Philosophie zoologique is an 1809 book by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in which he outlines his pre-Darwinian theory of evolution, part of which is now known as Lamarckism.
Title page of first edition, 1809
Lamarck by Charles Thévenin (c. 1802)
Lamarck used the blind mole rat (Spalax) as an example of the loss of function through disuse. The animal's tiny eyes are completely covered by a layer of skin.
The Transmutation of species and transformism are 18th and early 19th-century ideas about the change of one species into another that preceded Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural sele
This 1847 diagram by Richard Owen shows his conceptual archetype for all vertebrates.
Darwin's finches by Gould