1.
Vietnam
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Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 92.7 million inhabitants as of 2016, it is the worlds 14th-most-populous country, and its capital city has been Hanoi since the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1976, with Ho Chi Minh City as a historical city as well. The northern part of Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, an independent Vietnamese state was formed in 939, following a Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified in what is known as the Vietnam War, the war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975. Vietnam was then unified under a communist government but remained impoverished, in 1986, the government initiated a series of economic and political reforms which began Vietnams path towards integration into the world economy. By 2000, it had established relations with all nations. Since 2000, Vietnams economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world and its successful economic reforms resulted in its joining the World Trade Organization in 2007. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, Vietnam remains one of the worlds four remaining one-party socialist states officially espousing communism. The name Việt Nam is a variation of Nam Việt, a name that can be traced back to the Triệu Dynasty of the 2nd century BC. The word Việt originated as a form of Bách Việt. The form Vietnam is first recorded in the 16th-century oracular poem Sấm Trạng Trình, the name has also been found on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bao Lam Pagoda in Haiphong that dates to 1558. Then, as recorded, rewarded Yuenan/Vietnam as their nations name, to also show that they are below the region of Baiyue/Bach Viet. Between 1804 and 1813, the name was used officially by Emperor Gia Long and it was revived in the early 20th century by Phan Bội Châus History of the Loss of Vietnam, and later by the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The country was usually called Annam until 1945, when both the government in Huế and the Viet Minh government in Hanoi adopted Việt Nam. Archaeological excavations have revealed the existence of humans in what is now Vietnam as early as the Paleolithic age, Homo erectus fossils dating to around 500,000 BC have been found in caves in Lạng Sơn and Nghệ An provinces in northern Vietnam. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils from mainland Southeast Asia are of Middle Pleistocene provenance, teeth attributed to Homo sapiens from the Late Pleistocene have also been found at Dong Can, and from the Early Holocene at Mai Da Dieu, Lang Gao and Lang Cuom. The Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings is considered the first Vietnamese state, in 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán, who consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương
2.
Dog
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The domestic dog is a member of genus Canis that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated, the dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be attuned to human behavior. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours, dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on society has given them the sobriquet mans best friend. The term domestic dog is used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word dog comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, the term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce. The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga frog, picga pig, stagga stag, wicga beetle, worm, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary. In 14th-century England, hound was the word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound. It is believed this dog type was so common, it became the prototype of the category hound. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, the word hound is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon-, dog. This semantic shift may be compared with in German, where the corresponding words Dogge, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam, the process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp, the modern English word whelp is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French poupée, doll. The term dog typically is applied both to the species as a whole, and any male member of the same. An adult female is a bitch, in some countries, especially in North America, dog is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of bitch. An adult male capable of reproduction is a stud, an adult female capable of reproduction is a brood bitch, or brood mother. Immature males or females are pups or puppies, a group of pups from the same gestation period is a litter
3.
Rhodesian Ridgeback
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The Rhodesian ridgeback is a dog breed developed in Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Its European forebears can be traced to the pioneers of the Cape Colony of southern Africa. The original breed standard was drafted by F. R. Barnes, in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia, based on that of the Dalmatian, the standard was approved by the South African Kennel Union in 1927. This dog measured approximately 18 inches at the withers, with a lean, the ears have been described both as erect and hanging, but the most distinctive feature was the length of hair often growing in the reverse direction along its back. Van Rooyen saw Helms pair of bitches and decided to breed his own dogs with them to incorporate their guarding abilities, after trying pointers and Airedales, crossing with collies gave van Rooyen the best lion hunters, as his son Cornelius Jr. tells us. Pointers, bulldogs and greyhounds are generally credited in the European core of this mix, with larger terriers such as Irish terriers and perhaps great Danes. These dogs were used to hunt not only lions but also other game, including pigs and baboons. In 1927, Barnes standard was approved by the South African Kennel Union with the name amended to Rhodesian ridgeback, outside the subcontinent and internationally, the first Rhodesian ridgebacks in Britain were shown by Mrs. Edward Foljambe in 1928. In 1950, Mr. and Mrs. William H. OBrien of Arizona brought six carefully selected Ridgebacks to the US from South Africa and he and his wife and Margaret Lowthian of California began the process of getting the breed accepted by the American Kennel Club. Similarly, in 1952, The Rhodesian Ridgeback Club of Great Britain was founded at Crufts to promote the breed around the United Kingdom to show judges, so a standard for the breed might be recognized. The Rhodesian ridgebacks distinguishing feature is the ridge of hair running along its back in the direction from the rest of its coat. It consists of an area formed by two whorls of hair and tapers from immediately behind the shoulders down to the level of the hips. The ridge is usually about 2 inches in width at its widest point and it is believed to originate from the dog used by the original African dog population which had a similar ridge. The first depiction of a ridgeback is a wall painting describing the life of the Boers, male ridgebacks usually stand 25–27 in at the withers and weigh about 85 lb, females are typically 24–26 inches tall and about 70 lb in weight. Ridgebacks are typically muscular and have a light wheaten to red coat, which should be short, dense, sleek and glossy in appearance. White is acceptable on the chest and toes, the FCI standard states that excessive black hairs throughout the coat are highly undesirable. Ridgebacks sometimes have a dark mask, the dogs nose should be black or brown in keeping with the color of the dog. No other colored nose is permissible, the brown nose is a recessive gene
4.
Thai Ridgeback
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The Thai Ridgeback is an ancient landrace of dog, recently established also as a standardized breed. The breed was formerly unknown outside of Thailand, but is gaining notice in the Western world and they are also known as a Mah Thai Lang Ahn. The Thai Ridgeback is one of three breeds that has a ridge of hair that runs along its back in the opposite direction to the rest of the coat. The other two are the Rhodesian Ridgeback and the Phu Quoc Ridgeback, the Thai Ridgeback is a muscular, medium-sized pariah-type dog with a wedge-shaped head, triangular-shaped prick ears, and a very short, smooth coat. It has a ridge on its back formed by hair growing in the opposite direction that extends from behind the withers to the hips. Thai Ridgebacks have a muscular and streamlined body, making them extremely agile, the tail is carried upward called a sickle or sword tail. Its forehead wrinkles with enormous expression, like many eastern breeds, the Thai Ridgeback has retained a scissor jaw where upper and lower teeth interlock when the jaw bones clamp down. The tongue can be black or have black marks, eyes are almond-shaped and brown but may be amber in blue dogs. The ears are set low and point slightly outward, the ears stand up progressively during the puppy growth period, they are not cropped. The back is straight and level, the coat is short, hard, and straight. Due to the length and density of the coat shedding is minimal, because this breed does not have an undercoat the hair does not usually bother people allergic to other breeds of dogs. Coat must be solid colors of blue, black, red or fawn with a black mask being acceptable on reds, however, brindle and white are also found but are not acceptable colors. For international show and competition, shoulder height should be 22-24 inches in males, the weight averages 35–55 lbs in females and 40-60 lbs in males. Eight distinctive ridge patterns have been identified, needle, feather, arrow, lute, violin, bowling pin, leaf, all patterns are acceptable, but must be clearly defined and symmetrical. The broader the ridge, the more highly it is prized, Thai ridgebacks are a hearty, overall healthy breed with few inherent health issues. The breed has reproduced in Thailand almost exclusively by natural selection until the recent past. Inbreeding depression has not been observed in the breed, Thai Ridgeback Dogs are prone to dermoid sinus. Modern lines of Thai Ridgeback, resulting from crosses, may also be prone to hip dysplasia
5.
Hound
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A Hound is a type of dog, used by hunters to track or chase prey. Hounds can be contrasted with gundogs, which assist hunters by identifying the location of prey and/or recovering shot quarry, the hound breeds were the first hunting dogs. They have either a sense of smell or great speed. There are three types of hound, with several breeds within each type, Sighthounds, which follow prey predominantly by speed and these dogs are fast and assist hunters in catching game—fox, hare, deer and elk. Scenthounds, which follow prey or others by tracking its scent and these dogs have endurance but are not fast runners. The remaining breeds of hound follow their prey using both sight and scent, difficult to classify as they are neither sighthound nor scent hound and this may not include all hound-type dogs. Breed Groups Dog type Hound Group Hunting dog Scent hound Sighthound Sighthound & Pariah Group
6.
Basset Hound
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The Basset Hound is a short-legged breed of dog of the hound family, as well as one of six recognized Basset breeds in France. The Basset is a scent hound that was bred for the purpose of hunting hare. Their sense of smell for tracking is second only to that of the Bloodhound, the name Basset is derived from the French word bas, meaning low, with the attenuating suffix -et meaning small, together meaning rather low. Basset Hounds are usually bicolours or tricolours of standard hound colouration, in this article, Basset is used to distinguish the modern breed from other basset-type dogs. Bassets are large, short, solid and long, with curved sabre tails held high over their long backs, an adult dog weighs between 20 and 35 kilograms. This breed, relative to size, is heavier-boned than any other and this breed, like its ancestor the Bloodhound, has a hanging skin structure, which causes the face to occasionally look sad, this, for many people, adds to the breeds charm. The dewlap, seen as the loose, elastic skin around the neck, and its neck is wider than its head. This, combined with the skin around its face and neck means that flat collars can easily be pulled off. The looseness of the results in the Bassets characteristic facial wrinkles. The Bassets skull is characterised by its large dolichocephalic nose, which is only to the Bloodhound in scenting ability. The coat of a Basset is medium-short, smooth and hard, any true hound colour is acceptable in Basset Hounds, and no one colour is preferred over any other. The source of colour is the E Locus, which has four alleles, EM, EG, E, the EM, E and e alleles are present in the Basset Hounds. The E allele allows for the production of red and black pigments, so is present with the majority of colour patterns in Basset Hounds. Red and Lemon colours are caused by the e allele of MC1R, the e allele is recessive, so red and lemon dogs are homozygous e/e. Lemon dogs are lighter in colour than Reds, but the mechanism that dilutes phaeomelanin in this instance is unknown. No black hairs will be present on either Red or Lemon dogs, if there are any black hairs, the dog is officially a tricolour. The EM allele produces a black mask on the face that may extend up around the eyes and this pattern is most easily seen on Mahogany dogs, although any Basset colour pattern may express the EM allele, except for red and white or lemon and white due to e/e. Many Bassets have a clearly defined white blaze and a tip to their tail
7.
Beagle
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The Beagle is a breed of small-sized hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound. The Beagle is a scent hound, developed primarily for hunting hare, with a great sense of smell and their tracking instinct, the Beagle is employed as detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world. The Beagle is intelligent but single-minded and it is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and lack of inherited health problems. Beagles have been depicted in culture since Elizabethan times in literature and paintings, and more recently in film, television. Snoopy of the comic strip Peanuts has been promoted as the worlds most famous beagle, Dogs of similar size and purpose to the modern Beagle can be traced in Ancient Greece back to around the 5th century BC. Xenophon, born around 430 BC, in his Treatise on Hunting or Cynegeticus refers to a hound that hunted hares by scent and was followed on foot. Small hounds are mentioned in the Forest Laws of Canute which exempted them from the ordinance which commanded that all dogs capable of running down a stag should have one foot mutilated, in the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the Talbot hound to Britain. The Talbot was a white, slow, deep-throated, scent hound derived from the St. Hubert Hound which had been developed in the 8th century. At some point the English Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to give them an extra turn of speed, long extinct, the Talbot strain probably gave rise to the Southern Hound which, in turn, is thought to be an ancestor of the modern-day Beagle. From medieval times, beagle was used as a description for the smaller hounds. Small enough to fit in a pocket or saddlebag, they rode along on the hunt, the larger hounds would run the prey to ground, then the hunters would release the small dogs to continue the chase through underbrush. Elizabeth I referred to the dogs as her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates, 19th-century sources refer to these breeds interchangeably and it is possible that the two names refer to the same small variety. Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901, by the 18th century two breeds had been developed for hunting hare and rabbit, the Southern Hound and the North Country Beagle. The Southern Hound, a tall, heavy dog with a square head, though slow, it had stamina and an excellent scenting ability. The North Country Beagle, possibly a cross between an offshoot of the Talbot stock and a Greyhound, was bred chiefly in Yorkshire and was common in the northern counties and it was smaller than the Southern Hound, less heavy-set and with a more pointed muzzle. It was faster than its southern counterpart but its abilities were less well developed. As fox hunting became increasingly popular, numbers of types of hound diminished. The beagle-type dogs were crossed with larger breeds such as Stag Hounds to produce the modern Foxhound, the beagle-size varieties came close to extinction but some farmers in the South ensured the survival of the prototype breeds by maintaining small rabbit-hunting packs
8.
Bloodhound
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The Bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar, and since the Middle Ages for tracking people. Believed to be descended from hounds once kept at the Abbey of Saint-Hubert, Belgium and this breed is famed for its ability to discern human scent over great distances, even days later. Bloodhounds weigh from 36 to 72 kg. They are 58 to 69 cm tall at the withers, according to the AKC standard for the breed, larger dogs are preferred by conformation judges. Acceptable colors for bloodhounds are black, liver, tan, Bloodhounds possess an unusually large skeletal structure with most of their weight concentrated in their bones, which are very thick for their length. The coat typical for a scenthound is hard and composed of fur alone and this breed is gentle, and is tireless when following a scent. Because of its strong tracking instinct, it can be willful and somewhat difficult to obedience train, Bloodhounds have an affectionate and even-tempered nature with humans, making excellent family pets. However, like any pet, they require supervision when around small children, up to at least the seventeenth century bloodhounds were of all colours, but in modern times the colour range has become more restricted. The colours are listed as black and tan, liver and tan. White is not uncommon on the chest, and sometimes appears on the feet, genetically, the main types are determined by the action of two genes, found in many species. One produces an alternation between black and brown, if a hound inherits the black allele from either parent, it has a black nose, eye rims and paw-pads, and if it has a saddle, it is black. The other allele suppresses black pigment and is recessive, so it must be inherited from both parents and it produces liver noses, eye rims, paw-pads, and saddles. The second gene determines coat pattern and it can produce animals with no saddle, ones with saddle-marking, or ones largely covered with darker pigment, except for tan lips, eyebrows, forechest and lower legs. These last are sometimes referred to as ‘blanket’ or ‘full-coat’ types, however, more modern study attributes the variation to 3 different alleles of the Agouti gene. Ay produces the non saddle-marked red hound, As produces saddle-marking, of these Ay is dominant, and at is recessive to the others. The interaction of these variants of the two produces the six basic types shown below. It is likely that a third gene determines whether or not there is a melanistic mask, em, the allele for a mask, is dominant over E, the allele for no mask. Compared to other purebred dogs, Bloodhounds suffer a high rate of gastrointestinal ailments. The breed also suffers a high incidence of eye, skin
9.
Dachshund
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The dachshund is a short-legged, long-bodied, hound-type dog breed. The standard size dachshund was developed to scent, chase, and flush out badgers and other burrow-dwelling animals, in the United States, they have also been used to track wounded deer and hunt prairie dogs. Dachshunds also participate in shows, field trials and many other events organized through pure-bred dog organizations such as the American Kennel Club. According to the AKC, the dachshund remains one of the top 10 dog breeds in the United States, the name dachshund is of German origin and literally means badger dog, from Dachs and Hund. The pronunciation varies widely in English, variations of the first and second syllables include /ˈdɑːks-/, /ˈdæks-/ and /-hʊnt/, although dachshund is a German word, in modern German they are more commonly known by the name Dackel or, among hunters, Teckel. Because of their long, narrow build, they are often nicknamed wiener dog or sausage dog, Dachshund may be erroneously pronounced and/or spelled dash hound, dash-hound, or dashound by some English speakers. Many dachshunds, especially the wire-haired subtype, may exhibit behavior, a typical dachshund is long-bodied and muscular with short, stubby legs. Its front paws are large and paddle-shaped for extreme digging. It has skin that is loose enough not to tear while tunneling in tight burrows to chase prey, the dachshund has a deep chest that provides increased lung capacity for stamina when hunting prey underground. Its snout is long with an increased nose area that absorbs odors, there are three dachshund coat varieties, smooth coat, longhaired, and wirehaired. Longhaired dachshunds have a coat and short featherings on legs. Wirehaired dachshunds are the least common coat variety in the US, Dachshunds have a wide variety of colors and patterns. Their base coloration can be single-colored, tan pointed, and in wirehaired dogs, patterns such as dapple, sable, brindle and piebald also can occur on any of the base colors. Dachshunds in the litter may be born in different coat colors depending on the genetic makeup of the parents. The dominant color in the breed is red, followed by black, tan pointed dogs have tan markings over the eyes, ears, paws, and tail. Sabling should not be confused with an unusual coat color referred to as sable. At a distance, a sable dachshund looks somewhat like a black, an additional striking coat marking is the brindle pattern. Brindle refers to dark stripes over a solid background—usually red, if a dachshund is brindled on a dark coat and has tan points, it will have brindling on the tan points only
