1.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
2.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
3.
Taft Avenue
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Taft Avenue is a major road thoroughfare in Metro Manila. It crosses through three cities of the capital region, Manila, Pasay and Parañaque. The road was named after the former Governor-General of the Philippines and U. S President, the Philippines was a former commonwealth territory of the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. Construction of this avenue, originally called Calle Rizal, was completed in 1899, with Padre Burgos Street as its northern terminus, engineers Manny Aquino and Robin Santos led its extension in 1911, and the avenue was renamed Manila Road. However, a map of Manila produced in 1915 by the Office of Department Engineer, Philippine Department and it was extended to Ocampo Street (formerly Vito Cruz Street in 1940, at the height of World War II, during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. It was renamed Taft Avenue in 1984 and it also reclaimed Mexico Road, the Manila LRT Line 1, the first elevated rail track in the Philippines, was built over it and opened in that same year. If Bold had a Street Crossings, the avenue straight ahead would be later known as Padre Burgos Avenue and spurs into three bridges then streets, Quezon Boulevard, Rizal Avenue, and Quintin Paredes Street. The office of the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region is located on Taft Avenue, Taft Avenue forms a part of the University Belt. The College of Saint Benilde, Santa Isabel College Manila, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Araullo High School, the National Cathedral of the Holy Child of the Philippine Independent Church is located on Taft Avenue. Taft Avenue is accessed through jeepneys, taxis, the Manila LRT Line 1, the avenue houses some stations of the LRT-1 namely, EDSA, Libertad, Gil Puyat, Vito Cruz, Quirino Avenue, Pedro Gil, United Nations
4.
Malate, Manila
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Malate is a district of Manila, Philippines. Together with the district of Ermita, it serves as Manilas center for commerce, the word Malate is believed to have stemmed from the corruption of the Tagalog word maalat. Tradition notes that the tidewaters from Manila Bay flowed far inland, Malate during the Spanish colonial period was an open space with a small fishing village. During the Spanish period, the center of activity was the Malate Church, devotion to the image was especially popular among pregnant women having a difficult pregnancy. American expatriates and some of the old Spanish mestizo families populated the district in high rise apartments. Despite extensive damage after the Second World War, many homes, the displaced wealthy families who evacuated their homes during the war returned and re-built their private villas and kept the whole district exclusively residential until the 1970s. During the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, visual and performing artists found a haven in Malate during the 1980s and it became a bohemian enclave and safe haven. Malate is continuously transforming itself as the center of recreation and entertainment for Manila with more restaurants, boutiques, bars, discos and novelty stores opening for business. The block bounded by the streets, Maria Orosa, Julio Nakpil, Adriatico and Remedios have become synonymous to street parties, al fresco dining, street dancing and concerts. The western side of Malate across Taft Avenue remains a quiet area with several apartment rows converted into dormitories for students enrolled at nearby schools. The district can be accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Quirino Avenue. The Light Rail Transit follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations located in Malate, Vito Cruz Station, Quirino Station and Pedro Gil Station, the Bureau of Plant Industry is also headquartered in the area. In the 1990s, Malate and the district of Ermita had been cleaned-up and big businesses. Harrison Plaza, Manilas first enclosed mall, is located in the Malate district. There is one hospital, the Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, located at the corner of Roxas Boulevard, the district is also home to the Philippines first sports stadium, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and the countrys premiere zoological park, the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden. Promenades and parks by the Manila Bay have been more convenient and safe with the opening of the Manila Baywalk area. A portion of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex also lies within the district, education in Malate is mostly provided by private schools. Paul University Manila and St. Scholasticas College Manila, prominent secondary schools in Malate are the Jesus Reigns Christian Academy, Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and the Malate Catholic School
5.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
6.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
7.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
8.
Jose Abad Santos Memorial School
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The Jose Abad Santos Memorial School, or JASMS, is the basic education institution of the Philippine Womens University. JASMS offers preschool, elementary, and secondary education, JASMS evolved from the preschool of the Philippine Women’s University under the leadership of President Francisca Tirona Benitez. President Benitez hired Doreen Barber Gamboa and Priscilla Abaya to first set up, Mrs. Gamboa was of Irish descent and had trained in psychology. Gamboa and Abaya noticed that most of the children in the new PWU preschool were being held back from fully exploring the books, art materials, blocks, and play facilities provided them in school. The teachers noticed that three boys were the only ones who were dropped off at school without yayas, parents. First, the teachers sought the cooperation of parents to free the children from their yayas and other “watchers. ”Next. The children were encouraged to play vigorously, explore their environment, movement was encouraged and employed, rather than restricted. As the population of the school grew, so did the popularity of the school with the parents and it was the parents themselves who petitioned for the preschool’s expansion into a bona fide grade school department. Also around this time, a reorganization of the school took place in response to the clamor of parents that the approach is carried over into the high school. The growth of the work has been rapid since then, two schools developed out of this initial effort, JASMS in Manila and later in Quezon City, both coeducational from Nursery to Grade 12. Feeling good about himself or herself, the child is set free to move explore the world as a fully engaged and self-principled citizen. The Jose Abad Santos Memorial School is the outcome of the years of work that Doreen Barber Gamboa had with children. She was greatly inspired by Francisca Tirona Benitez who was a co-founder and then President of the Philippine Women’s University,1944 PWU building was burned during the war Quonset huts are built to house the kindergarten and elementary by day and to serve as a dormitory by night. Fronting PWU, these huts were located at the site of what would later be referred to as the JASMS Annex, other big houses undamaged by the war became the classrooms of the children. One such house was owned by the late Chief Justice Abad Santos, once PWU board chair, the new JASMS QC with Mrs. Gamboa as director, offers preschool to Grade 7. Jose Abad Santos Memorial School- JASMS, Rondalla ensemble was organized April 2007 with 8 children by math teacher Noli Rodriguez who trained in rondalla conducting, JASMS Rondalla is offered free to all students of JASMS Manila from Grade 4 to Grade 12. JASMSs aim is to life to Filipino folk songs through the music of the different rondalla instruments. In 2015, the JASMS Rondalla became National Champions by winning the Grand Prize of the National Music Competitions for Young Artists organized by the NAMCYA Foundation, the JASMS Rondalla had been annual concerts under the theme Himig ng Lahi performed at the PWU Concert Hall
9.
Jose Abad Santos Memorial School Quezon City
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The Jose Abad Santos Memorial School is the basic education institution of the Philippine Womens University. JASMS offers preschool, elementary, and secondary education, JASMS QC opened along what is now known as EDSA to serve the needs of the growing community of Philamlife Homes in 1956. In 1961, the JASMS High School at Quezon City opened, JASMS evolved from the preschool of the Philippine Women’s University under the leadership of President Francisca Tirona Benitez. President Benitez hired Doreen Barber Gamboa and Priscilla Abaya to first set up, Gamboa was of Irish descent and had trained in psychology. Gamboa and Abaya noticed that most of the children in the new PWU preschool were being held back from fully exploring the books, art materials, blocks, and play facilities provided them in school. The teachers noticed that these boys were the ones who were dropped off at school without yayas, parents. First, the teachers sought the cooperation of parents to free the children from their yayas. Next, they expanded the physical set-up of the classroom to include the outdoors, the children were encouraged to play vigorously, explore their environment, and experiment widely with the materials that the environment had to offer. Movement was encouraged and employed, rather than restricted, as the population of the school grew, so did the popularity of the school with the parents. The parents petitioned for the expansion into a bona fide grade school. Around this time, a reorganization of the school took place in response to the clamor of parents that the approach is carried over into the high school. The growth of the work has been rapid since then, two schools developed out of this initial effort, JASMS in Manila and later in Quezon City, both coeducational from nursery to grade 12. The Jose Abad Santos Memorial School is the outcome of the years of work that Doreen Barber Gamboa had with children. She was greatly inspired by Francisca Tirona Benitez who was a co-founder and president of the Philippine Women’s University, the first college for women in Asia. The class is closed by the onset of WWII but Gamboa sets up a kindergarten and ungraded primary classes in an old house at the corner of Taft Avenue and Tennessee in Malate. 1944 PWU building was burned during the war, quonset huts are built to house the kindergarten and elementary by day and to serve as a dormitory by night. Fronting PWU, these huts were at the site of what would later be referred to as the JASMS Annex, other big houses undamaged by the war became the classrooms. One such house was owned by the late Chief Justice Abad Santos, once PWU board chair, the new JASMS QC with Gamboa as director, offers preschool to Grade 7
10.
Manuel L. Quezon
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Manuel Luis Quezón y Molina was a Filipino statesman, soldier, and politician who served as president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines, Quezon was a Spanish Filipino, with both his parents being Filipino mestizos. Quezon was the first Senate president elected to the presidency, the first president elected through an election. During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants in the countryside and he established a government-in-exile in the U. S. with the outbreak of the war and the threat of Japanese invasion. It was during his exile in the U. S. that he died of tuberculosis at Saranac Lake and he was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery until the end of World War II, when his remains were moved to Manila. His final resting place is the Quezon Memorial Circle, President Benigno Aquino III, and María Zeneida Quezon Avanceña, who is 94 years old and the daughter of the former President, were duly informed about this recognition. Quezon, was born in Baler in the district of El Príncipe and his parents were Lucio Quezon and María Dolores Molina, both of whom were Spanish-Mestizos with distant ethnic Tagalog origins. His father was a grade school teacher from Paco, Manila. Quezon started life in a province of the Philippines as the son of a rice farmer. He went from governor of his local Tayabas region to president of the country in 10 years and he was influential in revising a key law that gave Filipinos a majority in the Philippine Commission and negotiated the Jones Act that allowed Filipinos to be self-legislating. He later boarded at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran where he completed secondary school, in 1899, Quezon cut short his law studies at the University of Santo Tomás in Manila to participate in the struggle for independence against the United States, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. During the Philippine–American War he was an Aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo and he rose to the rank of Major and fought in the Bataan sector. However, after surrendering in 1900 wherein he made his first break in the American press, Quezon returned to the university and passed the bar examinations in 1903, achieving fourth place. He worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as an appointed fiscal for Mindoro and he became a councilor and was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906 after a hard-fought election. Manuel Quezon was a personality who dominated the political scene. His active involvement in the destiny of his country was felt both in the Philippines and the United States. From 1909 to 1916, he served as one of the Philippines two resident commissioners to the U. S. House of Representatives, lobbying for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law. He headed the first Independent Mission to the U. S. Congress in 1919, building a long-term friendship with American Lieutenant Douglas MacArthur was vital to many of his achievements
11.
Supreme Court of the Philippines
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The Supreme Court of the Philippines, is the highest court in the Philippines. It is presided over by a Chief Justice and is composed of fifteen Justices, pursuant to the Constitution, the Supreme Court has administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof. Until 1945, the Court met in Cavite, an additional constitutional requirement, though less precise in nature, is that a judge must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence. Beginning with the 1935 Constitution, Supreme Court Justices are obliged to retire upon reaching the retirement age of 70. Some Justices had opted to retire before reaching the age of 70, such as Florentino Feliciano, Alicia Austria-Martinez who retired at 68 due to health reasons. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides that, Section 11, the Members of the Supreme Court xxx shall hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office. Since,1901, it was only incumbent Associate Justice Alicia Austria-Martinez who resigned for health reasons, in the October 1 Judicial and Bar Councils en banc deliberations, Reynato Puno ruled, “The court merely noted it. We don’t have to approve it, during the JBC hearing, a JBC member said Austria-Martinez had wanted to retire earlier because of health reasons. We were told she had problems even when she was in the CA. ”Retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Artemio Panganiban stated. Alicia Austria-Martinez has opted to retire early from the Supreme Court due to health reasons, neither is she physically or mentally incapacitated, but she has chosen to retire on April 30,2009 because she felt she could no longer cope with the heavy caseload. This was followed in 2016 however, by Justice Martin Villarama, the powers of the Supreme Court are defined in Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution. These functions may be divided into two – judicial functions and administrative functions. The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar. Pursuant to these functions, the Court is empowered to order a change of venue of trial in order to avoid a miscarriage of justice and to appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary. The Court is further authorized to promulgate the rules for admission to the practice of law, for assistance to the underprivileged. The more prominent role of the Court is located in the exercise of its judicial functions, Section 1 of Article VIII contains definition of judicial power that had not been found in previous constitutions. The judicial power is vested in “one Supreme Court and in lower courts as may be established by law. ”The definition reaffirms the power of the Supreme Court to engage in judicial review. As a result, the existence of “grave abuse of discretion” on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government is sufficient basis to state action
12.
Santa Isabel College Manila
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The Santa Isabel College, is a Private, Roman Catholic College located in Ermita, Manila, in the Philippines. Santa Isabel College is one of the oldest college in the Philippines and it is owned and operated by the nuns of the Daughters of Charity. In later years its doors were opened to Spanish Filipina girls as well, in 1733, by a royal decree the name of the college was changed to “Real Colegio de Santa Isabel. The records of its establishment can be found at the Archive of the Indies in Seville, on July 22,1862, fifteen Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul arrived in the Philippines from Spain. Two years after, the Daughters of Charity took over the administration of the Real Colegio de Santa Isabel, the College was then in Intramuros until it was totally destroyed by shelling and fire during the liberation of Manila. After losing the Colegio, the Sisters sought refuge at St. Rita’s College which was spared from the ravages of war. The Sisters taught in St. Rita’s College to support themselves, the zealous Sisters left no stone unturned until they found a temporary home for its students. Some time after the war the name was changed to, Santa Isabel College, since 1968 four buildings were added to Santa Isabel. The school auditorium, built in 1953, was modernized, the Sister Catalina Ledesma Mini Recital Hall was constructed from the funds provided by the Sister Catalina Scholarship Foundation. In 1982, Santa Isabel College celebrated its 350th Foundation Anniversary, after three and a half centuries, Santa Isabel College has expanded its educational programs. Teacher Certificate Program for Professionals was opened, the Music Program, likewise, has expanded and now gives short term courses. The Bachelor of Science in Public Relations was given government recognition in 1981, Santa Isabel College then is the only school in the Philippines offering Bachelor of Science in Public Relations. Aside from the offerings, the school’s four courses were given recognition by the government. They are, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Bachelor of Science in Information Management, Bachelor of Science in Office Administration, Santa Isabel College continuously re-invented itself to address the challenges of the times. Intensive curriculum revision, realigning and mapping for more cohesive and relevant offerings were undertaken in order to answer current needs, thus, new programs were conceived, two-year Associate in Computer Technology, two-year Certificate in Hotel and Restaurant Management, and two-year Certificate in Accountancy. The school year 2005-2006 ushered in new programs, Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management, in 2004, the Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management was offered. To comply with the requirements of the course, the Chateau Santa Isabel Practicum Center was built. The practicum center serves as the training ground of the Hotel
13.
St. Paul University Manila
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St. Paul University Manila is a private, previously a womens college and recently turned co-ed beginning school year 2005-2006 in Manila, Philippines. The college was established in 1912 by the Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres, the Sisters, coming from their mission in Vietnam, responded to the invitation of Bishop Frederick Rooker of the Diocese of Iloilo, to which Dumaguete then belonged. The seven Sisters were Mother Marthe de St. Paul, Superior, Sr. Marie Louise du Sacre Coeur, Sr. Ange Marie, Sr. Anne de la Croix, Sr. Charles de Genes, Sr. Catherine, and Sr. Josephine. St. Paul’s College, Dumaguete was founded as St. Paul Academy, St. Paul Academy which was located near the Cathedral, accepted boys and girls and prepared them for their First Holy Communion. The Sisters were installed in the old Convent of the Augustinian Recollects that Bishop Rooker had offered, the parish priest transferred his residence somewhere else. January 9,1905, the new school opened with 30 girls, four of them were boarders, children, women, and young men came to the school for religious instruction. Besides the regular courses, there were supplementary classes in music, drawing, painting, French, sewing. The medium of instruction was English, however, since the Americans had been in the Philippines only for five years, very few pupils were acquainted with the language. Hence, the Sisters were obliged to learn Visayan and Spanish to be able to communicate with their charges, charo Santos-Concio - ABS-CBN president and host of the countrys longest drama anthology Maalaala Mo Kaya. Malu Maglutac - TV Host, ballerina and model Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera - Associate Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court from 1979 to 1992, cecilia Guidote-Alvarez - founder of the Philippine Educational Theater Association. She was declared as a National Artist for Theater in 2009 and she is a former executive director of the National Commission for Culture and the arts and has been described as a “cultural caregiver”. Some of her awards are, Bantayog Awardee – Hall of Fame in 1997, CCP Gawad Sining for Culture, cristina Ponce Enrile Katrina Ponce Enrile - Business Executive Lovely Rivero - actress Jessey Guiam - DJ of Yes The Best
14.
St. Scholastica's College, Manila
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This article is about the educational institution in Manila. For the institution in Duluth, Minnesota, see The College of St. Scholastica, St. Scholasticas College, Manila is a Catholic institution for women established in 1906 and managed by the Missionary Benedictine Sisters of Tutzing. It is located in 3.66 hectare lot in Malate in the city of Manila, St. Scho has a rich history, spanning over one hundred years and the institution continues to provide quality education to young women in the Philippines. It is bounded by Estrada Street on the north, P. Ocampo Street on the south, Singalong Street on the east, the college was established initially offering elementary grades. It started admitting high school students in 1907 and opened its department in 1920. It pioneered formal music education in the Philippines, opening a Conservatory of Music in 1907, although St. Scholasticas College is an exclusive school for women, admission of male students in the Music, Fine Arts, and Interior Design programs have been allowed. It has earned Level III accreditation on all of its respective departments, the college will undergo its second accreditation in February 2007. St. Scholasticas College celebrated its centennial celebration on December 3,2006, archbishop Harty also gave the same request to the Christian Brothers which led to the establishment of De La Salle College in 1911. The site of the St. Scholastica’s College then was a residential house surrounded by fishermens huts in the fishing village of Tondo. There were then six paying students and 50 non-paying students or scholars, a year after the college opened, it moved to a property in San Marcelino Street in Manila which was later occupied by St. Theresas College Manila and where Adamson University now stands. The school was housed in an old military barracks. On December 14,1914 the college was moved again to another site in Singalong Street where the college presently stands, the land, about three hectares was then bought for the amount of two cents per square meter. St. Scholasticas College, along with its neighbor, De La Salle University-Manila, was ravaged by World War II where its buildings were all destroyed. Reconstruction of the began in 1946 and took nine years to restore. The students of the schools may take accredited subjects in their chosen school for cross-enrollment. Nancy Binay Eunice Jorge - vocalist, Gracenote Mika Aereen Reyes - Former Volleyball Player of De La Salle University Lady Spikers Jessey de Leon - Former Volleyball Player of University of Sto, tomas, Former MVP in Unigames 2013 Saint Cecilias Hall St. Hildegarde Building Official website
15.
Iloilo City
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Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo, is a highly urbanized city on southeastern tip of Panay island in the Philippines. It is the city of the province of Iloilo where it is geographically situated but, in terms of government and administration. In addition, it is the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area, in the 2015 census, Iloilo City had a population of 447,992, with a 1. 02% population annual growth rate. For the metropolitan area, the population is 946,146. Iloilo City is bordered by the towns of Oton in the west, Pavia in the north, Leganes in the northeast and the Iloilo Strait in its eastern and southern coastline. The city was a conglomeration of towns, which are now the geographical districts consisting of, Jaro, Molo, La Paz, Mandurriao. The district of Lapuz, a part of La Paz, was declared a separate district in 2008. According to ancient legends, some of the inhabitants of Panay island were originally from other islands, including Borneo, Sulawesi, Panay might be named after the kingdom of Pannai which is located in Sumatra, since i and y are interchangeable in Spanish. Proof for this is corroborated by linguistic evidence, local tradition refers to the name as a shortening of the Ati word, Ananipay. Probably, it was what the Atis had come to use for the name given by the Malay settlers to their newly found home, one of these ethnic groups was subjugated there and they were unable to flee for various circumstances. Someone speaking pampango found out that they were not speaking pampango among themselves, but they donned the old pampango ethnic costume. And when he addressed an old man among them, the replied, You are descendants of the lost, that in times past left this place to settle in other lands and this resonates the local Panay tradition regarding the arrival of ten Datus from Borneo. The kingdom of Pannai was a militant-nation allied under the Srivijaya Mandala that defended the conflict-ridden Strait of Malacca, the Visayan lore says that in the 13th century, ten Bornean datus came to the island which they named Panay, Pani or Panae. This, after they dissented from the unjust rule of a certain Rajah Makatunao and it was said that it was also a way of the ten Bornean datus to barter the flat lands of Panay from the Ati. One datu, named Paiburong, was given the territory of Irong-Irong. In Panay, according to Friar Gaspar de San Agustín, O. S. A. in the ancient times, there was a trading center and a court of the most illustrious nobility in the whole island. By the 14th century, under Datu Padojinog, this state had grown so powerful militarily and economically, so much so, that the Chuan-chou gazeeter specifically reported that the Pisheya/Bisaya consistently made devastating raids against the Empires commerce. In 1566, as the Spanish conquest of the Philippines was underway and moving north toward Manila, the people then fervently accepted Christianity as they supplied the bulk of the mercenaries used in the conquest of partially islamized Manila, whose rulers were related to the Sultan of Brunei
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Davao City
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Davao City is the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area and the most populous city in the country outside of Metro Manila and Luzon. A 1st class city on Mindanao Island with a land area of 2,444 square kilometers. This figure also makes it the city in the Philippines. It is the center of Metro Davao, the third most populous area in the Philippines. The city serves as the trade, commerce, and industry hub of Mindanao. Davao is home to Mount Apo, the highest mountain in the Philippines, the city is also nicknamed as the Durian Capital of the Philippines. For geographical and statistical purposes, Davao City is grouped with the province of Davao del Sur but is governed independently from it, the city is divided into three congressional districts, which are subdivided into 11 administrative districts with a total of 182 barangays. Davao City is constantly described by its residents and the media as arguably among one of the safest cities in the Philippines. The regions name is derived from its Bagobo origins, the Bagobo were indigenous to the Philippines. The word davao came from the blending of three Bagobo subgroups names for the Davao River, a major waterway emptying into the Davao Gulf near the city. The aboriginal Obos, who inhabit the hinterlands of the region, called the river Davah, the Clatta called it Dawaw, to the Obos, davah also means a place beyond the high grounds. When asked where they were going, the reply was davah. Davao was then ruled by a chieftain, Bago, who had a settlement on the banks of the Davao River. After Cruz de Oyanguren defeated Bago, he renamed the region Nueva Guipúzcoa, founding the town of Nueva Vergara on 29 June 1848 to honor of his home in Spain and these groups generally refer to themselves today as Kalagans. The development of large-scale plantations faced a shortage, and workers were contracted from Luzon. Many Japanese became landowners, acquiring lands by government lease or buying American plantations, the bill called for the appointment of local officials by the president. Davao was inaugurated as a city on October 16,1936 by President Manuel L. Quezon. The City of Davao became provincial capital of a united Davao Province and it was one of the first two towns in Mindanao to be converted into a city
17.
University of Iloilo
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The University of Iloilo is a private university in Iloilo City, Philippines. It is a member of the PHINMA Education Network, the University of Iloilo started as the Iloilo City Colleges. It was established in June 1947 by the Hon. Fernando H. Lopez, then mayor of Iloilo City, in this task of organizing a college, he was inspired by his wife Doña Mariquit and his brother Don Eugenio. A number of professionals and experienced educators who shared his vision of putting up a school not only for the rich but also for the poor, the first classes were held in quonset huts with nipa roofs, sawali and bamboo walls, and mud floors. These makeshift buildings accommodated ambitious young men and women who had just suffered from the aftermath of World War II, dr. Gabino Tabuñar served as the first President of the Iloilo City Colleges. The years brought changes to Iloilo City Colleges, to meet the challenges and the needs of a growing and increasingly diverse student population, the administration phased out some courses and introduced new ones. Then a series of projects to replace the dilapidated buildings began. The first to be constructed was the Don Benito Lopez Building, the Don Fernando Lopez Hall was also constructed as an annex to Doña Presentacion Lopez Building, which the Basic Education Department now occupies. In the main campus were erected the Doña Mariquit Lopez Building for the College of Education, the Don Eugenio Lopez Building accommodated the College of Business Administration, and the Graduate School. The Queen Theater was renovated to accommodate the University Auditorium on the second floor, the College of Law Building was constructed on the corner of Rizal and Iznart Streets and the ground floor became the University Chapel. In 1963, the Iloilo City colleges opened its Graduate School for the growth of teachers and administrators. Three years later the speech laboratories were put up for the undergraduate, in 1966, the College of Agriculture was opened at Ungka, Pavia. Simultaneously, the College of Criminal Justice was opened in the main campus, the College of Agriculture was later phased out due to the decline in enrolment. On December 17,1968, the Iloilo City Colleges was granted the university status, in 1971, the university closed the doors of its high school in La Paz, commonly known as the University of Iloilo, La Paz Unit. In 1972, the University Administration purchased the Philippine Women’s College in Jaro and this was converted into the Don Benito Lopez Hospital. In the main campus two buildings were constructed to accommodate the initial enrollment for the College of Nursing. Courses like the Bachelor of Science in Nutrition and the Bachelor of Science in Social Work and these courses and the Bachelor of Science in Psychology, which was offered in 1974, were included in the course offerings in the College of [Arts and Sciences. The expansion of the College of Arts and Sciences led to the construction of the Science Building and this building also shelters the University Gymnasium, Audio-Visual Center, the I-Net Laboratory, and the Natural Science Department
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Jaro, Iloilo City
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Jaro is one of the seven districts of Iloilo City, in the province of Iloilo, on the island of Panay, in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines. Jaro is the largest of all districts of Iloilo City, the district of La Paz was a former part of Jaro before it became separated. The town of Jaro is considered as the Mestizo Town in Iloilo with numbers of prominent Spanish Filipino families came from the area, Jaro is the cradle of Christian faiths with Roman Catholic and Protestant institutions established and founded in the area. The Spanish Catholics established institutions like the Jaro Cathedral and the Archdiocese of Jaro and its original name was Salog or Saro. It was also referred to as Ilaya or mountain/dry land together with La Paz which was referred to as Ilawod or sea/wet land and it had been one of the richer areas of Iloilo City even during the Spanish colonial period and probably the richest town of the entire colony. Historical artifacts indicate that it had once conducted trade with China and it was also the center of religious and economic power in the Visayas during the Spanish rule. Jaro officially became a city in 1886, La Paz, Iloilo City was a part of Jaro until it became independent from Jaro and became a Town and incorporated into the City of Iloilo. The Marian image was crowned by Pope John Paul II during his visit in 1982. During the American occupation, the Philippine islands were divided to different Protestant missions, Baptist missionaries came although other Protestant sects came also especially the Presbyterians and they established numerous institutions. Rockefeller as the first university in the City of Jaro and also the first Baptist founded, jaros celebration of the Feast of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria every February 2 is well known in the Philippines. The district is notable for its amount of nineteenth-century architecture. Straddling the main plaza is the antique Jaro Cathedral and the Palasyo, majority of the mestizo families from Iloilo came from this town, because it was a center and main port during Spanish period and many Spanish traders married natives and settled on the island. Jaro holds a high-concentration of Filipino-Mestizos and hosts many ancestral mansions of old Visayan families, family mansions such as those owned by the Lopez, Montinolla, Sanson, Luzariagga, De la Rama etc. families line the streets of this historic district. The French traveler Gabriel Lafond de Lurcy wrote of the place as such in his travelogues. Haro is much bigger in size than Iloilo, it is a rich town and they show taste in their dress, which is rich and elegant and, like all mestizas, they show a lot of spirit. University of Iloilo St. Joseph Regional Seminary, in Cubay and it is a theology seminary, as St. Vincent Seminary is a juniorate and philosophy seminary. Built in 1744, the Campanario de Jaro is one of the few belfries in the country that stood apart from the church where it belonged and it has served both as a religious structure and as a military watch tower during the Spanish Colonial Period. This three-storey tower, which stands 29 meters high, is made mainly of bricks and hewn limestone blocks
19.
West Visayas State University
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West Visayas State University is a public normal research university located in Western Visayas region and the Negros Island Region of the Philippines with its main campus in La Paz, Iloilo City. It later became West Visayas State College in 1965 and became a university, the West Visayas State University is a university system where there are different separate campuses while the main campus is composed of nine schools and colleges and one institute. West Visayas State University was founded on June 16,1902, in 1916, it was a secondary school complete with elementary and training departments. In 1924, with the completion of its building and laboratory school building. It was also when a normal school program, which eventually became a four-year normal college course, was established. In 1954, the Bachelor of Science in Education major in Elementary Education was offered and it was named a Center of Excellence by the late Sen. Blas P. Ople and Center of Excellence for Teacher Education by the Commission on Higher Education. Also established were the Graduate School and the College of Arts and Sciences, the doctoral program of the Graduate School was also founded in 1977. The B. S. in Biological Science, AB in Mass Communications, on January 27,1986, the College became the West Visayas State University, integrating the Iloilo National College of Agriculture into its system. In 1987, the University acquired the Don Benito V. Lopez Memorial Hospital which became the WVSU Hospital, the University further established in 1993, the Sports, Athletics, and Cultural Arts Center which later became the degree-granting PESCAR Institute and later PESCAR College in 2000. In 1993, the Department of Mass Communications became the degree-granting Institute of Mass Communications, in 2001, the Board of Regents and the Department of Health approved the conversion of the WVSU Hospital to WVSU Medical Center that it is now. The enactment of the Higher Education Modernization Act brought more developments in the University, in 2000, four CHED-supervised schools in Calinog, Janiuay, Lambunao, and Pototan were integrated into the WVSU System. The University Distance Education program through the Diploma in Teaching course began in Summer 2003, by 2005, The Local Government Unit of Himamaylan entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with the WVSU for the establishment of the WVSU Himamaylan Campus. In February 2008, the university hosted a research conference in Iloilo City. WVSU College of Nursing posted a 100% passing rate in the June 2016 Nurse Licensure Examination with five topnotchers, with the hundred percent passing rate, WVSU retains its record, for the fourth consecutive year, as Number 1 performing school in the NLE in the country. Also at present, WVSU is one of the top performing schools in the Philippines for the Physician Licensure Examinations and its courses in Information Science and Technology, Cooperatives Management, and Mass Communications are also producing graduates who are sought after in the region. In 2010 the university was authorized to offer a program in Hospitality Management in the College of Business. Level 4 qualified status was awarded to Nursing, Teacher Education, Arts and Social Sciences, over the years, the University has etched a mark in professional licensure examinations. In 2004, WVSU was recognized by the Professional Regulation Commission as among the Top 5 Performing Schools in the Philippines in the National Board Examinations
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Cebu City
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Cebu City, officially the City of Cebu, is the capital city of the province of Cebu in Central Visayas and is the second city of the Philippines after Manila. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 630,003 registered voters, Cebu City is a significant center of commerce, trade and education in the Visayas. The city is located on the side of Cebu island. It is the first Spanish settlement, the countrys oldest city, and it is considered as the Fount of Christianity in the Far East. Cebu is the Philippines main domestic shipping port and is home to about 80% of the countrys shipping companies. Across Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan Island, Metro Cebu has a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015, making it the second most-populous metropolitan area of the nation after Metro Manila in Luzon. The name Cebu came from the old Cebuano word sibu or sibo and it was originally applied to the harbors of the town of Sugbu, the ancient name for Cebu City. Sugbu, in turn, was derived from the Old Cebuano term for scorched earth or great fire, before the arrival of the Spaniards, Cebu city was part of the island-rajahnate and trade center of Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya, now better known as the Rajahnate of Cebu. It was founded by a prince of the Hindu Chola dynasty of Sumatra, the name Sugbu refers to Sri Lumays scorched earth tactics against Muslim Moro raiders. On 7 April 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan landed in Cebu and he was welcomed by Rajah Humabon, the grandson of Sri Lumay, together with his wife and about 700 native islanders. Magellan, however, was killed in the Battle of Mactan, the last ruler of Sugbu, prior to Spanish colonization, was Rajah Humabons nephew, Rajah Tupas. They Christianized some natives and Spanish remnants in Cebu, the Spanish arrived in Cebu on 15 April 1565. They then attempted to parley with the ruler, Rajah Tupas, but found that he. Rajah Tupas presented himself at their camp on 8 May, feast of the Apparition of Saint Michael the Archangel, the Treaty of Cebu was formalized on 3 July 1565. López de Legazpis party named the new city Villa de San Miguel de Cebú, in 1567 the Cebu garrison was reinforced with the arrival of 2,100 soldiers from New Spain. The growing colony was then fortified by Fort San Pedro, by 1569 the Spanish settlement in Cebu had become important as a safe port for ships from Mexico and as a jumping-off point for further exploration of the archipelago. Small expeditions led by Juan de Salcedo went to Mindoro and Luzon, one year later, López de Legazpi departed Cebu to discuss a peace pact with the defeated Rajahs. On 14 August 1595, Pope Clement VIII created the diocese of Cebu as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Manila
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Colon Street
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Colon Street is a historical street in downtown Cebu City that is often called the oldest and the shortest national road in the Philippines. It is named after Cristóbal Colón and it traces its origins to the town plan by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Spanish conquistador who arrived in the Philippines to establish a colony in 1565. Colon, crowded and a bit now, was the site of fashionable shops, offices. In 2006, the Cebu City Council proposed a plan to close parts of Colon street from vehicular traffic, however, this was met with much opposition from businessmen and motorists due to concerns regarding security and parking spaces
22.
Calamba, Laguna
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Calamba, officially known as the City of Calamba and often referred to as Calamba City, is a component city of Laguna, Philippines. It is the center of the Calabarzon region. According to the 2015 census, the city has a population of 454,486 people and it is the 5th densest city in the province with more than 2,600 people per square kilometer after San Pedro, Biñan, Cabuyao and Santa Rosa. Based on the rankings of the 2014 Cities and Municipalities Index. The City of Calamba is the hometown of the Philippine national hero, the name of the city comes from a legend that during the early time of the Spanish period in the country, two guardias civil or soldiers were lost and passing through what is now Calamba. The soldiers met a lady who came from a river carrying a jar of water. The soldiers unwittingly in Spanish language and in tone, to conceal the fact that they were lost. The lady, who speaks only her native language, naturally thought she was being interrogated about what she was carrying and nervously uttered kalan-banga, meaning clay stove, because the Spaniards could not pronounce it properly, the town has been called Calamba supposedly since then. This legend is immortalized with a concrete water jar erected in the city plaza with the names of the citys barangays written on its surface. It is now known as Calambanga and is considered the Worlds Biggest Claypot and this same jar is also found in the citys seal. The plaza was proposed by Dr. Agapito Alzona, then the town councilor to utilize the area where the old town market relocated from. The resolution was approved by the town mayor Roman Lazaro. The oldest part of Calamba is believed to be Barangay Sucol where its first settlers remained, with the arrival of Spaniards, the whole area was converted into a hacienda, then a part of Tabuco. Calamba became an independent pueblo on August 28,1742, in 1813, Calamba was placed in the hands of encargados by the Dominican Brothers, who divided into portions and sold the haciendas to the natives during the American regime. During the Japanese occupation in World War II, the city was the theater of a massacre during which the Imperial Japanese Army killed at least 2,000 civilians. The St. John the Baptist Church, established in 1859, was burned by the Japanese during World War II and it was the christening site of José Rizal. The original baptismal font has been preserved and refurbished, after a process of more than seven years, Calamba became the second component city of the Laguna by virtue of Republic Act No. 9024, An Act Converting the Municipality of Calamba, Province of Laguna into a Component City to be known as the City of Calamba, R. A.9024 was signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 5,2001, at the Malacañan Palace
23.
Communal work
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Communal work is a gathering to accomplish a task or to hold a competition. A number of cultures have such gatherings, often for the purpose of holding a competition, such as a bee, or for providing manual labour, such as in a barn raising. Especially in the past major jobs, such as clearing a field of timber or raising a barn and it was often both a social and utilitarian event. Jobs like corn husking or sewing could be done as a group to allow socializing during an otherwise tedious chore, such gatherings often included refreshments and entertainment. Different words have been used to such gatherings. This use of the bee is common in literature describing colonial North America. It was, and continues to be, commonly used in Australia also, uses in literature include, There was a bee to-day for making a road up to the church. — Anne Langton The cellar … was dug by a bee in a single day, sometimes the women would have spinning bees. They would put rolls among their neighbors and on a day they would all bring in their yarn. He never took a salary, had a farm of 80 acres and the church helped him get his wood, — James Slocum I am in a regular quandary, said the mistress of the house, when the meal was about half over. Mr. Van Brunt looked up for an instant, and asked, why, how I am ever going to do to get those apples and sausage-meat done. If I go to doing em myself I shall about get through by spring, why dont you make a bee. said Mr. Van Brunt. Because the word describes people working together in a social group, harambee literally means all pull together in Swahili, and is also the official motto of Kenya and appears on its coat of arms. Naffīr is an Arabic word used in parts of Sudan to describe types of communal work undertakings. Naffīr has been described as including a group recruited through networks, in-laws and village neighbors for some particular purpose. The word may be related to the standard Arabic word nafr which describes a band, party, group or troop, in standard Arabic, a naffīr āmm refers to a general call to arms. Naffīr has also used in a military context in Sudan. For example, the term was used to refer to the an-Naffīr ash-Shaabī or Peoples Militias that operated in the central Nuba Mountains region in the early 1990s, gotong-royong is a conception of sociality familiar to large parts of Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia
24.
Culture of the Philippines
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The culture of the Philippines is a combination of Eastern and Western culture. Before the Spanish colonization of the country, the Philippines culture was influenced by the indigenous Malay heritage of Southeast Asia. The Philippines, then being governed from both Mexico and Spain, received a bit of Hispanic influence from the regions. For instance, Mexican and Spanish influence can be seen in the countrys dance, then, after being colonized by Spain, the Philippines became a U. S. territory for almost 50 years. Influence from the United States is manifest in the use of the English language. The Philippines was first settled by Melanesians, today, although few in numbers, they preserve a traditional way of life. After them, the Austronesians or more specifically, Malayo-Polynesians, arrived on the islands, today the Austronesian culture is very evident in the ethnicity, language, food, dance and almost every aspect of the culture. These Austronesians engaged in trading with Japan, China, India, Palau, Malay, America, Malaysia, Papua, west Pacific Islander, Indonesian Islands, the Middle East, Borneo, as a result, those cultures have also left a mark on Filipino culture. The Philippines is one of the two predominantly Roman Catholic nations in Asia-Pacific, the other being East Timor, from the census in 2014, Christianity consist about 90. 07% of the population while Islam is the religion for about 5. 57% of the population. Those who reported others or none composed 4. 37% of the population of the country. Being a colony of the Spanish Empire for almost 300 years, the introduction of Christianity brought European churches, and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities in the country. The Spaniards also introduced stones as housing and building materials, Spanish colonial architecture can still be seen in centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government buildings and residences around the country. The best collection of Spanish colonial architecture can be found in the city of Intramuros in Manila. Colonial-era churches are also on the best examples and legacies of Spanish Baroque architecture in the Philippines, historic provinces such as Ilocos Norte, Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Quezon and Iloilo also boasts colonial-era churches and houses. In the past, before the Spanish colonization, the Nipa hut was the form of housing among the native Filipinos. It is characterized by use of materials such as bamboo. Cogon grass, Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching, most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy season. Regional variations include the use of thicker, and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, the architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by an angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings
25.
Folk dance
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Folk dances are dances that are developed by people that reflect the life of the people of a certain country or region. Not all ethnic dances are folk dances, for example, ritual dances or dances of ritual origin are not considered to be folk dances, ritual dances are usually called Religious dances because of their purpose. The terms ethnic and traditional are used when it is required to emphasize the roots of the dance. In this sense, nearly all folk dances are ethnic ones, if some dances, such as polka, cross ethnic boundaries and even cross the boundary between folk and ballroom dance, ethnic differences are often considerable enough to mention, e. g. Czech polka vs. Dances not generally designed for performance or the stage, though they may later be arranged. Execution dominated by a tradition from various international cultures rather than innovation. New dancers often learn informally by observing others and/or receiving help from others, more controversially, some people define folk dancing as dancing for which there is no governing body or dancing for which there are no competitive or professional institutions. The term folk dance is sometimes applied to dances of historical importance in European culture and history, for other cultures the terms ethnic dance or traditional dance are sometimes used, although the latter terms may encompass ceremonial dances. A number of modern ballroom dances originated from folk ones, varieties of European folk dances include, Sword dances include Longsword dances and rapper dancing. Some choreographed dances such as dance, Scottish country dance. Country dance overlaps with contemporary dance and ballroom dance. Most country dances and ballroom dances originated from folk dances, with gradual refinement over the years, people familiar with folk dancing can often determine what country a dance is from even if they have not seen that particular dance before. Some countries dances have features that are unique to that country, for example, the German and Austrian schuhplattling dance consists of slapping the body and shoes in a fixed pattern, a feature that few other countries dances have. Folk dances sometimes evolved long before current political boundaries, so that certain dances are shared by several countries, for example, some Serbian, Bulgarian, and Croatian dances share the same or similar dances, and sometimes even use the same name and music for those dances. International folk dance groups exist in cities and college campuses in many countries, in which dancers learn folk dances from many cultures for recreation
26.
STI College
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STI College, formerly known as Systems Technology Institute, is the largest network of for-profit information technology based colleges in the Philippines. This private college offers a curriculum including business studies, computer science, education, engineering. The acronym STI has been declared as an orphan initialism after their change in 2006. STI uses a calendar as opposed to the typical semester collegiate education program mostly used by Philippine universities. It has branches all over the Philippines and claims to be the second largest IT-based educational institution in Asia. STI College is wholly owned by the STI Education Services Group, Inc. a subsidiary of the STI Education Systems Holdings, Inc. of Dr. Eusebio Yosi H. Tanco, PhD from the Tanco Group. Tanco also serves as the majority and principal owner of the STI Investments, Inc. another subsidiary of the STI Education Systems Holdings, STI was organized in 1983, when entrepreneurs Augusto C. Lagman, Herman T. Gamboa, Benjamin A. Santos and Edgar H. Sarte set up the Systems Technology Institute to train people in programming, at first there were two schools, and now there are more than 70. Programs include, information and communications technology, engineering, health care, business & management, hospitality, the initials STI therefore has been orphaned and becomes a pseudo-acronym. In 2002, STI obtained a majority share in De los Santos College to create the DLS-STI College of Health Professions, in 2006, they acquired a stake in the De Los Santos Medical Center, now known as De Los Santos - STI Medical Center. STI College is the Philippines largest network of colleges with over 100 campuses nationwide, some campuses uses various STI brand names. The Group also owns and operates two non-STI branded colleges and manages one newly acquired university, registered on the Philippine Stock Exchange Other higher education institutions in the Philippines of similar type, AMA Computer University Asian Institute of Computer Studies Official website
27.
Banco de Oro
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BDO Unibank, Inc. is a Philippine banking company based in Makati. In terms of assets, the firm is the largest bank in the Philippines, the 116th largest bank in Asia. BDO Unibank is also a member of SM Group owned by Henry Sy The firm is a universal bank. Through its subsidiaries, the Bank offers Leasing and Financing, Investment Banking, Private Banking, Bancassurance, Insurance Brokerage, BDO Unibank, Inc. had its humble beginnings on January 2,1968, when it started off as a thrift bank called Acme Savings Bank. With two branches in Metro Manila, Acme was one of the smallest banks in the Philippines at the time. In November 1976, Acme was acquired by the Sy Group, the group of companies owned by retail magnate Henry Sy. In December 1994, BDO became a commercial bank and it is one of the many banks owned by a Chinese-Filipino in the Philippines. BDO Unibank, Inc. eventually became involved in services in 1997 by establishing a subsidiary called BDO Insurance Brokers. Later, BDO Unibank, Inc. partnered up with its insurance affiliates, BDO Unibank, Inc. is now the largest bank in the Philippines in terms of assets, loans and deposits. The bank is the product of the Banco de Oro-Equitable PCI Bank merger after the boards of both Banco de Oro Universal Bank and Equitable PCI Bank agreed to merge on December 27,2006. For a while, the entity was known as Banco de Oro-EPCI, Inc. but announced that it would go by the name Banco de Oro Unibank, Inc. starting February 2007. Finally in 2010 Banco de Oro changed its name to BDO Unibank, Inc. other possible names are Banco De Oro Unibank, Banco De Oro, BDO Unibank, Banco De Oro BDO, BDO Unibank is still the countrys largest bank in terms of assets. BDO Unibank, Incs main competitors are major Philippine banks like Metrobank, BDO had total deposits of P1.601 trillion last year, followed by Metrobank at the second spot with P1.106 trillion, and Landbank with P1.046 trillion. As of 2016, BDO has one of the largest distribution networks, with more than 1,000 operating branches and it has a branch in Hong Kong as well as 27 overseas remittance and representative offices in Asia, Europe, North America and the Middle East. BDO Private Bank BDO Realty Corporation BDO Securities Corporation BDO Strategic Holdings BDO Technology Center BDO Life Assurance Company, equimark-NFC Development Corporation One Network Bank PCIBank Europe SpA PCIBank Securities Inc. Zamora Trust Services North Pine Land Inc, on June 15,2001, BDO Unibank, Inc. merged with Dao Heng Banks Philippine subsidiary, with BDO Unibank, Inc. as the surviving entity. The merger boosted the number of BDO Unibank, Inc. branches from 108 branches before the merger to 120 after the merger, the main goal the BDO Private Bank is to create market share in the Private Banking/Modern Affluent Market segment by penetrating key areas in BDO Unibanks network. This is to complement and explore how the BDO Unibank, Inc, Group can service all the financial and investment needs of the client
