have encouraged Burton to regard himself as an outsider for much of his life. As he put it, Do what thy manhood bids thee do, from none, Burton matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 19 November 1840. Before getting a room at the college, he lived for a time in the house of Dr. William Alexander Greenhill. Here, he met John Henry Newman, whose churchwarden was Dr. Greenhill, despite his intelligence and ability, Burton was antagonised by his teachers and peers. During his first term, he is said to have challenged another student to a duel after the latter mocked Burtons moustache, Burton continued to gratify his love of languages by studying Arabic, he also spent his time learning falconry and fencing. In April 1842, he attended a steeplechase in deliberate violation of college rules and subsequently dared to tell the college authorities that students should be allowed to attend such events
28.
Mark Twain
–
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter and he later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the short story brought international attention and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of financial setbacks. He chose to pay all his creditors in full, even though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after an appearance of Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would go out with it as well and he was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823, Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only three of his siblings survived childhood, Orion, Henry, and Pamela and his sister Margaret died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. His brother Pleasant died at six months of age, slavery was legal in Missouri at the time, and it became a theme in these writings. His father was an attorney and judge, but he died of pneumonia in 1847, the next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printers apprentice. In 1851, he working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the Hannibal Journal. He educated himself in libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes his boyhood in Life on the Mississippi, stating there was but one permanent ambition among his comrades. Pilot was the grandest position of all, the pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary – from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. As Twain describes it, the pilots prestige exceeded that of the captain, bixby took Twain on as a cub pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twains first wages after graduating. It was more than two years before he received his pilots license, piloting gave also him his pen name from mark twain, the leadsmans cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat
29.
The Fabulous Riverboat
–
The Fabulous Riverboat is a science fiction novel, the second book in the Riverworld series by Philip José Farmer. A shorter version of the novel was serialized in If magazine as The Felled Star, in the process, he confronts a tenth-century Viking, makes friends with a member of another hominid species and forms an uneasy alliance with King John Lackland. Twenty years after humanity was resurrected on Riverworld, Sam Clemens is traveling with the crew of a Viking longboat, captained by Eric Bloodaxe, on the metal-poor Riverworld, where even a few ounces of metal is a treasure, this is a rarity. Clemens and Bloodaxe have allied in order to find the source of this metal, Clemens is accompanied on his quest by a gigantic prehistoric hominid whom he has named Joe Miller. Miller, despite being very cordial, and talking with a lisp, is a fearsome warrior because of his size, Clemens is also motivated in his quest by his desire to be reunited with his terrestrial wife, Livy. Unknown to the others, Clemens had been contacted by a mysterious being whom he named X, X claimed to be a member of the beings who were responsible for resurrection, although he disagreed with their goals. He was aware of Clemenss desire to build a metal riverboat, X manages to send a nickel-iron meteor crashing into Riverwold, not far from Clemens. Clemens and his crew manage to survive the resulting tidal wave that kills everyone in the vicinity. Sadly, Clemens discovers Livy is one of the dead when her body washes up on deck and she had been in the area but will now be resurrected thousands of miles from him. In the wake of the wave all the survivors in the region are put to sleep by a strange fog. Clemens realizes that the meteor likely contains a source of metal and they are soon joined by German aviator Lothar von Richthofen, a World War One ace and brother of the famous Red Baron. Lothar becomes an ally of Clemens and an additional ally against Bloodaxe. When the crew reaches the area where the fell, they find a new group of resurrectees who have formed a nascent kingdom. The crew quickly kill the leaders and assume control of the region for themselves and they begin mining the metal from the meteorite. However, Clemens does not trust Bloodaxe, and has his co-leader assassinated, as more metal is exhumed from the ground the technology level of the area begins to rise, including the reintroduction of firearms. While the meteorite is rich in nickel and iron Clemens needs other materials to manufacture modern conveniences, to get these resources he must trade much of his metal to neighboring kingdoms. Many of these kingdoms eye his own kingdom jealously and Clemens is constantly on guard lest he be invaded, of particular concern is a neighboring kingdom led by the English King John Lackland. Eventually King John and another kingdom join forces to invade Clemenss land, however, Clemens makes a deal with King John to unite their lands
30.
The Dark Design
–
The Dark Design is a science fiction novel, the third in the series of Riverworld books by Philip José Farmer. The plot consists of three plot lines, which come together towards the conclusion. In the first plot line, Richard Burton and his friends continue their journey up river, on their journey they encounter a group of ancient Egyptians who tell them of a mission which their Pharoah had undertaken to reach the source of the River. On the shores they found a cave with supplies and boat, one of their number died there, bringing the story back to the Valley. Burton also discovers that his group has been infiltrated by traitors, through hypnosis, the Neanderthal Kaz identifies Monat and Pete Frigate as agents of the alien creators of the Riverworld. When Burton goes to confront them he discovers that they have disappeared, the second plot line deals with the real Peter Jairus Frigate, who is unaware that someone has been impersonating him. One day, a ship docks near his home and Frigate recognizes its captains as two of his heroes, Tom Mix and Jack London. He signs on to the crew, joining the Sufi mystic Nur-ed-Din, for years he travels with them without revealing that he knows Mix and Londons identities. When he finally confronts the men, they reveal that they had recruited by the Mysterious Stranger to find the source of the River. Eventually they come upon the metal rich nation of New Bohemia, however, soon after launch their balloon is destroyed after an encounter with another airship. In the third line, the nation of Parolando, now under the rule of President Milton Firebrass, is building an airship. Cyrano de Bergerac has opted to stay behind to help with the project, training is overseen by new arrival Jill Gulbirra, an Australian dirigible pilot and strident feminist. The airship launches and rapidly makes the journey to the pole, where they discover the sea, Firebrass and several others abruptly board a helicopter to fly down to the tower, but it explodes, killing them. Engineer Barry Thorne is jailed after it is discovered that he planted a bomb on the helicopter, the crew discover a doorway on the roof of the tower, but all attempts to enter it are stymied by an invisible force field. Japanese Sufi Piscator is able to make it farther than anyone, after he does not return, Jill Gulbirra decides to cut their losses and return home. On the way back, they are persuaded by Clemens to mount an attack on King Johns steamship, cyrano leads the attack, which nearly succeeds in kidnapping John, but the king escapes. In the confusion, Barry Thorne escapes and parachutes from the airship, which explodes behind him
31.
The Magic Labyrinth
–
The Magic Labyrinth is a science fiction novel, the fourth in the series of Riverworld books by Philip José Farmer. Many questions about the creation and purpose of the Riverworld are answered, edgar L. Chapman wrote a 1984 biography of Farmer entitled The Magic Labyrinth of Philip José Farmer. He is now posing as a Mayan named Ah Qaaq, in the company of the Chinese poet Li Po. Through his internal reverie he reveals that his identity was discovered by Monat Grrautut, the director of the Riverworld project, against this, X used a remote command to kill all the inhabitants of the tower and stop the resurrections of Riverworlds inhabitants. His reverie when the left banks grailstones fail to operate and are not mended by the Ethicals, after the grailstones fail, the inhabitants of the left bank invade the right for resources, and half of humanity dies in the conflict. One day Tom Mix, Jack London, and Peter Jairus Frigate apply to join the crew, realizing his mistake, Burton allies himself with Frigate, Mix, and London. Meanwhile, the Ethical Monat Grrautut has boarded Sam Clemens ship, eventually the two riverboats reach Virolando, a wide lake before the headwaters, home to the pacifist Church of the Second Chance, where Hermann Göring has become a priest. There, King John and Clemens begin an aerial dog-fight, and they take upriver the only craft to survive the fight, then scale the waterfall at the end of the river and enter the polar sea. At the tower, they expose Ah Qaaq as the renegade Ethical and he identifies himself as Loga, a son of King Priam of Troy, resurrected centuries ago and raised by the alien Ethicals. He reveals also that the Riverworld is a moral test, to allow humanity enlightenment, when the project is brought to a close, the souls of those who have not achieved enlightenment will wander the universe aimlessly. Loga being obsessed with sparing his family this fate, awakened Burton prematurely, recruited Clemens and the others. The protagonists discover a malfunction in the computer runs the tower, threatening to release the stored wathans. Göring attempts to fix the computer, but is killed by security measures put in place by Monat, alice then devises a way to evade this programming, and deactivate the security. Loga is then able to repair the computer
32.
Worlds of Tomorrow
–
Worlds of Tomorrow is an anthology of science fiction stories edited by August Derleth. It was first published by Pellegrini & Cudahy in 1953, abridged editions were published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson in 1955, Berkley Books in 1958 and Four Square Books in 1963. Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections, the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy
