1.
College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)
–
College Hall is the oldest building on the West Philadelphia campus of the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to its construction, the university was located on Ninth Street in Center City, the building was designed by Thomas Webb Richards and completed in 1873. The characteristic green color of the building is due to its composition of serpentine stone. College Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places February 14,1978 and it is also a contributing property of the University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District. The building currently houses the admissions office, the university presidents offices, the Department of History. The top floor of College Hall is also home to the Philomathean Society, a literary society founded in 1813
College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)
–
College Hall, University of Pennsylvania
College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)
–
College Hall and Logan Hall, from Woodland Ave., ca. 1892.
College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)
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College Hall and U. of PA Library, from Locust St., ca. 1901.
College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)
–
College Hall, from the southeast, before 1910.
2.
Latin language
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin language
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin language
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin language
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin language
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
3.
University of Pennsylvania
–
The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees
University of Pennsylvania
–
"House intended for the President of the United States" (if Philadelphia remained the National Capital of the United States) from "
Birch's Views of Philadelphia " (1800). Home of the College of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania. from 1801 to 1829.
University of Pennsylvania
–
Arms of the University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania
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Benjamin Franklin, (1705/06-1790), was the primary founder, President of the Board of Trustees, and a trustee of the
Academy and College of Philadelphia, which merged with the
University of the State of Pennsylvania to form the University of Pennsylvania in 1791. (
Charles Willson Peale, 1785)
University of Pennsylvania
–
Ninth Street Campus (above Chestnut Street): Medical Hall (left) and College Hall (right), both built 1829-1830.
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
Greek (language)
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Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
Greek (language)
–
Idealized portrayal of
Homer
Greek (language)
–
regions where Greek is the official language
Greek (language)
–
Greek language road sign, A27 Motorway, Greece
6.
Daily Pennsylvanian
–
The Daily Pennsylvanian is the independent daily student newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania. It is published every weekday when the university is in session, during the summer months, a smaller staff produces a weekly version called The Summer Pennsylvanian. The DP also publishes a weekly arts and entertainment magazine called 34th Street Magazine, the DP operates three principal websites—thedp. com, 34st. com, and underthebutton. com—as well as a variety of opinion, news, and sports blogs. The Daily Pennsylvanian was founded in 1885 as a successor to the University Magazine, the newspaper has been published daily since 1894, except for a hiatus from May 1943 to November 1945 on account of World War II. The DP broke away from the university in 1962 to become an independent publication, also in 1962 the previously all-male daily began to accept female students. Today the newspapers budget is funded primarily through the sale of advertising by a student business staff, the Daily Pennsylvanian has won many of the most prestigious awards in college journalism. In 2008, the newspaper was awarded the Society of Professional Journalists National Mark of Excellence Award, in the same year, the paper won the Spring 2008 Columbia Gold Crown, awarded to only eight college newspapers nationwide, an award it has won many times before. It also received first place in the Associated Collegiate Presss Kansas City Convention Best of Show Competition in 2008, in 2004, the DP won the Pacemaker, awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation, for a fourth consecutive year. It also won the award in 1990,1997, and 1998, several of its writers win Gold Circles from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association every year. It was also ranked as the most read newspaper by The Princeton Review in 1990,1997,1998. In 2006, College Publisher awarded the DP first place in the category of Best Online Sports Coverage and, in 2008, it was awarded an online Gold Crown for thedp. com
Daily Pennsylvanian
Daily Pennsylvanian
–
Schools
7.
Mask and Wig
–
The Mask and Wig Club, a private club in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1889, is the oldest all-male collegiate musical comedy troupe in the United States. Its credo is Justice to the stage, credit to the University, the clubs performers, or The Cast, put on two all-original shows each year in collaboration with the Clubs own Stage Crew, Band, and Business Staff. Many Mask and Wig originals were made famous on the radio by mid 20th century luminaries, the well-known Route 66 was composed by club member Bobby Troup and launched to the height of popularity by Frank Sinatra. Troups song Daddy was written for a Mask and Wig show, other Mask and Wig songs, such as The Gypsy in My Soul, written by Clay Boland and Moe Jaffe, have been performed by the likes of Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, and Ella Fitzgerald. The first electrically recorded album ever released was Mask and Wigs Joan of Arkansas, in 1889, therefore, McMichael and the other original founders sent out a call for undergraduate men to audition for the group and participate in the creation and production of its first performance. McMichael and his peers envisioned a group that involved dressing up in frocks and performing spoofs, because colleges at the time were open only to young gentlemen any production was limited to an all–male cast. These organizations naturally saw burlesque, which was popular in that era. Founder McMichael combed the local bookstores for a story to produce, a substantially altered version, Lurline, the Clubs first production, hit the boards at the Chestnut Street Opera House on June 4,1889, for one night only. Backed financially by the ladies of Philadelphia high society, the Club enjoyed great success in its early years, with increasingly reliable audience turnout and revenue from ticket sale, the runs were extended and the Club established a fine tradition among Philadelphias theater–going society. Moreover, the club made a very strong impression on campus. In 1894 the Club purchased a property at 310 South Quince Street to serve as a place and rehearsal hall. The Grille Room was decorated with caricatures of members, a tradition that continues today, Eyre expanded the clubhouse to its present size, 1901-03. The Club prospered throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the middle of this century was a heady time for the Club. Mask and Wig songs were the rage of the big band orchestras, radio shows, the likes of Frank Sinatra, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, Count Basie, Rosemary Clooney, and Les Brown all covered Mask and Wig tunes. Between 1952 and 1958, the club appeared four times on The Ed Sullivan Show, the 1961 production, Wry on the Rocks, introduced a satirical revue format in a cabaret atmosphere. In 1992, with Myth America, Mask and Wig returned the book musical to its stage. Important in the shows success are the high standards in the caliber of performers. The Clubs primary purpose has always been and continues to be, Justice to the stage, credit to the University
Mask and Wig
–
Mask and Wig Club of the University of Pennsylvania
Mask and Wig
–
Company members rehearsing at the clubhouse in 1930.
Mask and Wig
–
Schools
8.
English (language)
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩
English (language)
–
The opening to the Old English epic poem
Beowulf,
handwritten in
half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
English (language)
–
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language
English (language)
–
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's
Canterbury Tales c.1400
9.
Rosetta Stone
–
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic script and Demotic script, respectively, as the decree is the same in all three versions, the Rosetta Stone proved to be the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. The stone, carved in black granodiorite during the Hellenistic period, is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved during the early Christian or medieval period and it was rediscovered there in July 1799 by a French soldier named Pierre-François Bouchard during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars, meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria and was transported to London. It has been on display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802. It is the object in the British Museum. Study of the decree was already under way when the first full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803, the Rosetta Stone is, therefore, no longer unique, but it was the essential key to modern understanding of Ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation. The term Rosetta Stone is now used in contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge. The Rosetta Stone is listed as a stone of black granite, found at Rosetta in a contemporary catalogue of the artefacts discovered by the French expedition and surrendered to British troops in 1801. This gave a dark colour to the stone that led to its identification as black basalt. The Rosetta Stone is 1,123 millimetres high at its highest point,757 mm wide and it bears three inscriptions, the top register in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the second in the Egyptian Demotic script, and the third in Ancient Greek. The Rosetta Stone is a fragment of a larger stele, no additional fragments were found in later searches of the Rosetta site. Owing to its state, none of the three texts is absolutely complete. The top register, composed of Egyptian hieroglyphs, suffered the most damage, only the last 14 lines of the hieroglyphic text can be seen, all of them are broken on the right side, and 12 of them on the left. The following register of demotic text has survived best, it has 32 lines, the final register of Greek text contains 54 lines, of which the first 27 survive in full, the rest are increasingly fragmentary due to a diagonal break at the bottom right of the stone. The stele was erected after the coronation of King Ptolemy V and was inscribed with a decree established the divine cult of the new ruler. The decree was issued by a congress of priests who gathered at Memphis, the date is given as 4 Xandicus in the Macedonian calendar and 18 Meshir in the Egyptian calendar, which corresponds to March 27,196 BC
Rosetta Stone
–
The Rosetta Stone
Rosetta Stone
–
Report of the arrival of the Rosetta Stone in England in
The Gentleman's Magazine, 1802
Rosetta Stone
–
Left and right sides of the Rosetta Stone, with inscriptions in English relating to its capture by English forces from the French
Rosetta Stone
–
Experts inspecting the Rosetta Stone during the Second International Congress of Orientalists, 1874
10.
Henry Morton (scientist)
–
Henry Jackson Morton was a United States scientist and the first president of the Stevens Institute of Technology. He was the son of Rev. Henry Morton, a clergyman who was rector of St. Jamess church in Philadelphia for many years and a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. Henry J. Morton graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1857, in 1863, he delivered a series of lectures on chemistry at the Franklin Institute. A year later, he was appointed resident secretary at Franklin Institute and his lectures on light attracted attention throughout the United States and Europe by reason of his brilliant and unique experiments. He continued as resident secretary until 1870 and he was one of the founders of the Philadelphia Dental College in 1863 and its first professor of chemistry. From 1867 to 1868, during the absence of John F. Frazer, he was invited to fill the chair of professor of physics, in 1869, the chair was divided, and Morton received the chemistry professorship. In 1867, he became editor of the Franklin Institute Journal and he conducted the photographic branch of the United States eclipse expedition to Iowa in 1869, under the auspices of the U. S. Nautical Almanac office. He was a member of the expedition that was organized by Henry Draper to observe the total solar eclipse of 29 July 1878 at Rawlins. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Dickinson College in 1869 and he was a member of scientific societies, and in 1874 was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences, on whose commissions he has occasionally served. Besides writing numerous papers on electricity and fluorescence, he assisted in the preparation of The Students Practical Chemistry, in 1859 he made the lithographic drawings for a publication of a translation of the trilingual hieroglyphic inscription of the Rosetta Stone. His reputation as a scientist became world-wide and his services as a chemical expert were eagerly sought in litigation, in 1870, he was chosen president of the newly founded Stevens Institute of Technology, and under his direction the faculty was selected and the course of instruction formed. His management of the institute made it one of the leading schools of the country. Morton frequently dabbled in poetry, delivering the Valedictory speech for his University class of 1857 in verse, throughout his life he would compose lengthy poems related to events in his life. In celebration of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Celebration of Stevens Institute of Technology, rines, George Edwin, ed. Morton, Henry. Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds and this article is nominally for his father, but Henry Morton is the subject of most of it. Henry Morton — Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
Henry Morton (scientist)
–
Henry Jackson Morton
Henry Morton (scientist)
–
Morton Memorial Building, Laboratory of Chemistry on the campus of Stevens Institute of Technology.
11.
Hilary Putnam
–
Hilary Whitehall Putnam was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist, and a major figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century. He made significant contributions to philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, at the time of his death, Putnam was Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. As a result, he acquired a reputation for changing his own position. In the field of epistemology, he is known for his critique of the well known brain in a vat thought experiment and this thought experiment appears to provide a powerful argument for epistemological skepticism, but Putnam challenges its coherence. In the philosophy of perception Putnam came to endorse direct realism, in the past, he further held that there are no mental representations, sense data, or other intermediaries that stand between the mind and the world. Such transactions can further involve qualia, in his later work, Putnam became increasingly interested in American pragmatism, Jewish philosophy, and ethics, thus engaging with a wider array of philosophical traditions. He also displayed an interest in metaphilosophy, seeking to renew philosophy from what he identifies as narrow, outside philosophy, Putnam contributed to mathematics and computer science. Together with Martin Davis he developed the Davis–Putnam algorithm for the Boolean satisfiability problem and he was at times a politically controversial figure, especially for his involvement with the Progressive Labor Party in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Putnam was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1926 and his father, Samuel Putnam, was a scholar of Romance languages, columnist, and translator who wrote for the Daily Worker, a publication of the American Communist Party, from 1936 to 1946. As a result of his fathers commitment to communism, Putnam had an upbringing, although his mother. The family lived in France until 1934, when returned to the United States. Putnam attended Central High School, there he met Noam Chomsky, the two had been friends—and often intellectual opponents—ever since. After teaching at Northwestern, Princeton, and MIT, he moved to Harvard in 1965 and his wife, Ruth Anna Jacobs took a teaching position in philosophy at Wellesley College. Hilary and Ruth Anna were married in 1962, the Putnams, rebelling against the antisemitism that they had experienced during their youth, decided to establish a traditional Jewish home for their children. Since they had no experience with the rituals of Judaism, they sought out invitations to other Jews homes for Seder and they had no idea how to do it, in the words of Ruth Anna. They therefore began to study Jewish ritual and Hebrew, and became more Jewishly interested, identified, in 1994, Hilary Putnam celebrated a belated Bar Mitzvah service. His wife had a Bat Mitzvah service four years later, Hilary was a popular teacher at Harvard. In keeping with the tradition, he was politically active
Hilary Putnam
–
Hilary Putnam
12.
John Updike
–
John Hoyer Updike was an American novelist, poet, short story writer, art critic, and literary critic. Hundreds of his stories, reviews, and poems appeared in The New Yorker starting in 1954 and he also wrote regularly for The New York Review of Books. His most famous work is his Rabbit series, which chronicles the life of the middle-class everyman Harry Rabbit Angstrom over the course of several decades, both Rabbit Is Rich and Rabbit at Rest were recognized with the Pulitzer Prize. Updike populated his fiction with characters who frequently experience personal turmoil and must respond to crises relating to religion, family obligations and his work has attracted significant critical attention and praise, and he is widely considered one of the great American writers of his time. He described his style as an attempt to give the mundane its beautiful due, Updike was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, the only child of Linda Grace and Wesley Russell Updike, and was raised in the nearby small town of Shillington. The family later moved to the village of Plowville. His mothers attempts to become a published writer impressed the young Updike, one of my earliest memories, he later recalled, is of seeing her at her desk. I admired the writers equipment, the typewriter eraser, the boxes of clean paper, and I remember the brown envelopes that stories would go off in—and come back in. These early years in Berks County, Pennsylvania, would influence the environment of the Rabbit Angstrom tetralogy, as well as many of his early novels, Updike graduated from Shillington High School as co-valedictorian and class president in 1950 and attended Harvard with a full scholarship. He received recognition for his writing as a teenager by winning a Scholastic Art, at Harvard, he soon became well known among his classmates as a talented and prolific contributor to the Harvard Lampoon, of which he served as president. He graduated summa cum laude in 1954 with a degree in English and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, upon graduation, Updike attended The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art at the University of Oxford with the ambition of becoming a cartoonist. After returning to the United States, Updike and his moved to New York. This was the beginning of his writing career. Updike stayed at The New Yorker as a staff writer for only two years, writing Talk of the Town columns and submitting poetry and short stories to the magazine. In New York, Updike wrote the poems and stories came to fill his early books like The Carpentered Hen. These works were influenced by Updikes early engagement with The New Yorker and this early work also featured the influence of J. D. Salinger, John Cheever, and the Modernists Marcel Proust, Henry Green, James Joyce, and Vladimir Nabokov. During this time, Updike underwent a spiritual crisis. Suffering from a loss of faith, he began reading Søren Kierkegaard
John Updike
–
Updike in 1989
John Updike
–
Updike delivering the 2008
Jefferson Lecture.
13.
Seamus Heaney
–
Seamus Justin Heaney, MRIA was an Irish poet, playwright, translator and lecturer. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature, born near Castledawson, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, the family moved to nearby Bellaghy when he was a boy. Heaney became a lecturer at St. Josephs College in Belfast in the early 1960s, after attending Queens University and he lived in Sandymount, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, from 1976 until his death. He also lived part-time in the United States from 1981 to 2006, Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime. Heaney was a professor at Harvard from 1981 to 1997, from 1989 to 1994, he was also the Professor of Poetry at Oxford. In 1996, was made a Commandeur de lOrdre des Arts et Lettres, in 2011, he was awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize and in 2012, a Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust. His literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland, American poet Robert Lowell described him as the most important Irish poet since Yeats, and many others, including the academic John Sutherland, have said that he was the greatest poet of our age. Robert Pinsky has stated that with his gift of eye. Upon his death in 2013, The Independent described him as probably the best-known poet in the world, one of his best known works is Death of a Naturalist, published in 1966. His body is buried at the Cemetery of St. Marys Church, Bellaghy, County Londonderry, the headstone bears the epitaph WALK ON AIR AGAINST YOUR BETTER JUDGEMENT, from one of his poems. Heaney was born on 13 April 1939, at the farmhouse called Mossbawn. In 1953, his family moved to Bellaghy, a few miles away and his father, Patrick Heaney, was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney. Patrick was a farmer, but his commitment was to cattle dealing. Heaneys mother, Margaret Kathleen McCann, who bore nine children and her uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill, and her aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owners family. Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School, when he was years old, he won a scholarship to St. Columbs College. Heaneys brother, Christopher, was killed in an accident at the age of four while Heaney was studying at St. Columbs. The poems Mid-Term Break and The Blackbird of Glanmore are related to his brothers death, in 1957, Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queens University Belfast. During his time in Belfast, he found a copy of Ted Hughess Lupercal, suddenly, the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life, he said
Seamus Heaney
–
Seamus Heaney (2009)
Seamus Heaney
–
Seamus Heaney in 1970.
Seamus Heaney
–
Marie and Seamus Heaney at the Dominican Church,
Kraków, Poland, 4 October 1996.
Seamus Heaney
–
The
Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry, which was officially opened at
Queen's University Belfast in 2004.
14.
Joyce Carol Oates
–
Joyce Carol Oates is an American writer. Oates published her first book in 1963 and has published over 40 novels, as well as a number of plays and novellas, and many volumes of short stories, poetry. She has won awards for her writing, including the National Book Award, for her novel them. Her novels Black Water, What I Lived For, Blonde, Oates has taught at Princeton University since 1978 and is currently the Roger S. Berlind 52 Professor Emerita in the Humanities with the Program in Creative Writing. Oates was born in Lockport, New York and she is the eldest of three children of Carolina, a homemaker of Hungarian descent, and Frederic James Oates, a tool and die designer. She was raised Catholic but is now an atheist and her brother, Fred Jr. was born in 1943, and her sister, Lynn Ann, who is severely autistic, was born in 1956. Her paternal grandmother, Blanche Woodside, lived with the family and was close to Joyce. Oates attended the same school her mother attended as a child. This was love at first sight, in her early teens, she devoured the writing of Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë, Fyodor Dostoevsky, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, and Henry David Thoreau, whose influences remain very deep. Oates began writing at the age of 14, when Blanche gave her a typewriter, Oates later transferred to several bigger, suburban schools and graduated from Williamsville South High School in 1956, where she worked for her high school newspaper. She was the first in her family to complete high school, as a teen, Oates also received early recognition for her writing by winning a Scholastic Art and Writing Award. Oates earned a scholarship to attend Syracuse University, where she joined Phi Mu, Oates found Syracuse a very exciting place academically and intellectually, and trained herself by writing novel after novel and always throwing them out when I completed them. It was not until this point that Oates began reading the work of Franz Kafka, D. H. Lawrence, Thomas Mann, and Flannery OConnor though, she noted, at the age of 19, she won the college short story contest sponsored by Mademoiselle. Oates graduated as valedictorian from Syracuse University with a degree in English in 1960 and she was a Ph. D. student at Rice University when she made the decision to become a full-time writer. Evelyn Shrifte, president of the Vanguard Press, met Oates soon after Oates received her masters degree and she was fresh out of school, and I thought she was a genius, Shrifte said. Vanguard published Oates first book, the short-story collection By the North Gate, the Vanguard Press published Oates first novel, With Shuddering Fall, when she was 26 years old. In 1966, she published Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been, a short story dedicated to Bob Dylan and written after listening to his song Its All Over Now, Baby Blue. The story is based on the serial killer Charles Schmid
Joyce Carol Oates
–
Oates in 2006
15.
Yevgeny Yevtushenko
–
Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko was a Soviet and Russian poet. He was also a novelist, essayist, dramatist, screenwriter, publisher, Yevtushenko was born Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Gangnus in the Irkutsk region of Siberia in a small town called Zima Junction on 18 July 1933 to a peasant family of noble descent. He had Russian, Baltic German, Ukrainian, Polish, Belarusian and his maternal great-grandfather Joseph Baikovsky belonged to szlachta, while his wife was of Ukrainian descent. They were exiled to Siberia after a peasant rebellion headed by Joseph, one of their daughters – Maria Baikovskaya – married Ermolai Naumovich Yevtushenko who was of Belarusian descent. He served as a soldier in the Imperial Army during World War I and his paternal ancestors were Germans who moved to the Russian Empire in 1767. His grandfather Rudolph Gangnus, a teacher of Baltic German descent. Both of Yevtushenkos grandfathers were arrested during Stalins purges as enemies of the people in 1937, Yevtushenkos father, Aleksandr Rudolfovich Gangnus, was a geologist, as was his mother, Zinaida Ermolaevna Yevtushenko, who later became a singer. The boy accompanied his father on expeditions to Kazakhstan in 1948. Young Yevtushenko wrote his first verses and humorous chastushki while living in Zima and his parents were divorced when was 7 and he was raised by his mother. By age 10 he had cranked out his first poem, six years later a sports journal was the first periodical to publish his poetry. At 19, he published his first book of poems, The Prospects of the Future, after the Second World War, Yevtushenko moved to Moscow and from 1951 to 1954 studied at the Gorky Institute of Literature in Moscow, from which he dropped out. In 1952 he joined the Union of Soviet Writers after publication of his first collection of poetry and his early poem So mnoyu vot chto proiskhodit (Thats what is happening to me became a very popular song, performed by actor-songwriter Alexander Dolsky. In 1955 Yevtushenko wrote a poem about the Soviet borders being an obstacle in his life and his first important publication was the poem Stantsiya Zima. In 1957, he was expelled from the Literary Institute for individualism and he was banned from traveling, but gained wide popularity with the Russian public. His early work drew praise from Boris Pasternak, Carl Sandburg. Yevtushenko was one of the politically active during the Khrushchev Thaw. Khrushchev declared a cultural Thaw that allowed freedom of expression. The usual Soviet policy in relation to the Holocaust in Russia was to describe it as atrocities against Soviet citizens
Yevgeny Yevtushenko
–
Yevgeny Yevtushenko in 2009
Yevgeny Yevtushenko
–
Signature
Yevgeny Yevtushenko
–
Yevtushenko (right) with US President
Richard Nixon
16.
Noam Chomsky
–
Avram Noam Chomsky is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic, and political activist. Sometimes described as the father of modern linguistics, Chomsky is also a figure in analytic philosophy. Ideologically, he aligns with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism, born to middle-class Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants in Philadelphia, Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from alternative bookstores in New York City. At the age of sixteen he began studies at the University of Pennsylvania, taking courses in linguistics, mathematics, and philosophy. From 1951 to 1955 he was appointed to Harvard Universitys Society of Fellows and he is credited as the creator or co-creator of the universal grammar theory, the generative grammar theory, the Chomsky hierarchy, and the minimalist program. Chomsky also played a role in the decline of behaviorism. Associated with the New Left, he was arrested multiple times for his activism, while expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the Linguistics Wars. In collaboration with Edward S. Herman, Chomsky later co-wrote an analysis articulating the propaganda model of media criticism, however, his defense of unconditional freedom of speech—including for Holocaust deniers—generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the early 1980s. Following his retirement from teaching, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the War on Terror. One of the most cited scholars in history, Chomsky has influenced an array of academic fields. Avram Noam Chomsky was born on December 7,1928, in the East Oak Lane neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and his father was William Zev Chomsky, an Ashkenazi Jew originally from Ukraine who had fled to the United States in 1913. Chomskys mother was the Belarusian-born Elsie Simonofsky, a teacher and activist whom William had met while working at Mikveh Israel, Noam was the Chomsky familys first child. His younger brother, David Eli Chomsky, was five years later. The brothers were close, although David was more easygoing while Noam could be very competitive, as a Jew, Chomsky faced anti-semitism as a child, particularly from the Irish and German communities living in Philadelphia. He was substantially influenced by his uncle who owned a newspaper stand in New York City, whenever visiting his uncle, Chomsky frequented left-wing and anarchist bookstores in the city, voraciously reading political literature. He later described his discovery of anarchism as an accident, because it allowed him to become critical of other far-left ideologies, namely Stalinism. Chomskys primary education was at Oak Lane Country Day School, an independent Deweyite institution that focused on allowing its pupils to pursue their own interests in a non-competitive atmosphere. It was here, at age 10, that he wrote his first article, on the spread of fascism, from the age of 12 or 13, he identified more fully with anarchist politics
Noam Chomsky
–
Noam Chomsky at an
antiwar rally in
Vancouver, 2004
Noam Chomsky
–
Anarcho-syndicalist
Rudolf Rocker (left) and English democratic socialist
George Orwell (right) were both influences on the young Chomsky.
Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky
–
Noam Chomsky (1977)
17.
Michel Foucault
–
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, philologist and literary critic. His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of control through societal institutions. Though often cited as a post-structuralist and postmodernist, Foucault rejected these labels and his thought has been highly influential both for academic and for activist groups, especially those working within contemporary sociology, cultural studies, and critical theory. After several years as a cultural diplomat abroad, he returned to France and published his first major book and these first three histories exemplified a historiographical technique Foucault was developing called archaeology. In 1970 he was admitted to the Collège de France, membership of which he retained until his death and he also became active in a number of left-wing groups involved in anti-racist campaigns, anti-human rights abuses movements, and the struggle for penal reform. He went on to publish The Archaeology of Knowledge, Discipline and Punish, in these books he developed archaeological and genealogical methods which emphasized the role which power plays in the evolution of discourse in society. Paul-Michel Foucault was born on 15 October 1926 in the city of Poitiers, west-central France and he had been named after his father, Dr. His father was a local surgeon, having been born in Fontainebleau before moving to Poitiers. She was the daughter of prosperous surgeon Dr. Prosper Malapert, Paul Foucault eventually took over his father-in-laws medical practice, while his wife took charge of their large mid-19th-century house, Le Piroir, in the village of Vendeuvre-du-Poitou. Together the couple had three children, a girl named Francine and two boys, Paul-Michel and Denys, all of whom shared the same hair and bright blue eyes. The children were raised to be nominal Roman Catholics, attending mass at the Church of Saint-Porchair, in later life, Foucault would reveal very little about his childhood. Describing himself as a delinquent, he claimed his father was a bully who would sternly punish him. In 1930, Foucault began his two years early at the local Lycée Henry-IV. Here he undertook two years of education before entering the main lycée, where he stayed until 1936. He then undertook his first four years of education at the same establishment, excelling in French, Greek, Latin and history but doing poorly at arithmetic. In 1939, the Second World War broke out and France was occupied by Nazi Germany until 1945, his parents opposed the occupation and the Vichy regime, in 1940, Foucaults mother enrolled him in the Collège Saint-Stanislas, a strict Roman Catholic institution run by the Jesuits. Lonely, he described his years there as the ordeal, but excelled academically, particularly in philosophy, history, in 1942, he entered his final year, the terminale, where he focused on the study of philosophy, earning his baccalauréat in 1943. Returning to the local Lycée Henry-IV, he studied history and philosophy for a year, aided by a personal tutor and these ideas influenced Foucault, who adopted Hyppolites conviction that philosophy must be developed through a study of history
Michel Foucault
–
Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault
–
In the early 1950s, Foucault came under the influence of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who remained a core influence on his work throughout his life.
Michel Foucault
–
Foucault adored the work of Raymond Roussel and authored a literary study of it.
18.
Jane Goodall
–
Dame Jane Morris Goodall DBE, formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the worlds foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 55-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots program and she has served on the board of the Nonhuman Rights Project since its founding in 1996. Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in London to Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall, a businessman, and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph, as a child, she was given a lifelike chimpanzee stuffed animal named Jubilee by her father, her fondness for the toy started her early love of animals. Today, the animal still sits on her dresser in London. As she writes in her book, Reason for Hope, “My mother’s friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares. ”Goodall has a sister, Judith, who shares the same birthday, though the two were born four years apart. Goodall had always been passionate about animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining his wife Mary Leakeys approval, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, in 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, Leakey arranged funding and in 1962, he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to Cambridge University. She went to Newnham College, and obtained a PhD degree in ethology and she became the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a BA or BSc. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis, they divorced in 1974, the following year, she married Derek Bryceson, he died of cancer in October 1980. Goodall has expressed fascination with Bigfoot, when asked if she believed in God, Goodall said in September 2010, I dont have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some spiritual power. I feel it particularly when Im out in nature and its just something thats bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. Goodall is best known for her study of social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, without collegiate training directing her research, Goodall observed things that strict scientific doctrines may have overlooked. She found that, it isnt only human beings who have personality and she also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider human actions
Jane Goodall
–
Goodall in 2015
Jane Goodall
Jane Goodall
–
Jane Goodall in 2009 with Hungarian Roots & Shoots group members.
Jane Goodall
–
Goodall in 2009 with Lou Perrotti, who contributed to her book, Hope for Animals and Their World.
19.
John Mearsheimer
–
Military career John Joseph Mearsheimer is an American political scientist. His most controversial views concern alleged influence by interest groups over US government actions in the Middle East which he wrote about in The Israel Lobby, in accordance with his theory Mearsheimer considers that Chinas growing power will likely bring it into conflict with the United States. His work is taught to and read by twenty-first century students of political science. Admirers see him as discounting rhetoric to show how states behave, critics charge him with having an outdated zero-sum view of the world. Mearsheimer was born in December 1947 in Brooklyn, New York and he was raised in New York City until the age of eight, when his parents moved his family to Croton-on-Hudson, New York, a suburb located in Westchester County. When he was 17, Mearsheimer enlisted in the U. S. Army, after one year as an enlisted member, he chose to attend the United States Military Academy at West Point. He attended West Point from 1966 to 1970, after graduation, he served for five years as an officer in the U. S. Air Force. In 1974, while in the Air Force, Mearsheimer earned a Masters Degree in International Relations from the University of Southern California and he subsequently entered Cornell University and in 1980 earned a Ph. D. in government, specifically in international relations. From 1978 to 1979, he was a fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D. C. from 1980 to 1982. During the 1998–1999 academic year, he was the Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York, since 1982, Mearsheimer has been a member of the faculty of the Department of Political Science Faculty at the University of Chicago. He became a professor in 1984, a full professor in 1987. From 1989 to 1992, he served as chairman of the department and he also holds a position as a faculty member in the Committee on International Relations graduate program, and is the co-director of the Program on International Security Policy. Mearsheimers books include Conventional Deterrence which won the Edgar S. Furniss Jr. Book Award, Nuclear Deterrence, Ethics and Strategy], Liddell Hart and the Weight of History, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, Foreign Policy, and Why Leaders Lie, The Truth About Lying in International Politics. His articles have appeared in journals like International Security and popular magazines like the London Review of Books. He has written op-ed pieces for The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Mearsheimer has won several teaching awards. In addition, he was selected as a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar for the 1993–1994 academic year, in that capacity, he gave a series of talks at eight colleges and universities. In 2003, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts, mearsheimers first book Conventional Deterrence addresses the question of how decisions to start a war depend on the projected outcome of military conflict
John Mearsheimer
–
John J. Mearsheimer
20.
Sylvia Nasar
–
Sylvia Nasar is a German-born American journalist, best known for her biography of John Forbes Nash, Jr. Nasar was born in Rosenheim, Germany, to a Bavarian mother and an Uzbek father, Rusi Nasar and her family immigrated to the United States in 1951, then moved to Ankara, Turkey, in 1960. She graduated with a BA in Literature from Antioch College in 1970, for 4 years, she did research with Nobel Laureate Wassily Leontief. She joined Fortune magazine as a writer in 1983, became a columnist for U. S. News & World Report in 1990. She has been the first John S. and James L. Knight Professor of Business Journalism at Columbia University since 2001. In March 2013, Nasar filed a lawsuit accusing the university of misdirecting $4.5 million in funds over the last decade from the same Knight endowment which pays her salary. The New York Times reported, In her suit, Ms. ”She has three children, Clara, Lily and Jack, and lives in Tarrytown, New York. Her husband is Fordham University economist Darryl McLeod, in 1998, Nasar published A Beautiful Mind, a biography of Nobel Prize-winning economist and mathematician John Forbes Nash, Jr. The book describes many aspects of Nashs life, examines his personality and motivations, the book won the 1998 National Book Critics Circle Award for biography. Nasars second book, Grand Pursuit, was published in 2011 and it is a historical narrative which sets forth Nasars view that economics rescued mankind from squalor and deprivation by placing its material circumstances in its own hands rather than in Fate. It won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, Science and technology, the article examined Fields Medalist S. T. Some mathematicians wrote letters in defense of Yau over Nasars portrayal, and Yau threatened to file a lawsuit, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, Simon & Schuster,1998. ISBN 0-684-81906-6 Grand Pursuit, The Story of Economic Genius, Simon & Schuster, Sept.13,2011
Sylvia Nasar
–
Sylvia Nasar
21.
Richard Dawkins
–
Clinton Richard Dawkins FRS FRSL is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist and author. He is a fellow of New College, Oxford, and was the University of Oxfords Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008. Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, in 2006, he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Dawkins is an atheist, and is known for his criticism of creationism. In The Blind Watchmaker, he argues against the watchmaker analogy, instead, he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker in that reproduction, mutation, and selection are unguided by any designer. In The God Delusion, Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and he opposes the teaching of creationism in schools. Dawkins was born in Nairobi, then in British Kenya, on 26 March 1941 and he is the son of Jean Mary Vyvyan and Clinton John Dawkins, who was an agricultural civil servant in the British Colonial Service in Nyasaland. His father was called up into the Kings African Rifles during World War II and returned to England in 1949 and his father had inherited a country estate, Over Norton Park in Oxfordshire, which he farmed commercially. Dawkins considers himself English and lives in Oxford, England, both his parents were interested in natural sciences, and they answered Dawkinss questions in scientific terms. Dawkins describes his childhood as a normal Anglican upbringing, and that left me with nothing. From 1954 to 1959 Dawkins attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire, an English public school with a distinct Church of England flavour, while at Oundle Dawkins read Bertrand Russells Why I Am Not a Christian for the first time. He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1962, while there and he continued as a research student under Tinbergens supervision, receiving his MA and DPhil degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year. Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning and choice. From 1967 to 1969, he was an assistant professor of zoology at the University of California, during this period, the students and faculty at UC Berkeley were largely opposed to the ongoing Vietnam War, and Dawkins became involved in the anti-war demonstrations and activities. He returned to the University of Oxford in 1970 as a lecturer, in 1990, he became a reader in zoology. He held that professorship from 1995 until 2008, since 1970, he has been a fellow of New College, Oxford and he is now an emeritus fellow. In 1991, he gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures for Children on Growing Up in the Universe and he has also edited several journals, and has acted as editorial advisor to the Encarta Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia of Evolution. He is listed as an editor and a columnist of the Council for Secular Humanisms Free Inquiry magazine
Richard Dawkins
–
Dawkins at
Cooper Union,
New York City (2010)
Richard Dawkins
–
The Great Hall, Oundle School
Richard Dawkins
–
Dawkins at the
University of Texas at Austin, March 2008
Richard Dawkins
–
Dawkins, wearing a
scarlet 'A' lapel pin, at the 34th annual conference of
American Atheists (2008).
22.
Jared Diamond
–
Jared Mason Diamond is an American scientist and author best known for his popular science books The Third Chimpanzee, Guns, Germs, and Steel, Collapse, and The World Until Yesterday. Originally trained in physiology, Diamond is known for drawing from a variety of fields, including anthropology, ecology, geography and he is a professor of geography at the University of California, Los Angeles. In 2005, Diamond was ranked ninth on a poll by Prospect, Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Both of his parents were from East European Jewish families who had emigrated to the United States and his father, Louis Diamond, was a physician, and his mother, Flora Kaplan, a teacher, linguist, and concert pianist. Diamond himself began studying piano at age six, years later he would propose to his wife playing the Brahms Intermezzo in A minor for her. After graduating from Cambridge, Diamond returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow until 1965, while in his twenties he developed a second, parallel, career in ornithology and ecology, specialising in New Guinea and nearby islands. Later, in his fifties, Diamond developed a career in environmental history and became a professor of geography at UCLA. He also teaches at LUISS Guido Carli in Rome and he won the National Medal of Science in 1999 and Westfield State University granted him an honorary doctorate in 2009. Diamond originally specialized in salt absorption in the gall bladder, because of this academic diversity, Diamond has been described as a polymath. The book traces how humans evolved to be so different from animals, despite sharing over 98% of our DNA with our closest animal relatives. The book also examines the origins of language, art, agriculture, smoking and drug use. It was well received by critics and won the 1992 Rhône-Poulenc Prize for Science Books and his second and best known popular science book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, The Fates of Human Societies, was published in 1997. It asks why Eurasian peoples conquered or displaced Native Americans, Australians, the first part of the book focuses on reasons why only a few species of wild plants and animals proved suitable for domestication. The third part compares the development of production and of human societies among different continents. A television documentary series based on the book was produced by the National Geographic Society in 2005, as in Guns, Germs, and Steel, he argues against explanations for the failure of past societies based primarily on cultural factors, instead focusing on ecology. Among the societies mentioned in the book are the Norse and Inuit of Greenland, the Maya, the Anasazi, the people of Rapa Nui, Japan, Haiti, the Dominican Republic. It was also nominated for the Royal Society Prize for Science Books, in 2008, Diamond published an article in The New Yorker entitled Vengeance Is Ours, describing the role of revenge in tribal warfare in Papua New Guinea. A year later two indigenous people mentioned in the article filed a lawsuit against Diamond and The New Yorker claiming the article defamed them, in 2013, The Observer reported that the lawsuit was withdrawn by mutual consent after the sudden death of their lawyer
Jared Diamond
–
Jared Diamond
23.
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
–
In the prologue, Jared Diamond summarizes his methodology in one paragraph, This book employs the comparative method to understand societal collapses to which environmental problems contribute. My previous book, had applied the method to the opposite problem. The output variables that I examine are collapse or survival, by relating output variables to input variables, I aim to tease out the influence of possible input variables on collapses. The root problem in all but one of Diamonds factors leading to collapse is overpopulation relative to the carrying capacity of the environment. The one factor not related to overpopulation is the effect of accidentally or intentionally introduction of non-native species to a region. Diamond also writes about cultural factors, such as the apparent reluctance of the Greenland Norse to eat fish and its obviously true that military or economic factors alone may suffice. He also lists twelve environmental problems facing humankind today, in the Further readings section, he gives suggestions to people who asks What can I do as an individual. The reason is simple, maximum population, wealth, resource consumption, finally, he answers the question What are the choices that we must make if we are to succeed, and not to fail. Willingness to reconsider core values, the courage to make decisions about values. Which of the values that served a society well can continue to be maintained under new changed circumstances. Which of these treasured values must instead be jettisoned and replaced with different approaches, Collapse is divided into four parts. Part One describes the environment of the US state of Montana, part Two describes past societies that have collapsed. The results of survey are perhaps why Diamond sees signs of hope nevertheless. Tim Flannery gave Collapse the highest praise in Science, writing, While he planned the book, instead, what has emerged is arguably the most incisive study of senescing human civilizations ever written. The fact that one of the worlds most original thinkers has chosen to pen this mammoth work when his career is at his apogee is itself a persuasive argument that Collapse must be taken seriously and it is probably the most important book you will ever read. The Economists review was favorable, although the reviewer had two disagreements. First, the reviewer felt Diamond was not optimistic enough about the future, secondly, the reviewer claimed Collapse contains some erroneous statistics, for instance, Diamond supposedly overstated the number of starving people in the world. Moreoever, Rees wrote that Collapse is an antidote to followers of Julian Simon
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
–
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
–
Diamond says
Easter Island provides the best historical example of a societal collapse in isolation.
24.
Judith Butler
–
Judith Butler is an American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophy, ethics and the fields of third-wave feminist, queer and literary theory. Since 1993, she has taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where she is now Maxine Elliot Professor in the Department of Comparative Literature and she is also the Hannah Arendt Chair at the European Graduate School. This theory has had a influence on feminist and queer scholarship. Her works are implemented in film studies courses emphasizing gender studies. Butler has actively supported lesbian and gay rights movements and has spoken out on many political issues. Judith Butler was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to a family of Hungarian and Russian Jewish descent, most of her maternal grandmothers family perished in the Holocaust. As a child and teenager, she attended both Hebrew school and special classes on Jewish ethics, where she received her first training in philosophy, could German Idealism be held accountable for Nazism. And how was one to understand existential theology, including the work of Martin Buber, Butler attended Bennington College and then Yale University where she studied philosophy, receiving her B. A. in 1978 and her Ph. D. in 1984. She spent one year at Heidelberg University as a Fulbright-Scholar. She taught at Wesleyan University, George Washington University, and Johns Hopkins University before joining University of California, Berkeley, in 2002 she held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. In this essay, Judith Butler proposes her theory of gender performativity and she begins by basing her theory of gender performativity on a feminist phenomenological point of view. She suggests that both phenomenology and feminism ground their theories in lived experience and this combination of theories is essential for founding Butlers view of theatrical or performative genders in society. Butler argues that it is valid to perceive gender as a performance in which an individual agent acts. The performative element of her theory suggests a social audience, for Butler, the script of gender performance is effortlessly transmitted generation to generation in the form of socially established meanings, She states, gender is not a radical choice. Imposed or inscribed upon the individual, given the social nature of human beings, most actions are witnessed, reproduced, and internalized and thus take on a performative or theatric quality. Currently, the actions appropriate for men and women have been transmitted to produce an atmosphere that both maintains and legitimizes a seemingly natural gender binary. Butler argues that the performance of gender itself creates gender, additionally, she compares the performativity of gender to the performance of the theater. She brings many similarities, including the idea of each individual functioning as an actor of their gender, however she also brings into light a critical difference between gender performance in reality and theater performances
Judith Butler
–
Butler in March 2012.
Judith Butler
–
Butler receives the
Theodor W. Adorno Award in 2012
25.
Daniel Dennett
–
As of 2017 he is the co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies and the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy at Tufts University, Dennett is referred to as one of the Four Horsemen of New Atheism, along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens. Dennett is a member of the board for The Rutherford Journal. Dennett was born on March 28,1942 in Boston, Massachusetts, when he was five, his mother took him back to Massachusetts after his father died in an unexplained plane crash. Dennetts sister is the investigative journalist Charlotte Dennett, Dennett says that he was first introduced to the notion of philosophy while attending summer camp at age 11, when a camp counselor said to him, You know what you are, Daniel. Dennett graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1959, and spent one year at Wesleyan University before receiving his Bachelor of Arts in philosophy at Harvard University in 1963, at Harvard University he was a student of W. V. Quine. In 1965, he received his Doctor of Philosophy in philosophy at the University of Oxford and he is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship, two Guggenheim Fellowships, and a Fellowship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He is a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry and a Humanist Laureate of the International Academy of Humanism and he was named 2004 Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association. In February 2010, he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundations Honorary Board of distinguished achievers, the intelligent selection, rejection, and weighing of the considerations that do occur to the subject is a matter of intelligence making the difference. Second, I think it installs indeterminism in the place for the libertarian. From the point of view of engineering, it is just more efficient. A fourth observation in favor of the model is that it permits moral education to make a difference, without making all of the difference. Fifth—and I think this is perhaps the most important thing to be said in favor of this provides some account of our important intuition that we are the authors of our moral decisions. They claim that, if chance is the cause of decisions. Kane says, a causal indeterminist view of this kind does not give us everything libertarians have wanted from free will. For does not have control over what chance images and other thoughts enter his mind or influence his deliberation. They simply come as they please, does have some control after the chance considerations have occurred. But then there is no more chance involved, what happens from then on, how he reacts, is determined by desires and beliefs he already has
Daniel Dennett
–
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Dennett
–
Daniel Dennett in 2008
Daniel Dennett
–
Dennett in
Tahiti in 1984
26.
Arthur Miller
–
Arthur Asher Miller was an American playwright, essayist, and figure in twentieth-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, The Crucible and he also wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on The Misfits. The drama Death of a Salesman has been numbered on the short list of finest American plays in the 20th century alongside Long Days Journey into Night, Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, in 1980, Miller received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Prince of Asturias Award and the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2002, Miller was born on October 17,1915, in Harlem, in the New York City borough of Manhattan, the second of three children of Augusta and Isidore Miller. His father was born in Radomyśl Wielki, Galicia, and his mother was a native of New York whose parents arrived from that town. Isidore owned a clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a wealthy and respected man in the community, the family, including his younger sister Joan Copeland, lived on West 110th Street in Manhattan, owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens, and employed a chauffeur. In the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, as a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family. After graduating in 1932 from Abraham Lincoln High School, he worked at menial jobs to pay for his college tuition. At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and worked for the student paper and it was during this time that he wrote his first play, No Villain. Miller switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain, the award brought him his first recognition and led him to begin to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. Rowe provided realistic feedback along with much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend, in 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award. After his graduation in 1938, he joined the Federal Theater Project and he chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for 20th Century Fox. However, Congress, worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939, Miller began working in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while continuing to write radio plays, some of which were broadcast on CBS. In 1940, Miller married Mary Grace Slattery, the couple had two children, Jane and Robert. Miller was exempted from service during World War II because of a high-school football injury to his left kneecap. 1940 was also the year his first play was produced, The Man Who Had All the Luck won the Theatre Guilds National Award, the play closed after four performances with disastrous reviews
Arthur Miller
–
Arthur Miller
Arthur Miller
–
Miller's second wife, Marilyn Monroe, in her final completed film,
The Misfits (1961).
Arthur Miller
–
While newsmen take notes, Chairman Dies of House Committee Investigating Un-American Activities reads and proofs his letter replying to Pres. Roosevelt's attack on the Committee, Oct. 26, 1938
27.
Salman Rushdie
–
Sir Ahmad Salman Rushdie, FRSL is a British Indian novelist and essayist. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent and he combines magical realism with historical fiction, his work is concerned with the many connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations. His epic fourth novel, The Satanic Verses, was the subject of a major controversy, death threats were made against him, including a fatwā calling for his assassination issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989. The British government put Rushdie under police protection, in 1983 Rushdie was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, the UKs senior literary organisation. He was appointed Commandeur de lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999, in June 2007, Queen Elizabeth II knighted him for his services to literature. In 2008, The Times ranked him thirteenth on its list of the 50 greatest British writers since 1945, since 2000, Rushdie has lived in the United States. He was named Distinguished Writer in Residence at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute of New York University in 2015, earlier, he taught at Emory University. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, in 2012, he published Joseph Anton, A Memoir, an account of his life in the wake of the controversy over The Satanic Verses. Rushdie was strongly favoured to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been too predictable, Rushdie was born in Bombay, then British India, into a Muslim family of Kashmiri descent. He is the son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a Cambridge-educated lawyer-turned-businessman, and Negin Bhatt and he wrote in his 2012 memoir that his father adopted the name Rushdie in honour of Averroes. He was educated at Cathedral and John Connon School in Bombay, Rugby School in Warwickshire, and Kings College, University of Cambridge and his father Anis Rushdie was rusticated from the Indian Civil Service after the British government found out that he had changed his date of birth. Collaborating with the musician Ronnie Bond, Rushdie wrote the words for a record on behalf of the now defunct Burnley Building Society which was recorded at Good Earth Studios. The song was called The Best Dreams and was sung by George Chandler and it was while he was at Ogilvy that he wrote Midnights Children, before becoming a full-time writer. Rushdies first novel, Grimus, a fiction tale, was generally ignored by the public. His next novel, Midnights Children, catapulted him to literary notability and this work won the 1981 Booker Prize and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the prize during its first 25 and 40 years. The character of Saleem Sinai has been compared to Rushdie, in that sense, I’ve never felt that I’ve written an autobiographical character. After Midnights Children, Rushdie wrote Shame, in which he depicts the political turmoil in Pakistan, basing his characters on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Shame won Frances Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of literature are characterised by a style of magic realism
Salman Rushdie
–
Rushdie in 2014
Salman Rushdie
–
Signature
Salman Rushdie
–
Salman Rushdie having a discussion with
Emory University students
Salman Rushdie
–
Rushdie, right, with writers
Catherine Lacey and
Siri Hustvedt at the 2014
Brooklyn Book Festival
28.
Irvine Auditorium
–
Irvine Auditorium is a performance venue at 3401 Spruce Street on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was designed by the firm of prominent Philadelphia area architect Horace Trumbauer, the building was opened in May,1929. A persistent but untrue campus legend holds that the building was a Penn architecture students design project that received a failing grade and he was forced to give up architecture to go into business, where he amassed a fortune. Years later, he made a major bequest to the university in his will, the octagonal auditorium featured side balconies that faced each other, at right angles to the stage. Irvine Auditorium at University of Pennsylvania
Irvine Auditorium
–
Irvine Auditorium, University of Pennsylvania
Irvine Auditorium
–
Irvine Auditorium Exterior
Irvine Auditorium
–
Irvine Auditorium
Irvine Auditorium
–
Schools
29.
Joe Klein
–
Joe Klein is a political columnist for Time magazine and is known for his novel Primary Colors, an anonymously written roman à clef portraying Bill Clintons first presidential campaign. Klein is currently a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and is a former Guggenheim Fellow, in April 2006 he published Politics Lost, a book on what he calls the pollster–consultant industrial complex. He has also written articles and book reviews for The New Republic, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Life, Klein was born in Queens, New York, the son of Miram and John Klein, a printer. His maternal grandfather was professional musician Frank Warshauer and he has referred to his heritage as Jewish. Klein graduated from the Hackley School and the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in American civilization and he was a contributing editor for Rolling Stone from 1975 to 1980, and Washington bureau chief from 1975 to 1977. He became friends with actor–director Tom Laughlin after interviewing him for Rolling Stone, Klein published Woody Guthrie, A Life in 1980 and Payback, Five Marines After Vietnam in 1984. He was a political columnist for New York from 1987 to 1992, in May 1992 he joined Newsweek and wrote the column Public Lives, which won a National Headliner Award in 1994. Newsweek also won a National Magazine Award for their coverage of Bill Clintons 1992 victory, from 1992 to 1996 he was also a consultant for CBS News, providing commentary. In January 1996, Klein anonymously published the novel Primary Colors, A Novel of Politics, the book spent nine weeks as number one on the New York Times bestseller list, with its author listed as Anonymous. Klein denied writing the book and publicly condemned Foster, Klein denied authorship again in Newsweek, speculating that another writer wrote it. Washington Post Style editor David von Drehle, in an interview, asked Klein if he was willing to stake his journalistic credibility on his denial, on July 17,1996, Klein admitted that the speculation had been correct. In December 1996 he joined The New Yorker to write the Letter from Washington column, in 2000 he published The Running Mate, a sequel of sorts to Primary Colors. In March 2002 Klein published The Natural, Bill Clintons Misunderstood Presidency, in January 2003, he joined Time to write a column called In the Arena on national and international affairs. It appears in Times upfront Notebook section and has criticized for its reporting about then–minority leader Nancy Pelosi. The column has been the source of several retractions by Time, Klein is a regular blogger on time. coms Swampland blog. In November 2007, Salon columnist Glenn Greenwald wrote about what he alleged were factual errors in a Klein story about the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, republicans believe the bill can be interpreted that way, but Democrats dont. Greenwald noted that the text of the legislation does not require court review of individual targets, Kleins response was, I have neither the time nor legal background to figure out whos right. Later, Greenwald reported that Time refused the requests of two sitting members of Congress, to correct Kleins false statements in Time itself
Joe Klein
–
Klein at the 2011
Time 100 Gala
30.
Brian Greene
–
Brian Randolph Greene is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist. He has been a professor at Columbia University since 1996 and chairman of the World Science Festival since co-founding it in 2008, Greene has worked on mirror symmetry, relating two different Calabi–Yau manifolds. He also described the transition, a mild form of topology change. He also appeared on The Big Bang Theory episode The Herb Garden Germination, as well as the films Frequency and he is currently a member of the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Greene was born in New York City and his father, Alan Greene, was a one-time vaudeville performer and high school dropout who later worked as a voice coach and composer. He stated in an interview with Lawrence Krauss that he is of Jewish heritage, after attending Stuyvesant High School, Greene entered Harvard in 1980 to concentrate on physics. After completing his bachelors degree, Greene earned his doctorate from Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, while at Oxford, Greene also studied piano with the concert pianist Jack Gibbons. Greene joined the faculty of Cornell University in 1990, and was appointed to a full professorship in 1995. The following year, he joined the staff of Columbia University as a full professor and he is also one of the FQXi large grant awardees, his project title being Arrow of Time in the Quantum Universe. His co-investigators are David Albert and Maulik Parikh, greenes area of research is string theory, a candidate for a theory of quantum gravity. String theory attempts to explain the different particle species of the model of particle physics as different aspects of a single type of one-dimensional. The theory has several explanations to offer for why we do not perceive these extra dimensions, in the field, Greene is best known for his contribution to the understanding of the different shapes the curled-up dimensions of string theory can take. Greene has worked on a class of symmetry relating two different Calabi–Yau manifolds, known as mirror symmetry. He is also known for his research on the flop transition and he is currently the Chairman of the Board. The World Science Festival’s signature event is a festival in New York City. The first six Festivals have drawn close to a million visitors, Greene is well known to a wider audience for his work on popularizing theoretical physics, in particular string theory and the search for a unified theory of physics. His first book, The Elegant Universe, Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and it was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in nonfiction, and winner of The Aventis Prizes for Science Books in 2000. The Elegant Universe was later made into a PBS television special of the name, hosted and narrated by Greene
Brian Greene
–
At the launch of the
World Science Festival, April 2008
31.
United States Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States Representatives
–
United States House of Representatives
United States Representatives
–
Seal of the House
United States Representatives
–
Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States Representatives
–
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
32.
Ambassador
–
The word is also often used more liberally for persons who are known, without national appointment, to represent certain professions, activities and fields of endeavor such as sales. An ambassador is the government representative stationed in a foreign capital. The host country typically allows the control of specific territory called an embassy, whose territory, staff. Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, an ambassador has the highest diplomatic rank, countries may choose to maintain diplomatic relations at a lower level by appointing a chargé daffaires in place of an ambassador. The equivalent to an Ambassador exchanged among members of the Commonwealth of Nations are known as High Commissioners, the ambassadors of the Holy See are known as Papal or Apostolic Nuncios. The first known usage of the term is known to be in the 14th century, the foreign government to which an ambassador is assigned must first approve the person. In some cases, the government might reverse its approval by declaring the diplomat a persona non grata. This kind of declaration usually results in recalling the ambassador to his/her home nation, due to the advent of modern travel, todays world is a much smaller place in relative terms. As an officer of the service, an ambassador is expected to protect the citizens of his home country in the host country. Another result of the increase in travel is the growth of trade between nations. For most countries, the economy is now part of the global economy. This means increased opportunities to sell and trade with other nations, one of the cornerstones of foreign diplomatic missions is to work for peace. This task can grow into a fight against international terrorism, the trade, international bribery. Ambassadors help stop these acts, helping people across the globe and these activities are important and sensitive and are usually carried out in coordination with the Defense Ministry of the state and the head of the nation. The rise of the diplomatic system was a product of the Italian Renaissance. The use of ambassadors became a strategy in Italy during the 17th century. The political changes in Italy altered the role of ambassadors in diplomatic affairs, because many of the states in Italy were small in size, they were particularly vulnerable to larger states. The ambassador system was used to disperse information and to protect the vulnerable states
Ambassador
–
Hans Holbein the Younger:
The Ambassadors, 1533. The life-sized panel portrays
Jean de Dinteville and
Georges de Selve, the ambassadors of
Francis I of France.
Ambassador
–
Before taking office an Ambassador's credentials must be accepted, such as when South African Ambassador
Harry Schwarz handed his credentials to U.S. President
George H. W. Bush in 1991.
Ambassador
–
Maria-Pia Kothbauer, Princess of Liechtenstein and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Czech Republic, presenting her credentials to
Václav Klaus
33.
Philadelphia Museum of Art
–
The Philadelphia Museum of Art is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The main museum building was completed in 1928 on Fairmount, a located at the northwest end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway at Eakins Oval. The museum administers collections containing over 240,000 objects including major holdings of European, American and Asian origin, the various classes of artwork include sculpture, paintings, prints, drawings, photographs, armor and decorative arts. The attendance figure for the museum was 751,797 in 2015, the museum is also one of the largest art museums in the world based on gallery space. The museum also administers the historic houses of Mount Pleasant and Cedar Grove. The museum and its annexes are owned by the City of Philadelphia, as of 2017, the standard adult admission price is $20 which allows entrance to the main building and all annexes for two consecutive days. The museum is closed on Mondays except on some holidays, several special exhibitions are held in the museum every year, including touring exhibitions arranged with other museums in the United States and abroad. Special exhibitions may have a charge for entrance. Philadelphia celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence with the 1876 Centennial Exposition and its art building, Memorial Hall, was intended to outlast the Exhibition and house a permanent museum. The Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art opened on May 10,1877 and its permanent collection began with objects from the Exhibition and gifts from the public impressed with the Exhibitions ideals of good design and craftsmanship. European and Japanese fine and decorative art objects and books for the Museums library were among the first donations, the location outside of Center City, however, was fairly distant from many of the citys inhabitants. Admission was charged until 1881, then was dropped until 1962, starting in 1882, Clara Jessup Moore donated a remarkable collection of antique furniture, enamels, carved ivory, jewelry, metalwork, glass, ceramics, books, textiles and paintings. The Countess de Brazzas lace collection was acquired in 1894 forming the nucleus of the lace collection, in 1893 Anna H. Wilstach bequeathed a large painting collection, including many American paintings, and an endowment of half a million dollars for additional purchases. Works by James Abbott McNeill Whistler and George Inness were purchased within a few years, in the early 1900s, the Museum started an education program for the general public, as well as a membership program. Fiske Kimball was the director during the rapid growth of the 1920s. After World War II the collections grew with gifts, such as the John D. McIlhenny, early modern art dominated the growth of the collections in the 1950s, with acquisitions of the Louise and Walter Arensberg and the A. E. Gallatin collections. The gift of Philadelphian Grace Kellys wedding dress is perhaps the best known gift of the 1950s, extensive renovation of the building lasted from the 1960s through 1976. Major acquisitions included the Carroll S. Tyson, Jr. and Samuel S. White III and Vera White collections,71 objects from designer Elsa Schiaparelli, in 1976 there were celebrations and special exhibitions for the centennial of the Museum and the bicentennial of the nation
Philadelphia Museum of Art
–
East entrance
Philadelphia Museum of Art
–
"Plan for the Fairmount Parkway" (1917), by
Jacques Gréber.
Philadelphia Museum of Art
–
The western pediment features polychrome sculpture by Jennewein
Philadelphia Museum of Art
–
Henry Ossawa Tanner 's Annunciation, acquired in 1899
34.
The Daily Pennsylvanian
–
The Daily Pennsylvanian is the independent daily student newspaper of the University of Pennsylvania. It is published every weekday when the university is in session, during the summer months, a smaller staff produces a weekly version called The Summer Pennsylvanian. The DP also publishes a weekly arts and entertainment magazine called 34th Street Magazine, the DP operates three principal websites—thedp. com, 34st. com, and underthebutton. com—as well as a variety of opinion, news, and sports blogs. The Daily Pennsylvanian was founded in 1885 as a successor to the University Magazine, the newspaper has been published daily since 1894, except for a hiatus from May 1943 to November 1945 on account of World War II. The DP broke away from the university in 1962 to become an independent publication, also in 1962 the previously all-male daily began to accept female students. Today the newspapers budget is funded primarily through the sale of advertising by a student business staff, the Daily Pennsylvanian has won many of the most prestigious awards in college journalism. In 2008, the newspaper was awarded the Society of Professional Journalists National Mark of Excellence Award, in the same year, the paper won the Spring 2008 Columbia Gold Crown, awarded to only eight college newspapers nationwide, an award it has won many times before. It also received first place in the Associated Collegiate Presss Kansas City Convention Best of Show Competition in 2008, in 2004, the DP won the Pacemaker, awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation, for a fourth consecutive year. It also won the award in 1990,1997, and 1998, several of its writers win Gold Circles from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association every year. It was also ranked as the most read newspaper by The Princeton Review in 1990,1997,1998. In 2006, College Publisher awarded the DP first place in the category of Best Online Sports Coverage and, in 2008, it was awarded an online Gold Crown for thedp. com
The Daily Pennsylvanian
The Daily Pennsylvanian
–
Schools
35.
Pennsylvania Punch Bowl
–
The Pennsylvania Punch Bowl is a humor magazine published by students at the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1899. The Pennsylvania Punch Bowl was founded in 1899 by members of the Philomathean Society, the magazine was intermittently published during the twentieth century, appearing in only 70 of the years from 1899 to 1999. The magazine is printed three times a year, coming out at the end of each semester and when the students arrive at school in the fall. In fall 2006, the created a new website, which adds new humor pieces every day. In addition to its set of student columnists, the Punch Bowl features new contributors each Friday. Recurring pieces in the magazine and website include Letter from Amy Gutmann, the Universitys campus newspaper later criticized these student groups for their overreaction to the issue. As a result of this ordeal and to better assuage the offended parties. In answer to a question about his advice for the young, in fact the University of Pennsylvania student Punchbowl used to have as its motto, Any damn fool can be spontaneous. Ezra Pound, American poet who was a figure in the modernism movement
Pennsylvania Punch Bowl
–
The Pennsylvania Punch Bowl
Pennsylvania Punch Bowl
–
The cover of the Punch Bowl's "Diversity Issue" of Winter 2008.
Pennsylvania Punch Bowl
–
Schools
36.
