1.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
2.
Industrial design
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Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through techniques of mass production. This distinguishes industrial design from craft-based design, where the form of the product is determined by the creator at the time of its creation. The role of a designer is to create and execute design solutions for problems of form, function, usability, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development, sustainability. The division of labour that underlies the practice of design did have precedents in the pre-industrial era. The use of drawing to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by architects and shipwrights during the Italian Renaissance. The emergence of industrial design is linked to the growth of industrialisation and mechanisation that began with the industrial revolution in Great Britain in the mid 18th century. The first use of the industrial design is often attributed to the industrial designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919. Christopher Dresser is considered among the first independent industrial designers, Industrial designs origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. The earliest use of the term may have been in The Art Union, the Practical Draughtsmans Book of Industrial Design by Jacques-Eugène Armengaud was printed in 1853. The subtitle of the work explains, that it wants to offer a course of mechanical, engineering. The study of those types of drawing, according to Armengaud. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the drawing education in France, the United Kingdom. Robert Lepper helped to establish one of the countrys first industrial design programs at Carnegie Institute of Technology. Product design and industrial design overlap in the fields of user interface design, information design, except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, educational programs in the U. S. Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a school or university. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study, the study results in a Bachelor of Industrial Design, Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Fine Arts. Afterwards, the programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as Master of Design, Master of Fine Arts. Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment, generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships
3.
Pierre Cardin
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Pierre Cardin is an Italian-born French fashion designer. In San Biagio di Callalta near Treviso, Cardin is known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs. He prefers geometric shapes and motifs, often ignoring the female form and he advanced into unisex fashions, sometimes experimental, and not always practical. He founded his fashion house in 1950 and introduced the dress in 1954. Pierre Cardin was also designated UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in 1991, on 16 October 2009, Pierre Cardin was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Cardin was educated in central France, beginning his career early, Cardin, aged 14, worked as a clothier’s apprentice, learning the basics of fashion design and construction. In 1939, he left home to work for a tailor in Vichy, during World War II, he worked in the Red Cross, launching humanitarian interests that continue to this day. Cardin moved to Paris in 1945, there, he studied architecture and worked with the fashion house of Paquin after World War II. He worked with Elsa Schiaparelli until he became head of Christian Diors tailleure atelier in 1947, Cardin founded his own house in 1950. He began with haute couture in 1953, Cardin was the first couturier to turn to Japan as a high fashion market when he travelled there in 1959. In 1959, he was expelled from the Chambre Syndicale for launching a collection for the Printemps department store as the first couturier in Paris. During the 1960s, Cardin began a practice that is now commonplace by creating the system of licences that he was to apply to fashion, a clothing collection launched around this period surprised all by displaying the designer’s logo on the garments for the first time. The Espace Cardin is also used to new artistic talents, like theater ensembles, musicians. He was also contacted by Pakistan International Airlines to design uniforms for the flag carrier, the uniforms were introduced in 1966 to 1971 and became an instant hit. It was also tapered to the body, in contrast with the traditional loose-fitting design, it also had a collar with sharp. A straight-cut design was favored by President Ferdinand Marcos, Cardin was a member of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture et du Prêt-à-Porter from 1953 to 1993. Like many other designers today, Cardin decided in 1994 to show his collection only to a circle of selected clients and journalists. After a break of 15 years, he showed a new collection to a group of 150 journalists at his home in Cannes
4.
Adidas
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Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation, headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Germany, that designs and manufactures shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second biggest in the world, Adidas revenue for 2016 was listed at €19.29 billion. Adidas was registered on 18 August 1949 by Adolf Dassler, following a feud at the Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik company between him and his older brother Rudolf. Rudolf had earlier established Puma, which became the business rival of Adidas. The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel bars, and the motif is incorporated into Adidass current official logo. The brand name is uncapitalized and is stylized with a case a. Christoph Von Wilhelm Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, after leaving school, their son, Rudolf Rudi Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory. When he returned from fighting in World War I, Rudolf received a management position at a porcelain factory, Adolf Adi Dassler started to produce his own sports shoes in his mothers wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach after his return from World War I. In July 1924, his brother Rudolf returned to Herzogenaurach to join his brothers business. Following Owens haul of four medals, his success cemented the good reputation of Dassler shoes among the worlds most famous sportsmen. Letters from around the world landed on the desks. Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of every year before World War II. After Rudolf was later picked up by American soldiers and accused of being a member of the Waffen SS, American occupying forces subsequently became major buyers of the Dassler brothers shoes. Although it is a urban myth that the name is an acronym for All Day I Dream About Sports. Puma and Adidas entered into a fierce and bitter rivalry after the split. Indeed, the town of Herzogenaurach was divided on the issue, even the towns two football clubs were divided, ASV Herzogenaurach club was supported by Adidas, while 1 FC Herzogenaurach endorsed Rudolfs footwear. When handymen were called to Rudolfs home, they would deliberately wear Adidas shoes, Rudolf would tell them to go to the basement and pick out a pair of free Pumas. The two brothers were never reconciled and although both are now buried in the cemetery, they are spaced as far apart as possible
5.
Ubik
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Ubik is a 1969 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick. It is one of Dicks most acclaimed novels and it was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 greatest novels since 1923. In his review for Time, critic Lev Grossman described it as a deeply unsettling existential horror story, the novel is set in the year 1992, by which humanity has colonized the Moon and psychic powers are common. While consulting with Ella, Runciter discovers that her consciousness is being invaded by another half-lifer, a bomb blast apparently kills Runciter without significantly harming the others. They rush back to Earth to place him into half-life, but they cannot establish contact with him, from the moment of the explosion, the group begins to experience strange shifts in reality. At the same time, they find themselves surrounded by manifestations of Runciter, furthermore, members of the group one by one begin to feel tired and cold, then quickly wither away and die. He deduces that they may have all died in the blast, now linked together in half-life, after receiving another message, Chip accuses Conley of working for Hollis and causing the deterioration with her ability, and while he himself is withering away, she confirms this. However, Chip is temporarily protected from being consumed through the effect of Ubik, Ubik is claimed to have been developed by her and several other half-lifers as a defense against Jory. Each chapter is introduced by a commercial advertising Ubik as a different product serving a specific use, the last chapter is introduced by Ubik claiming that it has created and directed the universe, and that its real name is unknown and unspoken. In the short chapter, Runciter, who is in the living world mourning the loss of his best employees, finds himself with coins showing Chips face, Dicks former wife Tessa remarked that Ubik is a metaphor for God. Ubik is all-powerful and all-knowing, and Ubik is everywhere, the spray can is only a form that Ubik takes to make it easy for people to understand it and use it. It is not the substance inside the can that helps them and she also interpreted the ending by writing, Many readers have puzzled over the ending of Ubik, when Glen Runciter finds a Joe Chip coin in his pocket. Are Joe Chip and the others alive, actually, this is meant to tell you that we cant be sure of anything in the world that we call reality. It is possible that they are all dead and in cold pac or that the world can affect the full-life world. It is also possible that they are all alive and dreaming, part of the confusion of interpretation is down to the mystery concerning the means of survival and escape of Glen Runciter following the explosion on the moon. In 1998, Cryo Interactive Entertainment released Philip K. Dick’s Ubik, the game allowed players to act as Joe Chip and train combat squads into missions against the Hollis Corporation. The game was available for PlayStation and for Microsoft Windows and was not a significant commercial success, in 1974, French filmmaker Jean-Pierre Gorin commissioned Dick to write a screenplay for a Ubik film. Dick completed the screenplay, turning it in within a month, the screenplay was published as Ubik, The Screenplay in 1985 and again in 2008
6.
Alessi (Italian company)
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Alessi is a housewares and kitchen utensil company in Italy, producing everyday items from plastic and metal, created by famous designers. Alessi was founded in 1921 by Giovanni Alessi, the firm began as a workshop in Valle Strona near Lake Orta in the Italian Alps near Switzerland. An area known for its tradition in making objects of wood or metal for in the house. Alessi started with producing a range of tableware items in nickel, chromium. The company’s intention was to produce hand-crafted items with the aid of machines, Design in the current sense of the term began when Carlo Alessi, son of Giovanni, was named chief designer. Carlo was trained as an industrial designer, between 1935 and 1945 he developed virtually all of the products Alessi produced. In 1945 he ascended to chief executive and designed the coffee service, in the 1950s the company was under the leadership of Carlo Alessi. It was his brother Ettore Alessi who introduced the collaboration with designers in 1955. With some architects, he designed a number of items which were created for the hotel needs, through his intervention caused many individual objects, which were best-sellers, such as the historical series of wire baskets. One of the key designs of this period is the shaker from 1957 by Luigi Massoni and this was designed in a series with an Ice bucket and Ice tongs as part of the Program 4 for the 11 triennale in Milan. This was the first time that the Alessi products got shown with manufactured goods, the 1950s were a difficult time to sell designer objects, as it was only a few years after World War II, and many people could not afford designer objects. In 1970 Alberto Alessi was responsible for the transformation of the company. Alessi was considered one of the Italian Design Factories, in this decade under the leadership of Alberto Alessi the company collaborated with some design maestros like Achille Castiglioni, Richard Sapper, Alessandro Mendini and Ettore Sottsass. In the 70s Alessi produced the Condiment set by Ettore Sottsass, the 1980s marked a period in which Italian design factories had to compete with mass production. Also in the 1980s, they changed their image from factory to industrial research lab, meaning that it is a place for research. For Alessi the 80s are marked with designs like the Two tone kettle by Sapper. In the 1990s Alessi started to work more with plastics, at the request of designers who found it a material to work with than metal, offering more design freedom. The 1990s were marked by the theme Family Follows Fiction with playful, artists designing for this theme included Stefano Giovannoni and Alessandro Mendini, who designed Fruit Mama and the bestseller Anna G
7.
Kartell
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Kartell is an Italian company that makes and sells plastic contemporary furniture. The company, headquartered in Milan, began manufacturing automobile accessories in 1949 and it expanded into home furnishings in 1963. It was founded by Giulio Castelli, Kartell became well-known due to the work of woman designer and architect Anna Castelli Ferrieri. The company opened its first store in the United States in 1998, ivan Luini, president of the U. S. division at that time, oversaw the opening of additional stores in Miami, San Francisco, Atlanta, Boston and Los Angeles. Kartells retail marketing strategy is to stock items in a variety of styles, the company grosses $100 million per year. In addition to its stores, Kartell furnishings are sold by more than 150 independent retailers in the United States, at the time of his death, Luini was in discussions for Kartells plastic furnishings to be used in a hotel chain being designed by Philippe Starck. List of Italian companies Sergio Savarese Appelbaum, Alec, ivan Luini,46, Innovative Design Executive, Dies in Crash. The New York Times, p. A27 Kartell company website
8.
Vitra (furniture)
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Vitra is a Swiss family-owned furniture company with headquarters in Birsfelden, Switzerland. It is the manufacturer of the works of internationally renowned furniture designers. Vitra is also known for the works of architects that make up its premises in Weil am Rhein, Germany. In 1967 the company introduced the Panton Chair by Verner Panton – the first cantilever chair out of plastic, in 1977 Rolf Fehlbaum took over the management of Vitra. In 1984 the partnership that had formed with Herman Miller was terminated by mutual consent. Subsequently, Vitra obtained the rights to designs by Charles and Ray Eames and George Nelson for Europe, today, Vitras product line consists of designer furniture for use in offices, homes and public areas. In 2002, the company took in the realm of domestic living, inspired by his acquaintance with Frank Gehry in the mid-1980s, however, Vitra departed from Grimshaw’s plan for a unified corporate project. Over the years, Vitra accumulated a collection of chairs. With the aim of making the collection accessible to the public, the Vitra Design Museum from 1989 by Frank Gehry was the first public building on the campus as well as the architects first building in Europe. Today the museum is based on the own broad collection of 20th century furniture as well as host of visiting exhibitions. The fire station by Zaha Hadid was the first completed building by the Iraqi architect, the building consists of a garage for fire engines, showers and locker rooms for the fire fighters and a conference room with kitchen facilities. The Fire Station is a sculpture of cast in-situ concrete that contrasts with the order of the adjacent factory buildings like the frozen image of an explosion in a photograph. Today the building functions as an exhibition space, in the same year, a conference pavilion of Japanese architect Tadao Ando was also constructed on the Vitra grounds. It was Andos first work outside Japan, the calm and restrained structure encompasses an assortment of conference rooms. It is characterized by a highly ordered spatial articulation with a part of its volume concealed below grade. A striking feature is the leading to the pavilion, which has a significant association with meditation paths in the gardens of Japanese monasteries. In the year 2000, the Campus was augmented with the addition of the Dome, a geodesic structure after Richard Buckminster Fuller. Howard at Charter Industries in 1975 and transplanted from its location in Detroit, USA
9.
Jack Lang (French politician)
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Jack Mathieu Émile Lang is a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he served as Frances Minister of Culture from 1981 to 1986 and 1988 to 1992 and he was also the Mayor of Blois from 1989 to 2000. He served until 2012 in the National Assembly from the district of Pas-de-Calais. Jack Lang was born to Roger Lang and Marie-Luce Bouchet in Mirecourt and his fathers family were a secular, assimilated, well-to-do Jewish family based in Nancy. Roger Lang was the manager of the family business which was founded by Jacks grandfather Albert. Roger and Albert were both freemasons, Jacks mother, Marie-Luce Bouchet, a Catholic, was born in 1919 as the daughter of Emile Bouchet, who died in 1926, and Berthe Boulanger, a nurse who was also a freemason. In 1938 Albert and Roger sent their wives to Vichy because of the threat of war with Germany, after the German invasion, Albert Lang and his wife moved to Brive la Gaillarde in Corrèze. The very young Jack and his mother went to stay with his grandmother in Cholet. His father Roger was first mobilized in Luneville, and then joined his parents, Jack and his mother also joined them in Brive after the bombing of Bordeaux. Roger Lang was nevertheless placed under house arrest, Berthe Bouchet visited the Langs in April 1942 when her daughter was about to give birth to her third child, Marianne. In 1943 Berthe was arrested in Nancy by the Gestapo for acts of propaganda and she was deported to Ravensbrück and died in the spring of 1945. Jack Lang studied political science at the Institut dÉtudes Politiques de Paris and his career then focused on a combination of teaching and culture and the arts. He was the founder and producer of Festival du Monde in Nancy, was director of the Nancy University Theatre from 1963 to 1972, at the same time he was a professor of international law from 1971 to 1981. He married Monique Buczynski in 1961, in 1997 he was President of Jury to the 47th Berlin International Film Festival. Lang entered politics as a Socialist member of the French National Assembly from Paris in 1977 and he is best known for having served as Minister of Culture and as Minister of Education. In 1981, while Minister of Culture, he created the Fête de la Musique, a celebration of music held on 21 June each year. He is the co-founder and president of the Union of the Theatres of Europe, in August 1981, he created the Lang Law, which allows publishers to enforce a minimum sale price for books. Lang was a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 to 1997, in 2000 he stood unsuccessfully for Mayor of Paris
10.
Street furniture
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Street furniture is a collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed along streets and roads for various purposes. An important consideration in the design of furniture is how it affects road safety. Street name signs identify streets for the benefit of visitors, especially postal workers and they may also indicate the district in which a street lies. A bench is essentially a made for more than one person. They are often provided by the councils or contributors to serve as a place to rest. Armrests in between are provided to discourage lying down and/or unwanted closeness. Bollards are posts, short poles, or pillars with the purpose of preventing the movement of vehicles onto sidewalks or grass and they can also protect buildings and other site features. Litter bins are also a form of street furniture, litter bins are strategically placed to try and deter people from littering on the streets. Litter bins provide a place for people to dispose of their waste, post boxes, also known as mail boxes, are found throughout the world, and have a variety of forms. Phone boxes or telephone booths are prominent in most cities, while they range drastically in the amount of cover they offer users they are typically easy to spot. The widespread use of phones has resulted in a decrease in their numbers. Streetlamps are designed to illuminate the area at night, serving not only as a deterrent to criminals. The colour of streetlamp bulbs differ, but are white or yellow. They are generally mounted on poles or gantries or hung from wires, traffic signs communicate road conditions to inform safe driver behaviours. Postings may specify aspects such as speed limits, intersection protocols, direction signs tell the reader the way to a location through diagrams or written instructions. Signs may be illuminated to aid nighttime users, Public lavatories offer restroom facilities, either for free or for a fee. Poster Poles or advertising columns provide space for advertising, waste containers or litter bins is a receptacle for public garbage disposal. Collection and separation of materials is becoming more common in urban centers
11.
Stapler
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A stapler is a mechanical device that joins pages of paper or similar material by driving a thin metal staple through the sheets and folding the ends. Staplers are widely used in government, business, offices, homes, the word stapler can actually refer to a number of different devices of varying uses. In addition to joining paper sheets together, staplers can also be used in a setting to join tissue together with surgical staples to close a surgical wound. Most staplers are used to join multiple sheets of paper, Paper staplers come in two distinct types, manual and electric. Manual staplers are normally hand-held, although models that are used while set on a desk or other surface are not uncommon, electric staplers exist in a variety of different designs and models. Their primary operating function is to large numbers of paper sheets together in rapid succession. Some electric staplers can join up to 20 sheets at a time, typical staplers are a third-class lever. A staple gun is usually a heavier duty, hand-held device, Staple guns are used to fasten a thin material to a solid backing-- ie a piece of paper to a bulletin board or to a piece of wood. The two legs of a staple from a gun are not folded over, but are embedded straight into the backing material. The first known stapler was made in the 18th century in France for King Louis XV, each staple was inscribed with the insignia of the royal court, as required. The growing uses of paper in the 19th century created a demand for an efficient paper fastener, in 1866, George McGill received U. S. patent 56,587 for a small, bendable brass paper fastener that was a precursor to the modern staple. In 1867, he received U. S. patent 67,665 for a press to insert the fastener into paper and he showed his invention at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and continued to work on these and other various paper fasteners throughout the 1880s. In 1868 a patent was taken out for a stapler in England by C. H. Gould. As well, also in 1868, Albert Kletzker of St Louis, MO patented a device to staple paper. In 1877 Henry R. Heyl filed patent number 195,603 for the first machines to both insert and clinch a staple in one step, and for this reason some consider him the inventor of the modern stapler. In 1876 and 1877 Heyl also filed patents for the Novelty Paper Box Manufacturing Co of Philadelphia, PA, However, Manufacturing Co. s inventions were to be used to staple boxes and books. The first machine to hold a magazine of many pre-formed staples came out in 1878, on February 18,1879, George McGill received patent 212,316 for the McGill Single-Stroke Staple Press, the first commercially successful stapler. This device weighed over two and a half pounds and loaded a single 1/2 inch wide wire staple, which it could drive through several sheets of paper
12.
Toothbrush
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The toothbrush is an oral hygiene instrument used to clean the teeth, gums, and tongue. It consists of a head of tightly clustered bristles mounted on a handle which facilitates the cleaning of hard to reach areas of the mouth, Toothbrushes are available with different bristle textures, sizes, and forms. Most dentists recommend using a soft toothbrush since hard bristled toothbrushes can damage tooth enamel, before the invention of the toothbrush a variety of oral hygiene measures had been used. This has been verified by excavations in which chew sticks, tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones, the predecessor of the toothbrush is the chew stick. Chew sticks were twigs with frayed ends used to brush the teeth while the end was used as a toothpick. The earliest chew sticks were discovered in Babylonia in 3500 BC, an Egyptian tomb dating from 3000 BC, the Greeks and Romans used toothpicks to clean their teeth and toothpick like twigs have been excavated in Qin Dynasty tombs. Miswaks have been used by Muslims since 7th century, the first bristle toothbrush resembling the modern one was found in China. Used during the Tang Dynasty, it consisted of hog bristles, the bristles were sourced from hogs living in Siberia and northern China because the colder temperatures provided firmer bristles. They were attached to a handle manufactured from bamboo or bone, in 1223, Japanese Zen master Dōgen Kigen recorded on Shōbōgenzō that he saw monks in China clean their teeth with brushes made of horsetail hairs attached to an oxbone handle. The bristle toothbrush spread to Europe, brought from China to Europe by travellers and it was adopted in Europe during the 17th century. The earliest identified use of the toothbrush in English was in the autobiography of Anthony Wood who wrote in 1690 that he had bought a toothbrush from J. Barret. Europeans found the hog bristle toothbrushes imported from China too firm, mass produced toothbrushes made with horse or boar bristle continued to be imported to England from China until the mid 20th century. In Europe, William Addis of England is believed to have produced the first mass produced toothbrush in 1780, in 1770, he had been jailed for causing a riot. While in prison he decided that using a rag with soot and salt on the teeth was ineffective, after his release, he became wealthy after starting a business manufacturing toothbrushes. He died in 1808 leaving the business to his eldest son and it stayed in family ownership until 1996. Under the name Wisdom Toothbrushes, the company now manufactures 70 million toothbrushes per year in the UK, by 1840 toothbrushes were being mass produced in England, France, Germany, and Japan. Pig bristles were used for cheaper toothbrushes and badger hair for the expensive ones. The first patent for a toothbrush was granted to H. N. Wadsworth in 1857 in the United States, the rather advanced design had a bone handle with holes bored into it for the Siberian boar hair bristles
13.
Yule log
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The Yule log, Yule clog, or Christmas block is a specially selected log burnt on a hearth as a Christmas tradition in a number of countries in Europe. The origin of the custom is unclear. Numerous scholars have observed that, like other traditions associated with Yule, the custom may ultimately derive from Germanic paganism. Nevertheless, the log was a block, lasting for the Twelve Days of Christmas. The log had other properties, particularly in parts of Northern Spain. There, Bowler notes, a feature of the logs powers is its ability to defecate gifts. According to the Encyclopedia of English Folklore, the first clear references to the appear in the 17th century. However, it has long been observed that the custom may have earlier origins. These were to Illuminate the House, aud turn the Night into Day and it hath, in all probability, been derived from the Saxons. For Bede tells us, That this very Night was observed in this Land before and it seems to have been used, as an Emblem of the return of the Sun, and the lengthening of the Days. This was probably the Reason of the custom among the Heathen Saxons and their subsequent incorporation into the Christian calendar, to become part and parcel of the festival of Christmas, and, later, their association with the New Year is an intriguing story. … Any traces of primitive ritual such as scattering of burnt ashes or embers as an omen of fertilisation or purification have long since disappeared, the events of Yule are generally held to have centred on Midwinter, and feasting, drinking, and sacrifice were involved. The Yule log is recorded in the archives of much of England, but particularly in collections covering the West Country. For example, in his section regarding Christmas Observances, J. B, partridge recorded then-current Christmas customs in Yorkshire, Britain involving the Yule log as related by Mrs. Day, Minchinhampton, a native of Swaledale. The custom is as follows, The Yule log is generally given and it is unlucky to have to light it again after it has once been started, and it ought not go out until it has burned away. To sit around the Yule log and tell ghost stories is a thing to do on this night. Two large colored candles are a Christmas present from the grocery, just before supper on Christmas Eve, while the Yule log is burning, all other lights are put out, and the candles are lit from the Yule log by the youngest person present. While they are lit, all are silent and wish and it is common practice for the wish to be kept a secret
14.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
15.
Asahi Beer Hall
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The Asahi Beer Hall is one of the buildings of the Asahi Breweries headquarters located on the east bank of the Sumida River in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan. It was designed by French designer Philippe Starck and was completed in 1989 and it is considered one of Tokyos most recognizable modern structures. The shape of the building is that of a beer glass and it is noted for the Asahi Flame, an enormous golden structure at the top, said to represent both the burning heart of Asahi beer and a frothy head. The 360-tonne golden flame was made by shipbuilders using submarine-construction techniques, the Asahi Flame is often colloquially referred to as the golden turd and the Asahi Beer Hall itself as poo building by many Tokyo residents. The building is a 3 minute-walk from Asakusa Station, on the side of the Sumida River
16.
Osaka
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Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Japan. Historically a merchant city, Osaka has also known as the nations kitchen. Some of the earliest signs of habitation in the Osaka area at the Morinomiya ruins comprise shell mounds, sea oysters. It is believed that what is today the Uehonmachi area consisted of a land with an inland sea in the east. During the Yayoi period, permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular, by the Kofun period, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The large numbers of increasingly larger tomb mounds found in the plains of Osaka are seen as evidence of political-power concentration, in 645, Emperor Kōtoku built his Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace in what is now Osaka, making it the capital of Japan. The city now known as Osaka was at this time referred to as Naniwa, although the capital was moved to Asuka in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between Yamato, Korea, and China. Naniwa was declared the capital again in 744 by order of Emperor Shōmu, and remained so until 745, in 1496, Jōdo Shinshū Buddhists established their headquarters in the heavily fortified Ishiyama Hongan-ji, located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. Oda Nobunaga began a siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks. Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed Osaka Castle in its place in 1583, Osaka was long considered Japans primary economic center, with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class. Over the course of the Edo period, Osaka grew into one of Japans major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and its popular culture was closely related to ukiyo-e depictions of life in Edo. By 1780 Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous Kabuki, in 1837 Ōshio Heihachirō, a low-ranking samurai, led a peasant insurrection in response to the citys unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the Bakufu at the same time as Hyōgo on 1 January 1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration. Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century, jippenisha Ikku in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, Edo writers by contrast saw zeeroku as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. The modern municipality was established in 1889 by government ordinance, with an area of 15 square kilometres, overlapping todays Chūō. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 223 square kilometres, Osaka was the industrial center most clearly defined in the development of capitalism in Japan. It became known as the Manchester of the Orient, the rapid industrialization attracted many Korean immigrants, who set up a life apart for themselves
17.
Bilbao
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Bilbao is a city in northern Spain, the largest city in the province of Biscay and in the Basque Country as a whole. Bilbao is the tenth largest city in Spain, with a population of 345,141 As of 2015, Bilbao is also the main urban area in what is defined as the Greater Basque region. Bilbao is situated in the part of Spain, some 16 kilometres south of the Bay of Biscay, where the economic social development is located. Its main urban core is surrounded by two mountain ranges with an average elevation of 400 metres. This was due to its port activity based on the export of iron extracted from the Biscayan quarries, at the same time an extraordinary population explosion prompted the annexation of several adjacent municipalities. The official name of the town is Bilbao, as known in most languages of the world, there is no consensus among historians about the origin of the name. Generally accepted accounts state that prior to the 12th century the independent rulers of the territory, the symbols of their patrimony are the tower and church used in the shield of Bilbao to this day. One possible origin was suggested by the engineer Evaristo de Churruca and he said that it was a Basque custom to name a place after its location. For Bilbao this would be the result of the union of the Basque words for river and cove, the historian José Tussel Gómez argues that it is just a natural evolution of the Spanish words bello vado, beautiful river crossing. On the other hand, according to the writer Esteban Calle Iturrino, the first, where the present Casco Viejo is located, would be called billa, which means stacking in Basque, after the configuration of the buildings. The second, on the bank, where now Bilbao La Vieja is located, would be called vaho. From the union of these two derives the name Bilbao, which was written as Bilvao and Biluao, as documented in its municipal charter. An -ao ending is present in nearby Sestao and Ugao. Titles Bilbao holds the historic category of borough, with the titles of «Very noble and very loyal and it was the Catholic Monarchs who awarded the title «Noble borough» on 20 September 1475. Philip III of Spain, via a letter in 1603 awarded the borough the titles of «Very noble, after the Siege of Bilbao, during the First Carlist War, on 25 December 1836, the title of «Unbeaten» was added. Remains of an ancient settlement were found on the top of Mount Malmasín, burial sites were also found on Mounts Avril and Artxanda, dated 6,000 years old. Some authors identify the old settlement of Bilbao as Amanun Portus, cited by Pliny the Elder, or with Flaviobriga, ancient walls, which date from around the 11th century, have been discovered below the Church of San Antón. On 21 June 1511, Queen Joanna of Castile ordered the creation of the Consulate of Bilbao and this would become the most influential institution of the borough for centuries, and would claim jurisdiction over the estuary, improving its infrastructure
18.
El Toro (Majorca)
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El Toro is a neighborhood in the municipality of Calvià on the island of Majorca, part of the Spanish autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. It is located in a known as Ses Penyes Rotges. El Toro is adjacent to the Santa Ponsa Golf II, to the north, the urbanized Nova Santa Ponsa on the west, paseo Calviá, a promenade of the municipality, passes through El Toro. El Toro is a community, next to a cliff. Many of the houses are built to the edge of the cliff and it has a harbor, Port Adriano, and a hotel. The main beach is Racó de sa Fragata, there are also two smaller beaches, one of which is only accessible by boat or by swimming. The population is approximately 2,321 inhabitants
19.
Palma, Majorca
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Palma is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. It is situated on the south coast of Majorca on the Bay of Palma. As of the 2009 census, the population of the city of Palma proper was 401,270, almost half of the total population of Majorca live in Palma. The Cabrera Archipelago, though separated from Palma proper, is administratively considered part of the municipality. Its airport, Son Sant Joan, serves over 22 million passengers each year, Palma was founded as a Roman camp upon the remains of a Talaiotic settlement. Though present-day Palma has no significant remains from this period, occasional archaeological finds are made in city centre excavations, between 902 and 1229, the city was under Islamic control. It remained the capital of the island and it was known as Medina Mayurqa, the arrival of the Moors in the Balearic Islands occurred at the beginning of the 8th century. During this period, the population developed an economy based on self-sufficiency and piracy, in 707, a Muslim fleet, under the command of Abd Allgaht ibn Musa, son of the governor of Ifriqiya, Musa ibn Nusayr, stopped off at the island. It appears that Abd Allah convinced the powers of the city to accept a peace treaty. This treaty was granted in exchange for a tax, respect for social, economic and political structures to the communities that subscribed to it, as well as the continuity of their religious beliefs. After 707, the city was inhabited by Christians who were nominally in allegiance to the sovereignty of the Umayyad Caliphate, yet who, de facto, enjoyed absolute autonomy. The city, being in Majorca, constituted an enclave between western Christian and Islamic territories, and this attracted and encouraged increased levels of piracy in the surrounding waters. For wide sectors of the population, the sacking of ships which passed through Balearic waters was a source of riches over the next fifteen decades. Eventually, continued piracy in the lead to a retaliation by Al-Andalus which launched a naval fleet against the city. The Islands were defended by the emperor Charlemagne in 799 from a Muslim pirate incursion, in 848, four years after the first Viking incursions had sacked the whole island, an attack from Córdoba forced the authorities to ratify the treaty to which the city had submitted in 707. As the city occupied an eccentric position regarding the commerce network established by the Moors in the western Mediterranean. While the Emirate of Córdoba reinforced its influence upon the Mediterranean, the consequence of this was the substitution of the submission treaty for the effective incorporation of the islands to the Islamic state. The incorporation of the city into the Emirate set the basis for a new society, commerce and manufacturing developed in a manner that was previously unknown
20.
Steve Jobs
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Steven Paul Steve Jobs was an American entrepreneur, businessman, inventor, and industrial designer. He was the co-founder, chairman, and chief officer of Apple Inc. CEO and majority shareholder of Pixar, a member of The Walt Disney Companys board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar, and founder, chairman, Jobs and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak are widely recognized as pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s. Jobs was born in San Francisco and adopted at birth, he was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1960s, Jobs briefly attended Reed College in 1972 before dropping out. He then decided to travel through India in 1974 seeking enlightenment, Jobss declassified FBI report stated that an acquaintance knew that Jobs had used the illegal drugs marijuana and LSD while he was in college. Jobs once told a reporter that taking LSD was one of the two or three most important things he did in his life, Jobs and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to sell Wozniaks Apple I personal computer. The visionaries gained fame and wealth a year later for the Apple II, in 1979, after a tour of PARC, Jobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto, which was mouse-driven and had a graphical user interface. This led to development of the unsuccessful Apple Lisa in 1983, following a long power struggle, Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985. In addition, Jobs helped to initiate the development of the effects industry when he funded the spinout of the computer graphics division of George Lucass Lucasfilm in 1986. The new company, Pixar, would produce the first fully computer-animated film. In 1997, Apple merged with NeXT, within a few months of the merger, Jobs became CEO of his former company, reviving Apple at the verge of bankruptcy. Mac OS was also revamped into OS X, based on NeXTs NeXTSTEP platform, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in 2003 and died on October 5,2011 of respiratory arrest related to the tumor. Steve Jobss biological father, Abdulfattah John Jandali, was born into a Muslim household and grew up in Homs, Jandali is the son of a self-made millionaire who did not go to college and a mother who was a traditional housewife. While an undergraduate at the American University of Beirut, he was a student activist, although Jandali initially wanted to study law, he eventually decided to study economics and political science. He pursued a PhD in the subject at the University of Wisconsin, where he met Joanne Carole Schieble, a Catholic of Swiss and German descent. As a doctoral candidate, Jandali was an assistant for a course Schieble was taking. Mona Simpson, notes that her grandparents were not happy that their daughter was dating Jandali. But there are a lot of Arabs in Michigan and Wisconsin, Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobss official biographer, additionally states that Schiebles father threatened to cut Joanne off completely if she continued the relationship
21.
Venus (yacht)
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Venus is a super yacht designed by Philippe Starcks design company Ubik and built by Feadship for the entrepreneur Steve Jobs. However, Jobs died in October 2011, the yacht was unveiled a year later at a cost of more than €100 million, venus was unveiled on 28 October 2012 at the Feadship shipyard in Aalsmeer in the Netherlands. The yacht was named for the Roman goddess of love, the yacht was impounded on 21 December 2012 at the Port of Amsterdam following a dispute over payment. The designer, Philippe Starck, claimed that Jobs heirs owed him €3 million of his €9 million fee for the project, the yacht was only impounded for a few days after a solution to the dispute was found. List of motor yachts by length List of yachts built by Feadship
22.
Royalton Hotel
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Royalton Hotel is located just east of Times Square in Manhattan at 44 West 44th Street The building was built in 1898 as the exclusive residential Hotel Royalton. Rossiter & Wright was the firm commissioned, and the contractor was E. F. Dodson & Company. Its design was unusual because it was one of the first buildings to enable passage from one block to the next. As originally designed, tenants had apartments overlooking 43rd or 44th Street, Royalton was designed to mirror the 1920s concept of a hotel lobby. It was reopened as the Royalton Hotel on October 10,1988 and it was the first hotel designed by Philippe Starck. Royalton is now part of the Morgans Hotel Group collection of hotels, during the summer of 2007, the Morgans Hotel Group decided to renovate the hotel to update the interior. The hotel reopened on October 1,2007, the hotel is mentioned in Kurt Vonneguts novel Slaughterhouse-Five
23.
Delano South Beach
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The Delano South Beach hotel is an upscale resort located in Miami Beach, Florida. Delano is now a part of the Morgans Hotel Group collection and it is located directly on the beach. The Delano is known for its whimsical, art-deco styling and its celebrity clientele, in 2007, the Delano South Beach was ranked in the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture. On April 18,2012, the AIAs Florida Chapter placed the Delano South Beach on its list of Florida Architecture,100 Years, designed by architect Robert Swartburg, the Delano was built in 1947 by Rob and Rose Schwartz. The hotel was originally utilized for military housing, the then four-winged Art Deco tower of the Delano was the tallest building in Miami. The 1994 renovations were designed by Philippe Starck, the hotel is named after US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
24.
Mondrian Hotel
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Mondrian Hotels is the name of four boutique hotels owned and/or operated by SBE Entertainment Group. The original Mondrian Hotel is located on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood, the structure was built in 1959 as an apartment building. It was later renovated and reopened in 1985 as the Le Mondrian by the LErmitage Hotel Group, the outside of Le Mondrian featured a commissioned work by Yaacov Agam entitled LHommage a Mondrian which covered the hotels 9 story exterior. As of November 2014 room rates begin at $365 per night, Le Mondrian was later purchased by Ian Schrager and his Morgans Hotel Group in 1996 and renamed Mondrian Hotel Los Angeles. In 2008, Morgans Hotel Group commissioned designer Benjamin Noriega-Ortiz to update the hotel, in April 2011, Morgans Hotel Group reached a deal to sell the Mondrian Los Angeles to Pebblebrook Hotel Trust for $137 million. Morgans Hotel Group will continue to manage the hotel under a 20-year agreement, on November 30,2016, Morgans Hotel Group, including the Mondrian Los Angeles, was acquired by SBE Entertainment Group for $805 million. In 2008, Morgans Hotel Group opened a new Mondrian in Miami Beach, the South Beach location contains hotel residences, a spa, and the Sunset Lounge. Mondrian London At Sea Containers hotel opened its doors on September 2014, further two Mondrian hotels are scheduled to open in 2015, in Doha and Istanbul. Morgans Hotel Group bought the James Hotel in Scottsdale, Arizona in 2006, in 2010, Bank of America began foreclosure proceedings against Morgans Hotel Group, and the lender seized the property after Morgans defaulted on its loan and no bids were submitted for the hotel. The Sydell Group took over ownership upon its purchase of the property in February 2011, the former Mondrian Scottsdale is currently branded as The Saguaro and is no longer affiliated with Morgans Hotel Group. The Mondrian Las Vegas was included in plans for the Echelon development on the Las Vegas Strip, along with Delano Las Vegas, boyd Gaming suspended the construction of the Echelon in 2008 and anticipates resuming the project in 3–5 years. The project was canceled in March 2013, Morgans Hotel Group would own 49% of the joint venture and would also operate the Mondrian Chicago. Although the company contributed $2.3 million to the project as of September 2008, the wrap party of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine was held at the Mondrian in 1999. Images of the party at the Mondrian can be seen in the season seven DVD of the series, on December 4,2007, rapper Pimp C was found dead in his hotel room. One of the characters in William Gibsons 2007 novel Spook Country stays at the Mondrian while in Los Angeles on business. Britney Spears documentary Britney, For the Record, was filmed at the Mondrian Hotel, several episodes of the HBO series Entourage were filmed on-location at the Mondrian. Los Angeles/West Hollywood Mondrian Hotel Miami Beach/South Beach Mondrian Hotel
25.
Sanderson Hotel
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It was designed by architect Reginald Uren, of the architectural firm, Slater and Uren. The original design allowed for dynamic room configurations, the building plan was fabricated around an open-to-the-sky inner courtyard with a Japanese garden designed by Philip Hicks. In 1991, the Sanderson building was listed Grade II* by English Heritage and it was reopened on 25 April 2000 by Morgans Hotel Group after refurbishment by Philippe Starck and Denton Corker Marshall. The hotel occupies the site of 54 Berners Street, known for the Berners Street Hoax of 1810, the original building was constructed with a steel and glass frontage reflecting architecture of the 1960s that is seen in the opening footage of the Danger Man television series. Its Courtyard garden was situated on top of a car park. The retail areas were to the left and centre, the courtyard was designed by landscape architect Philip Hicks in the late 1950s. The private courtyard garden was classified as a landmark “Heritage Garden. ”Originally the main entrance featured both lifts/elevators and a staircase which ascended against a huge stained glass mural masking the lift shafts. The first floor was devoted to wallpaper displays and its lengthy retail counter allowed for conversion to a long bar, the second floor was reserved for fabric displays, while the third floor held management offices and an interior design studio. In each room, above the bed, there was a painting bolted to the ceiling, the painting was a reproduction of “The Cloud” by Swedish painter, Prince Eugen. The original dates back to 1895, the paintings have now been removed. Suka, opened in April 2007 with redesign by designer India Mahdavi, is a restaurant that offers Malaysian and European cuisine, in 2014, the hotel rooms had a major design make-over, by Tim Andreas. Official website Sanderson review, photos, history and design by cosmopolis. ch Opening Danger Man Opening, retrieved 2012-05-26. and closing Danger Man Closing. Scenes of the original Sanderson showrooms as seen in the credits of the Danger Man television series
26.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
27.
Le Meurice
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Le Meurice is a 5-star hotel in the 1st arrondissement of Paris opposite the Tuileries Garden, between Place de la Concorde and the Musée du Louvre on the Rue de Rivoli. From the Rue de Rivoli, it stretches to the Rue du Mont Thabor, the hotel was founded in 1771 and opened 1815. It received palace distinction by the French government in 2011, Le Meurice is owned and operated by the Dorchester Collection, a luxury hotel operator based in London. The hotel has a staff of over 400 and houses 160 rooms decorated in the style of Louis XVI which start at $1,235 USD per night. In the mid-18th century, the French postmaster, Charles-Augustin Meurice, understood that English tourists wanted to be on the continent with the comforts, in 1771, Meurice opened a coach inn on Rue Edmond Roche in Calais, the Hôtel Meurice de Calais. In 1815, he opened the Hôtel Meurice in Paris, originally located at 223 Rue Saint-Honoré, the hotel advertised, For an English traveler, no hotel in Paris offers more benefits than Le Meurice. In 1835, Le Meurice moved from Rue Saint Honore to its current location on the Rue de Rivoli, in a new luxurious building, close to the Tuileries Palace. In the latter half of the 19th century, Henri-Joseph Scheurich was its proprietor and in 1865 he is documented as managing the hotel under the London and Paris Hotel Company. He is mentioned again in 1867, at time the hotel offered large and small apartments, or single bedrooms. In 1891, the hotel had electric lights, new plumbing, in the early 20th century, one of the shareholders of the new company was Arthur Millon, owner of Café de la Paix and restaurants Weber and Ledoyen. To compete with the Ritz, which opened in 1902, Millon turned to a great Swiss hotelier, under these two men, Le Meurice was enlarged by the addition of the Metropole Hotel, located on Rue de Castiglione. Then, with the exception of the façade, the hotel was rebuilt under the guidance of the architect Henri Paul Nénot, for interior decoration, especially for rooms on the ground floor, the Louis XVI style prevailed. The rooms were equipped with modern, tiled bathrooms, telephone, public rooms were relocated and reinforced concrete was added for privacy, and the elevator was a copy of the sedan chair used by Marie Antoinette. Between September 1940 and August 1944, the hotel was requisitioned by the German occupation authorities, in August 1944, the Meurice became the headquarters of General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris. Von Choltitz famously disobeyed Hitlers commands to level the city of Paris, Hitlers reported question screamed to von Choltitz over a Hotel Meurice telephone, Is Paris burning. Later served as the title of a book about the liberation of Paris. During its long existence, Le Meurice has experienced several major refurbishments, one from 1905 to 1907, each of these renovations included modernization and beautification of the hotel. Purchased for around US$100 million by the Aga Khan, the head of the Moslem Ismaili sect
28.
Paramount Hotel
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The Hotel Paramount in New York City is a hotel located at 235 West 46th Street, to the west of Broadway. Designed by Thomas W. Lamb, construction was completed in 1928, in 1988, the hotel was closed for an 18-month remodelling project. In 1990, the hotel, under the ownership of Ian Schrager and redesigned by Philippe Starck, the hotel underwent a seven-month-long renovation in 1998 at a cost of $7 million, which included enhancements to lobby lighting. After purchasing the hotel in 1986, Ian Schrager was able to more than double occupancy rates in two years, to 82%. Schrager sold the hotel in 2004 for $126 million to a Sol Melia Hotels, when Hard Rock was sold to the Seminole Tribe of Florida, the Paramount was sold to Walton Street Capital. In 2011, the hotel was sold to Aby Rosens RFR Holding, various musicians have been associated with the Paramount. The Paramount Hotel Grill, a restaurant within the hotel, hosted performances from the 1930s onwards. At the height of their fame in 1931, the Memphis Stompers performed at the Paramount Hotel, charlie Barnet led a band there from 1932 onwards. From 1938 to 1951, theatrical impresario and songwriter Billy Rose operated Billy Roses Diamond Horseshoe nightclub in the basement of the Paramount, the club was known for its vaudeville-styled reviews and chorus of showgirls, Billy Roses Long-stemmed beauties. The Diamond Horseshoe featured some of the top entertainers of the era, meuller, Andrew - Rock And Hard Places 1999 Virgin Books - Chapter 1 In A Blue Yorke State of Mind, Last paragraph of page 9, and page 10. Author Mueller sits with Radioheads Thom Yorke for a casual discussion/interview, after a show at the lower east sides Mercury Lounge. Walter A. Rutes, Richard H. Penner, Lawrence Adams, — contains a case study of Schragers redevelopment of the hotel Official website
29.
AccorHotels
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Accor S. A. using the brand name AccorHotels, is a French multinational hotel group, part of the CAC40 index, which operates in 95 countries. Headquartered in Paris, France, the group owns, operates and franchises 3,700 hotels representing several brands, from budget and economy lodgings to five-star hotels. In 1967, Paul Dubrule and Gérard Pélisson founded the Société dinvestissement et dexploitation hôteliers hotel group, in 1974, they launched the Ibis brand with the opening of the Ibis Bordeaux. The following year, SIEH acquired the Courtepaille and Mercure brands, and in 1980 the Sofitel hotel brand, in 1982, the SIEH bought Jacques Borel International, the then world-leading brand offering restaurant vouchers. In 1983, the group, which had restaurant tickets and hotels, in 1985, it launched Hotel Formule 1 brand, offering basic accommodation at low prices. P. In the 1990s, it diversified to include Accor Casinos and in 2004, in June 2010, the shareholders of Accor approved the demerger of its hotel and voucher businesses. The two entities started trading as separate companies on the Paris stock exchange from 2 July 2011, in 2011, Accor introduced its new brand positioning with the slogan, Open new frontiers in hospitality. In November 2013, Accor redefined its business model on two core competencies, hotel operator and brand franchisor and hotel owner and investor. In October 2014, Accor transferred management of its Central European operations to Orbis, in December 2014, Accor announced an alliance with Huazhu to accelerate expansion in China. In June 2015, Accor became AccorHotels and adopted a new slogan Feel Welcome, in December 2015, Accor announced the purchase for US$2.9 billion in cash and shares of FRHI Hotels & Resorts, the owner of the Fairmont, Raffles, and Swissôtel chains. The transaction adds landmark properties such as the Savoy Hotel in London, Raffles Hotel in Singapore, in 2016, AccorHotels acquired John Paul, the worldwide leader in concierge services. In 2017, the European group declared plans to three hotels in Ethiopia. In 2006, Gilles Pélisson, nephew of Accor co-founder Gerard Pélisson, took over the group as CEO, Accor appointed Serge Weinberg, head of Weinberg Capital Partners, chairman of the supervisory board. In February 2009, CEO Gilles Pélisson was appointed chairman and CEO, Gilles Pélisson was co-vice-president of the Novotel brand in 1994. In 2009, Denis Hennequin joined the board of directors. He stepped down in April 2013 and Yann Caillère was appointed CEO for a transitional period, in August 2013, Sebastien Bazin was named Chairman and CEO, replacing Yann Caillère who left the group. The companys head office, which houses the executive management, is located in the Immeuble Odyssey in the 13th arrondissement of Paris. This facility is the registered office
30.
Bordeaux
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Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France. The municipality of Bordeaux proper has a population of 243,626, together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole. With 749,595 inhabitants and 1,178,335 in the area, it is the fifth largest in France, after Paris, Lyon, Marseille and Lille. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department and its inhabitants are called Bordelais or Bordelaises. The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region, Bordeaux is the worlds major wine industry capital. It is home to the main wine fair, Vinexpo. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century, the historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved buildings of any city in France. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, the name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city. In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, the Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, was killed in the action. The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of tin, later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty. In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals, further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city. In the late 6th century, the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, the city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Around 585, a certain Gallactorius is cited as count of Bordeaux, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732 after storming the fortified city and overwhelming the Aquitanian garrison. After Duke Eudess defeat, the Aquitanian duke could still save part of its troops, the following year, the Frankish commander descended again over Aquitaine, but clashed in battle with the Aquitanians and left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745, Aquitaine faced yet another expedition by Charles sons Pepin and Carloman against Hunald, Hunald was defeated, and his son Waifer replaced him, who in turn confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city. During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine, it was one of Waifers last important strongholds to fall to King Pepin the Shorts troops. Next to Bordeaux, Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac on a hill across the border with the Basques, in 778, Seguin was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass that very year
31.
Istanbul
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Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
32.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
33.
Lyon
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Lyon or Lyons is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about 470 km from Paris and 320 km from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais, Lyon had a population of 506,615 in 2014 and is Frances third-largest city after Paris and Marseille. Lyon is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, the metropolitan area of Lyon had a population of 2,237,676 in 2013, the second-largest in France after Paris. The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy and historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. It played a significant role in the history of cinema, Auguste, the city is also known for its famous light festival, Fête des Lumières, which occurs every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights. Economically, Lyon is a centre for banking, as well as for the chemical, pharmaceutical. The city contains a significant software industry with a focus on video games. Lyon hosts the headquarters of Interpol, Euronews, and International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon was ranked 19th globally and second in France for innovation in 2014 and it ranked second in France and 39th globally in Mercers 2015 liveability rankings. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne by the Allobroges and were now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers, dio Cassius says this task was to keep the two men from joining Mark Antony and bringing their armies into the developing conflict. The Roman foundation was at Fourvière hill and was officially called Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity, the city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum. The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as Desired Mountain is offered by the 9th-century Endlicher Glossary, in contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lugdunon, after the Celtic god Lugus, and dúnon. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly due to its convenient location at the convergence of two rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in city, Claudius, whose speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic senators. Today, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as Primat des Gaules, the Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. Local saints from this period include Blandina, Pothinus, and Epipodius, in the second century AD, the great Christian bishop of Lyon was the Easterner, Irenaeus. Burgundian refugees fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were re-settled by the commander of the west, Aëtius. This became the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom in 461, in 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I
34.
Sam Nazarian
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Sam Nazarian is an Iranian-American businessman, investor and philanthropist. He is the Founder, Chairman and CEO of SBE Entertainment Group, Nazarian was born to a Persian Jewish family in Tehran in 1975. The Nazarian family immigrated to the United States following the Iranian Revolution and he is the son of Younes Nazarian who made a fortune along with his brother Izak Parviz Nazarian as an early investor in Qualcomm. He was raised in Beverly Hills, California where he attended Beverly Hills High School and his first entrepreneurial venture was in 1998, when he founded Platinum Wireless, a telecommunications business specializing in the distribution of Nextel software. Within one year of its founding, Platinum Wireless was the number one Nextel distributor in Southern California and he then entered the world of real estate by diversifying his familys assets into real estate holdings, beginning with the establishment of 3Wall Development in 1999. Under Sams guidance 3Wall became one of Southern Californias largest owners of multi-family housing, SBE owns several Los Angeles nightclubs and lounges, Create, Greystone Manor, Emerson, Hyde, XIV, Colony, Eden, MyHouse, MyStudio and The Abbey. SBE generally owns each of its venues outright giving it the flexibility to quickly adjust to the vagaries of the market and these venues continue to see a high level of popularity and celebrity patronage, as well as being frequently visited by the characters of HBOs Entourage. Nazarian made an appearance as himself greeting the characters of the show in the episode No Cannes Do. Nazarians SBE brand has also featured on episodes of The Hills. Nazarian owns the Hyde Lounge at Staples Center in Los Angeles, in 2014, SBE agreed to lease the top two floors of 5900 Wilshire, a skyscraper in Los Angeles, CA. He has secured partnerships with Philippe Starck and chefs Katsuya Uechi, José Andrés and his partnership with Katsuya and Starck resulted in the restaurant Katsuya, with locations in Brentwood, Hollywood, Glendale, downtown Los Angeles and downtown San Diego. XIV, in partnership with Chef Michael Mina, opened on the Sunset Strip in October 2008, Nazarian opened The Bazaar with José Andrés, which is integrated into SLS Hotel in Beverly Hills, in 2008. SBE is also invested in hamburger chain Umami Burger, Nazarian also owns 800 Degrees Pizza. SLS Las Vegas, SLS Brickell, SLS Lux, SLS Beverly Hills, Redbury Hollywood, Redbury South Beach and Redbury New York. Raleigh Hotel Miami Beach and Townhouse Hotel Miami Beach, Nazarian has served as executive producer for the films Waiting. Down in the Valley, Five Fingers, The Last Time, Pride, Mr. Brooks, in 2014, Nazarian was named to Fortunes 40 Under 40 list. He serves on the Board of Directors of the Southern California Institute of Architecture, in July 2009, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa appointed Nazarian to the Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles World Airports. Nazarian was recently honored with the Mondavi Wine & Food award and he is married to Albanian American model, Emina Cunmulaj, they have one daughter
35.
SLS Las Vegas
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The SLS Hotel & Casino Las Vegas is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Winchester, Nevada. It is owned by Stockbridge Real Estate, the hotel was formerly known as the Sahara Hotel and Casino. It was in operation under that name for 59 years from 1952 to 2011, the hotel had 1,720 guestrooms and suites with a casino covering more than 85,000 square feet, and sits on 55 acres including the All Net Resort and Arena. The hotel is the site of the SLS station, the northernmost stop for the Las Vegas Monorail, the SLS anchored the northern end of the Las Vegas Strip. The renovated property reopened on August 23,2014, after a $415 million renovation as part of SBEs chain of SLS hotels, the first casino built on the site was the Club Bingo, which opened in 1947. Owner Milton Prell replaced the casino with a new hotel in 1952 called the Sahara Hotel. It was located just outside the City of Las Vegas, and was the resort to open on the Strip. The resort was built by Del Webb, the Sahara was one of the last remaining vintage Rat Pack casino-hotels, leaving only the Flamingo, Caesars Palace and The Tropicana. The porte-cochere entrance, topped by a minaret, was designed to set the resorts warm Moroccan flavor. In late 1954, the hotel hired jazz musician Louis Prima to be their late night lounge act, along with his then-wife Keely Smith and sax player Sam Butera, they created one of the hottest late-night attractions on the Strip. In 1956, Abbott and Costello appeared together for the last time on the Sahara stage before their permanent breakup, the hotel constructed the first high-rise tower on the Strip in 1959, designed by Martin Stern. In 1961, the hotel was purchased by Del Webb, in 1962, a Don the Beachcomber restaurant opened in the hotel, becoming a top attraction to not only hotel guests but a variety of celebrities as well. A 24-story tower was added in 1963, which made the hotel the tallest building in Las Vegas, the resort was the site of the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day Telethon for many years, mostly in the 1970s, and for a brief time in the 1990s. Performers at the resort over the years have included Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, in 1964, The Beatles stayed at the Sahara and played two shows at the nearby Las Vegas Convention Center. Del Webb ran into problems in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He sold the Sahara to Paul Lowden for $50 million in 1982, ownership changed in 1995, when Archon Corporation sold the property to Bill Bennett. Bill Bennett owned the hotel until his death on December 22,2002, the 27-story tower addition was added in 1987, and a new porte-cochere was added by the relocated pool in 1997. In 1999, further added a roller coaster and a restaurant
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Tapas
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Tapas are a wide variety of appetizers, or snacks, in Spanish cuisine. In select bars in Spain, tapas have evolved into an entire, in Spain, patrons of tapas can order many different tapas and combine them to make a full meal. In some Central American countries, such snacks are known as bocas, in Mexico, similar dishes are called botanas. The word tapas is derived from the Spanish verb tapar, to cover, before the 19th century, European roads were in bad condition. Some were originally old Roman roads, some were trails dating from the Middle Ages, most people could not read or write, and Spain was no exception. Inns, called posadas, albergues, or bodegas, grew up along the roads, offering meals and rooms, since few innkeepers could write and few travellers read, inns offered their guests a sample of the dishes available, on a tapa. In fact, a tapa was a portion of any kind of Spanish cuisine. According to The Joy of Cooking, the original tapas were thin slices of bread or meat which sherry drinkers in Andalusian taverns used to cover their glasses between sips and this was a practical measure meant to prevent fruit flies from hovering over the sweet sherry. The meat used to cover the sherry was normally ham or chorizo, because of this, bartenders and restaurant owners created a variety of snacks to serve with sherry, thus increasing their alcohol sales. The tapas eventually became as important as the sherry, Tapas have evolved through Spanish history by incorporating new ingredients and influences. Most of the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Romans, who introduced the olive, the discovery of the New World brought the introduction of tomatoes, sweet and chili peppers, maize, and potatoes, which were readily accepted and easily grown in Spains microclimates. There are many competitions throughout Spain, but there is only one National Tapas competition. Since 2008, the City of Valladolid and the International School of Culinary Arts have celebrated the International Tapas Competition for Culinary Schools, various schools from around the world come to Spain annually to compete for the best tapa concept. Though the primary meaning of tapa is cover or lid, it has in Spain also become a term for this style of food. It is also said that since one would be standing while eating a tapa in traditional Spanish bars, they would need to place their plates on top of their drinks to eat. Others believe the tradition began when king Alfonso X of Castile recovered from an illness by drinking wine with small dishes between meals. After regaining his health, the ordered that taverns would not be allowed to serve wine to customers unless it was accompanied by a small snack or tapa. Another popular explanation says that King Alfonso XIII stopped by a tavern in Cádiz where he ordered a cup of wine
37.
Moss Bros Group
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Moss Bros Group PLC is a public limited company set up in 1851 by Moses Moss in Covent Garden, London, UK. One of the UKs top menswear stores, specialising in dress wear for formal occasions and it is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE Fledgling Index. Until 2011, the company was divided into two trading divisions, the Mainstream Division included Moss, Moss Bros Hire, Moss Bros, Savoy Taylors Guild and factory outlet stores. The Fashion Division included Cecil Gee, Hugo Boss, Canali, in autumn 2005, Moss Direct, a mail order and internet shopping division, was launched. 1851 - Company founder Moses Moss opens the first two shops in Londons Covent Garden and he sold second-hand clothing with the motto Sell only the best stuff, give only the best service. 1881 - The company moves into the original King Street store in Covent Garden,1894 - Moses dies, leaving the business to two of his five sons, Alfred and George. 1897 - The Hire Department is established with Alfred charging for suits loaned to his friend Charles Pond,1898 - The Covent Garden store is rebuilt and the name Moss Bros goes up over the door for the first time. 1909 - Harry Moss, Georges son, joins the firm at the age of 13 and he is destined to follow Alfred as the next Guvnor. 1910 - The Military Department is opened following the successful kitting out of officers from a cupboard of military paraphernalia left over from the Boer War,1914 - Outbreak of World War One. Staff sleep in the shop to keep up with the demand for uniforms,1917 - Monty Moss, another of Georges sons and a member of the business, dies at the battle of Passchendaele. 1918 - The Saddlery Department is established in the basement at King Street with the purchase of the highly respected saddlers Parkers,1921 - Harry Moss becomes a Director at 25 and sets about developing the ready-to-wear business. 1924 - King George Vs Private Secretary recommends Moss Bros to the first Labour Government for the correct levee dress to wear at court,1934 - Harry Moss becomes Managing Director. The Depression spawns the first of the famous frivolous booklets, All at Sea,1937 - Alfred Moss dies, leaving a legacy of quality and innovation. 1939 - World War Two, and most of the Hire Department goes into storage, Moss Bros opens branches in strategic locations to serve the needs of the armed forces. 1947 - Moss Bros becomes a company and opens a Womens Department and hire service for evening wear. 1952 - Death from polio of Graham Moss, Alfreds younger son, Graham, who won the Military Cross in Sicily, was said to be another Alfred in the making. 1953 - The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II brings to Moss Bros the highest in the land for the dress for the royal event. 1955 - Basil Moss, Alfreds elder son, becomes a Director,1957 - Monty Moss, Harrys son, also joins the Board
38.
Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis
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Saint-Ouen is a commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department. It is located in the suburbs of Paris, France,6.6 kilometres from the centre of Paris. The communes neighbouring Saint-Ouen are Paris, to the south, Clichy, to the west, Asnières-sur-Seine and LÎle-Saint-Denis, to the north, the canton of Saint-Ouen includes only part of the commune. The other part belongs to the canton of Saint-Denis-Sud, Saint-Ouen also includes the Cimetière de Saint-Ouen. On 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes, on that occasion, a part of the commune of Saint-Ouen was annexed to the city of Paris. At the same time, the commune of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis was disbanded and divided between the city of Paris, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Denis, and Aubervilliers, Saint-Ouen received a small part of the territory of La Chapelle-Saint-Denis. The commune of Montmartre was also disbanded, the city of Paris annexed most of Montmartre, Saint-Ouen is home to Paris flea market, the highest concentration of antique dealers and second-hand furniture dealers in the world. In 2014 the flea market site was acquired by Jean-Cyrille Boutmy from Gerald Grosvenor, Saint-Ouen is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 13, Garibaldi and Mairie de Saint-Ouen. From mid-2017 it will also be connected at Mairie de Saint-Ouen to the extended Gare Saint Lazare to Olympiades Paris Metro Line 14, Saint-Ouen is also served by Saint-Ouen station on Paris RER line C. It was created in 1948, and is now part of the Institut Polytechnique du Grand Paris, one literary and humanities Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles at Lycée Blanqui High Schools premises. Jacques Gondouin, architect Alphonse Halimi, boxer Louis Stettner, American photographer of everyday poetry Dany Bill, seven-times Muaythai World champion
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Cuffe Parade
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Cuffe Parade is an upmarket neighbourhood in South Mumbai. It is in the southernmost region of the city just north of Navy Nagar, to the north of Cuffe Parade lies Badhwar Park. Cuffe Parade was named after T. W. Cuffe of the Bombay City Improvement Trust, much of Cuffe Parade was developed on reclaimed land in the 1960s, with many of the buildings over thirty storeys high. To the east is Colaba Causeway and to the west is the Arabian Sea, among the notable residents are members of the Ambani and Husain families. Prominent businessmen living here include Subhash Chandra of Essel Group, the Goenka family, the skyline consists of prominent buildings like Maker Tower and Jolly Maker-1, considered to be the richest housing society in Mumbai. Cuffe Parade Resident Association is a citizen’s organisation looking after the interests of the Cuffe Parade area since 1971 and it is suspected that some of the original attackers in the November Mumbai attacks disembarked from a boat in the area, according to local eyewitnesses. MVRDC World Trade Centre I is located at Cuffe Parade in Mumbai and it is a commercial and shopping complex. Taj President Hotel World Trade Centre BD Somani International School Maker Arcade WIRC of ICAI Cuffe Parade Residents Association
40.
Andrey Melnichenko
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Andrey Igorevich Melnichenko is a Russian industrialist and billionaire. With an estimated wealth of $13.2 billion, in 2017 he ranked 89th in the Forbes World’s billionaires list. Upon graduation, Melnichenko was admitted in the School of Physics at Moscow State University, in 1993 at the age of 21, Melnichenko co-founded the MDM Bank which grew to become one of Russia’s largest private banks within ten years. From 1993 to 1997, Andrey Melnichenko chaired the management board of MDM Bank, in 1997, Melnichenko graduated from the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics with a degree in Finance and Credit. He then bought out MDM Bank shares from his partners and became the shareholder of the Bank. From 2001 to 2005, he chaired MDM Banks board of directors, from 2001 to 2004, he was the president of the MDM Group. Between 2000 and 2001, Melnichenko co-founded the MDM Group comprising industrial assets which later formed Siberian Coal Energy Company, Andrey Melnichenko also became one of the founders of TMK, Pipe and Metallurgic Company, Russia’s largest manufacturer and exporter of steel pipes. In 2004, he sold his shares in the related to public placement of the company’s stock with the London Stock Exchange. In 2011, he created the SGK on the basis of electricity assets of SUEK, in 2013, Andrey Melnichenko became the primary shareholder of SUEK and SGK after he has bought his ex-partners shares. He was Chairman of Board of Directors of OJSC SUEK from March 2004 until April 2015, Andrey Melnichenko is Chairman of the Strategy Committee of EuroChem Group AG. He is also Chairman of the Strategy Committee of SUEK LTD and he is the main beneficiary of EuroChem, SUEK and SGK. Since 2007, Andrey Melnichenko has been Member of the Bureau of the Board of Directors of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, in 2017, he ranked 89th in the Forbes World’s Billionaires list. Andrey Melnichenkos assets include, EuroChem Group AG, one of the top producers of mineral fertilizers. Andrey Melnichenko is the beneficiary of 90% of the companys shares, SUEK Group, one of the largest coal companies in the world and the leading coal producer in Russia. Andrey Melnichenko is the beneficiary of 92. 2% of the companys shares, OOO Siberian Generating Company, the leading electric power generating company in Siberia. Andrey Melnichenko is the beneficiary of 92. 2% of the companys shares, Andrey Melnichenko is Chairman of the Strategy Committee at EuroChem Group AG, SUEK Group and SGK. In 2016, Melnichenko was given an award for good deeds. According to media reports, he is one of the main social investors, in 2005, Melnichenko married former model and pop singer Aleksandra Melnichenko in the South of France
