1.
Red Wing, Minnesota
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Red Wing is a city in Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, along the upper Mississippi River. The population was 16,459 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Goodhue County. Red Wing is home to the manufacturers of nationally known products, Red Wing Shoes, Riedell Ice and Roller Skates, the Cannon Valley Trail has its eastern terminus in Red Wing. Treasure Island Resort & Casino is operated by the nearby Prairie Island Indian Reservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Red Wing on its 2008 distinctive destinations list, which adds twelve communities annually nationwide. Red Wing was added for its architecture and enviable natural environment. Red Wing is connected to Wisconsin by Red Wing Bridge, it carries U. S. Route 63 over the Mississippi River and this city was named after the early 19th-century Dakota Sioux chief, Red Wing, or Hupahuduta. He was one of a succession of Mdewakanton Dakota chiefs whose name Red Wing came from their use of a dyed swans wing as their symbol of rank and he was an ally of British soldiers during the War of 1812. After a vision in which he saw the Americans driving out the British, french Canadians referred to him as LAile Rouge. Later he took the name Shakea, or The Man Who Paints Himself Red, during the lifetime of Hupahuduta, there were few European-American pioneers in his territory. Red Wing was known as a friend of the United States, keeping peace with the traders and settlers. The federal government established a Mdewakanton Sioux Indian reservation in 1889 along the Mississippi River to free up land for new settlers, the city of Red Wing developed around it. This reservation is known as the Prairie Island Indian Community, in the early 1850s, settlers from Mississippi River steamboats came to Red Wing to farm in Goodhue County. They encroached on territory of the Mdewakanton Sioux. The settlers cleared the land for wheat, the crop of which could pay the cost of the land. Before the railroads were constructed across the territory of Goodhue County, in 1873, Red Wing led the country in the amount of wheat sold by farmers. The warehouses in the port of Red Wing could store and export more than a million bushels of wheat, once the railroads connected southern Minnesota with Minneapolis and Saint Anthony, where the largest flour mills were built, the port at Red Wing lost prominence. The Aurora Ski Club in Red Wing, which was founded on February 8,1887, was one of the first ski clubs formed in North America, reflecting skills of Scandinavian immigrants in the area. Aurora club members introduced in the 1880s, what became known as “Red Wing Style” ski techniques, the term Red Wing style continued in use in the United States well into the twentieth century
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Louise Nevelson
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Louise Nevelson was an American sculptor known for her monumental, monochromatic, wooden wall pieces and outdoor sculptures. Born in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire, she emigrated with her family to the United States in the early 20th century, Nevelson learned English at school, as she spoke Yiddish at home. By the early 1930s she was attending art classes at the Art Students League of New York, a student of Hans Hofmann and Chaim Gross, Nevelson experimented with early conceptual art using found objects, and dabbled in painting and printing before dedicating her lifework to sculpture. Usually created out of wood, her sculptures appear puzzle-like, with multiple intricately cut pieces placed into wall sculptures or independently standing pieces, a unique feature of her work is that her figures are often painted in monochromatic black or white. A figure in the art scene, Nevelson was showcased at the 31st Venice Biennale. Her work is seen in collections in museums and corporations. Nevelson remains one of the most important figures in 20th-century American sculpture, Louise Nevelson was born Leah Berliawsky in 1899 in Perislav, Poltava Governorate, Russian Empire, to Minna Sadie and Isaac Berliawsky, a contractor and lumber merchant. Even though the family lived comfortably, Nevelsons relatives had begun to leave the Russian Empire for America in the 1880s, the Berliawskys had to stay behind, as Isaac, the youngest brother, had to care for his parents. While still in Europe, Minna gave birth to two of Nevelsons siblings, Nathan and Anita, on his mothers death, Isaac moved to the United States in 1902. After he left, Minna and the moved to the Kiev area. According to family lore, young Nevelson was so forlorn about her fathers departure that she became mute for six months, in 1905, Minna and the children emigrated to the United States, where they joined Isaac in Rockland, Maine. Isaac initially struggled to establish himself there, suffering from depression while the family settled into their new home and he worked as a woodcutter before opening a junkyard. His work as a lumberjack made wood a consistent presence in the family household, eventually he became a successful lumberyard owner and realtor. The family had another child, Lillian, in 1906, Minna overly compensated for this, dressing herself and the children up in clothing regarded as sophisticated in the Old Country. Her mother wore flamboyant outfits with heavy make-up, Nevelson described her mothers dressing up as art, her pride, Nevelsons first experience of art was at the age of nine at the Rockland Public Library, where she saw a plaster cast of Joan of Arc. Shortly thereafter she decided to study art, taking drawing in high school and she painted watercolor interiors, in which furniture appeared molecular in structure, rather like her later professional work. In school, she practiced her English, her second language, unhappy with her familys economic status, language differences, the religious discrimination of the community, and her school, Nevelson set her sights on moving to high school in New York. She graduated from school in 1918, and began working as a stenographer at a local law office
4.
Feminist art
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It maters not if a woman created this or a man, it is a piece of trash no matter how you look at it. The media used ranged from art forms - such as painting - to non-traditional methods such as performance art, conceptual art, body art, craftivism, video, film. Feminist art served as a driving force towards expanding the definition of art through the incorporation of new media. Towards the end of the 1960s, the feminist art movement emerged during a time where the idea that women were inferior to men was criticized- especially in the art world. Through various media, women brought to light a patriarchal history in which the majority of the most famous works of art were made by men. After the 1960s, we begin to see the birth of new media, while feminist art history conventionally starts in the 1960s, history also recognizes aspects of feminist art starting much earlier than the 1960s and 1970s. Feminist art is simply, a feminist that makes art. Though it is purportedly a term that hinges on the consciousness of feminist art theory, according to the dictionary definition, the word feminist was coined around 1852, and meant “feminine qualities. ” Shortly thereafter it came to mean the modern/contemporary intonations held in “feminist art, in 1936 she created found object collages in New York City. Lucy R. Lippard stated in 1980 that feminist art was neither a style nor a movement but instead a system, a revolutionary strategy. Before the 1960s, the majority of female artwork did not portray feminist content in the sense that it did not address nor criticize the conditions women had to face historically, for the most part, women were the subjects not the artists. Historically, the body was regarded as being an object of desire for the pleasure of men. In the early 20th century we see works that flaunted female sexuality- the pin-up girl being a good example, by the late 1960s however, there was a plethora of feminine artwork that broke from the tradition of depicting women in a sexualized fashion. In order to gain recognition, there was a struggle for artists to de-gender their work to compete in a historically male-dominated art world. If a work did not look like it was made by a woman, then the associated with women would not cling on to the work itself. For instance, In 1963 Yayoi Kusama created Oven-Pan- part of a collection of works she referred to as the “aggregation sculptures”. As with other works from that collection, Oven-Pan takes an object associated with women’s work- in this case a metal pan-, here we see an early feminist example of female artists finding ways to break from the traditional role of women in society. Having the lumps made from the color and material as the metal pan completely takes away the pans functionality
5.
Judy Chicago
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Judy Chicago is an American feminist artist, art educator, and writer known for her large collaborative art installation pieces, which examine the role of women in history and culture. By the 1970s, Chicago had coined the term feminist art and had founded the first feminist art program in the United States, Chicagos work incorporates stereotypical womens artistic skills, such as needlework, counterbalanced with stereotypical male skills such as welding and pyrotechnics. Chicagos most well known work is The Dinner Party, which is installed in the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at the Brooklyn Museum. Judy Chicago was born Judith Sylvia Cohen in 1939, to Arthur and May Cohen, in Chicago and her father came from a twenty-three generation lineage of rabbis, including the Vilna Gaon. Unlike his family predecessors, Arthur became an organizer and a Marxist. He worked nights at a post office and took care of Chicago during the day, while May, arthurs active participation in the American Communist Party, liberal views towards women and support of workers rights strongly influenced Chicagos ways of thinking and belief. During McCarthyism era in the 1950s, Arthur was investigated, which made it difficult for him to find work, in 1945, while Chicago was alone at home with her infant brother, Ben, an FBI agent visited their house. The agent began to ask the six-year-old Chicago questions about her father and his friends, arthurs health declined, and he died in 1953 from peritonitis. May would not discuss his death with her children and did not allow them to attend the funeral. Chicago did not come to terms with his death until she was an adult, may loved the arts, and instilled her passion for them in her children, as evident in Chicagos future as an artist, and brother Bens eventual career as a potter. At age of three, Chicago began to draw and was sent to the Art Institute of Chicago to attend classes, by the age of 5, Chicago knew that she never wanted to do anything but make art and started attending classes at the Art Institute of Chicago. She applied but was denied admission to the Art Institute, while at UCLA she became politically active, designing posters for the UCLA chapter NAACP and eventually became its corresponding secretary. In June 1959, she met and became linked with Jerry Gerowitz. She left school and moved in him, for the first time having her own studio space. The couple hitch hiked to New York in 1959, just as Chicagos mother and brother moved to Los Angeles to be closer to her, the couple lived in Greenwich Village for a time, before returning in 1960 from Los Angeles to Chicago so she could finish her degree. She graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1962 and was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Gerowitz died in a car crash in 1963, devastating Chicago and causing her to suffer from an identity crisis until later that decade. She received her Master of Fine Arts from UCLA in 1964, while in grad school, Chicagos created a series that was abstract, yet easily recognized as male and female sexual organs. These early works were called Bigamy, and represented the death of her husband, one depicted an abstract penis, which was stopped in flight before it could unite with a vaginal form
6.
Austin, Minnesota
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Austin is a city in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 24,718 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Mower County. The town was settled along the Cedar River and it has two artificial lakes called East Side Lake and Mill Pond. The town was named for Austin R. Nichols, the first settler in the area, Hormel Foods Corporation is the largest employer in Austin, and the town is sometimes called SPAM Town USA. Austin is home to Hormels corporate headquarters, a factory that makes most of North Americas SPAM tinned meat, Austin is also home to the Hormel Institute, a leading cancer research institution operated by the University of Minnesota with significant support from the Mayo Clinic. Austin has been named one of the Top 10 Affordable Small Towns Where Youd Actually Want to Live, fertile land, trapping, and ease of access brought first trappers and then the early pioneers to this region. The rich gameland attracted a trapper named Austin Nichols, who built the first log cabin in 1853, at that time there were about twenty families in the area. More settlers began to arrive by train in 1855, and by 1856. It was in 1856 that the settlement adopted the name Austin, in honor of its first settler and that year the first hotel opened to travelers and the first physician moved to town, Dr. Ormanzo Allen. The first newspaper, the Mower County Mirror, was started in 1858, mills, powered by the Cedar River, were the first industries in Austin. They provided much-needed flour and lumber for the growing village, growth was slow during the first two decades, but the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroad arrived in the late 1860s, hastening economic development. The towns first schoolhouse was constructed in 1865 and the first bank opened its doors the following year, in 1891, George A. Hormel opened a small family-owned butcher shop in Austin, which eventually grew into todays Fortune 500 company, Hormel Foods. By 1896, area doctors - with the help of local Lutheran congregations - formed the Austin Hospital Association, later becoming St. Olaf Hospital, Austin received its first college in 1897 when the Southern Minnesota Normal College and Austin School of Commerce were opened by Charles Boostrom. The college closed in 1925 and the city was without an institution of education until Austin Junior College opened in 1940. A 50-acre parcel of land was made into Horace Austin State Park by the Minnesota Legislature in 1913, the park was converted to a state scenic wayside in 1937, then transferred to city ownership in 1949. Hormel Nature Center, established in 1971, a 500-acre nature preserve also including the 60 acre Hormel Arboretum, purchased from Geordie Hormel with a state grant. In 1973, the city opened Riverside Arena, the citys first indoor ice arena, in August 1985,1,500 Hormel meatpackers went on strike at the Austin plant after management demanded a 23% cut in wages. A protracted battle between union employees and Hormel continued until June 1986, one of the longest labor struggles of the 1980s
7.
Luther College (Iowa)
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Luther College is a private coeducational liberal arts college located in Decorah, Iowa, United States. Established as a Lutheran seminary in 1861 by Norwegian immigrants, the school today is an institution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, on October 10,1857, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church created a college to supply ministers for Norwegian congregations in the Upper Midwest. Until the college was established in 1861, students studied at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, on October 14,1859, the Rev. Peter Laurentius Larsen was appointed professor to the Norwegian students at Concordia by the NELC. On September 1,1861, classes began with an enrollment of 16. The following year moved to Decorah, Iowa, with NELC Pastor Ulrik Vilhelm Koren successfully arranging the colleges relocation. The leader of the group, 18-year-old Rasmus Anderson, was expelled and this event was viewed as a rebellion and the worst of sins by the pastors assembled in a pastoral conference shortly after. Under Sperati, the band undertook several tours of Europe, their first in 1914, Sperati remained on the faculty until his death in 1945. In 1932, Luther College dropped its mandatory study of the classics, due to financial constraints associated with the Great Depression, the college decided to admit women as students in 1936. During the 1960s Luther constructed several new buildings and adopted a 4-1-4 semester schedule. In 1964, Luthers museum collection became separate from the college and was established as the Norwegian-American Museum, now known as Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum, it is the largest and most comprehensive museum in the United States devoted to a single immigrant group. Nordic Fest, started in 1967, grew from Luther College Women’s Clubs annual celebration of Norwegian Constitution Day, Luther lies at the edge of Decorah, a small town situated in the hilly driftless region of the Midwestern United States. The Upper Iowa River flows through the portion of the nearly 200-acre central campus. The college owns an adjoining 800 acres devoted to research, biological studies. Luther student housing residence halls and several houses, townhouses. Ninety-five percent of Luther students live on all four years. In the 2000s, the college engaged in building projects. A renovation of residence halls and the Dahl Centennial Union was completed in 2006, and Sampson Hoffland Laboratories, the Center for Faith and Life is Luthers largest and primary performing arts facility. Luther is an undergraduate institution, enrolling 2,337 students
8.
University of Minnesota
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The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota. The Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses are approximately 3 miles apart, and it is the oldest and largest campus within the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 51,147 students in 2013–14. The university is the institution of the University of Minnesota system, and is organized into 19 colleges and schools, with sister campuses in Crookston, Duluth, Morris. Minnesota is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which refers to top universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League. Founded in 1851, The University of Minnesota is categorized as an R1 Doctoral University with the highest research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, Minnesota faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 25 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes. Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two Vice Presidents of the United States, Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale, and Bob Dylan, who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. The University of Minnesota Twin Cities is also a member of the Association of American Universities which is an association of the 62 leading research universities in the United States and Canada. In its 2017 edition, U. S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their Best Global University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world. In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics, the University of Minnesota is ranked 14 over-all among the nations top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance. The U. S. News & World Reports 2016 rankings placed the program of the University as the 69th-best National University in the United States. Additionally, nineteen of the Universitys graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nations top-twenty by the U. S. National Research Council, in both 2008 and 2012 U. S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U. S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. In 2011, U. S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation, the University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008. Minnesota is listed as a Public Ivy in 2001 Greenes Guides The Public Ivies, the university developed Gopher, a precursor to the World Wide Web which used hyperlinks to connect documents across computers on the internet. However, the produced by CERN was favored by the public since it was freely distributed. The University also houses the Charles Babbage Institute, a research, the department has strong roots in early days of supercomputing with Seymour Cray of Cray supercomputers. Notable faculty of the department are Yousef Saad, Vipin Kumar, Jaideep Srivastava, John Riedl, some notable alumni of the department are Ed Chi, Imrich Chlamtac, Leah Culver, Jeff Dean, Mark P. McCahill, Arvind Mithal, and Calvin Mooers. Puffed rice - Alexander P. Anderson led to the discovery of puffed rice, transistorized cardiac pacemaker - Earl Bakken founded Medtronic, where he developed the first external, battery-operated, transistorized, wearable artificial pacemaker in 1957
9.
University of Oregon
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The University of Oregon is a public flagship research university in Eugene, Oregon. Founded in 1876, the institutions 295-acre campus is along the Willamette River, since July 2014, UO has been governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon. The university has a Carnegie Classification of highest research activity and has 21 research centers, UO was admitted to the Association of American Universities in 1969. UO offers 316 undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide range of disciplines. Additionally, the Graduate School oversees the universitys graduate and certificate programs, UO student-athletes compete as the Ducks and are part of the Pac-12 Conference in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. With eighteen varsity teams, the Oregon Ducks are best known for their team and track. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12,1872, the residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land at a cost of $2,500, the doors officially opened in 1876 with the name of Oregon State University and Deady Hall as its sole building. The first year of enrollment contained 155 students taught by five faculty members, the first graduating class was in 1878, graduating five students. In 1881, the university was closed, it was $8,000 in debt before Henry Villard donated $7,000 to help pay for the debt. In 1913, and again in 1932, there were proposals to merge the university with what is now Oregon State University, during Prince Lucien Campbells tenure as president from 1902 to 1925, the university experienced tremendous growth. The budget, enrollment, facilities, and faculty members all grew several times its amount prior to his presidency, however, the University of Oregon lost its School of Engineering to Oregon Agricultural College, now known as Oregon State University. The Zorn-MacPherson Bill in 1932 proposed the University of Oregon and Oregon State College merge, the bill lost in a landslide vote of over 6 to 1. The University of Oregon Medical School was founded in 1887 in Portland, however, in 1974 it became an independent institution known as Oregon Health Sciences University. In 1969, the UO was admitted into the Association of American Universities, with contributions exceeding $100 million from benefactors such as Phil Knight and Lorry I. Lokey, the goal was exceeded by over $253 million. The University occupies over 80 buildings and these projects, among others, were commissioned in part to support current student enrollment as well as possible future increases. Effective July 1,2014, the University of Oregon became an independent public body governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Oregon
10.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
11.
Western Oregon University
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Western Oregon University is a public university located in Monmouth, Oregon, United States. It was originally established in 1856 by Oregon pioneers as Monmouth University, subsequent names include Oregon Normal School, Oregon College of Education, and Western Oregon State College. Western Oregon University incorporates both the College of Education and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, founded in 1856 WOU has undergone seven name changes. In 1865, it merged with another institution, Bethel College, in Bethel. In 1882, the Oregon State Legislature approved the bid to become a state-supported teacher training school. Later the name was changed to Oregon Normal School, in November 1910, an initiative petition to establish a normal school at Monmouth, passed by 55. 6%. On the same ballot were two other measures to establish normal schools in Ashland and Weston, both failed. A period of growth was experienced in the 1920s during which the schools enrollment more than tripled from 316 in 1920 to peak at the 990 mark in 1927. With the coming of the Great Depression attendance tailed off slightly, with an attendance in 1930 of 705 students. Attendance rebounded later in the decade, topping the 1,000 mark for the first time during the 1938-39 academic year, in 1939, the Oregon Legislature again changed the name to Oregon College of Education. The school entered a period of growth, except for a period during World War II when college enrollments dropped nationwide. New programs were added in the areas of arts and sciences. In 1979, the institution was renamed Western Oregon State College to reflect the growing academic programs in the liberal arts fields. In 1997 the name was updated to Western Oregon University, reflecting the broader academic mission. WOU is the public university in the western U. S. to offer this guarantee. Beginning with the 2011–2012 academic year, WOU allows students to choose between their Tuition Promise or a new Tuition Choice. Students electing to pursue the tuition choice will have a 2012 tuition that will be no more than 1% above the 2011 tuition, Students and their families will likely pay less their first year or two but will pay more in years three and four. Using a 2010–11 federal grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education, Students rent textbooks at a cost of 38% of the purchase price for new textbooks
12.
Oregon State University
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Oregon State University is a coeducational, public research university in the northwest United States, located in Corvallis, Oregon. The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with numerous graduate and it is also the largest university in the state, with a total enrollment exceeding 28,000. More than 230,000 people have graduated from OSU since its founding. S, OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States. The school is also a sea-grant, space-grant, and sun-grant institution, OSU received $308.9 million in research grants and contracts for the 2015 fiscal year, which is more research funding than all other public universities in Oregon combined. The universitys roots date back to 1856, when it was established as the areas first community school for primary and preparatory education, throughout the universitys history, the name changed eleven times. Like other early established land-grant colleges and universities, the majority of changes occurred through the 1920s. Generally, name changes were made to align a school with the largest available federal grants in agriculture research. Corvallis area Freemasons played an important role in developing the early school, the school offered its first college-level curriculum in 1865, under the administration of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. On August 22,1868, official articles of incorporation were filed for Corvallis College, October 27,1868, is known as OSU Charter Day. The Oregon Legislative Assembly designated Corvallis College as the college of the state of Oregon. Acceptance of this grant required the college to comply with the requirements set forth in the First Morrill Act, the school was then authorized to grant the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Master of Arts degrees. The first graduating class was in 1870, granting Bachelor of Arts degrees, the Oregon Unification Bill was passed in 1929 by the Legislative Assembly, which placed the school under the oversight of the newly formed Oregon State Board of Higher Education. A doctoral in education was first offered in the early 1930s and this year also saw the creation of the first summer session. The growing diversity in degree programs led to name change in 1937. The universitys current title, Oregon State University, was adopted on March 6,1961, in 2007, Scott Reed was named the Vice Provost for Outreach and Engagement as OSU Extension Service and OSU Ecampus were aligned under this new division. Ecampus delivers OSU degree programs and courses online and at a distance to students worldwide, Research has played a central role in the universitys overall operations for much of its history. Most of OSUs research continues at the Corvallis campus, but a number of endeavors are underway at various locations throughout the state. Current research facilities, beyond the campus, include the Seafood Laboratory in Astoria, CEOAS is now co-leading the largest ocean science project in U. S. history, the Ocean Observatories Initiative
13.
Lewis & Clark College
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Lewis & Clark College is a private liberal arts college located in Portland, Oregon. It has an undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, a School of Law, Lewis & Clark is a member of the Annapolis Group of colleges with athletic programs competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Associations Division III Northwest Conference. Just over 2,000 students attend the undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Law is best known for its environmental law program, while the Graduate School of Education & Counseling is active in community engagement and social justice. Today, the three schools and their supporting offices occupy a campus of 137 acres, centered on the M. Lloyd Frank Estate on Palatine Hill in the Collins View neighborhood of Southwest Portland. To this end the Presbyterian church incorporated Albany Academy in 1858, within a decade of its founding, Albany Academy began to focus more exclusively on higher education, changing its official name to the Albany Collegiate Institution in 1866. Unlike most Oregon colleges of the pioneer-era, the college has been coeducational since the first class, the early campus of 7 acres in Albany was situated on land donated by the Monteith family. In 1892, the school building was enlarged, and in 1925 the school relocated south of Albany where it remained until 1937. Albany College established a college to the north in Portland in 1934. The campus grounds later became home to the federal governments Albany Research Center, in 1942 the college trustees acquired the Lloyd Frank “Fir Acres” estate in southwest Portland, and the school name was changed to Lewis & Clark College. The original school mascot, the Pirates, was changed to the Pioneers in 1946, the three schools of the college include the College of Arts and Sciences, the Law School, and the Graduate School of Education and Counseling. Lewis & Clark has nationally regarded programs in Biology, International Affairs, Psychology, Foreign Languages, the college has held two worldwide symphonic festivals in the past five years with professional-level performances in Dublin and the Greek islands. Lewis & Clark is also known for its active and diverse overseas study program, the college offers approximately 36 programs in various countries, and since the 1960s, more than 60% of all Lewis & Clark undergraduates have studied abroad. For a small liberal arts college, Lewis & Clarks overseas offerings are impressive in both breadth and scope, there are, for example seven discrete programs in Spanish-speaking countries. Lewis & Clark is also one of the few U. S. institutions with a program in Cuba. For the Class of 2018, Lewis & Clark received 6,244 applications, accepted 4,160 and enrolled 564. In terms of rank, of the 41% of high school seniors who submitted it, 38% of enrolled freshmen were in the top tenth of their high school classes. The middle 50% range of SAT scores for the enrolled freshmen was 610-710 for critical reading, 580-670 for math, the average high school Grade Point Average GPA of enrolled freshmen was 3.91. The 2017 annual ranking of U. S. News & World Report categorizes Lewis & Clark as more selective and ranks it tied for the 87th best liberal arts college in the nation
14.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
15.
Phi Kappa Phi
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Faculty, professional staff and alumni who have achieved scholarly distinction also might be eligible. There was also Phi Beta Kappa, a social and literary society that did not originate as a society when it was founded in 1776 but would soon become one for the liberal arts. Those selected for invitation into the society would be the top ten students of the class whose rank did not fall below the 90th percentile for the four years of work at the university. In all, the Society was founded by 10 senior students, urann graduated in 1897, and leadership of Phi Kappa Phi was assumed by President Harris. A year or so later, the name was changed to the Morrill Society, in 1899, the first woman was initiated into the Society, Pearl Clayton Swain. In 1900, the society became national in scope by action of the presidents of the University of Maine, University of Tennessee, there was considerable debate among the three existing chapters regarding the purpose and naming of the society. Nonetheless, on June 12,1900, the Society changed its name to Phi Kappa Phi, the year 1900 also saw the first national convention of Phi Kappa Phi, which was held in New Haven, Connecticut and attended by delegates representing the three original chapters. In 1915, Phi Kappa Phi continued to struggle to earn a reputation, the then Secretary of the organization, L. H. Pammel, pointed out that institutions that were seeking to establish a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa were often hesitant about establishing a chapter of Phi Kappa Phi. To this, the society continued to make its case, Phi Beta Kappa, it was repeated time after time, represented the side of education such as history, literature. Nonetheless, in 1925 the Society as a whole formally took the position that it would not discriminate on color or race. Yet it would take until 1976 for Phi Kappa Phi to successfully establish a chapter at a Historically Black College or University, also in 1925, Phi Kappa Phi would be instrumental in creating the Association of College Honor Societies, being one of its six charter members. In 1933, while the Philippines was still an American colony, about this time, President of the Society Frank D. Kern stated that integrity, moral courage, spirited discernment, and concern for human welfare were equally important for membership in the society. During the two wars and into the 1960s, Society membership numbers and finances struggled. In 1963, Chapter 105 was chartered at the oldest and largest university system in the American territory of Puerto Rico, by 1969, new member numbers were triple what they were in 1960. That year, the Phi Kappa Phi Foundation was incorporated to promote academic excellence, by 1971,74 years after its founding, Phi Kappa Phi numbered 120 chapters. In the next 12 years, that number would double to 239, Phi Kappa Phis mission is to recognize and promote academic excellence in all fields of higher education and to engage the community of scholars in service to others. In honoring those persons of good character who have excelled in scholarship, in whatever field, to this end, the Society insists that in order to acquire a chapter. an institution provide the means and atmosphere conducive to academic excellence
16.
Hallie Ford Museum of Art
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The Hallie Ford Museum of Art is the museum of Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, United States. It is the third largest art museum in Oregon, opened in 1998, the facility is across the street from the Oregon State Capital in downtown Salem, on the western edge of the school campus. Hallie Ford exhibits collections of art and historical artifacts with a focus on Oregon related pieces of art and artists in the 27,000 square feet facility. The museum also hosts traveling exhibits in two of its six galleries. Prior to the creation of the Hallie Ford Museum, Willamette University previously collected various pieces of art donated to the university, by 1896 the collections were housed in a museum located on the fourth floor of Waller Hall. By 1940 the museum had moved to the floor of the gymnasium. At that time the collection included birds, various documents, minerals, wood specimens, shells, plant specimens. In 1990, the received a donation of around 250 pieces of ancient, European, Middle Eastern. Alumnus Dan Schneider suggested to an art faculty member, Roger Hull, then in 1994 Roger Hull made a presentation to the school’s trustees to push for the creation of an art museum. Over the next two years plans were developed and donations were made that led to the purchase of a building near campus for a museum, one large donation came from Hallie Ford and the Ford Family Foundation that allowed the purchase and remodel to move forward. The museum officially opened in 1998 with over 3,000 pieces of art, the museum was named top fine arts venue and art gallery in the local region in 2002 by residents. In 2003, the facility received a Certificate of Award from the Oregon Art Education Association, attendance at the museum was approximately 16,000 in the first full-year of operation and increased to around 30,000 people per year in 2003. In July 2007, the museum began a project to add storage to the basement areas. The $850,000 remodel was completed in December 2007 with funding coming from a donation by Maribeth Collins, also in 2007, Hallie Ford Museum of Art was given an American Masterpieces grant by the National Endowment for the Arts through the Oregon Arts Commission. This $50,000 grant helped to fund an exhibit entitled “The Art of Ceremony” regarding tribal ceremonies of Native American tribes in Oregon, the museum introduced the Breath of Heaven, Breath of Earth exhibit in 2013, which was billed as its most ambitious exhibit. The building housing the museum was built in 1965 for Pacific Northwest Bell and this International Style building contains 27,000 square feet on three floors, and was designed by local architect James L. Payne. In 1996, the building owned by US West Communications was purchased by the university. Willamette then remodeled the building during 1997 to 1998 with the coming from Jon Weiner of Soderstrom Architects of Portland
17.
Portland Institute for Contemporary Art
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The Portland Institute for Contemporary Art is a contemporary performance and visual arts organization in Portland in the U. S. state of Oregon. PICA was founded in 1995 by Kristy Edmunds, PICA was founded in 1995 by Kristy Edmunds, at the time the Director of the Portland Art Museums Art on the Edge program. PICAs offices were housed at Boora Architects from its founding until about 2001, PICA housed its offices within those of Wieden & Kennedy until 2012, and operated an additional 2,200 square feet exhibition space in the building until 2004. In September 2003, PICA began presenting its annual Time-Based Art Festival, founder Kristy Edmunds left PICA in 2005 to become artistic director for the Melbourne International Arts Festival. She is now Artistic & Executive Director of the Center for the Art of Performance at University of California, mark Russell and Cathy Edwards operated as the organizations two guest artistic directors from 2006 until 2011. Angela Mattox, the former Performing Arts Curator at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, was hired as the permanent artistic director in 2011. In September 2016, PICA utilized this space as a box office, performance venue, since its inception, PICA has programmed both performances and exhibitions, while also hosting educational events such as lectures, public conversations, and artist-led workshops. Its first performance series ran from 1995-1996, PICA ceased its seasonal performance series when it began presenting the Time-Based Art Festival in 2003, though still presents some performances during other parts of the year. PICA has presented work by renowned artists such as William Pope. L, Matthew Day Jackson, Francis Alÿs, Emily Roysdon, A. L. Steiner, Erika Vogt. Since 2005, PICAs visual art programming has been curated by Kristan Kennedy, as with PICAs itinerant model to performance presentation, the organization has not had a single exhibition space for most of its history, nor has it presented complete year-round program. From 2000–2004, PICA did run a year-round gallery out of a corner of the Wieden+Kennedy Building in Northwest Portlands Pearl District, during that time, visual art curator Stuart Horodner presented work from artists such as Janine Antoni, Dana Schutz, and Melanie Manchot in the space. Horodner left the organization in 2004, the Time-Based Art Festival has included visual art curated by Kennedy as part of its artistic program since 2006 under the On Sight program strand. On Sight exhibition programs often include performance-based or otherwise non-conventional visual art modes in addition to gallery spaces. The exhibition-based visual art projects are exhibited for two to four weeks after the conclusion of each years TBA. In 2016, the On Sight exhibition was titled Makeup on Empty Space, burns, a performance art piece by Keijaun Thomas, a performance by Dylan Mira, and an exhibition-turned-artist-residency by Bunny Brains and collaborators. PICA offers a variety of education, outreach, contextual and public programs, often presented in tandem with its artistic programs but sometimes independent of them. As part of the annual TBA Festival, PICA offers an education, engagement, and public programs strand called the Institute that brings artists, guest scholars. Dubbed the Precipice Fund, PICA began distributing its first round of grants in 2013, as of 2016, $225,000 has been redistributed over three grant periods to 57 projects in the region
18.
Charles Allis Art Museum
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The Charles Allis Art Museum is a museum in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Charles Allis House, the Charles Allis Art Museum was originally the home of Milwaukee native Charles Allis and his wife, Sarah. Charles, the son of Edward P. Allis, was the first president of the Allis-Chalmers Corporation, Charles and Sarah Ball were married in 1877. Both were very active in the Milwaukee community and he was one of the organizers of the Milwaukee Arts Society, a trustee at the Layton Art Gallery and was on the boards of many other arts and business institutions. The year he died,1918, Charles was serving as chairman of the Milwaukee County Council of Defense, both he and his wife were patrons of the arts and were responsible for many acts of charity beyond the world of art. The 1911 Tudor-style mansion is done in a Tudor Rose theme that continues throughout the exterior and interior of the house, the Museum began its life as an Art Library and was a part of the Milwaukee County Public Library System from 1957-1978. In 1979, the Allis Mansion was turned over to Milwaukee County, treasures can be found throughout the Charles Allis Art Museum. It contains a collection of paintings, prints, sculptures, ceramics, to complement this collection, the Allis holds several changing exhibitions each year, which feature works by Wisconsin artists. The Charles Allis Mansion is a work of Boston-born architect Alexander Eschweiler. Work began on the house in 1909 and was completed in 1911 and it was one of the first private homes in Milwaukee to have electricity. The walls are made of concrete to keep Charles and Sarahs art collection safe from the ever present threat of fire. The exterior of the house is largely mauve Ohio brick and is trimmed with Lake Superior sandstone, the interiors are tastefully done in lavish materials, as was the style at the time. There is Circassian walnut paneling in the French Parlor room, the Allis emphasizes fine art, drawing, painting, photography, printmaking and sculpture. In addition to the arts the Allis displays, it holds a free seasonal music series. The third Thursday of the month throughout the spring, summer and fall, the musicians featured are Milwaukee artists, in accordance with the Alliss mission to showcase Wisconsin talent. The Charles Allis Art Museum, along with the Villa Terrace Decorative Arts Museum, is part of the Milwaukee County War Memorial Corporation
19.
Maryhill Museum of Art
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Maryhill Museum of Art is a small museum with an eclectic collection, located near what is now the community of Maryhill in the U. S. state of Washington. The museum is situated on a bluff overlooking the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge, the structure was originally intended as a mansion for entrepreneur Samuel Hill, and was designed by architects Hornblower and Marshall. Construction was halted upon Americas entry into World War I, the unfinished museum building was dedicated on November 3,1926 by Queen Marie of Romania, and was opened to the public on Hills birthday in 1940. The museums first physical expansion was completed when the Mary and Bruce Stevenson Wing opened to the public in May 2012 and it includes a plaza that overlooks the Columbia River, an education center, a collections suite and a café. European and American paintings, including works by William McGregor Paxton, R. H. Ives Gammell, William Stanley Haseltine, Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton and Edwin Blashfield. The Maryhill Museum building was designed as a residence for Sam Hill by Washington. It was designed in a Beaux-Arts style and built of steel-reinforced concrete beginning in 1914, Hill imagined the structure as a ranch building amidst a 5, 300-acre agricultural community that he was developing at the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge. During a 1917 visit by his friend Loïe Fuller, he decided to turn his home into “a museum for the public good, and for the betterment of French art in the far Northwest of America. ”Hill’s contribution to the new museum included almost 90 American Indian baskets, more than 70 Rodin sculptures and watercolors. Fuller herself provided the museum with plaster casts of the hands of more than a dozen period celebrities and she gave the museum numerous small, carved ivory crucifix figures that were originally given to her by Désiré-Joseph Mercier, Cardinal Archbishop of Mechelen. She also convinced some of her friends to make their own donations to the fledgling museum. During her 1926 visit for the dedication, Queen Marie of Romania gave Maryhill more than 100 objects. These included personal items, Romanian folk objects, Russian icons and that same year, Queen Marie’s oldest daughter Elisabetha, the former Queen Consort of Greece, gave the museum a collection of small Tanagra figurines and a number of ancient Cypriot amphorae. A year earlier, the museum had received its very first donation—three silver filigree objects—from Queen Marie’s second daughter, Marie, Queen Consort of the Serbs, Croats, Maryhill Museum owes a profound debt to its fourth great patron, Alma de Bretteville Spreckels. Following the deaths of Hill, Fuller and Queen Marie, she worked tirelessly to turn Sam Hill’s unfinished mansion into an art museum. Over the years, Spreckels had acquired many objects from Queen Marie that were intended for a Romanian Room in San Franciscos California Palace of the Legion of Honor and she instead donated this material to Maryhill Museum in 1938. It included Queen Marie’s gold throne and other pieces of Byzantine-inspired furniture, a replica of her coronation crown. Spreckels’ efforts also helped bring the Théâtre de la Mode to Maryhill, after being displayed in Paris in 1945–1946, the mannequins toured Europe and the United States. Their final American venue was the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco, organizers then attempted to return them to Paris, but the Théâtre de la Mode originator, the Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne, was unwilling to pay custom charges
20.
Brooklyn Museum
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The Brooklyn Museum is an art museum located in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. At 560,000 square feet, the museum is New York Citys third largest in physical size, the museum initially struggled to maintain its building and collection, only to be revitalized in the late 20th century, thanks to major renovations. Significant areas of the collection include antiquities, specifically their collection of Egyptian antiquities spanning over 3,000 years, African, Oceanic, and Japanese art make for notable antiquities collections as well. American art is represented, starting at the Colonial period. Artists represented in the collection include Mark Rothko, Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Edgar Degas, Georgia OKeeffe, the museum also has a Memorial Sculpture Garden which features salvaged architectural elements from throughout New York City. The roots of the Brooklyn Museum extend back to the 1823 founding by Augustus Graham of the Brooklyn Apprentices’ Library in Brooklyn Heights, in 1890, under its director Franklin Hooper, Institute leaders reorganized as the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences and began planning the Brooklyn Museum. The initial design for the Brooklyn Museum was four times as large as the actualized version, Daniel Chester French, the noted sculptor of the Lincoln Memorial, was the principal designer of the pediment sculptures and the monolithic 12. 5-foot figures along the cornice. The figures were created by 11 sculptors and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers, by 1920, the New York City Subway reached the museum with a subway station, this greatly improved access to the once-isolated museum from Manhattan and other outer boroughs. The Brooklyn Institutes director Franklin Hooper was the museums first director and he was followed by Philip Newell Youtz, Laurance Page Roberts, Isabel Spaulding Roberts, Charles Nagel, Jr. and Edgar Craig Schenck. Thomas S. Buechner became the director in 1960, making him one of the youngest directors in the country. Buechner oversaw a major transformation in the way the museum displayed art and brought some one thousand works that had languished in the museums archives and put them on display. Buechner played a role in rescuing the Daniel Chester French sculptures from destruction due to an expansion project at the Manhattan Bridge in the 1960s. The Brooklyn Museum changed its name to Brooklyn Museum of Art in 1997, on March 12,2004, the museum announced that it would revert to its previous name. In April 2004, the museum opened the James Polshek-designed entrance pavilion on the Eastern Parkway façade, in September 2014, Lehman announced that he was planning to retire around June 2015. In May 2015, Creative Time president and artistic director Anne Pasternak was named the Museums next director, member institutions occupy land or buildings owned by the City of New York and derive part of their yearly funding from the City. The Brooklyn Museum also supplements its earned income with funding from Federal and State governments, as well as donations by individuals. Major benefactors include Frank Lusk Babbott, the museum is the site of the annual Brooklyn Artists Ball which has included celebrity hosts such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Liv Tyler. The Brooklyn Museum exhibits collections that seek to embody the rich heritage of world cultures
21.
Bellevue Arts Museum
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The Bellevue Arts Museum traces its roots back to street fair art in 1947. After several temporary locations, it moved to the floor of Bellevue Square. In 2001 the museum moved into its own building. Located just across the street from Bellevue Square, the new building was designed by noted architect Steven Holl. It is seen by residents of Bellevue as playing a role in the transformation of the downtown from series of suburban strip malls to a sophisticated city with a variety of cultural attractions. The museum subsequently ran into difficulties and was forced to close to the public in 2003. In contrast to conventional art museums, Bellevue Arts Museum has no permanent collection, rather, it emphasizes education and hands-on involvement through an extensive selection of classes and workshops
22.
Portland Art Museum
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The Portland Art Museum in Portland, Oregon, United States, was founded in 1892, making it the oldest art museum on the West Coast and seventh oldest in the US. The permanent collection has more than 42,000 works of art, the Northwest Film Center is also a component of Portland Art Museum. The museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, with accreditation through 2024, originally incorporated as the Portland Art Association, the museums roots date to 1892. Late that year seven prominent business and cultural leaders in the city created the association so as to start a high-quality art museum for a city approaching 50,000 residents. Henry Corbett donated $10,000 to the association that funded the museums first collection, the individual pieces of the collection were selected by Winslow B. Ayer and his wife during a trip to Europe and they had been advised by curators at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston prior to the trip on what pieces to select. The collection was displayed at the Multnomah County Library located at Southwest Seventh. By the time of the Lewis & Clark Exposition held in Portland in 1905, the first exhibition in the new building featured watercolors and paintings that had come to Portland as part of the 1905 Exposition. Failing organized the exhibition with New England artist Frank Vincent DuMond. E. S, anna Belle Crocker succeeded Henrietta Failing as curator of the museum in 1909. She would remain at the museum until her retirement in 1936, Crocker became one of the Portland Art Museums most important early figures. She was also the first head of the Museum Art School, in late 1913, the museum hosted one of its most important early exhibitions. The exhibition featured artwork that had been on earlier that year at the famous 1913 New York Armory Show. The exhibition included works by Cézanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Matisse, Manet, Renoir, the museum continued to grow during the years following World War I. In the 1920s, the museum hosted two memorable exhibitions organized by Sally Lewis, the daughter of a prominent Portland family, Lewis had befriended many well-known artists on trips to New York and Europe. She was also one of 22 patrons who purchased Derains Tree for the permanent collection. The success of her first exhibition led to her second, more daring endeavor a year later that juxtaposed paintings, drawings, among the sculptures was Brâncușis A Muse, which Lewis owned and donated to the museum in 1959. The museums final location opened to the public on November 18,1932, at the corner of SW Park Avenue, the building, designed by noted Portland architect Pietro Belluschi, is situated along downtown Portlands South Park Blocks and remains a landmark in the citys Cultural District. It was constructed with a gift of $100,000 from Winslow B
23.
Seattle Art Museum
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The Seattle Art Museum is an art museum located in Seattle, Washington, USA. Admission to the park is always free. Admission to the facilities is free on the first Thursday of each month. And even the normal admission is suggested, meaning that the museum would like visitors to pay the complete admission, the SAM collection has grown from 1,926 pieces in 1933 to nearly 25,000 as of 2008. Its original museum provided an area of 25,000 square feet, paid staff have increased from 7 to 303, and the museum library has grown from approximately 1,400 books to 33,252. SAM traces its origins to the Seattle Fine Arts Society and the Washington Arts Association, in 1931 the group renamed itself as the Art Institute of Seattle. The Art Institute housed its collection in Henry House, the home, on Capitol Hill, of the collector and founder of the Henry Art Gallery. Richard E. Fuller, president of the Seattle Fine Arts Society, was the figure of SAM in its early years. During the Great Depression, he and his mother, Margaret MacTavish Fuller, the city provided the land and received ownership of the building. Carl F. Gould of the architectural firm Bebb and Gould designed an Art Deco/Art Moderne building for the museum, the Art Institute collection formed the core of the original SAM collection, the Fullers soon donated additional pieces. The Art Institute was responsible for managing art activities when the museum first opened, Fuller served as museum director into the 1970s, never taking a salary. SAM joined with the National Council on the Arts, Richard Fuller, and it was the NEAs first commission in Seattle. In 1983–1984, the received a donation of half of a downtown city block. They eventually decided that this block was not a suitable site, that land was sold for private development as the Newmark Building. On December 5,1991, SAM reopened in a $62 million downtown facility designed by Robert Venturi, the next year, one of Jonathan Borofskys Hammering Man sculptures was installed outside the museum as part of Seattle City Lights One Percent for Art program. Hammering Man was used in an art installation on Labor day in 1993 when Jason Sprinkle and other local artists attached a 700 lb ball. In 1994 the Volunteer Park facility reopened as the Seattle Asian Art Museum, in 2007 the Olympic Sculpture Park opened to the public, culminating an 8-year process. Among the museums exhibitions were a 1954 exhibition of 25 European paintings and sculptures from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation
24.
Crayola
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Crayola is a brand of artists supplies manufactured by Crayola, LLC and best known for its crayons. The company is based in Forks Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, since 1984, Crayola has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Hallmark Cards. All Crayola-branded products are marketed as nontoxic and safe for use by children, most Crayola crayons are made in the United States. The company also produces Silly Putty and a line of professional art products under the Portfolio Series brand, Crayola, LLC claims the Crayola brand has 99% name recognition in U. S. consumer households, and says its products are sold in over 80 countries. The company was founded by cousins Edwin Binney and C, harold Smith in New York City on March 31,1885 as Binney & Smith. Initial products were colorants for industrial use, including red iron oxide used in barn paint and carbon black chemicals used for making tires black. Also in 1900, the company added production of slate school pencils, initially formed as a partnership, Binney & Smith incorporated in 1902. In 1902, Binney & Smith developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon, then Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, developed his own famous product line of wax crayons beginning on 10 June 1903, which it sold under the brand name Crayola. The Crayola name was coined by Alice Binney, wife of company founder Edwin and it comes from craie, French for chalk, and ola for oleaginous, or oily. The suffix -ola was also popular in use at the time. Crayola introduced its crayons not with one box, but with a product line. By 1905, the line had expanded to offering 18 different-sized crayon boxes with five different-sized crayons, the product line offered crayon boxes containing 6,7,8,12,14,16,18,24,28, or 30 different color crayons. The Rubens Crayola line, started in 1903, was targeted at artists. In April 1904 at the St. Louis Worlds Fair, Binney & Smith won the Gold Medal for their An-Du-Septic dustless chalk. Subsequently, Crayola used the opportunity to develop a new packaging strategy by emphasizing their gold medal on the front of many of their products and crayon boxes. In 1905, the offering of their new No.8 crayon box featured a copy from the side of the medal with an eagle on it. This was changed to the side of the medal with the 1904 date on it in Roman numerals. Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company crayon product line in 1926 and they retained the Munsell name on products such as “Munsell-Crayola” and “Munsell-Perma” until 1934, and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes
25.
Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art
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Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art is an art museum located on the campus of the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. The original building was designed by Ellis F. Lawrence as part of his main university quadrangle, the museum is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The University of Oregons art museum opened its doors to the public in 1933, the only academic museum in Oregon accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, the JSMA hosts exhibitions and houses collections of historic and contemporary art. The JSMAs standing galleries present from its holdings of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, special exhibition galleries display curated artwork both from these permanent collections and outside collections, representing cultures across the globe, past and present. A major museum expansion took place from 2002 to 2005, at time the museum was given its current name in honor of Schnitzer. According to the University Development office, a new pavilion will be created in the near future if funding is available. The Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art enhances the University of Oregons academic mission and furthers the appreciation, the buildings contains three prominent quotations on its main, west-facing facade. Above the door, there is a quotation from Proverbs, near the end of the facade there is a passage from Plato. In addition, the contains a passage from Psalms. Anne Kitagawa National Register of Historic Places listings in Lane County, Oregon Official website
26.
Levi Strauss & Co.
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/ˌliːvaɪ ˈstraʊs/ is a privately owned American clothing company known worldwide for its Levis /ˌliːvaɪz/ brand of denim jeans. It was founded in May 1853 when Levi Strauss came from Buttenheim, Bavaria, to San Francisco, the companys corporate headquarters is located in the Levis Plaza in San Francisco. Levi Strauss started the business at the 90 Sacramento Street address in San Francisco and he next moved the location to 62 Sacramento Street then 63 &65 Sacramento Street. Jacob Davis, a Latvian Jewish immigrant, was a Reno, Davis did not have the required money to purchase a patent, so he wrote to Strauss suggesting that they go into business together. After Levi accepted Jacobs offer, on May 20,1873, Patent 139,121 from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The patented rivet was later incorporated into the companys jean design, contrary to an advertising campaign suggesting that Levi Strauss sold his first jeans to gold miners during the California Gold Rush, the manufacturing of denim overalls only began in the 1870s. The company created their first pair of Levis 501 Jeans in the 1890s, modern jeans began to appear in the 1920s, but sales were largely confined to the working people of the western United States, such as cowboys, lumberjacks, and railroad workers. Levi’s jeans apparently were first introduced to the East during the dude ranch craze of the 1930s, another boost came in World War II, when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and were sold only to people engaged in defense work. Between the 1950s and 1980s, Levis jeans became popular among a range of youth subcultures, including greasers, mods, rockers. Levis popular shrink-to-fit 501s were sold in a unique sizing arrangement, the indicated size referred to the size of the prior to shrinking. The company still produces these unshrunk, uniquely sized jeans, additionally, the back pocket rivets, which had been covered in denim since 1937, were removed completely in the 1950s due to complaints they scratched furniture. The acquisition led to the introduction of the modern stone washing technique, simpkins is credited with the companys record-paced expansion of its manufacturing capacity from 16 plants to more than 63 plants in the United States from 1964 to 1974 and 23 overseas. As a result, Levis plants were perhaps the highest performing, best organized, the Dockers brand, launched in 1986 and which is sold largely through department store chains, helped the company grow through the mid-1990s, as denim sales began to fade. Dockers were introduced into Europe in 1996 and led by CEO Jorge Bardina, Levi Strauss attempted to sell the Dockers division in 2004 to relieve part of the companys $2.6 billion outstanding debt. As of 2016, most Levis jeans are made outside the US, though a few of the higher-end, labor history, distributing more than $9 million in restitution to some 1,200 employees. Levi Strauss claimed no knowledge of the offenses, then severed ties to the Tan family and instituted labor reforms, during the mid- and late-1990s, Fuerza Unida picketed the Levi Strauss headquarters in San Francisco and staged hunger strikes and sit-ins in protest at the companys labor policies. The company took on debt in February 1996 to help finance a series of leveraged stock buyouts among family members. The corporations bonds are traded publicly, as are shares of the companys Japanese affiliate, Levi Strauss Japan K. K
27.
Museum of Modern Art
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The Museum of Modern Art is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. MoMA has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the world. The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, over 1,000 periodical titles, the archives holds primary source material related to the history of modern and contemporary art. The idea for The Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and they became known variously as the Ladies, the daring ladies and the adamantine ladies. They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Building at 730 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, and it opened to the public on November 7,1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash. Abby had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the president of the board of trustees of the Albright Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. At the time, it was Americas premier museum devoted exclusively to art. One of Abbys early recruits for the staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami. Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees, Sachs, the associate director and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a collector of curators. Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, under Barrs guidance, the museums holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing. Its first successful exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne. Abbys husband was opposed to the museum and refused to release funds for the venture. Nevertheless, he donated the land for the current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time. During that time it initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, the museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars, Boy Leading a Horse was briefly contested over ownership with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1941, MoMA hosted the exhibition, Indian Art of the United States. His brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the board of trustees in 1948. David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the garden and name it in honor of his mother
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Portland State University
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Portland State University is a public, nonprofit, coeducational research university located in the southwest University District of downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. It was founded in 1946 as an educational institution for World War II veterans. It evolved into a four-year college over the two decades, and was granted university status in 1969. It is the public urban university in the state of Oregon that is located in a major metropolitan city. Portland State is composed of seven constituent colleges, offering degrees in one hundred twenty-three fields. The athletic teams are known as the Portland State Vikings with school colors of green, teams compete at the NCAA Division I Level, primarily in the Big Sky Conference. S. News and World Report in 2016, Portland State has community partnerships with Intel, Oregon Health & Science University, the Portland Public School system, the City of Portland, and Portland General Electric. In 2016, the university was ranked by Niche as one of the most liberal universities in the United States, Portland State University was established as the Vanport Extension Center in June 1946, founded by Stephen Edward Epler, a native of Iowa. Epler graduated from Cotner College in Lincoln, Nebraska, and later Columbia University in New York City, after returning to the United States after serving, Epler became a veterans counselor in Oregons General Extension Division in Portland. The Vanport Extension Center was conceived by Epler in order to satisfy the demand for education in Portland for returning World War II veterans. Bill was passed in 1944 to provide college, high school or vocational education for returning World War II veterans, the first classes were held in the Vanport Junior High School. This first summer session had 221 students, and tuition and fees were $50, over 1,410 students registered for the 1946 fall term, which was delayed until October 7,1946 due to a lack of space. In addition to Vanport Junior High School, Lincoln and Jefferson high schools were used after hours, as well as the University of Oregons dental and medical schools. Following the May 30 Vanport Flood of 1948, the became known as the college that wouldnt die for refusing to close after the flood. The term was coined by Lois Hennessy, a student who wrote about the college, the school occupied Grant High School in the summer of 1948, then to hastily converted buildings at the Oregon Shipyard, known as the Oregon Ship. In 1953, the moved to downtown Portland and occupied the vacated buildings of Lincoln High School on SW Broadway Street, including Lincoln Hall. The school changed its name to the Portland State Extension Center between December 1951 and February 1952, and also earned a title, The U by the Slough. Epler, who had campaigned for a role at the college, was not elected by the State Board
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Addis Ababa
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Addis Ababa or Addis Abeba, is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It has a population of 3,384,569 according to the 2007 population census and this number has been increased from the originally published 2,738,248 figure and appears to be still largely underestimated. As a chartered city, Addis Ababa has the status of both a city and a state and it is where the African Union is and its predecessor the OAU was based. It also hosts the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa is therefore often referred to as the political capital of Africa for its historical, diplomatic and political significance for the continent. The city is populated by people from different regions of Ethiopia and it is home to Addis Ababa University. The Federation of African Societies of Chemistry and Horn of Africa Press Institute are also headquartered in Addis Ababa, Entoto is one of a handful of sites put forward as a possible location for a medieval imperial capital known as Barara. Dubbed the Pentagon, the 30 hecatre site incorporates a castle with 12 towers, the site of Addis Ababa was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul and the city was founded in 1886 by Emperor Menelik II. His interest in the area grew when his wife Taytu began work on a church on Mount Entoto, and Menelik endowed a second church in the area. However, the area did not encourage the founding of a town for lack of firewood and water. Initially, Taytu built a house for herself near the Filwoha hot mineral springs, other nobility and their staff and households settled in the vicinity, and Menelik expanded his wifes house to become the Imperial Palace which remains the seat of government in Addis Ababa today. The name changed to Addis Ababa and became Ethiopias capital when Menelik II became Emperor of Ethiopia, the town grew by leaps and bounds. One of Emperor Meneliks contributions that is visible today is the planting of numerous eucalyptus trees along the city streets. Following all the engagements of their invasion, Italian troops from the colony of Eritrea entered Addis Ababa on 5 May 1936. Along with Dire Dawa, the city had been spared the aerial bombardment practiced elsewhere, the city was liberated by Major Orde Wingates Sudanese and Ethiopian Gideon Force in time to permit Emperor Haile Selassies return on 5 May 1941, five years to the day after he had left. Following reconstruction, Haile Selassie helped form the Organisation of African Unity in 1963, the OAU was dissolved in 2002 and replaced by the African Union, also headquartered in Addis Ababa. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa also has its headquarters in Addis Ababa, Addis Ababa was also the site of the Council of the Oriental Orthodox Churches in 1965. Ethiopia has often called the original home of mankind because of various humanoid fossil discoveries like the Australopithecine Lucy. After analysing the DNA of almost 1,000 people around the world, geneticists, the research indicated that genetic diversity decreases steadily the farther ones ancestors traveled from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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University of Washington Medical Center
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The University of Washington Medical Center is a nationally renowned hospital located along the Montlake Cut and Portage Bay in the University District of Seattle, Washington, USA. It is one of the hospitals affiliated with the University of Washington School of Medicine. With the addition of the eight story Montlake Tower which opened up in September 2012. The 210 million dollar addition offers additional Oncology, Neonatal, Transplant and ICU, the 2007 issue of U. S. News & World Reports Americas Best Hospitals ranks the UWMC 10th out of 5,462 hospitals nationwide. The University of Washington Medical Center opened on May 5,1959 and it grew out of the medical school that the university opened on October 2,1946. It is home to the worlds first pain center and was the location of the worlds first long-term kidney dialysis, developed by UW professor Belding H. Scribner, M. D. In May 2013, it was announced that UW Medicine, which owns and operates the University of Washington Medical Center, the American Civil Liberties Union criticized the merger as PeaceHealth is directed by the Catholic Ethical and Religious Directives
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Whitworth University
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Whitworth University is a private Christian liberal arts college located in Spokane, Washington, United States. Founded in 1890, Whitworth is a private, residential, liberal arts institution affiliated with the Presbyterian church, the university, which has an enrollment of nearly 3,000 students, offers over 100 undergraduate and graduate programs. In 1883, founder George F. Whitworth established the Sumner Academy in Sumner, the school was incorporated in 1890 as Whitworth College. In 1899, the moved to Tacoma. When a Spokane developer offered land just before World War I, in September 1914 classes were held for the first time in Spokane. In 1942, Whitworth merged with Spokane Junior College when the shut down due to financial difficulties during World War II. The board of trustees voted to change the name to Whitworth University in 2006. Whitworth has 200 acres of stately pines, wide-open green spaces, due to an expanding student body, the university has invested more than $110 million in campus improvements in recent years. Whitworth is committed to sustainable approaches for new and existing construction, Whitworth enrolls students in traditional undergraduate programs, working adult programs and graduate programs in athletic training, business, marriage and family counseling, education and theology. The average class size is under 30 students, and there are 339 employed faculty, rankings In 2016, Whitworth maintained the No.3 position in U. S. News & World Reports annual rankings of the best regional university values in the West. For the 16th consecutive year, Whitworth also ranked one of the top 10 best universities out of 118 masters-level universities in the 15-state region of the Western United States, forbes ranked Whitworth as the 40th in the West in Americas Top Colleges rankings. Whitworths athletics teams are the Pirates, the university offers 20 varsity sports and competes in the Northwest Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III. Whitworth has won a total of 10 Northwest Conference McIlroy-Lewis All-Sports Trophies, the Northwest Conference All-Sports Trophy recognizes athletic excellence among Northwest Conference institutions across all fields of competition. Students can participate in a variety of intramural and club sports/activities, ultimate frisbee, volleyball, soccer, tennis, club frisbee is also offered to all students. The Associated Students of Whitworth University is in charge of the clubs, the ASWU Assembly, composed of all the positions mentioned above, gathers weekly and all student are welcome to attend. Elections for its offices take place annually, michael Allan was drafted as a tight end for the Kansas City Chiefs Richard Carr, Chief of Chaplains of the U. S. Member of the Washington State House of Representatives from 2008 to 2016, ray Washburn, pitcher for the St
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YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
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Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