U.S. Mint
–
The United States Mint produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. It does not produce paper money, the Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other centres, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints, Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, the Mint was created by Congress with the Coinage Act of 1792, and originally placed within the Department of State. Per the terms of the Coinage Act, the first Mint building was in Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States, today, the Mints headquarters are in Washington D. C. It operates mint facilities in Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point, New York and a bullion depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Official Mints were once located in Carson City, Nevada, Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington, D. C. and even in Manila. Originally part of the State Department, the Mint was made an independent agency in 1799 and it converted precious metals into standard coin for anyones account with no seigniorage charge beyond the refining costs. Under the Coinage Act of 1873, the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury and it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States in 1981. Legal tender coins of today are minted solely for the Treasurys account, the first Director of the United States Mint was renowned scientist David Rittenhouse from 1792 to 1795. The position was held most recently by Edmund C, moy until his resignation effective January 9,2011. Henry Voigt was the first Superintendent and Chief Coiner, and is credited with some of the first U. S. coin designs. Another important position at the Mint is that of Chief Engraver, the Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as Ye Olde Mint. With the opening of branch mints came the need for mint marks, the first of these branch mints were the Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana branches. Both the Charlotte and Dahlonega Mints were opened to facilitate the conversion of gold deposits into coinage. The Civil War closed both these facilities permanently, the New Orleans Mint closed at the beginning of the Civil War and did not re-open until the end of Reconstruction in 1879. During its two stints as a facility, it produced both gold and silver coinage in eleven different denominations, though only ten denominations were ever minted there at one time. A new branch facility was opened in Carson City, Nevada, in 1870, it operated until 1893, like the Charlotte and Dahlonega branches, the Carson City Mint was opened to take advantage of local precious metal deposits, in this case, a large vein of silver. Though gold coins were produced there, no base metal coins were
U.S. Mint
–
Denver United States mint building
U.S. Mint
–
Seal of the U.S. Mint
U.S. Mint
–
The First US Branch Mint in California is located at 608–619 Commercial Street, San Francisco, San Francisco County. The branch opened on April 3, 1854. Today the building houses the Pacific Heritage Museum.
U.S. Mint
–
The
Philadelphia Mint
37.
Henry Dilworth Gilpin
–
Henry Dilworth Gilpin was an American lawyer and statesman of Quaker extraction who served as Attorney General of the United States under President Martin Van Buren. He was the son of Joshua Gilpin and Mary Dilworth, and was born in Lancaster, England and his mother was from the Quaker Dilworths of Lancaster, England. The family returned to England for another tour in 1812, and returned to the United States in about 1816, after graduating from the University of Pennsylvania, he studied law with Joseph R. Ingersoll and was admitted to the bar in 1822. He served as U. S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania from 1831 to 1837, during this time he joined the American Philosophical Society and from 1833 to 1835 he was on the board of the Bank of the United States. President Martin Van Buren named him 14th Attorney General of the United States in 1840 and he served until 1841, during which time he presented the U. S. governments side of the Amistad case to the U. S. Supreme Court. He was also a secretary and director of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, Gilpin died in Philadelphia in 1860. Gray, Ralph D. Henry D. Gilpin, A Pennsylvania Jacksonian
Henry Dilworth Gilpin
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Henry D. Gilpin
38.
U.S. Attorney General
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The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U. S. C. §503, concerned with affairs, and is the chief law enforcement officer. The 84th and current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions, who assumed the office on February 9,2017, the attorney general serves as a member of the Cabinet of the President of the United States and is the only cabinet officer who does not have the title Secretary of. The Attorney General is appointed by the President and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate, the office of Attorney General was established by Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1870, the Department of Justice was established to support the general in the discharge of their responsibilities. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Status As of April 2017, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno on November 7,2016. Barr served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. 2 Richard L. Thornburgh and Eric Holder served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. Both subsequently served as general, Thornburgh 1988–1991 and Holder 2009–2015. 4 Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting general from January 20,1993. Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department, during his time as Acting AG, Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege. Janet Reno, President Clintons nominee for attorney general, was confirmed on March 12, Acting Attorney General Gersons last day at the Justice Department was March 19. 5 On August 27,2007, President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the acting attorney general, to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. According to administration officials, Clement took that office at 12,01 am September 17,2007, keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9,2007. 6 Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President-elect Obama, Filip led the Department while President Obamas nominee, then Attorney-General Designate Eric Holder, awaited confirmation by the United States Senate. Holder was confirmed on February 2,2009, and sworn in the next day, thus ending Filips tenure as the acting attorney general
U.S. Attorney General
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Incumbent
Loretta Lynch since April 27, 2015
U.S. Attorney General
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Seal of the Department of Justice
U.S. Attorney General
U.S. Attorney General
39.
Robert James Walker
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Robert John Walker was an American economist and statesman. As a senator, Walker vigorously supported the annexation of Texas, as Secretary of the Treasury, he held responsibility for the management of funds relating to the Mexican-American War, and in this capacity was accused of misappropriation. He resigned shortly following his appointment by President James Buchanan as Governor of Kansas in 1857 due to his opposition to the administration-sponsored pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution, after his retirement from politics, Walker supported the United States during the American Civil War and practiced law. Born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, he was the son of a judge and he lived in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania from 1806 to 1814, where his father was presiding judge of the judicial district. Walker was educated at the Bellefonte Academy and he graduated in 1819 at the top of his class at the University of Pennsylvania where he was a member of the Philomathean Society, and was admitted to the bar in Pittsburgh in 1821. He practiced law in Pittsburgh from 1822 until 1826 when he moved to Mississippi, there he joined his brother, Duncan Walker, in a lucrative law practice. Walker became a speculator in cotton, land and slaves and he became politically prominent during the Nullification Crisis, and from 1835 to 1845 he sat in the United States Senate as a Unionist Democrat. He also opposed the Bank of the United States and he claimed that independent Texas had to be annexed to prevent it from falling into the hands of Great Britain, which would use it to spread subversion throughout the South. He was U. S. Secretary of the Treasury throughout the Polk administration, from March 8,1845 until March 5,1849, vice President George M. Dallas convinced Polk to appoint Walker to the position. As Treasury Secretary, Walker financed the Mexican-American War and drafted the 1849 bill to establish the United States Department of the Interior, one example of financing the Mexican-American war can be seen in correspondence, he wrote to Major General William Orlando Butler, February 23,1848. He also supported the independent Treasury system, pushed for a tariff for revenue, Walker was involved in a prominent Treasury report of December 3,1845. It is regarded as the most powerful attack upon the system that has ever been made in an American state paper. The Walker Tariff of 1846 was based upon the principles of paper and was in fact largely the secretarys own work. It was during the Mexican-American War that the US treasury seemed to be running out of money, an astonishingly large amount of funds had been withdrawn from the armys quartermaster and commissary departments. It turned out that $1.1 million had been deposited in the bank of Corcoran and Riggs, Polk, who had run on an anti-bank platform, wrote in his diary that it was the most troubling moment of his presidency. Confronting Walker yielded only casual, vague replies, Polk ordered an investigation, but Walker still couldnt give Polk the answers he needed. Eventually Walker told Polk that the $600,000 remaining in the hands would be distributed to the army. It was never proved whether any chicanery had been going on, after leaving Treasury in 1849, Walker became a lawyer in Washington, DC, devoted himself to business and land speculation and became involved in mining interests
Robert James Walker
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Robert John Walker
Robert James Walker
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Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Walker as Secretary of the Treasury.
Robert James Walker
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Walker depicted on the 5th issue 25-cent
Fractional currency note.
40.
U.S. Senator
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
U.S. Senator
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United States Senate
U.S. Senator
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Seal of the U.S. Senate
U.S. Senator
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The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
U.S. Senator
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A typical Senate desk
41.
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
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Incumbent
Jack Lew since February 27, 2013
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
–
Seal of the Department of the Treasury
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury
42.
Henry Clay
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Henry Clay, Sr. was an American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829. Clay ran for the presidency in 1824,1832 and 1844, however, he was unsuccessful in all of his attempts to reach his nations highest office. Despite his presidential losses, Clay remained a dominant figure in the Whig Party, Clay was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. After serving two stints in the Senate, Clay won election to the House of Representatives in 1810 and was elected Speaker of the House in 1811. Clay would remain a prominent public figure until his death 41 years later in 1852, a leading war hawk, Speaker Clay favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation into the War of 1812. In 1814, Clays tenure as Speaker was interrupted when Clay traveled to Europe, Clay ran for president in 1824 and lost, finishing fourth in a four-man contest. No candidate received a majority, and so the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Clay maneuvered House voting in favor of John Quincy Adams, who appointed him as Secretary of State. Opposing candidate Andrew Jackson denounced the actions of Clay and Adams as part of a corrupt bargain, Clay returned to the Senate in 1831. He continued to advocate his American System, and become a leader of the opposition to President Andrew Jackson, President Jackson opposed federally-subsidized internal improvements and a national bank as a threat to states rights, and the president used his veto power to defeat many of Clays proposals. In 1832, Clay ran for president as a candidate of the National Republican Party, following the election, the National Republicans united with other opponents of Jackson to form the Whig Party, which remained one of the two major American political parties until after Clays death. In 1844, Clay won the Whig Partys presidential nomination, Clays opposition to the annexation of Texas, partly over fears that such an annexation would inflame the slavery issue, hurt his campaign, and Democrat James K. Polk won the election. Clay later opposed the Mexican–American War, which resulted in part from the Texas annexation, Clay returned to the Senate for a final term, where he helped broker a compromise over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Known as The Great Compromiser, Clay brokered important agreements during the Nullification Crisis, as part of the Great Triumvirate or Immortal Trio, along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and he was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names Harry of the West and The Western Star. As a plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime, Henry Clay was born on April 12,1777, at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, in a story-and-a-half frame house. It was a home for a common Virginia planter of that time
Henry Clay
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Henry Clay
Henry Clay
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Henry Clay and his wife, Lucretia (née Hart)
Henry Clay
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View of Henry Clay's law office (1803-1810), Lexington, Kentucky
Henry Clay
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Portrait by
Matthew Harris Jouett, 1818
43.
John Cadwalader (jurist)
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John Cadwalader was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from Philadelphia. Cadwalader was born in Philadelphia on April 1,1805 and his mother was Mary Biddle of the Biddle family. His father Thomas Cadwalader, grandfather John Cadwalader and great-grandfather Thomas Cadwalader were all military leaders and his maternal grandfather, Clement Biddle, was also a military leader, having served under George Washington during the Revolutionary War. He received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Pennsylvania in 1821 and he was in private practice of law from 1825 to 1855. He was a lawyer for the Bank of the United States in 1830 and he was a captain of the Pennsylvania State Militia in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1844, which was called out for the Philadelphia Nativist Riots. He was elected as a Democrat as a U. S, representative from Pennsylvania from 1855 to 1857. He did not run for re-election, Cadwalader was nominated by President James Buchanan on April 19,1858, to be a federal judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 24,1858 and he served in that capacity until he died on January 26,1879. He was buried in the Christ Church Burial Ground at the old Christ Church in Philadelphia, Cadwalader first married Mary Binney, daughter of Horace Binney with whom he had two daughters. Elizabeth Cadwalader, who married George Harrison Hare. who married Mary Helen Fisher George Cadwalader and his grandson, John Cadwalader III, became trustee of the estate of his aunt Sophia Georgiana Coxe which funded the MMI Preparatory School. The Cadwalader Family Papers, documenting the Cadwalader family through four generations in America, are available for use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. John Cadwalader at Find a Grave United States Congress, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
John Cadwalader (jurist)
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John Cadwalader
John Cadwalader (jurist)
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Portrait of the jurist's son, John Cadwalader Jr., 1843-1925.
44.
U.S. Representative
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
U.S. Representative
–
United States House of Representatives
U.S. Representative
–
Seal of the House
U.S. Representative
–
Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
U.S. Representative
–
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
45.
George Sharswood
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George Sharswood was a Pennsylvania jurist and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Sharswood was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and he graduated with honors from the University of Pennsylvania in 1828. On September 5,1831 he was admitted to the bar of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and he served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1837. He was a judge in Pennsylvania from 1845 to 1867. In 1850 he reorganized the University of Pennsylvania Law School and he was senior professor of law there until 1867, when he resigned his chair. During his tenure he was an author, editor and commentator. This effort continued in subsequent editions after he became an Associate Justice at least through the publication of an 1872 edition by Lippincott & Co. in 1872 and he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in 1868, and was named chief justice in 1879. Justice Sharswood is buried in Philadelphias Laurel Hill Cemetery, the University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections Works by George Sharswood at Project Gutenberg Works by or about George Sharswood at Internet Archive
George Sharswood
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George Sharswood.
46.
University of Pennsylvania School of Law
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The University of Pennsylvania Law School, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the law school of the University of Pennsylvania. A member of the Ivy League, it is among the most prestigious, selective and it is currently ranked 7th overall by U. S. News & World Report. It offers the degrees of Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, Master of Comparative Laws, the entering class typically consists of approximately 250 students, and admission is highly competitive. For the class entering in the fall of 2014, 16% out of 5859 applicants were offered admission, the 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2014 entering class were 164 and 170, respectively, with a median of 169. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.52 and 3.95, respectively, Penn Laws July 2012 Pennsylvania Bar Examination passage rate was 96. 08%. The Law School is one of the T14 law schools, that is, the school prides itself on its collegiality and the importance it places on diversity. Over a third of students identify as persons of color, although well known for its corporate and criminal law faculty, the Law School offers an extensive curriculum and hosts various student groups, research centers and activities. Students publish the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, the oldest law journal in the country, according to Penns 2014 ABA-required disclosures,94. 24% of the Class of 2014 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation, excluding solo practitioners. The law school was ranked #2 of all law schools nationwide by the National Law Journal in terms of sending the highest percentage of 2015 graduates to the largest 100 law firms in the US. Penn began offering a program in law in 1850, under the leadership of George Sharswood. William Draper Lewis was named dean in 1896, in 1900, the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania approved a move to the Law Schools current location at the intersection of 34th and Chestnut. Under Lewis deanship, the law school was one of the first schools to emphasize legal teaching by full-time professors instead of practitioners, as legal education became more formalized, the school initiated a three-year curriculum and instituted stringent admissions requirements. After 30 years with the law school, Lewis eventually founded the American Law Institute, in 1925, the ALI was later chaired by another of Penn Laws Deans, Herbert Funk Goodrich. Two years before Goodrich was named Dean, the Law School graduated with a J. D. Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, the first African-American woman to ever receive a Ph. D. in the United States. The first woman to join the faculty was Martha Field in 1969, now a professor at Harvard Law School, the University of Pennsylvania campus covers over 269 acres in a contiguous area of West Philadelphias University City district. All of Penns schools, including the Law School, and most of its research institutes are located on this campus, the Law School consists of four interconnecting buildings around a central courtyard. Directly opposite is Tanenbaum Hall, home to the Biddle Law Library several law journals, administrative offices, the law library houses 1,053,824 volumes and volume equivalents making it the 4th largest law library in the country. Gittis Hall sits on the side and has new classrooms and new
University of Pennsylvania School of Law
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William Draper Lewis, Penn Law's Dean and founder of the
American Law Institute
University of Pennsylvania School of Law
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University of Pennsylvania Law School
University of Pennsylvania School of Law
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Silverman Hall
University of Pennsylvania School of Law
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Professor
Anita L. Allen
47.
George A. Bicknell
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George Augustus Bicknell was a U. S. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Bicknell was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1831 and he attended completed the study of law at Yale Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and commenced practice in New York City before moving to Lexington, Indiana and he married Elizabeth Haskins Richards, daughter of Jesse and Sarah Haskins Richards of Batsto, New Jersey. They had at least two sons and two daughters, Bicknell was elected prosecuting attorney of Scott County in 1848 and then circuit prosecutor in 1850. He moved to New Albany in 1851 and he served as judge of the second judicial circuit of Indiana 1852-1876, and was also a professor of law at Indiana University 1861-1870. Bicknell was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses and he was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1880. He was appointed commissioner of appeals in the court of Indiana in 1881. Bicknell was elected judge of the court of Indiana in 1889 and held that office until his death, April 11,1891, in New Albany. He was interred in Fairview Cemetery, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, a Genealogical History of the DuPuy Family, Charles Meredith DuPuy, J. B. Lippincott Co. Philadelphia, PA,1910, pg.82 FindAGrave. com, Find A Grave Memorial#103540595
George A. Bicknell
–
George A. Bicknell.
48.
Stevens Institute of Technology
–
Stevens Institute of Technology is a private, coeducational research university located in Hoboken, New Jersey, United States. The university also has a location in Washington, D. C. Incorporated in 1870, it is one of the oldest technological universities in the United States, the campus encompasses Castle Point, the highest point in Hoboken, and several other buildings around the city. The university is home to three national Centers of Excellence as designated by the U. S. Department of Defense and U. S. Department of Homeland Security. Two members of the Stevens community, as alumni or faculty, have awarded the Nobel Prize, Frederick Reines, in Physics. Dr. Nariman Farvardin is the president of Stevens. He took office on July 1,2011, Stevens Institute of Technology is named after a family of accomplished inventors and engineers who also oversaw the development of Hoboken from an old farm into a thriving city. This innovation would be employed by ferries to Manhattan which still run from Hobokens piers, along with his brother Edwin A. Stevens, Robert created Americas first commercial railroad presently operating as a large portion of Amtrak’s Northeast Corridor. John Cox Stevens, John Stevens eldest son, was the first commodore of the New York Yacht Club, the NY Yacht Club would defend its title until the 1983 race. In his will, he left a bequest for the establishment of an institution of learning, providing his trustees with land, edwin’s will was executed by surviving wife Martha Stevens who would also serve as a lifetime Trustee of the Institute. Stevens Fund for Municipal Research, manual training schools for boys and young girls in Hoboken, the Hoboken Public Library and Manual Training School. Stevens Institute of Technology opened in 1870 and initially was dedicated to mechanical engineering, the original course of study was a single, rigorous curriculum based upon the European Polytechnic model of engineering science, rather than the shop schools that were common at that time. Mechanical Engineer was the degree offered, in addition to a Ph. D. in mechanical engineering, chemistry. Stevens granted several Ph. D. s between 1870 and 1900, making it one of the earliest Ph. D. granting institutions in the United States, the broad-based interdisciplinary philosophy was put into practice by the founders from the first graduating class. Despite the title of the degree and concentration in mechanical engineering, the curriculum included courses in all engineering disciplines of the time, mechanical, civil, chemical, and electrical. In 1880, Robert H. Thurston, professor of engineering, was nominated the first president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The campus began on the edge of the estate at Castle Point in Hoboken. It occupied a building now designated the Edwin A. Stevens Building
Stevens Institute of Technology
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External video
Stevens Institute of Technology
–
Stevens Institute of Technology
Stevens Institute of Technology
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The historic Edwin A. Stevens Building, home to the Charles V. Schaefer, Jr. School of Engineering and Science.
Stevens Institute of Technology
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The Lawrence T. Babbio, Jr. Center for Technology Management, home of the School of Business and the School of Systems and Enterprises, lit at nighttime with the iconic Gatehouse in the foreground.
49.
William Pepper
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William Pepper, Jr. M. D. an American physician, was a leader in medical education in the nineteenth century, and a longtime Provost of the University of Pennsylvania. Pepper was born in Philadelphia to Dr. William Pepper, Sr. and he married Frances Sergent Perry on June 25,1873. They were the parents of four sons and he was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from the college in 1862 and from the medical school in 1864. In 1868 Pepper became lecturer on anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. From 1876 to 1887, he was professor of medicine at Penn and in 1887 succeeded Dr Alfred Still as professor of theory. Pepper founded the Philadelphia Medical Times and was editor of journal in 1870-71. He was elected provost of the University of Pennsylvania in 1881, for his services as medical director of the United States Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, he was made Knight Commander of Saint Olaf by King Oscar II of Sweden. He sponsored the Pepper-Hearst Expedition on the coast of Florida, near Tarpon Springs, Pepper was known academically for his contributions to the theory and practice of medicine and the System of Medicine that he edited in 1885-86 became one of Americas standard medical textbooks. He died July 28,1898, at Pleasanton, California, a bronze statue of Pepper by Karl Bitter stands on the south side of College Hall at the University of Pennsylvania. A replica of this stands on the landing of the staircase of the Central Library at 19th and Vine Streets in Center City. Lo Re, Vincent, Bellini Lisa M. William Pepper Jr, MD, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Pepper, William. Finding aid to the William Pepper papers Ms. Coll,904 at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries Works by William Pepper at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Pepper at Internet Archive William Pepper at Find a Grave
William Pepper
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William Pepper
William Pepper
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Dr. William Pepper by
Karl Bitter (1896),
University of Pennsylvania.
William Pepper
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Dr. William Pepper by
Karl Bitter (1896, this casting 1899),
Free Library of Philadelphia.
