1.
Red Wing, Minnesota
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Red Wing is a city in Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, along the upper Mississippi River. The population was 16,459 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Goodhue County. Red Wing is home to the manufacturers of nationally known products, Red Wing Shoes, Riedell Ice and Roller Skates, the Cannon Valley Trail has its eastern terminus in Red Wing. Treasure Island Resort & Casino is operated by the nearby Prairie Island Indian Reservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Red Wing on its 2008 distinctive destinations list, which adds twelve communities annually nationwide. Red Wing was added for its architecture and enviable natural environment. Red Wing is connected to Wisconsin by Red Wing Bridge, it carries U. S. Route 63 over the Mississippi River and this city was named after the early 19th-century Dakota Sioux chief, Red Wing, or Hupahuduta. He was one of a succession of Mdewakanton Dakota chiefs whose name Red Wing came from their use of a dyed swans wing as their symbol of rank and he was an ally of British soldiers during the War of 1812. After a vision in which he saw the Americans driving out the British, french Canadians referred to him as LAile Rouge. Later he took the name Shakea, or The Man Who Paints Himself Red, during the lifetime of Hupahuduta, there were few European-American pioneers in his territory. Red Wing was known as a friend of the United States, keeping peace with the traders and settlers. The federal government established a Mdewakanton Sioux Indian reservation in 1889 along the Mississippi River to free up land for new settlers, the city of Red Wing developed around it. This reservation is known as the Prairie Island Indian Community, in the early 1850s, settlers from Mississippi River steamboats came to Red Wing to farm in Goodhue County. They encroached on territory of the Mdewakanton Sioux. The settlers cleared the land for wheat, the crop of which could pay the cost of the land. Before the railroads were constructed across the territory of Goodhue County, in 1873, Red Wing led the country in the amount of wheat sold by farmers. The warehouses in the port of Red Wing could store and export more than a million bushels of wheat, once the railroads connected southern Minnesota with Minneapolis and Saint Anthony, where the largest flour mills were built, the port at Red Wing lost prominence. The Aurora Ski Club in Red Wing, which was founded on February 8,1887, was one of the first ski clubs formed in North America, reflecting skills of Scandinavian immigrants in the area. Aurora club members introduced in the 1880s, what became known as “Red Wing Style” ski techniques, the term Red Wing style continued in use in the United States well into the twentieth century
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Louise Nevelson
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Louise Nevelson was an American sculptor known for her monumental, monochromatic, wooden wall pieces and outdoor sculptures. Born in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire, she emigrated with her family to the United States in the early 20th century, Nevelson learned English at school, as she spoke Yiddish at home. By the early 1930s she was attending art classes at the Art Students League of New York, a student of Hans Hofmann and Chaim Gross, Nevelson experimented with early conceptual art using found objects, and dabbled in painting and printing before dedicating her lifework to sculpture. Usually created out of wood, her sculptures appear puzzle-like, with multiple intricately cut pieces placed into wall sculptures or independently standing pieces, a unique feature of her work is that her figures are often painted in monochromatic black or white. A figure in the art scene, Nevelson was showcased at the 31st Venice Biennale. Her work is seen in collections in museums and corporations. Nevelson remains one of the most important figures in 20th-century American sculpture, Louise Nevelson was born Leah Berliawsky in 1899 in Perislav, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire, to Minna Sadie and Isaac Berliawsky, a contractor and lumber merchant. Even though the family lived comfortably, Nevelsons relatives had begun to leave the Russian Empire for America in the 1880s, the Berliawskys had to stay behind, as Isaac, the youngest brother, had to care for his parents. While still in Europe, Minna gave birth to two of Nevelsons siblings, Nathan and Anita, on his mothers death, Isaac moved to the United States in 1902. After he left, Minna and the moved to the Kiev area. According to family lore, young Nevelson was so forlorn about her fathers departure that she became mute for six months, in 1905, Minna and the children emigrated to the United States, where they joined Isaac in Rockland, Maine. Isaac initially struggled to establish himself there, suffering from depression while the family settled into their new home and he worked as a woodcutter before opening a junkyard. His work as a lumberjack made wood a consistent presence in the family household, eventually he became a successful lumberyard owner and realtor. The family had another child, Lillian, in 1906, Minna overly compensated for this, dressing herself and the children up in clothing regarded as sophisticated in the Old Country. Her mother wore flamboyant outfits with heavy make-up, Nevelson described her mothers dressing up as art, her pride, Nevelsons first experience of art was at the age of nine at the Rockland Public Library, where she saw a plaster cast of Joan of Arc. Shortly thereafter she decided to study art, taking drawing in high school and she painted watercolor interiors, in which furniture appeared molecular in structure, rather like her later professional work. In school, she practiced her English, her second language, unhappy with her familys economic status, language differences, the religious discrimination of the community, and her school, Nevelson set her sights on moving to high school in New York. She graduated from school in 1918, and began working as a stenographer at a local law office
4.
Luther College (Iowa)
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Luther College is a private coeducational liberal arts college located in Decorah, Iowa, United States. Established as a Lutheran seminary in 1861 by Norwegian immigrants, the school today is an institution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, on October 10,1857, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church created a college to supply ministers for Norwegian congregations in the Upper Midwest. Until the college was established in 1861, students studied at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, on October 14,1859, the Rev. Peter Laurentius Larsen was appointed professor to the Norwegian students at Concordia by the NELC. On September 1,1861, classes began with an enrollment of 16. The following year moved to Decorah, Iowa, with NELC Pastor Ulrik Vilhelm Koren successfully arranging the colleges relocation. The leader of the group, 18-year-old Rasmus Anderson, was expelled and this event was viewed as a rebellion and the worst of sins by the pastors assembled in a pastoral conference shortly after. Under Sperati, the band undertook several tours of Europe, their first in 1914, Sperati remained on the faculty until his death in 1945. In 1932, Luther College dropped its mandatory study of the classics, due to financial constraints associated with the Great Depression, the college decided to admit women as students in 1936. During the 1960s Luther constructed several new buildings and adopted a 4-1-4 semester schedule. In 1964, Luthers museum collection became separate from the college and was established as the Norwegian-American Museum, now known as Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum, it is the largest and most comprehensive museum in the United States devoted to a single immigrant group. Nordic Fest, started in 1967, grew from Luther College Women’s Clubs annual celebration of Norwegian Constitution Day, Luther lies at the edge of Decorah, a small town situated in the hilly driftless region of the Midwestern United States. The Upper Iowa River flows through the portion of the nearly 200-acre central campus. The college owns an adjoining 800 acres devoted to research, biological studies. Luther student housing residence halls and several houses, townhouses. Ninety-five percent of Luther students live on all four years. In the 2000s, the college engaged in building projects. A renovation of residence halls and the Dahl Centennial Union was completed in 2006, and Sampson Hoffland Laboratories, the Center for Faith and Life is Luthers largest and primary performing arts facility. Luther is an undergraduate institution, enrolling 2,337 students
5.
University of Minnesota
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The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
6.
University of Oregon
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The University of Oregon is a public flagship research university in Eugene, Oregon. Founded in 1876, the institutions 295-acre campus is along the Willamette River, since July 2014, UO has been governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon. The university has a Carnegie Classification of highest research activity and has 21 research centers, UO was admitted to the Association of American Universities in 1969. UO offers 316 undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide range of disciplines. Additionally, the Graduate School oversees the universitys graduate and certificate programs, UO student-athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. With eighteen varsity teams, the Oregon Ducks are best known for their team and track. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12,1872, the residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land at a cost of $2,500, the doors officially opened in 1876 with the name of Oregon State University and Deady Hall as its sole building. The first year of enrollment contained 155 students taught by five faculty members, the first graduating class was in 1878, graduating five students. In 1881, the university was closed, it was $8,000 in debt before Henry Villard donated $7,000 to help pay for the debt. In 1913, and again in 1932, there were proposals to merge the university with what is now Oregon State University, during Prince Lucien Campbells tenure as president from 1902 to 1925, the university experienced tremendous growth. The budget, enrollment, facilities, and faculty members all grew several times its amount prior to his presidency, however, the University of Oregon lost its School of Engineering to Oregon Agricultural College, now known as Oregon State University. The Zorn-MacPherson Bill in 1932 proposed the University of Oregon and Oregon State College merge, the bill lost in a landslide vote of over 6 to 1. The University of Oregon Medical School was founded in 1887 in Portland, however, in 1974 it became an independent institution known as Oregon Health Sciences University. In 1969, the UO was admitted into the Association of American Universities, with contributions exceeding $100 million from benefactors such as Phil Knight and Lorry I. Lokey, the goal was exceeded by over $253 million. The University occupies over 80 buildings and these projects, among others, were commissioned in part to support current student enrollment as well as possible future increases. Effective July 1,2014, the University of Oregon became an independent public body governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon
7.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
8.
Oregon State University
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Oregon State University is a coeducational, public research university in the northwest United States, located in Corvallis, Oregon. The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with numerous graduate and it is also the largest university in the state, with a total enrollment exceeding 28,000. More than 230,000 people have graduated from OSU since its founding. S, OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States. The school is also a sea-grant, space-grant, and sun-grant institution, OSU received $308.9 million in research grants and contracts for the 2015 fiscal year, which is more research funding than all other public universities in Oregon combined. The universitys roots date back to 1856, when it was established as the areas first community school for primary and preparatory education, throughout the universitys history, the name changed eleven times. Like other early established land-grant colleges and universities, the majority of changes occurred through the 1920s. Generally, name changes were made to align a school with the largest available federal grants in agriculture research. Corvallis area Freemasons played an important role in developing the early school, the school offered its first college-level curriculum in 1865, under the administration of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. On August 22,1868, official articles of incorporation were filed for Corvallis College, October 27,1868, is known as OSU Charter Day. The Oregon Legislative Assembly designated Corvallis College as the college of the state of Oregon. Acceptance of this grant required the college to comply with the requirements set forth in the First Morrill Act, the school was then authorized to grant the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Master of Arts degrees. The first graduating class was in 1870, granting Bachelor of Arts degrees, the Oregon Unification Bill was passed in 1929 by the Legislative Assembly, which placed the school under the oversight of the newly formed Oregon State Board of Higher Education. A doctoral in education was first offered in the early 1930s and this year also saw the creation of the first summer session. The growing diversity in degree programs led to name change in 1937. The universitys current title, Oregon State University, was adopted on March 6,1961, in 2007, Scott Reed was named the Vice Provost for Outreach and Engagement as OSU Extension Service and OSU Ecampus were aligned under this new division. Ecampus delivers OSU degree programs and courses online and at a distance to students worldwide, Research has played a central role in the universitys overall operations for much of its history. Most of OSUs research continues at the Corvallis campus, but a number of endeavors are underway at various locations throughout the state. Current research facilities, beyond the campus, include the Seafood Laboratory in Astoria, CEOAS is now co-leading the largest ocean science project in U. S. history, the Ocean Observatories Initiative
9.
Lewis & Clark College
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Lewis & Clark College is a private liberal arts college located in Portland, Oregon. It has an undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, a School of Law, Lewis & Clark is a member of the Annapolis Group of colleges with athletic programs competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division III Northwest Conference. Just over 2,000 students attend the undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Law is best known for its environmental law program, while the Graduate School of Education & Counseling is active in community engagement and social justice. Today, the three schools and their supporting offices occupy a campus of 137 acres, centered on the M. Lloyd Frank Estate on Palatine Hill in the Collins View neighborhood of Southwest Portland. To this end the Presbyterian church incorporated Albany Academy in 1858, within a decade of its founding, Albany Academy began to focus more exclusively on higher education, changing its official name to the Albany Collegiate Institution in 1866. Unlike most Oregon colleges of the pioneer-era, the college has been coeducational since the first class, the early campus of 7 acres in Albany was situated on land donated by the Monteith family. In 1892, the school building was enlarged, and in 1925 the school relocated south of Albany where it remained until 1937. Albany College established a college to the north in Portland in 1934. The campus grounds later became home to the federal governments Albany Research Center, in 1942 the college trustees acquired the Lloyd Frank “Fir Acres” estate in southwest Portland, and the school name was changed to Lewis & Clark College. The original school mascot, the Pirates, was changed to the Pioneers in 1946, the three schools of the college include the College of Arts and Sciences, the Law School, and the Graduate School of Education and Counseling. Lewis & Clark has nationally regarded programs in Biology, International Affairs, Psychology, Foreign Languages, the college has held two worldwide symphonic festivals in the past five years with professional-level performances in Dublin and the Greek islands. Lewis & Clark is also known for its active and diverse overseas study program, the college offers approximately 36 programs in various countries, and since the 1960s, more than 60% of all Lewis & Clark undergraduates have studied abroad. For a small liberal arts college, Lewis & Clarks overseas offerings are impressive in both breadth and scope, there are, for example seven discrete programs in Spanish-speaking countries. Lewis & Clark is also one of the few U. S. institutions with a program in Cuba. For the Class of 2018, Lewis & Clark received 6,244 applications, accepted 4,160 and enrolled 564. In terms of rank, of the 41% of high school seniors who submitted it, 38% of enrolled freshmen were in the top tenth of their high school classes. The middle 50% range of SAT scores for the enrolled freshmen was 610-710 for critical reading, 580-670 for math, the average high school Grade Point Average GPA of enrolled freshmen was 3.91. The 2017 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report categorizes Lewis & Clark as more selective and ranks it tied for the 87th best liberal arts college in the nation
10.
Brooklyn Museum
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The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At 560,000 square feet, the museum is New York Citys third largest in physical size, the museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection, only to be revitalized in the late 20th century, thanks to major renovations. Significant areas of the collection include antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years, African, Oceanic, and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well. American art is represented, starting at the Colonial period. Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko, Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Edgar Degas, Georgia OKeeffe, the museum also has a Memorial Sculpture Garden which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City. The roots of the Brooklyn Museum extend back to the 1823 founding by Augustus Graham of the Brooklyn Apprentices’ Library in Brooklyn Heights, in 1890, under its director Franklin Hooper, Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum. The initial design for the Brooklyn Museum was four times as large as the actualized version, Daniel Chester French, the noted sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial, was the principal designer of the pediment sculptures and the monolithic 12. 5-foot figures along the cornice. The figures were created by 11 sculptors and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, by 1920, the New York City Subway reached the museum with a subway station, this greatly improved access to the once-isolated museum from Manhattan and other outer boroughs. The Brooklyn Institutes director Franklin Hooper was the museums first director and he was followed by Philip Newell Youtz, Laurance Page Roberts, Isabel Spaulding Roberts, Charles Nagel, Jr. and Edgar Craig Schenck. Thomas S. Buechner became the director in 1960, making him one of the youngest directors in the country. Buechner oversaw a major transformation in the way the museum displayed art and brought some one thousand works that had languished in the museums archives and put them on display. Buechner played a role in rescuing the Daniel Chester French sculptures from destruction due to an expansion project at the Manhattan Bridge in the 1960s. The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997, on March 12,2004, the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name. In April 2004, the museum opened the James Polshek-designed entrance pavilion on the Eastern Parkway façade, in September 2014, Lehman announced that he was planning to retire around June 2015. In May 2015, Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the Museums next director, member institutions occupy land or buildings owned by the City of New York and derive part of their yearly funding from the City. The Brooklyn Museum also supplements its earned income with funding from Federal and State governments, as well as donations by individuals. Major benefactors include Frank Lusk Babbott, the museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler. The Brooklyn Museum exhibits collections that seek to embody the rich heritage of world cultures
11.
Portland Art Museum
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The Portland Art Museum in Portland, Oregon, United States, was founded in 1892, making it the oldest art museum on the West Coast and seventh oldest in the US. The permanent collection has more than 42,000 works of art, the Northwest Film Center is also a component of Portland Art Museum. The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, with accreditation through 2024, originally incorporated as the Portland Art Association, the museums roots date to 1892. Late that year seven prominent business and cultural leaders in the city created the association so as to start a high-quality art museum for a city approaching 50,000 residents. Henry Corbett donated $10,000 to the association that funded the museums first collection, the individual pieces of the collection were selected by Winslow B. Ayer and his wife during a trip to Europe and they had been advised by curators at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston prior to the trip on what pieces to select. The collection was displayed at the Multnomah County Library located at Southwest Seventh. By the time of the Lewis & Clark Exposition held in Portland in 1905, the first exhibition in the new building featured watercolors and paintings that had come to Portland as part of the 1905 Exposition. Failing organized the exhibition with New England artist Frank Vincent DuMond. E. S, anna Belle Crocker succeeded Henrietta Failing as curator of the museum in 1909. She would remain at the museum until her retirement in 1936, Crocker became one of the Portland Art Museums most important early figures. She was also the first head of the Museum Art School, in late 1913, the museum hosted one of its most important early exhibitions. The exhibition featured artwork that had been on earlier that year at the famous 1913 New York Armory Show. The exhibition included works by Cézanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Matisse, Manet, Renoir, the museum continued to grow during the years following World War I. In the 1920s, the museum hosted two memorable exhibitions organized by Sally Lewis, the daughter of a prominent Portland family, Lewis had befriended many well-known artists on trips to New York and Europe. She was also one of 22 patrons who purchased Derains Tree for the permanent collection. The success of her first exhibition led to her second, more daring endeavor a year later that juxtaposed paintings, drawings, among the sculptures was Brâncușis A Muse, which Lewis owned and donated to the museum in 1959. The museums final location opened to the public on November 18,1932, at the corner of SW Park Avenue, the building, designed by noted Portland architect Pietro Belluschi, is situated along downtown Portlands South Park Blocks and remains a landmark in the citys Cultural District. It was constructed with a gift of $100,000 from Winslow B
12.
Crayola
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Crayola is a brand of artists supplies manufactured by Crayola, LLC and best known for its crayons. The company is based in Forks Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, since 1984, Crayola has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Hallmark Cards. All Crayola-branded products are marketed as nontoxic and safe for use by children, most Crayola crayons are made in the United States. The company also produces Silly Putty and a line of professional art products under the Portfolio Series brand, Crayola, LLC claims the Crayola brand has 99% name recognition in U. S. consumer households, and says its products are sold in over 80 countries. The company was founded by cousins Edwin Binney and C, harold Smith in New York City on March 31,1885 as Binney & Smith. Initial products were colorants for industrial use, including red iron oxide used in barn paint and carbon black chemicals used for making tires black. Also in 1900, the company added production of slate school pencils, initially formed as a partnership, Binney & Smith incorporated in 1902. In 1902, Binney & Smith developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon, then Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, developed his own famous product line of wax crayons beginning on 10 June 1903, which it sold under the brand name Crayola. The Crayola name was coined by Alice Binney, wife of company founder Edwin and it comes from craie, French for chalk, and ola for oleaginous, or oily. The suffix -ola was also popular in use at the time. Crayola introduced its crayons not with one box, but with a product line. By 1905, the line had expanded to offering 18 different-sized crayon boxes with five different-sized crayons, the product line offered crayon boxes containing 6,7,8,12,14,16,18,24,28, or 30 different color crayons. The Rubens Crayola line, started in 1903, was targeted at artists. In April 1904 at the St. Louis Worlds Fair, Binney & Smith won the Gold Medal for their An-Du-Septic dustless chalk. Subsequently, Crayola used the opportunity to develop a new packaging strategy by emphasizing their gold medal on the front of many of their products and crayon boxes. In 1905, the offering of their new No.8 crayon box featured a copy from the side of the medal with an eagle on it. This was changed to the side of the medal with the 1904 date on it in Roman numerals. Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company crayon product line in 1926 and they retained the Munsell name on products such as “Munsell-Crayola” and “Munsell-Perma” until 1934, and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes
