1.
Red Wing, Minnesota
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Red Wing is a city in Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, along the upper Mississippi River. The population was 16,459 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Goodhue County. Red Wing is home to the manufacturers of nationally known products, Red Wing Shoes, Riedell Ice and Roller Skates, the Cannon Valley Trail has its eastern terminus in Red Wing. Treasure Island Resort & Casino is operated by the nearby Prairie Island Indian Reservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Red Wing on its 2008 distinctive destinations list, which adds twelve communities annually nationwide. Red Wing was added for its architecture and enviable natural environment. Red Wing is connected to Wisconsin by Red Wing Bridge, it carries U. S. Route 63 over the Mississippi River and this city was named after the early 19th-century Dakota Sioux chief, Red Wing, or Hupahuduta. He was one of a succession of Mdewakanton Dakota chiefs whose name Red Wing came from their use of a dyed swans wing as their symbol of rank and he was an ally of British soldiers during the War of 1812. After a vision in which he saw the Americans driving out the British, french Canadians referred to him as LAile Rouge. Later he took the name Shakea, or The Man Who Paints Himself Red, during the lifetime of Hupahuduta, there were few European-American pioneers in his territory. Red Wing was known as a friend of the United States, keeping peace with the traders and settlers. The federal government established a Mdewakanton Sioux Indian reservation in 1889 along the Mississippi River to free up land for new settlers, the city of Red Wing developed around it. This reservation is known as the Prairie Island Indian Community, in the early 1850s, settlers from Mississippi River steamboats came to Red Wing to farm in Goodhue County. They encroached on territory of the Mdewakanton Sioux. The settlers cleared the land for wheat, the crop of which could pay the cost of the land. Before the railroads were constructed across the territory of Goodhue County, in 1873, Red Wing led the country in the amount of wheat sold by farmers. The warehouses in the port of Red Wing could store and export more than a million bushels of wheat, once the railroads connected southern Minnesota with Minneapolis and Saint Anthony, where the largest flour mills were built, the port at Red Wing lost prominence. The Aurora Ski Club in Red Wing, which was founded on February 8,1887, was one of the first ski clubs formed in North America, reflecting skills of Scandinavian immigrants in the area. Aurora club members introduced in the 1880s, what became known as “Red Wing Style” ski techniques, the term Red Wing style continued in use in the United States well into the twentieth century
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Louise Nevelson
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Louise Nevelson was an American sculptor known for her monumental, monochromatic, wooden wall pieces and outdoor sculptures. Born in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire, she emigrated with her family to the United States in the early 20th century, Nevelson learned English at school, as she spoke Yiddish at home. By the early 1930s she was attending art classes at the Art Students League of New York, a student of Hans Hofmann and Chaim Gross, Nevelson experimented with early conceptual art using found objects, and dabbled in painting and printing before dedicating her lifework to sculpture. Usually created out of wood, her sculptures appear puzzle-like, with multiple intricately cut pieces placed into wall sculptures or independently standing pieces, a unique feature of her work is that her figures are often painted in monochromatic black or white. A figure in the art scene, Nevelson was showcased at the 31st Venice Biennale. Her work is seen in collections in museums and corporations. Nevelson remains one of the most important figures in 20th-century American sculpture, Louise Nevelson was born Leah Berliawsky in 1899 in Perislav, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire, to Minna Sadie and Isaac Berliawsky, a contractor and lumber merchant. Even though the family lived comfortably, Nevelsons relatives had begun to leave the Russian Empire for America in the 1880s, the Berliawskys had to stay behind, as Isaac, the youngest brother, had to care for his parents. While still in Europe, Minna gave birth to two of Nevelsons siblings, Nathan and Anita, on his mothers death, Isaac moved to the United States in 1902. After he left, Minna and the moved to the Kiev area. According to family lore, young Nevelson was so forlorn about her fathers departure that she became mute for six months, in 1905, Minna and the children emigrated to the United States, where they joined Isaac in Rockland, Maine. Isaac initially struggled to establish himself there, suffering from depression while the family settled into their new home and he worked as a woodcutter before opening a junkyard. His work as a lumberjack made wood a consistent presence in the family household, eventually he became a successful lumberyard owner and realtor. The family had another child, Lillian, in 1906, Minna overly compensated for this, dressing herself and the children up in clothing regarded as sophisticated in the Old Country. Her mother wore flamboyant outfits with heavy make-up, Nevelson described her mothers dressing up as art, her pride, Nevelsons first experience of art was at the age of nine at the Rockland Public Library, where she saw a plaster cast of Joan of Arc. Shortly thereafter she decided to study art, taking drawing in high school and she painted watercolor interiors, in which furniture appeared molecular in structure, rather like her later professional work. In school, she practiced her English, her second language, unhappy with her familys economic status, language differences, the religious discrimination of the community, and her school, Nevelson set her sights on moving to high school in New York. She graduated from school in 1918, and began working as a stenographer at a local law office
4.
Feminist art
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It maters not if a woman created this or a man, it is a piece of trash no matter how you look at it. The media used ranged from art forms - such as painting - to non-traditional methods such as performance art, conceptual art, body art, craftivism, video, film. Feminist art served as a driving force towards expanding the definition of art through the incorporation of new media. Towards the end of the 1960s, the feminist art movement emerged during a time where the idea that women were inferior to men was criticized- especially in the art world. Through various media, women brought to light a patriarchal history in which the majority of the most famous works of art were made by men. After the 1960s, we begin to see the birth of new media, while feminist art history conventionally starts in the 1960s, history also recognizes aspects of feminist art starting much earlier than the 1960s and 1970s. Feminist art is simply, a feminist that makes art. Though it is purportedly a term that hinges on the consciousness of feminist art theory, according to the dictionary definition, the word feminist was coined around 1852, and meant “feminine qualities. ” Shortly thereafter it came to mean the modern/contemporary intonations held in “feminist art, in 1936 she created found object collages in New York City. Lucy R. Lippard stated in 1980 that feminist art was neither a style nor a movement but instead a system, a revolutionary strategy. Before the 1960s, the majority of female artwork did not portray feminist content in the sense that it did not address nor criticize the conditions women had to face historically, for the most part, women were the subjects not the artists. Historically, the body was regarded as being an object of desire for the pleasure of men. In the early 20th century we see works that flaunted female sexuality- the pin-up girl being a good example, by the late 1960s however, there was a plethora of feminine artwork that broke from the tradition of depicting women in a sexualized fashion. In order to gain recognition, there was a struggle for artists to de-gender their work to compete in a historically male-dominated art world. If a work did not look like it was made by a woman, then the associated with women would not cling on to the work itself. For instance, In 1963 Yayoi Kusama created Oven-Pan- part of a collection of works she referred to as the “aggregation sculptures”. As with other works from that collection, Oven-Pan takes an object associated with women’s work- in this case a metal pan-, here we see an early feminist example of female artists finding ways to break from the traditional role of women in society. Having the lumps made from the color and material as the metal pan completely takes away the pans functionality
5.
Judy Chicago
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Judy Chicago is an American feminist artist, art educator, and writer known for her large collaborative art installation pieces, which examine the role of women in history and culture. By the 1970s, Chicago had coined the term feminist art and had founded the first feminist art program in the United States, Chicagos work incorporates stereotypical womens artistic skills, such as needlework, counterbalanced with stereotypical male skills such as welding and pyrotechnics. Chicagos most well known work is The Dinner Party, which is installed in the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at the Brooklyn Museum. Judy Chicago was born Judith Sylvia Cohen in 1939, to Arthur and May Cohen, in Chicago and her father came from a twenty-three generation lineage of rabbis, including the Vilna Gaon. Unlike his family predecessors, Arthur became an organizer and a Marxist. He worked nights at a post office and took care of Chicago during the day, while May, arthurs active participation in the American Communist Party, liberal views towards women and support of workers rights strongly influenced Chicagos ways of thinking and belief. During McCarthyism era in the 1950s, Arthur was investigated, which made it difficult for him to find work, in 1945, while Chicago was alone at home with her infant brother, Ben, an FBI agent visited their house. The agent began to ask the six-year-old Chicago questions about her father and his friends, arthurs health declined, and he died in 1953 from peritonitis. May would not discuss his death with her children and did not allow them to attend the funeral. Chicago did not come to terms with his death until she was an adult, may loved the arts, and instilled her passion for them in her children, as evident in Chicagos future as an artist, and brother Bens eventual career as a potter. At age of three, Chicago began to draw and was sent to the Art Institute of Chicago to attend classes, by the age of 5, Chicago knew that she never wanted to do anything but make art and started attending classes at the Art Institute of Chicago. She applied but was denied admission to the Art Institute, while at UCLA she became politically active, designing posters for the UCLA chapter NAACP and eventually became its corresponding secretary. In June 1959, she met and became linked with Jerry Gerowitz. She left school and moved in him, for the first time having her own studio space. The couple hitch hiked to New York in 1959, just as Chicagos mother and brother moved to Los Angeles to be closer to her, the couple lived in Greenwich Village for a time, before returning in 1960 from Los Angeles to Chicago so she could finish her degree. She graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1962 and was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gerowitz died in a car crash in 1963, devastating Chicago and causing her to suffer from an identity crisis until later that decade. She received her Master of Fine Arts from UCLA in 1964, while in grad school, Chicagos created a series that was abstract, yet easily recognized as male and female sexual organs. These early works were called Bigamy, and represented the death of her husband, one depicted an abstract penis, which was stopped in flight before it could unite with a vaginal form
6.
Austin, Minnesota
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Austin is a city in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 24,718 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Mower County. The town was settled along the Cedar River and it has two artificial lakes called East Side Lake and Mill Pond. The town was named for Austin R. Nichols, the first settler in the area, Hormel Foods Corporation is the largest employer in Austin, and the town is sometimes called SPAM Town USA. Austin is home to Hormels corporate headquarters, a factory that makes most of North Americas SPAM tinned meat, Austin is also home to the Hormel Institute, a leading cancer research institution operated by the University of Minnesota with significant support from the Mayo Clinic. Austin has been named one of the Top 10 Affordable Small Towns Where Youd Actually Want to Live, fertile land, trapping, and ease of access brought first trappers and then the early pioneers to this region. The rich gameland attracted a trapper named Austin Nichols, who built the first log cabin in 1853, at that time there were about twenty families in the area. More settlers began to arrive by train in 1855, and by 1856. It was in 1856 that the settlement adopted the name Austin, in honor of its first settler and that year the first hotel opened to travelers and the first physician moved to town, Dr. Ormanzo Allen. The first newspaper, the Mower County Mirror, was started in 1858, mills, powered by the Cedar River, were the first industries in Austin. They provided much-needed flour and lumber for the growing village, growth was slow during the first two decades, but the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroad arrived in the late 1860s, hastening economic development. The towns first schoolhouse was constructed in 1865 and the first bank opened its doors the following year, in 1891, George A. Hormel opened a small family-owned butcher shop in Austin, which eventually grew into todays Fortune 500 company, Hormel Foods. By 1896, area doctors - with the help of local Lutheran congregations - formed the Austin Hospital Association, later becoming St. Olaf Hospital, Austin received its first college in 1897 when the Southern Minnesota Normal College and Austin School of Commerce were opened by Charles Boostrom. The college closed in 1925 and the city was without an institution of education until Austin Junior College opened in 1940. A 50-acre parcel of land was made into Horace Austin State Park by the Minnesota Legislature in 1913, the park was converted to a state scenic wayside in 1937, then transferred to city ownership in 1949. Hormel Nature Center, established in 1971, a 500-acre nature preserve also including the 60 acre Hormel Arboretum, purchased from Geordie Hormel with a state grant. In 1973, the city opened Riverside Arena, the citys first indoor ice arena, in August 1985,1,500 Hormel meatpackers went on strike at the Austin plant after management demanded a 23% cut in wages. A protracted battle between union employees and Hormel continued until June 1986, one of the longest labor struggles of the 1980s
7.
Luther College (Iowa)
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Luther College is a private coeducational liberal arts college located in Decorah, Iowa, United States. Established as a Lutheran seminary in 1861 by Norwegian immigrants, the school today is an institution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, on October 10,1857, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church created a college to supply ministers for Norwegian congregations in the Upper Midwest. Until the college was established in 1861, students studied at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, on October 14,1859, the Rev. Peter Laurentius Larsen was appointed professor to the Norwegian students at Concordia by the NELC. On September 1,1861, classes began with an enrollment of 16. The following year moved to Decorah, Iowa, with NELC Pastor Ulrik Vilhelm Koren successfully arranging the colleges relocation. The leader of the group, 18-year-old Rasmus Anderson, was expelled and this event was viewed as a rebellion and the worst of sins by the pastors assembled in a pastoral conference shortly after. Under Sperati, the band undertook several tours of Europe, their first in 1914, Sperati remained on the faculty until his death in 1945. In 1932, Luther College dropped its mandatory study of the classics, due to financial constraints associated with the Great Depression, the college decided to admit women as students in 1936. During the 1960s Luther constructed several new buildings and adopted a 4-1-4 semester schedule. In 1964, Luthers museum collection became separate from the college and was established as the Norwegian-American Museum, now known as Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum, it is the largest and most comprehensive museum in the United States devoted to a single immigrant group. Nordic Fest, started in 1967, grew from Luther College Women’s Clubs annual celebration of Norwegian Constitution Day, Luther lies at the edge of Decorah, a small town situated in the hilly driftless region of the Midwestern United States. The Upper Iowa River flows through the portion of the nearly 200-acre central campus. The college owns an adjoining 800 acres devoted to research, biological studies. Luther student housing residence halls and several houses, townhouses. Ninety-five percent of Luther students live on all four years. In the 2000s, the college engaged in building projects. A renovation of residence halls and the Dahl Centennial Union was completed in 2006, and Sampson Hoffland Laboratories, the Center for Faith and Life is Luthers largest and primary performing arts facility. Luther is an undergraduate institution, enrolling 2,337 students
8.
University of Minnesota
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The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
9.
University of Oregon
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The University of Oregon is a public flagship research university in Eugene, Oregon. Founded in 1876, the institutions 295-acre campus is along the Willamette River, since July 2014, UO has been governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon. The university has a Carnegie Classification of highest research activity and has 21 research centers, UO was admitted to the Association of American Universities in 1969. UO offers 316 undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide range of disciplines. Additionally, the Graduate School oversees the universitys graduate and certificate programs, UO student-athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. With eighteen varsity teams, the Oregon Ducks are best known for their team and track. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12,1872, the residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land at a cost of $2,500, the doors officially opened in 1876 with the name of Oregon State University and Deady Hall as its sole building. The first year of enrollment contained 155 students taught by five faculty members, the first graduating class was in 1878, graduating five students. In 1881, the university was closed, it was $8,000 in debt before Henry Villard donated $7,000 to help pay for the debt. In 1913, and again in 1932, there were proposals to merge the university with what is now Oregon State University, during Prince Lucien Campbells tenure as president from 1902 to 1925, the university experienced tremendous growth. The budget, enrollment, facilities, and faculty members all grew several times its amount prior to his presidency, however, the University of Oregon lost its School of Engineering to Oregon Agricultural College, now known as Oregon State University. The Zorn-MacPherson Bill in 1932 proposed the University of Oregon and Oregon State College merge, the bill lost in a landslide vote of over 6 to 1. The University of Oregon Medical School was founded in 1887 in Portland, however, in 1974 it became an independent institution known as Oregon Health Sciences University. In 1969, the UO was admitted into the Association of American Universities, with contributions exceeding $100 million from benefactors such as Phil Knight and Lorry I. Lokey, the goal was exceeded by over $253 million. The University occupies over 80 buildings and these projects, among others, were commissioned in part to support current student enrollment as well as possible future increases. Effective July 1,2014, the University of Oregon became an independent public body governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon
