1.
Tonneau
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Tonneau cover describes a hard or soft cover used to protect unoccupied passenger seats in a convertible or roadster, or the cargo bed in a pickup truck. Hard tonneau covers open by a hinging or folding mechanism while soft covers open by rolling up, the tonneau cover is used to conceal and or cover cargo. When the cover is pulled out, it keeps out of the sun. A tonneau is a rear passenger compartment, rounded like a barrel, on an automobile and, by extension. The word is French, meaning cask, most tonneau covers were fixed in place as an optional element at purchase, but some could be removed as on the Crestmobile or the two-part of the early MGB. Early tonneaus normally had a hinged door, but single. The first US side-door tonneau was made by Peerless, and others quickly followed and this led to the development of the modern sedan/saloon, with Cadillac manufacturing the first US production closed-body four-door car in 1910. When the street was muddy or dirty the car would be backed up to the curb so tonneau passengers could exit on the sidewalk, early open-bodied touring-type automobiles used tonneau covers to protect unoccupied rear seats. The skins covered gaping cockpits that would otherwise disturb airflow and create undue drag, as a result, tonneau covers are available for open sports cars such as the Porsche Boxster, MGA, Triumph, and Austin-Healey. These covers, made of leather or vinyl, cover the passenger compartment. Tonneau covers may be used in lieu of hard or soft convertible tops, as air courses over the windshield at speed, it creates turbulence as it cascades into and bounces out of the cockpit. This condition is called buffeting, and can be annoying, a tonneau cover reduces buffeting at all speeds. Heat produced by a heater leaves as that turbulence exchanges the cockpits warmer air for cooler ambient air, a tonneau cover is capable of both retaining heat and shielding a driver from UV exposure. Tonneau covers are used in utility vehicles and pickup trucks to cover and secure the truck bed, the most common style is the roll-up tonneau made from cloth or vinyl, which uses a rib-like structure to support the fabric and keep it taut. A snap-based system is used, but has become less common due to truck owners not wanting to install the snaps on their vehicle as they typically require drilling or permanent adhesive. Roll-up Tonneaus are opened by rolling the cover up toward the cab of the truck, another style of truck bed tonneau cover is a retractable unit, which is mounted at the front and sides of the bed and rolls up or retracts from the tailgate towards the cab. The retractable tonneau is typically made of vinyl, plastic or aluminum, fiberglass, hard plastic or aluminum tonneau covers are also common. Some may be painted to match the truck, are solid in construction and these covers are usually heavy and require gas struts to assist in opening and closing
2.
Truck classification
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Truck classifications are typically based upon the maximum loaded weight of the truck, and can vary among jurisdictions. In the United States, commercial truck classification is determined based on the gross vehicle weight rating. Trucks are also classified more broadly by the Department of Transportations Federal Highway Administration, which groups classes 1–3 as light duty, 4–6 as medium duty, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has a separate system of emissions classifications for trucks. The United States Census Bureau also assigned classifications in its now-discontinued Vehicle Inventory, the Class 1 truck gross vehicle weight rating ranges from 0–6,000 lb. Examples of trucks in this include the Dodge Dakota, Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon, Toyota Tacoma, Nissan Frontier. The Class 2 truck gross weight rating ranges from 6. Examples of vehicles in this include the Dodge Ram 1500, Chevrolet Silverado 1500. Class 2 is subdivided into Class 2a and Class 2b, with class 2a being 6, 001–8,500 pounds, examples of vehicles in Class 2b include the Dodge Ram 2500, Chevrolet Silverado 2500, and the Ford F-250. SUVs in Class 2b include the Ford Excursion and the Chevrolet Suburban 2500, Class 2a is commonly referred to as a light duty truck, with class 2b being the lowest heavy-duty class, also called the light heavy-duty class. The Class 3 truck gross weight rating ranges from 10001–14000 lb. Examples of vehicles in this include the Dodge Ram 3500, Ford E-350, Ford F-350. The Hummer H1 is another example of a rear axle Class 3 truck. When light-duty trucks were first produced in the United States, they were rated by their capacity in tons. Over time, payload capacities for most domestic pickup trucks have increased while the ton titles have stayed the same, the now-imprecise ton rating is presently used to compare standard sizes, rather than actual capacities. This has led to categorizing trucks similarly, even if their payload is different, therefore, the Toyota Tacoma, Dodge Dakota, Ford Ranger, Honda Ridgeline, Chevrolet S-10, GMC S-15are called quarter-tons. The Ford F-150, Chevrolet C10/K10, Chevrolet/GMC1500, and Dodge 1500 are half-tons, the Ford F-250, Chevrolet C20/K20, Chevrolet/GMC2500, and Dodge 2500 are three-quarter-tons. Chevrolet/GMCs ¾-ton suspension systems were divided into light and heavy-duty, differentiated by 5-lug and 6 or 8-lug wheel hubs depending on year. The Ford F-350, Chevrolet C30/K30, Chevrolet/GMC3500, and Dodge 3500 are one tons, similar schemes exist for vans and SUVs, medium duty trucks and some military vehicles, like the ubiquitous deuce-and-a-half
3.
Studebaker
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Studebaker /ˈstjuːdəbeɪkər/ STEW-də-bay-kər) was an American wagon and automobile manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. Founded in 1852 and incorporated in 1868 under the name of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the company was originally a producer of wagons for farmers, miners, and the military. Studebaker entered the business in 1902 with electric vehicles and in 1904 with gasoline vehicles. Until 1911, its automotive division operated in partnership with the Garford Company of Elyria, Ohio, the first gasoline automobiles to be fully manufactured by Studebaker were marketed in August 1912. Over the next 50 years, the established a reputation for quality and reliability. After years of problems, in 1954 the company merged with luxury carmaker Packard to form Studebaker-Packard Corporation. However, Studebakers financial problems were worse than the Packard executives thought, the Packard marque was phased out, and the company returned to the Studebaker Corporation name in 1962. The South Bend plant ceased production on December 20,1963, according to the official Studebaker history written by Albert R. The last part of the name, becker, was changed to baker. In Albert Russel Erskines official history, John Studebaker, father of the five brothers, born in Adams County, in any event, John Studebaker moved to Ashland, Ohio in 1835 with his wife Rebecca and taught his five sons to make wagons. They all went into business as it grew to gigantic proportions with the country. The five sons were, in order of birth, Henry, Clement, John Mohler, Peter Everst, Clement and Henry Studebaker, Jr. became blacksmiths and foundrymen in South Bend, Indiana, in February 1852. They first made metal parts for wagons and later expanded into the manufacture of complete wagons. At this time, John M. was making wheelbarrows in Placerville, the site of his business is California Historic Landmark #142. The first major expansion in Henry and Clems South Bend business came from their being in the place to meet the needs of the California Gold Rush that began in 1849. From his wheelbarrow enterprise at Placerville, John M. had amassed $8,000. In April 1858, he quit and moved out to apply this to financing the vehicle manufacturing of H & C Studebaker, which was already booming because of a big order to build wagons for the US Army. In 1857, they had built their first carriage—Fancy, hand-worked iron trim
4.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
5.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
6.
Ute (vehicle)
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However, only General Motors uses this terminology. This was the result of a 1932 letter from the wife of a farmer in Victoria, Australia asking for “a vehicle to go to church in on a Sunday. In response, Ford designer Lew Bandt developed the ute and the model called a coupe utility at the time was released in 1934, when the Australian version was displayed in the US Henry Ford Nicknamed it the Kangaroo Chaser. A convertible version, known as the utility was produced in limited numbers by Ford in the 1930s. In 1951, Holden released a utility model, which was based on the 48–215 sedan, with both Ford and Holden now producing utes, this started the long-standing tradition of Australian-designed 2 door vehicles with a tray at the back, based on a passenger-car sedan chassis. Australia has developed a culture around utes, particularly in areas with events known as Ute musters. It is common, particularly in areas, to customise utes in the B&S style with bullbars, spotlights, oversized mudflaps, exhaust pipe flaps. The ute culture has been romanticised by country singers such as Lee Kernaghan, high performance utes are also sold in Australia, including the FPV F6 and the HSV Maloo, which recorded a top speed of 271 kilometres per hour. Australian V8 Utes is a series based on lightly modified production Holden. Four-wheel-drive utes such as the Toyota Land Cruiser are commonly used by services in roles such as fire suppression. The Chevrolet El Camino is a coupé utility/pickup vehicle that was produced by Chevrolet from 1959 to 1960, introduced in 1958 in response to the success of the Ford Ranchero pickup, its first run lasted only two years. Production resumed in 1963 based on the Chevelle platform, in 1977 it was shifted to the GM G-body platform. Although based on corresponding Chevrolet car lines, the vehicle is classified and titled in North America as a truck, gMCs badge engineered El Camino variant, the Sprint, was introduced in 1970. Renamed Caballero in 1977, it was produced until 1987. In Spanish, El Camino means the road, the ute variant of the Ford Falcon has been in production since 1961. Since the 1999 AU Falcon, the bed has been separate from the cabin, yet it still retains the Falcon sedan front-end. The cargo bed was separated so that both utility and cab chassis body styles could be utilized and this separate cab-chassis design challenged the notion that the word ute referred to a monocoque body style. Since 1998, the Ford Courier ute has also sold in Australia
7.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
8.
Afrikaans
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Afrikaans is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia and, to a lesser extent, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Hence, it is a language of Dutch, and was previously referred to as Cape Dutch or kitchen Dutch. Although, it is described as a creole, a partially creolised language the least. The term is derived from Dutch Afrikaans-Hollands meaning African Dutch. It is the first language of most of the Afrikaner and Coloured people of Southern Africa, therefore, differences with Dutch often lie in the more analytic morphology and grammar of Afrikaans, and a spelling that expresses Afrikaans pronunciation rather than standard Dutch. There is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages—especially in written form. With about 7 million native speakers in South Africa, or 13. 5% of the population and it has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the eleven official languages of South Africa, and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language. About 1. 5% of black South Africans speak it as their first language, large numbers of speakers of Bantu languages and English-speaking South Africans also speak it as their second language. It is taught in schools, with about 10.3 million second-language students and it, along with German, was among the official languages of Namibia until the country became independent in 1990, 25% of the population of Windhoek spoke Afrikaans at home. Both Afrikaans and German survive as recognised regional languages in the country, estimates of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million. The Afrikaans language arose in the Dutch Cape Colony, through a gradual divergence from European Dutch dialects, there is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages, particularly in written form. Nevertheless, Dutch speakers are confronted with fewer non-cognates when listening to Afrikaans than the way round. Mutual intelligibility thus tends to be asymmetrical, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch, in general, mutual intelligibility between Dutch and Afrikaans is better than between Dutch and Frisian or between Danish and Swedish. The workers and slaves who contributed to the development of Afrikaans were Asians and Malagasys, as well as the Khoi, San, and Bantu peoples who also lived in the area. African creole people in the early 18th century — documented on the cases of Hendrik Bibault, Only much later in the second half of the 19th century did the Boers adopt this attribution, too. The Khoi and mixed-race groups became collectively referred to as Coloureds, beginning in about 1815, Afrikaans started to replace Malay as the language of instruction in Muslim schools in South Africa, written with the Arabic alphabet, see Arabic Afrikaans. Later, Afrikaans, now written with the Latin alphabet, started to appear in newspapers and political, in 1925, Afrikaans was recognised by the South African government as a real language, rather than simply a slang version of Dutch proper. Before the Boer Wars, and indeed for some time afterwards, rather, Afrikaans was described derogatorily as ‘a kitchen language’ or as ‘a bastard jargon, suitable for communication mainly between the Boers and their servants
9.
Chassis
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A chassis consists of an internal vehicle frame that supports an artificial object in its construction and use, can also provide protection for some internal parts. An example of a chassis is the underpart of a motor vehicle, if the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the drivers seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis. In the case of vehicles, the rolling chassis means the frame plus the running gear like engine, transmission, drive shaft, differential. An under body, which is not necessary for integrity of the structure, is built on the chassis to complete the vehicle. For commercial vehicles, a rolling chassis consists of an assembly of all the parts of a truck to be ready for operation on the road. The design of a car chassis will be different than one for commercial vehicles because of the heavier loads. Commercial vehicle manufacturers sell chassis only, cowl and chassis, as well as chassis cab versions that can be outfitted with specialized bodies and these include motor homes, fire engines, ambulances, box trucks, etc. In particular applications, such as buses, a government agency like National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the U. S. defines the design standards of chassis. An armoured fighting vehicles hull serves as the chassis and comprises the part of the AFV that includes the tracks, engine, drivers seat. This describes the hull, although common usage might include the upper hull to mean the AFV without the turret. The hull serves as a basis for platforms on tanks, armoured carriers, combat engineering vehicles. In an electronic device, the chassis consists of a frame or other supporting structure on which the circuit boards. In the absence of a frame, the chassis refers to the circuit boards and components themselves. The combination of chassis and outer covering is called an enclosure. Vietnam Studies, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.1978
10.
Dump truck
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A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material for construction. In the UK, Australia and India the term applies to off-road construction plant only, the dump truck is thought to have been first conceived in the farms of late 19th century western Europe. Thornycroft developed a steam dust-cart in 1896 with a tipper mechanism, hydraulic dump beds were introduced by Wood Hoist Co. shortly after. Such companies flourished during World War I due to massive wartime demand, august Fruehauf had obtained military contracts for his semi-trailer, invented in 1914 and later created the partner vehicle, the semi-truck for use in World War I. After the war, Fruehauf introduced hydraulics in his trailers and they offered hydraulic lift gates, hydraulic winches and a dump trailer for sales in the early 1920s. Fruehauf became the supplier of dump trailers and their famed bathtub dump was considered to be the best by heavy haulers, road. Galion and Wood Mfg. Co. built all of the dump bodies offered by Ford on their heavy-duty AA, galion is the oldest known truck body manufacturer still in operation today. The first known Canadian dump truck was developed in Saint John, the lifting device was a winch attached to a cable that fed over sheave mounted on a mast behind the cab. The cable was connected to the front end of the wooden dump box which was attached by a pivot at the back of the truck frame. The operator turned a crank to raise and lower the box, a standard dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The tailgate can be configured to swing up on top hinges or it can be configured in the High Lift Tailgate format wherein pneumatic rams lift the gate open and up above the dump body. In the United States most standard dump trucks have one front steering axle, tandem rear axles are almost always powered, front steering axles are also sometimes powered. Unpowered axles are used to support extra weight. Most unpowered rear axles can be raised off the ground to minimize wear when the truck is empty or lightly loaded, European Union heavy trucks often have two steering axles. Dump truck configurations are 2,3 and 4 axles, the 4-axle eight wheeler has two steering axles at the front and two powered axles at the rear and is limited to 32 metric tons gross weight in most EU countries. The largest of the standard European dump trucks is called a centipede and has seven axles. The front axle is the axle, the rear two axles are powered, and the remaining four are lift axles. The shorter wheelbase of a dump truck often makes it more maneuverable than the higher capacity semi-trailer dump trucks
11.
Ford Model T
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The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1,1908, to May 26,1927. The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Type 1. With 16.5 million sold it stands eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time as of 2012, although automobiles had already existed for decades, they were still mostly scarce and expensive at the Model Ts introduction in 1908. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained mass market transportation, it was a runaway success, in a matter of days after the release,15,000 orders were placed. The first production Model T was produced on August 12,1908 and left the factory on September 27,1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26,1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the line at his factory in Highland Park. There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 until the Model T was introduced, although he started with the Model A, there were not 19 production models, some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, a version of the companys largest success to that point. The follow-up was the Ford Model A, the company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A. The Model T was Fords first automobile mass-produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, Henry Ford said of the vehicle, I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one –, although credit for the development of the assembly line belongs to Ransom E. The Model T was designed by Childe Harold Wills, and Hungarian immigrants Joseph A. Galamb, Henry Love, C. J. Smith, Gus Degner and Peter E. Martin were also part of the team. Production of the Model T began in the quarter of 1908. Collectors today sometimes classify Model Ts by build years and refer to these as model years and this is a retroactive classification scheme, the concept of model years as we conceive it today did not exist at the time. The nominal model designation was Model T, although design revisions did occur during the two decades of production. The Model T had a front-mounted 177-cubic-inch inline four-cylinder engine, producing 20 hp, according to Ford Motor Company, the Model T had fuel economy on the order of 13–21 mpg‑US
12.
Ford Model TT
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The Ford Model TT is a truck made by Ford. It was based on the Ford Model T, but with a frame and rear axle. When first produced in 1917, the Model TT was sold as a chassis with the buyer supplying a body, starting in 1924, the truck was available with a factory-produced body. By 1926 the price had dropped to $325, in 1925, a hand operated windshield wiper was added. Below are the numbers of Model T trucks produced each year, the rear axle of the TT had a worm drive and crown wheel, unlike the Model Ts crown wheel and pinion. The worm was located at the end of the drive shaft, the wheelbase of the Model TT was 125 inches, compared to 100 inches for the Model T. It was often equipped with a gearbox, such as the Ruxtell or Jumbo gearboxes. The Model TT was very durable for the time, but slow when compared to other trucks, with standard gearing, a speed of not more than 15 mph was recommended, and with special gearing, a speed of not more than 22 mph was recommended. Standard worm gear ratio was 7.25,1, because of this, accessory catalogs offered items to help give the Model TT more power. It was replaced by the Ford Model AA truck in 1928, standard Catalog of American Light-Duty Trucks. Ford Model TT brochure from 1923
13.
Dodge
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Dodge is an American brand of cars, minivans, and sport utility vehicles manufactured by FCA US LLC, based in Auburn Hills, Michigan. The factory was located in Hamtramck, Michigan and was called the Dodge Main factory from 1910 until its closing in January 1980. The Dodge brothers both died in 1920, and the company was sold by their families to Dillon, Read & Co. in 1925 before being sold to Chrysler in 1928. Dodge vehicles mainly consisted of trucks and full-sized passenger cars through the 1970s, though it made memorable compact cars and midsize cars (such as the B-Body Coronet and Charger from 1962-79. The 1973 oil crisis and its subsequent impact on the American automobile industry led Chrysler to develop the K platform of compact to midsize cars for the 1981 model year. The K platform and its derivatives are credited with reviving Chryslers business in the 1980s, in 2011, Dodge, Ram, and Dodges Viper were separated. Dodge said that the Dodge Viper would be an SRT product, in 2014, SRT was merged back into Dodge. Later that year, Chrysler Group was renamed FCA US LLC, corresponding with the merger of Fiat S. p. A. chief among these customers were the established Olds Motor Vehicle Company and the then-new Ford Motor Company. The first machine shop where the brothers worked together as parts suppliers for Olds, the location was replaced by a larger facility at Hastings Street and Monroe Avenue, which is now a parking garage for the Greektown Casino Hotel. By 1910 the Dodge Main factory was built in Hamtramck, where it remained until 1979, by 1914, John and Horace had created the new four-cylinder Dodge Model 30. S. That same year, Henry Ford decided to stop paying stock dividends to finance the construction of his new River Rouge complex. This led the Dodges to file suit to protect their annual earnings of approximately one million dollars, leading Ford to buy out his shareholders. Also in 1916, the Dodge Brothers vehicles won acclaim for durability while in service with the U. S. Armys Pancho Villa Expedition into Mexico. One notable instance was in May when the 6th Infantry received a reported sighting of Julio Cárdenas, lt. George S. Patton led ten soldiers and two civilian guides in three Dodge Model 30 touring cars to conduct a raid at a ranch house in San Miguelito, Sonora. During the ensuing firefight the party killed three men, of one was identified as Cárdenas. Pattons men tied the bodies to the hoods of the Dodges, returning to headquarters in Dublán, Dodge Brothers cars continued to rank second place in American sales in 1920. However, the year, tragedy struck as John Dodge was felled by pneumonia in January. His brother Horace then died of cirrhosis in December of the same year, with the loss of both founders, the Dodge Brothers Company passed into the hands of the brothers widows, who promoted long-time employee Frederick Haynes to the company presidency
14.
Trunk (car)
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The trunk or boot of a car is the vehicles main storage compartment. In South Asia the trunk is usually called a dicky/dala or slang diggy, the trunk or luggage compartment is most often located at the rear of the vehicle. Early designs included an exterior rack mounted on the rear of the vehicle to which it was possible to attach a real luggage trunk, later designs integrated the storage area into the vehicles body and evolved to provide a streamlined appearance. The main storage compartment is provided at the end of the vehicle opposite to which the engine is located. Some mid-engined or electric cars have luggage compartments both in the front and in the rear of the vehicle, examples include the Volkswagen Type 3, Porsche 914, Porsche Boxster, Toyota MR2, and Tesla Model S. The mid-engined Fiat X1/9 also has two compartments, although the rear one is small, easily accessible, and practically cuboid in shape. Rear-engined cars have the trunk situated in front of the passenger compartment, sometimes during the design life of the vehicle the lid may be restyled to increase the size or improve the practicality and usefulness of the trunks shape. Examples of this include the Beetle redesign to the 1970s Super Beetle, the door or opening of a trunk may be hinged at the top, side, or bottom. If the door is hinged at the bottom it is termed a tailgate, a bottom opening door is common on a station wagon, pickup truck, or sport utility vehicle. Traditional U. S. station wagons included a roll down window, because of the potential for carbon-monoxide fumes, the tailgate window on station wagons should be closed whenever the engine is running. Tailgates may contain accessories like a pocket for storage purposes, traditional station wagon and pickup tailgates can also serve as a mount for a workbench. A 3-way tailgate is hinged at the side and bottom so it can be opened sideways like a car door, or downwards like a truck tailgate, the window can be opened to load small items. The door and hinge mechanisms of the 3-way tailgate are designed with special handle for opening in the selected direction, in the late 1970s, it was the most common station wagon tailgate arrangement. If the door is hinged at the top it is termed a hatch, the trunk lid is the cover allows access to the main storage or luggage compartment. Hinges allow the lid to be raised, devices such as a manually positioned prop rod can keep the panel up in the open position. Counterbalancing torsion or other spring can also used to help elevate, on cars with their trunk in the rear, lids sometimes incorporate a center mounted third brake light. A rear lid may also have a decorative air spoiler, on many modern cars, the trunk lids can be unlocked with the cars key fob. In 1950, Ford introduced a trigger catch to allow for one-handed lifting until the trunk lid was automatically caught in the open position, in 1952, Buick marketed its counterbalanced trunk lid that practically raises itself and the automatic locking mechanism
15.
Chevrolet
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Chevrolet, colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors. Louis Chevrolet and ousted General Motors founder William C. Durant started the company on November 3,1911 as the Chevrolet Motor Car Company. Durant used the Chevrolet Motor Car Company to acquire a stake in General Motors with a reverse merger occurring on May 2,1918. Chevrolet-branded vehicles are sold in most automotive markets worldwide, with the exception of Oceania. However, GM reversed this move in late 2013, announcing that the brand would be withdrawn from Europe, with the exception of the Camaro, Chevrolet vehicles will continue to be marketed in the CIS states, including Russia. After General Motors fully acquired GM Daewoo in 2011 to create GM Korea, in North America, Chevrolet produces and sells a wide range of vehicles, from subcompact automobiles to medium-duty commercial trucks. Durant was cast out from the management of General Motors in 1910 for five years and he took over the Flint Wagon Works, incorporating the Mason and Little companies. As head of Buick Motor Company prior to founding GM, Durant had hired Louis Chevrolet to drive Buicks in promotional races, Durant planned to use Chevrolets reputation as a racer as the foundation for his new automobile company. Actual design work for the first Chevy, the costly Series C Classic Six, was drawn up by Etienne Planche, the first C prototype was ready months before Chevrolet was actually incorporated. However the first actual production wasnt until the 1913 model, so in essence there were no 1911 or 1912 production models, only the 1 pre-production model was made and fine tuned throughout the early part of 1912. Then in the fall of that year the new 1913 model was introduced at the New York auto show, Chevrolet first used the bowtie emblem logo in 1914 on the H series models and The L Series Model. It may have been designed from wallpaper Durant once saw in a French hotel room, more recent research by historian Ken Kaufmann presents a case that the logo is based on a logo of the Coalettes coal company. An example of this logo as it appeared in an advertisement for Coalettes appeared in the Atlanta Constitution on November 12,1911, others claim that the design was a stylized Swiss cross, in tribute to the homeland of Chevrolets parents. Chevrolet eventually unified all vehicle models with the gold bowtie in 2004, Louis Chevrolet had differences with Durant over design and in 1914 sold Durant his share in the company. By 1916, Chevrolet was profitable enough with successful sales of the cheaper Series 490 to allow Durant to repurchase a controlling interest in General Motors. After the deal was completed in 1917, Durant became president of General Motors, in 1919, Chevrolets factories were located at Flint, Michigan, branch assembly locations were located in Tarrytown, N. Y. Norwood, Ohio, St. Louis, Missouri, Oakland, California, Ft. Worth, Texas, mcLaughlins were given GM Corporation stock for the proprietorship of their Company article Sept.23,1933 Financial Post page 9. In the 1918 model year, Chevrolet introduced the Series D, Sales were poor and it was dropped in 1919
16.
Chevrolet El Camino
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Chevrolet El Camino is a coupé utility/pickup vehicle that was produced by Chevrolet between 1959–60 and 1964-87. Introduced in the 1959–1960 model years in response to the success of the Ford Ranchero pickup, production resumed for the 1964–1977 model years based on the Chevelle platform, and continued for the 1978–1987 model years based on the GM G-body platform. Although based on corresponding Chevrolet car lines, the vehicle is classified and titled in North America as a truck, gMCs badge engineered El Camino variant, the Sprint, was introduced for the 1971 model year. Renamed Caballero in 1978, it was produced through the 1987 model year. Ford designer Lew Bandt developed a solution, and the first coupé utility model was released in 1934. Bandt went on to manage Ford’s Advanced Design Department, being responsible for the engineering of the XP, XT, XW. General Motors’ Australian subsidiary Holden also produced a Chevrolet coupé utility in 1935, the body style did not reappear on the American market until the release of the 1957 Ford Ranchero. The mid-1955 introduction of Chevrolets Cameo Carrier pickup truck helped pave the way for the El Camino, as always, there was a GMC version offered during the same time, called the GMC Suburban Carrier with the same features offered on the Chevrolet. In 1957 a special version was made for GMC to be shown at car shows called the Palomino. However, Ford also introduced the 1957 Ranchero, and established a new segment in the U. S. market of an automobile platform based coupé utility. In 1959, Chevrolet responded with the El Camino to compete with Fords full-sized Ranchero, the original El Camino and Ranchero would compete directly only in the 1959 model year. The El Camino was introduced for the 1959 model year two years after the Ford Ranchero, according to Chevrolet stylist Chuck Jordan, GM Harley Earl had suggested a coupé pickup in 1952. Highly stylized, it initially sold 50% more briskly than the more conservative Ranchero, unlike the Brookwoods wagon and a sedan delivery variant, the El Camino was available with any full-sized Chevy drivetrain. It came in a trim level, its exterior using the mid-level Bel-Airs trim. Its chassis featured Chevrolets Safety-Girder X-frame design and a full-coil suspension, the 119-inch wheel-base was 1.5 inches longer, and overall length for all 1959 Chevys was up to 210.9 inches. The El Caminos payload rating ranged from 650 to 1150 pounds, with gross vehicle weights ranging from 4400 to 4900 pounds depending on powertrain and suspension. The quirky Level Air suspension option, in its second and final year, was listed as available, the 1959 El Camino was promoted as the first Chevrolet pickup built with a steel bed floor instead of wood. The floor was a corrugated sheetmetal insert, secured with 26 recessed bolts, concealed beneath it was the floor pan from the Brookwood two-door wagon, complete with foot wells
17.
Toyota Stout
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The Toyota Stout was a light truck produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota from 1954 through 1989. The Stout shared its platform with the Toyota Dyna until 1968, in Japan, it was sold at Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyopet Store. Introduced in April 1954 as the Toyopet RK 1¼ ton truck, it was larger than the similar Toyota SG light truck, in 1955 it was upgraded to carry 1.5 tons. The standard body was a 2-door,3 seater pickup with a separate well body, all models used mechanicals common to new vehicles of its time, such as a ladder frame chassis, leaf springs, solid axles and 4 wheel drum brakes. The engine was the 48HP1500 cc Type R with a manual transmission, the body was professionally finished with windscreen wipers, dual outside mirrors, hubcaps, chrome trim and dual headlights. The 1954 model was designated as a 1¼ ton truck but was rated to carry 1220 kg. The 1955 model was designated as a 1.5 ton truck but was rated to carry 1330 kg. In 1957 the RK was revised to become the RK30 and the RK35, in May 1959 it was named the Stout. Its main competitor was the Nissan Junior, completely redesigned in 1960, this is the most familiar version of the Stout. The Japanese market had the 1,453 cc Type R engine in the RK45 and the 1,897 cc 3R-B engine in the RK100, along with the new optional engine, the Stout also underwent a facelift, including twin headlights. In September 1963 there also appeared a shorter and lighter duty model called Light Stout, conventional mechanical parts were used in the form of leaf springs and four-wheel drum brakes on a ladder frame chassis. Body styles include a pickup, a pickup and a two-door panel van. The Stout was Toyotas launch model in South Africa in 1961 and it sold well until its discontinuation in 1979. The RK45 Stout was the first Toyota to begin complete knock-down assembly in South Africa, South African production later switched to the two-litre RK101 series, available as a flush-side pickup, a dropside, or a chassis/cab. South African Stouts kept using a version of the original bed, even after the longer cabin had been introduced. Bed length was thus 2,310 mm, marginally longer than elsewhere, between 1961 and 1975,17,500 Stouts were sold in South Africa - the majority of them assembled locally. A version of the Light Stout, equipped with the 1.9 litre 3R engine was sold in North America as the Stout 1900 between 1964 and 1969, during its first year in the American market, a total of 4 units were sold. This generation Stout was also assembled in Thailand, beginning in 1964, due to complaints in export markets about limited cabin space, a new cabin expanded by 5 centimetres was introduced
18.
Hino Briska
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The Hino Briska was a small pickup truck built by Hino Motors, adapted from the Renault-based Hino Contessa sedan. It was first introduced in 1961 and remained in production until 1968, in 1967, the Hino Briska was renamed the Toyota Briska, then the Hilux was introduced, based on the Briska. There was also a delivery van, appropriately called the Hino Commerce. The Briska was introduced in March 1961 at exhibitions in 32 cities across Japan, called the FG10, it used a Hitachi-Stromberg carburetor on a modified version of the Contessas engine, itself derived from that of the Renault 4CV. In March 1962, the Briska lineup added a version with a second bench seat for rear seat passengers. The body style with the bench seat could carry a payload of 750 kg. In September 1962 the longer FG30 arrived, now on a longer wheelbase. The Briska was the first Japanese produced truck to accommodate three passengers on a bench seat, according to the Japanese Governments Ministry of Posts. The panel delivery van was built for two years due to lack of sales. In 1963, the engine was uprated from the original 35 PS to 40 PS and this also meant that top speed increased, from 91 to 100 km/h. When the Contessa entered its second generation, the Briska was also modified and received a larger 1,251 cc engine with 55 PS, Hino entered into a partnership with Toyota in 1966, with Hino focusing on large commercial trucks and Toyota focusing on lighter vehicles. The four-speed manual transmission received synchronization only on the top three gears, as of April 1967 and until the end of production, the truck was sold as the Toyota Briska using the model code GY10. The Toyota Briska received twin headlights and a more powerful engine with 63 PS. The succeeding Hilux was built by Hino factories for Toyota while Hinos truck sales were still low, Hino Motors signed a 10-year assembly agreement with Kaiser-Illin Industries of Haifa, Israel, in 1963. Assembly of the Contessa 900 started in 1964, later, Briska 900 and 1300 and the Contessa 1300 sedan were assembled in Haifa as well. During the years 1964-1965, Israel was Hinos second most important market for its Contessas, Israel exports amounted to ~10% of total Contessa production. After it was purchased by Toyota, the contract was terminated, in total, over 8,000 Hino Contessa and Briska were assembled in Israel. The Briska was actually pre-dated by a delivery van version called the Hino Commerce
19.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
20.
General Motors
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With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
21.
Protectionism
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Protectionist policies protect the producers, businesses and workers of the import-competing sector in a country from foreign competitors. According to proponents, these policies can counteract unfair trade practices, protectionists may favor the policy in order to decrease the trade deficit, maintain employment in certain sectors, or favor the growth of certain industries. In recent years, protectionism has become closely aligned with the anti-globalization movement, There is a broad consensus among economists that the impact of protectionism on economic growth is largely negative, although the impact on specific industries and groups of people may be positive. The doctrine of protectionism contrasts with the doctrine of free trade, a variety of policies have been used to achieve protectionist goals. Tariff rates usually vary according to the type of goods imported, import tariffs will increase the cost to importers, and increase the price of imported goods in the local markets, thus lowering the quantity of goods imported, to favour local producers. Tariffs may also be imposed on exports, and in an economy with floating exchange rates, however, since export tariffs are often perceived as hurting local industries, while import tariffs are perceived as helping local industries, export tariffs are seldom implemented. Import quotas, To reduce the quantity and therefore increase the price of imported goods. The economic effects of a quota is similar to that of a tariff. Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, administrative barriers, Countries are sometimes accused of using their various administrative rules as a way to introduce barriers to imports. Anti-dumping legislation, Supporters of anti-dumping laws argue that they prevent dumping of cheaper foreign goods that would cause local firms to close down, however, in practice, anti-dumping laws are usually used to impose trade tariffs on foreign exporters. Direct subsidies, Government subsidies are given to local firms that cannot compete well against imports. These subsidies are purported to protect jobs, and to help local firms adjust to the world markets. Export subsidies, Export subsidies are often used by governments to increase exports, Export subsidies have the opposite effect of export tariffs because exporters get payment, which is a percentage or proportion of the value of exported. Export subsidies increase the amount of trade, and in a country with floating exchange rates, have similar to import subsidies. Exchange rate control, A government may intervene in the exchange market to lower the value of its currency by selling its currency in the foreign exchange market. Doing so will raise the cost of imports and lower the cost of exports, international patent systems, There is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Peter Drahos explains that States realized that patent systems could be used to cloak protectionist strategies, There were also reputational advantages for states to be seen to be sticking to intellectual property systems. In the modern trade arena many other initiatives besides tariffs have been called protectionist, for example, some commentators, such as Jagdish Bhagwati, see developed countries efforts in imposing their own labor or environmental standards as protectionism
22.
Chicken tax
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The period from 1961–1964 of tensions and negotiations surrounding the issue was known as the Chicken War, taking place at the height of Cold War politics. Though concern remains about its repeal, a 2003 Cato Institute study called the tariff a policy in search of a rationale. S, the resulting vehicles emerge as locally manufactured, free from the tariff. Largely because of post-World War II intensive chicken farming and accompanying price reductions, chicken, once synonymous with luxury. Prior to the early 1960s, not only had chicken remained prohibitively expensive in Europe, with imports of inexpensive chicken from the U. S. chicken prices fell quickly and sharply across Europe, radically affecting European chicken consumption. In 1961, per capita chicken consumption rose up to 23% in West Germany, U. S. chicken overtook nearly half of the imported European chicken market. Subsequently, the Dutch accused the U. S. of dumping chickens at prices below cost of production, the French government banned U. S. chicken and raised concerns that hormones could affect male virility. German farmers associations accused U. S. poultry men of fattening chicken artificially with arsenic, European markets began setting chicken price controls. France introduced the higher tariff first, persuading West Germany to join them—even while the French hoped to win a share of the profitable German chicken market after excluding U. S. chicken. Europe adopted the Common Agricultural Policy, imposing minimum import prices on all imported chicken and nullifying prior tariff bindings, beginning in 1962, the U. S. had accused Europes Common Market of unfairly restricting imports of American poultry. By August 1962, U. S. exporters had lost 25% of their European chicken sales, losses to the U. S. poultry industry were estimated at $26–28 million. Officially, the tax targeted items imported from Europe approximating the value of lost American chicken sales to Europe, in retrospect, audio tapes from the Johnson White House, revealed a quid pro quo unrelated to chicken. Reuther in turn wanted Johnson to respond to Volkswagens increased shipments to the United States, the chicken tax directly curtailed importation of German-built Volkswagen vans in configurations that qualified them as light trucks, that is, commercial vans and pickups. In 1964 U. S. imports of automobile trucks from West Germany declined to a value of $5.7 million—about one-third the value imported in the previous year. Soon after, Volkswagen cargo vans and pickup trucks, the intended targets, the tariff directly affected any country seeking to bring light trucks into the U. S. and effectively squeezed smaller Asian truck companies out of the American pickup market. Over the intervening years, Detroit lobbied to protect the light-truck tariff, thereby reducing pressure on Detroit to introduce vehicles that polluted less, as of November 2010, the 1963 tariff of 25% still affects importation of light trucks. Japanese manufacturers initially found they could export cab-chassis configurations with only a 4% tariff, a truck bed would subsequently be attached to the chassis in the United States and the vehicle could be sold as a light truck. Examples included the Chevrolet LUV and Ford Courier, the cab-chassis loophole was closed in 1980. From 1978–1987 the Subaru BRAT carried two rear-facing seats in its bed to meet classification as a passenger vehicle and not a light truck
23.
Volkswagen Type 2
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Following – and initially deriving from Volkswagens first model, the Type 1 – it was given the factory designation Type 2. European competition included the 1947-1981 Citroën H Van, the 1959-1980 Renault Estafette, japanese manufacturers also introduced similar vehicles, such as the Nissan Caravan, Toyota LiteAce and Subaru Sambar. Brazil contained the last factory in the world that produced the T2, production in Brazil ceased on December 31,2013, due to the introduction of more stringent safety regulations in the country. This marks the end of an era with the rear-engine Volkswagens manufactured, the concept for the Type 2 is credited to Dutch Volkswagen importer Ben Pon. He first sketched the van in a doodle dated April 23,1947, proposing a payload of 690 kg, production would have to wait, however, as the factory was at capacity producing the Type 1. When capacity freed up, a prototype known internally as the Type 29 was produced in a three months. The stock Type 1 pan proved to be too weak so the prototype used a chassis with unit body construction. Coincidentally the wheelbase was the same as the Type 1s, engineers reused the reduction gear from the Type 81, enabling the 1.5 ton van to use a 25 hp flat four engine. Although the aerodynamics of the first prototypes were poor, engineers used the tunnel at the Technical University of Braunschweig to optimize the design. Simple changes such as splitting the windshield and roofline into a vee helped the production Type 2 achieve Cd=0.44, only two models were offered, the Kombi, and the Commercial. The Microbus was added in May 1950, joined by the Deluxe Microbus in June 1951, in all 9,541 Type 2s were produced in their first year of production. An ambulance model was added in December 1951 which repositioned the fuel tank in front of the transaxle, put the spare tire behind the front seat and these features became standard on the Type 2 from 1955 to 1967. 11,805 Type 2s were built in the 1951 model year and these were joined by a single-cab pickup in August 1952, and it changed the least of the Type 2s until all were heavily modified in 1968. However, only generations T1 to T3 can be seen as related to the Beetle. The Type 2, along with the 1947 Citroën H Van, are among the first forward control vans in which the driver was placed above the front roadwheels. They started a trend in Europe, where the 1952 GM Bedford CA,1958 RAF-977,1959 Renault Estafette,1960 BMC Morris J4, except for the Greenbrier and various 1950s–70s Fiat minivans, the Type 2 remained unique in being rear-engined. The Type 2 was available as a, Panel van, a van without side windows or rear seats. Double-door Panel Van, a van without side windows or rear seats
24.
Corporate average fuel economy
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The Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, requires that the U. S. DOT has delegated the responsibilities to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Congress established both of these provisions explicitly in EPCA, as amended in 2007 by EISA. In addition, a Gas Guzzler Tax is levied on individual passenger car models that get less than 22.5 miles per US gallon, a complicated 2011 mathematical formula was replaced starting in 2012 with a simpler inverse-linear formula with cutoff values. CAFE footprint requirements are set up such that a vehicle with a larger footprint has a fuel economy requirement than a vehicle with a smaller footprint. e. 17 miles per US gallon published, individual vehicles do not have to meet their fuel economy targets, CAFE compliance is enforced at the fleet level. The compliance fuel economy of electric vehicles such as the Plug-in Prius or LEAF is complicated by accounting for the energy used in generating electricity. CAFE has separate standards for cars and light trucks even if the majority of light trucks are being used as passenger vehicles. The market share of light trucks grew steadily from 9. 7% in 1979 to 47% in 2001, more than 500,000 vehicles in the 1999 model year exceeded the 8,500 lb GVWR cutoff and were thus omitted from CAFE calculations. More recently, coverage of medium duty trucks has been added to the CAFE regulations starting in 2012, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration regulates CAFE standards and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency measures vehicle fuel efficiency. Thus higher fuel efficiency was associated with traffic safety, intertwining the issues of fuel economy, road-traffic safety, air pollution. In the mid-2000s, increasing safety of cars and the poor safety record of light trucks began to reverse this association. In 2002, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences wrote a report on the effects of the CAFE standard. One cost of this increase in economy is a possible increase in fatalities, estimated to be 1,300 to 2,600 increased fatalities in 1993. In the case of cars, U. S. Most recently, fuel economy has increased about one mpg from 2006 to 2007 and this increase is due primarily to increased fuel efficiency of imported cars. S. consumers would otherwise have to pay. Reductions in petroleum demand in the United States helped create the collapse of OPEC market power in 1986, fleet fuel economy is calculated using a harmonic mean, not a simple arithmetic mean – namely, the reciprocal of the average of the reciprocal values. For the purposes of CAFE, a manufacturers car output is divided into a domestic fleet, each of these fleets must separately meet the requirements. The two-fleet requirement was developed by the United Automobile Workers as a means to ensure job creation in the United States, the UAW successfully lobbied Congress to write this provision into the enabling legislation – and continues to advocate this position
25.
Station wagon
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The body style transforms a standard three-box design into a two-box design — to include an A, B, and C-pillar, as well as a D-pillar. Station wagons can flexibly reconfigure their interior volume via fold-down rear seats to prioritize passenger or cargo volume. Can be loaded through a tailgate, when a model range includes multiple body styles, such as sedan, hatchback and station wagon, the models typically share their platform, drivetrain and bodywork forward of the A-pillar. In 1969, Popular Mechanics said, Station wagon-style, follows that of the production sedan of which it is the counterpart. Most are on the wheelbase, offer the same transmission and engine options. Station wagons have evolved from their use as specialized vehicles to carry people and luggage to and from a train station. Station wagon and wagon are the names in American, Canadian, New Zealand, Australian and African English, while estate car. Both names harken to the role as a shuttle, with storage space for baggage. Having shared antecedents with the British shooting-brake, station wagons have been marketed as breaks, early U. S. models often had exposed wooden bodies and were therefore called woodies. Manufacturers may designate station wagons across various model lines with a proprietary nameplate. Examples include Estate, Avant, Touring, Tourer and Cross-Tourer, SW for Station Wagon or Sports Wagon, Estate, MCV, Tourer, Kombi or Variant and Sports Tourer, SW - Sportswagon or Caravan. Both station wagons and hatchbacks typically share a two-box design configuration, with one shared, flexible, interior volume for passengers and cargo — and a rear door for cargo access. Further distinctions are highly variable, Pillars, Both configurations typically feature A, B & C-pillars, station wagons feature a D-pillar, cargo Volume, Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume — with windows aside the cargo volume. Cargo floor contour, Favoring cargo capacity, a station wagon may prioritize a fold-flat floor, seating, Station wagons may have two or three rows of seats while hatchbacks may only have one or two. Rear suspension, A station wagon may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity, Station wagons have also enjoyed numerous tailgate configurations. Hatchbacks may be called Liftbacks when the area is very sloped. You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon, a model range may include multiple configurations, as with the 2005–2007 Ford Focus which offered sedan, wagon and three and five-door hatchback models. The first station wagons were a product of the age of train travel and they were originally called depot hacks because they worked around train depots as hacks
26.
Minivan
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A minivan is a vehicle designed primarily for passengers, with two or three rows of seating accessed via large doors. In international markets, the minivan is classified as multi-purpose vehicle or people carrier, in North America, the term minivan derives from the size comparison to traditional full-size vans. Full-size vans derived their underpinnings upon full-size pickup trucks, while the first generation of minivans sold in North America derived from either compact pickup trucks or passenger cars. Predecessors include the 1936 Stout Scarab, which featured a removable table, the DKW Schnellaster, manufactured from 1949 to 1962 was one of the first vehicles to feature the characteristics of modern minivans. In 1950, the Volkswagen Type 2 adapted a bus-shaped body to the compact Volkswagen Beetle, Fiat built a similar vehicle, the 1956 Multipla based on the Fiat 600 with the same cab over engine and door layout. In 1972, designers at Ford Motor Company developed the Ford Carousel prototype as a variant of the redesign of the 1975 Ford E-Series. The vehicle was never produced, due to the fuel crisis. Nearly a decade later, the concept was revisited by designers, in the late 1970s Chrysler began a six-year development program to design a small affordable van that looked and handled more like a car. The automaker introduced the first modern minivans in 1983, the front-wheel-drive Dodge Caravan, in Taiwan, the Taiwanese market features the Luxgen M7. BYD M6 is the choice of minivan in China. The Japanese market has had the Mazda Bongo since 1966 and more recently includes the Toyota Alphard, the Nissan Elgrand, in South Korea, minivans include the Kia Carnival and SsangYong Rodius. The Buick GL8 is produced and sold since 2000 in China under the Buick brand name by SAIC-GM, for the 1984 model year, the Chrysler minivans arrived on the market to great success. The minivan replaced the station wagon as the passenger car of choice in the US. In 1987 Chrysler introduced the extended-length minivans, the Chrysler Town & Country debuted in 1990. The term minivan came into use in North America in contrast to full-size vans, the minivans market share peaked in 2000 with sales of 1.4 million units in US. This shrank to half a million in 2013. In 2014, sales of minivans in America increased 6% over 2013, the remaining 6% of the segment is shared largely by the Ford Transit Connect, Kia Sedona, Mazda 5, and Nissan Quest. Toyota, former models included the Van/Wagon from 1984 to 1989, General Motors, former models included the Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari from 1985 to 2005, a rear-wheel drive minivan based on light trucks
27.
Sport utility vehicle
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A sport utility vehicle or suburban utility vehicle is a vehicle classified as a light truck, but operated as a family vehicle. They are similar to a station wagon or estate car. Some SUVs include the capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan or large sedan. Popular in the late-1990s and early–mid-2000s, SUVs sales temporarily declined due to oil prices. The traditional truck-based SUV is gradually being supplanted by the crossover SUV, by 2010, SUV sales around the world were growing, in spite of high gas prices. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a utility vehicle is a rugged automotive vehicle similar to a station wagon. The SUV term is defined as a vehicle that is designed to be used on rough surfaces. The SUV acronym is used to describe nearly anything with available all-wheel drive. There is no one definition for an SUV, Most government regulations simply have categories for off-highway vehicles, which in turn are lumped in with pickup trucks and minivans as light trucks. The auto industry has not settled on one definition, starting in 2004, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began to hold sport utility vehicles to the same tailpipe emissions standards as cars. Many people question how can an SUV be called a truck, for industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment. Not all SUVs have four-wheel drive capabilities, and not all passenger vehicles are SUVs. While automakers tout an SUVs off-road prowess with advertising and naming, in India, all SUVs are classified in the Utility Vehicle category per the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers definitions and carry a 27% excise tax. Those that are 4 metres long, have a 1,500 cc engine or larger, although designs vary, SUVs have historically been mid-size passenger vehicles with a body-on-frame chassis similar to that found on light trucks. Early SUVs were mostly two-door models, and were available with removable tops, however, consumer demand pushed the SUV market towards four doors, by 2002 all full-size two-door SUVs were gone from the market. Two-door SUVs were mostly carry-over models, and their sales were not viable enough to warrant a redesign at the end of their design cycle. The Jeep Wrangler remained as a compact two-door body style, although it was joined by a four-door variant starting with the 2007 model year. The number of two-door SUV models increased in the 2010s with the release of the Range Rover Evoque, Most SUVs are designed with an engine compartment, a combined passenger and cargo compartment, and no dedicated trunk such as in a station wagon body
28.
Muscle car
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Muscle car is an American term used to refer to a variety of high-performance automobiles. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines muscle cars as any of a group of American-made 2-door sports cars with engines designed for high-performance driving. A large V8 engine is fitted in a 2-door, rear drive, family-style compact. Sold at a price, muscle cars are intended for street use. They are distinct from sports cars and expensive 2+2 GTs intended for high-speed touring. According to Muscle Cars, a written by Peter Henshaw. It is a product of the American car industry adhering to the hot rodders philosophy of taking a small car, the Muscle Car is Charles Atlas kicking sand in the face of the 98 horsepower weakling. In the United States, lightweight cars featuring high-performance engines were termed supercar before the classification of muscle car became popular, for example, the 1957 Rebels potent mill turned the lightweight Rambler into a veritable supercar. From the mid-sixties to the mid-seventies, what we now think of as muscle cars were commonly called Supercars. This term described the dragstrip bred affordable mid-size cars of the 1960s and early 1970s that were equipped with large, powerful V8 engines and rear-wheel-drive. In 1966, the became an official industry trend as the four domestic automakers needed to cash in on the supercar market with eye-catching, heart-stopping cars. Moreover, the SC in the name stood for SuperCar. However, the term by that time had been diluted and branded with a meaning that did not respect the unique qualities of the muscle car. Opinions vary as to whether high-performance full-size cars, compacts, opinions on the origin of the muscle car vary, but the 1949 Oldsmobile Rocket 88, created in response to public interest in speed and power, is often cited as the first muscle car. It featured Americas first high-compression overhead valve V8 in the smaller, lighter Oldsmobile 76/Chevy body for six-cylinder engines, Nerad added that the Rocket 88 was the hit of NASCAR’s 1950 season, winning eight of the 10 races. Given its lightning-like success, one could make the case that the Olds 88 with its 135 horsepower V-8 was the first musclecar. Other manufacturers showcased performance hardware in limited-edition models, Chrysler led the way with its 1955 C-300, an inspired blend of Hemi power and luxury-car trappings that became the new star of NASCAR. With 300 hp, it was advertised as Americas Most Powerful Car, capable of accelerating from 0 to 60 mph in 9.8 seconds and reaching 130 miles per hour, the 1955 Chrysler 300 is also recognized as one of the best-handling cars of its era
29.
Mazda B-Series
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The Mazda B-Series is a pickup truck that was first manufactured in 1961 by Mazda. Since the launch of the B-Series, Mazda has used the displacement to determine each models name, the B1500 had a 1.5 L engine. In Japan, the name Mazda Proceed was used for the compact pickup, other names used for this line include Mazda Bravo, Mazda Bounty, Mazda Magnum/Thunder/Fighter, and Mazda Drifter. Mazdas partnership with Ford resulted in companies selling this vehicle under different names, Ford called its version the Ford Courier. The Mazda B-Series and Ford Ranger models sold in North America were developed by Ford, the Mazda B-Series pickup truck was introduced in Japan in August 1961 as the B1500. This model was the only Japanese market model to be badged under the B-Series naming scheme, the BUD61 that followed was the first model of the long-running Proceed series sold in Japan. It had a 1,484 cc OHV water-cooled engine with wet sleeve cylinders which produced 44 kW, and this model also had a torsion bar front/leaf spring rear suspension, which was advanced for its time, giving it a relatively smooth ride. The B1500 was remodeled between late 1962 and September 1963, it received a new code, BUB61. The BUB61 was more spacious, its cabin was extended by 80 mm and it had a stretched body and wheelbase. The pickup model was based on the van, it had a two-door van model with a fold-down tailgate and an electrically powered window. The light van was introduced in September 1962, and two double-cab models followed shortly after and these three models were built on the shorter wheelbase chassis, when the longer chassis was introduced it was not deemed worthwhile to create new bodywork. These models were produced for only a few months, the B1500 was sleeker and considerably more powerful than its competitors in the Japanese market, but it was considerably more expensive and it failed to sell in the expected quantities. The UA engine now produced 53 kW at 5200 rpm, the chassis was now called the BUD61, it was longer than its predecessor and received new bodywork of a squarer design, and four headlights. In January 1971, a 1600 cc model with the chassis code BNA61 was introduced and this had 70 kW SAE in global markets, US brochures did not specify its power output and European importers claimed 55 kW DIN. In Japan, a minimum 74 kW was claimed, the model was advertised in Japan as the GT-Truck, in March 1972, the Proceed 1300, with a smaller 1. 3-liter engine, was released and remained available in Japan until 1975. It had 64 kW in SAE gross but was advertised as a GT-truck, the B1500 was the first Japanese pickup truck to be assembled in New Zealand from CKD kits. Assembly started in 1967 at Steels Motor Assemblies, which built the Toyota Corona. The model remained in local assembly at various plants for several generations, the B-Series was introduced to the United States with the 1972 B1600
30.
Isuzu Faster
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The Isuzu Faster is a pick-up truck that was manufactured and marketed by Isuzu between 1972 and 2002 over three generations. The Faster was succeeded worldwide by Isuzu D-Max worldwide, except in North America, Isuzu of Japan introduced the KB20 /25 series Faster pickup in 1972. The regular wheelbase models were designated 20, while 25 referred to the longer version, derived from the Isuzu Florian, the Faster shared many components, including doors and the front-end assemblage. It served as a replacement for the Isuzu Wasp, a version of the Bellett which preceded the Florian. Both single and twin headlamp front fascia designs were produced, in most export markets, Isuzu rebranded the Faster as the Isuzu KB. However, the Faster was often distributed through General Motors retail channels, Bedford, the European commercial vehicle subsidiary of GM also offered the vehicle under the Bedford KB name. The Isuzu Faster used a traditional pickup truck chassis with a ladder frame, at the front, the A-arm suspension used an independent configuration. The 2,600 mm wheelbase was similar to its competitors, unlike for the preceding Wasp, there was also a long wheelbase version which had 2,995 mm between the axles, which made for a 2,290 mm bed. In 1978 a four-wheel drive version available, with the KB40 chassis code. There was also a double cab version, sales ended in 1980 when the second generation was introduced. The engine used in most markets was a carbureted 1. 6-liter gasoline SOHC inline-four of 94 PS, top speeds were 145 km/h and 115 km/h for the gasoline and diesel versions respectively. In Japan, an overhead valve engine was fitted originally, this produces 84 PS for a 135 km/h top speed, Holden launched the LUV in Australia with the 1. 6-liter inline-four gasoline engine delivering approximately 50 kW of power and 110 N·m of torque. An update in 1978 expanded the LUV range—now comprising the short-wheelbase KB20 model, the new long-wheelbase KB25 and the four-wheel drive KB40 short-wheelbase. These KB25 and KB40 variants were offered in both cab chassis and utility body styles and could be specified with the 1. 6-liter gasoline engine or the newly available 2. 0-liter inline-four diesel, the diesel produced 45 kW and 113 N·m. North America Responsibility of sales in North America was delegated to General Motors, thus, the Isuzu was retailed via Chevrolet dealerships as the Chevrolet LUV. The only engine was a 1. 8-liter SOHC inline-four which produced 75 hp, sales in the United States began in March 1972 as a response to the Datsun and Toyota pickup trucks, as well as Fords Mazda-built Courier. Subsequently, a bed would be attached to the chassis. Power was up to 80 hp for 1977, and sales continued to rise, an exterior refresh and the addition of a 2,285 mm cargo bay option, with longer 2,995 mm wheelbase, brought sales up to 71,145 in 1978
31.
Mitsubishi Triton
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It is not to be confused with Dodge 50 Series. The Mitsubishi Triton is a pickup truck produced by Mitsubishi. It was originally known as the Mitsubishi Forte in Japan from 1978 to 1986 and it returned to Japan in 1991 as the Strada. In the United States two captive imports of the Forte were sold by the Chrysler Corporation from 1979, as the Dodge Ram 50 and Plymouth Arrow Truck. Mitsubishi itself imported it as the Mighty Max when it began selling directly in the US from 1982 to 1996, in North America, after the Mighty Max was no longer offered, the Mitsubishi Raider was offered, sharing a platform with the Dodge Dakota. In Japan, it was sold at a retail chain called Car Plaza. For most export markets the name L200 is used, though it also known as the Rodeo, Colt, Storm, Magnum, L200 Strakar. Cumulative sales of the first three generations exceeded 2.8 million units around the world, currently the pickup truck is sold in every available Mitsubishi market except the United States, Canada, Japan, P. R. C. and South Korea. In late 2015, Fiat Professional has launched a model of the fifth-generation model. In Japan the Forte was originally sold with the 92 PS1. 6-liter 4G32 engine, later this was updated to the 86 PS1. 6-liter G32B engine with two-wheel drive or with four-wheel drive coupled to the 2. 0-liter Sirius G63B with 110 PS. Offered in basic Deluxe trim, the version was also available in leisure-oriented Custom trim. The Custom also has a smoother and less utilitarian bed, without provisions for fitting a canvas top, in export versions, the 2. 0-liter gasoline version has 93 hp, while a larger 2. 6-liter unit offered 105 hp. Also popular in markets, and frugal, was a 67 PS2. 3-liter diesel engine. The 73 PS1. 6-liter Saturn engine rounded out the lineup downwards in many countries, a naked cab and chassis version was also available in some markets. Mechanical features included recirculating ball steering and front disc brakes, with rear-wheel drive suspension consisting front coil springs, four-wheel drive was added in 1981, featuring torsion bar suspension up front. The rear suspension for both comprised leaf springs with bias-mounted shock absorbers, the 4WD system incorporated an extra lever located alongside the main four-speed shifter. This provided three positions, 2WD in high-range, 4WD in high-range, and 4WD in low-range, in low-range, the vehicle travels at half road speed for any given engine rpm. The transfer case is chain-driven to the front wheels, making it stronger and quieter than the more common gear type, as such, the driver could shift between 2WD and 4WD in high-range without using the clutch, with the activation of low-range requiring the vehicle to be stopped
32.
Ford Ranger (North America)
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Introduced to replace the Ford Courier produced in Japan by Mazda, the Ranger was produced in two distinct generations. While introduced a year after the Chevrolet S-10, the Ranger would go on to become the best-selling compact truck in the United States from 1987 to 2004. Over its production life, the chassis and underpinnings of the Ranger would be used for various compact Ford trucks, during the 1990s and 2000s, Mazda adopted a badge-engineered version of Ranger, taking on the B-Series nameplate. Over its 29-year production run, Ford produced the Ranger via three different assembly plants in North America. The Ranger was produced at the Louisville Assembly Plant in Louisville, Kentucky from 1982 to 1999, from 1993 to 2004, production also was sourced from Edison Assembly in Edison, New Jersey. For its entire run, the Ranger was produced at Twin Cities Assembly Plant in St. Paul. The final 2012 Ford Ranger produced on December 16,2011, Ford has recently announced that they will be manufacturing and selling the Ranger again starting in 2019. Ford began development of the Ranger in 1976, focusing on quality, the intent was to build a truck that was as capable as the full-size F-Series, but in a more economical package. The compact Ranger had a similar styling to the full-size Ford F-Series, used a similar architecture and this ability allowed the Ford Ranger to haul a 4-foot wide sheet of plywood, which is a common standard for a pickup truck. In addition, a key factor driving the development of the Ford compact truck was the 25 percent Chicken tax on imported trucks, Ford began production of the model year 1983 Ranger on January 18,1982 at the Louisville Assembly Plant, hitting showrooms in March. Available engines were the 72 hp 2.0 L and 82 hp 2.3 L OHC four-cylinders, a four-cylinder 59 hp 2.2 L Mazda/Perkins diesel, and a 115 hp 2.8 L Cologne V6. In 1985, a Mitsubishi-built 2.3 L turbo-diesel with 86 hp replaced the Mazda diesel engine, and in 1986, the 2. 8-liter engine was replaced with a 140 hp 2.9 L Cologne V6. The Super-cab was introduced in 1986, offering an extra 17 inches of space behind the front seats. Also in 1986, the cluster was modified to allow fitment of a factory tachometer. A lot of the parts of the such as the steering wheel, door handles, and the window cranks were similar to those in other Ford vehicles like the Bronco, Escort. Mid-year 1986 saw the introduction of the Ranger GT in California only, inside, the pickup was equipped with special bucket seats, full instrument cluster, and an optional center console. Front and rear sway bars were installed and 14-inch aluminum wheels completed the package, the truck received a facelift in 1988 for the 1989 model year, which included flush composite headlamps, new front fenders, hood, and grille, along with some upgrades to the frame. Inside, there was a new dashboard and steering column
33.
Chevrolet S-10
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The Chevrolet S-10 is a compact pickup truck that is produced by Chevrolet. It was the first compact pickup of the big three American automakers, when it was first introduced in 1982, the GMC version was known as the S-15 and later renamed the GMC Sonoma. A high-performance version was released in 1991 and given the name of GMC Syclone, the pickup was also sold by Isuzu as the Hombre from 1996 through 2000, but only in North America. There was also an SUV version, the Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy, an electric version was leased as a fleet vehicle in 1997 and 1998. Together, these pickups are referred to as the S-series. In North America, the S-series was replaced by the Chevrolet Colorado, GMC Canyon, the S-Series ended production in Brazil in 2012, being replaced by the Chevrolet Colorado, but still with the name S-10. The first compact truck from the big three automakers was the rebadged Isuzu KB sold since 1972 as the Chevrolet LUV, the 1973 Arab oil embargo forced GM to consider designing a domestically produced compact pickup truck. As usual, parts from other GM chassis lines were incorporated, the first S-series pickups were introduced in 1982. The base engine was a 1. 9L Isuzu 4 cylinder shared with the LUV, the Chevrolet and GMC models were identical apart from the grille, tailgate and assorted insignia. An extended cab and Insta-Trac four-wheel drive were added the year along with two new engines - a 2. 0L sourced from the J-platform automobiles along with an Isuzu 2. 2L diesel). Track width was similar to the former GM H-body subcompacts, the sport utility S-10 Blazer and S-15 Jimmy debuted in 1983, GM was the second to introduce compact sport utilities, behind Jeep but ahead of Ford. This occurred again where 4-door variants were introduced in March 1990 as 1991 models alongside the badge-engineered Oldsmobile Bravada. The OHV-derived 2.2 L diesel engine and 1.9 L SOHC gas engine, a much-welcomed 4.3 L V6 was added for 1988, and anti-lock brakes came the next year. The GMC S-15 became the GMC Sonoma in 1991, and the Sierra trim packages were dropped to avoid confusion with the new GMC Sierra full-size pickup, the GMC Syclone also appeared that year. The Sonoma GT bowed in 1992, added to this was the 4.3 L V6 Vortec W code engine. This generations last year was 1993, the Vortec has a balance shaft, roller lifters, different heads, and Central Port Injection. The 1992 and 1993 engine came in either a 195 hp or 205 hp rating, the trucks came in 3 colors, Midnight Black, Apple Red and Frost White. Extra cost Baja options included, a cargo-net end-gate, aluminum outlaw wheels, in 1991 the S10 Bajas came with special BAJA embroidered red and grey bucket seats and unique red door panel trim
34.
Subaru Sambar
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The Subaru Sambar is a very small vehicle manufactured by Subaru, a division of Fuji Heavy Industries, specifically for the Japanese market. It is Japans first Keitora, shorthand for kei class truck and is still in production, the Sambar is available in both microvan and Kei truck to fulfill the Kei car guidelines. Still popular in the market, the Sambar continues to be produced in Japan, China, Korea. Until 2012 the Sambar model was still using the Sixth Generation chassis and it was the first Kei truck that used a cabover design, with the passenger cabin over the engine. The current generation is a version of the Daihatsu Hijet/Atrai. From the very beginning in 1961, the Sambar uses 4-wheel independent suspension, the Chassis uses a ladder frame construction, using a torsion bar trailing arm suspension in the back, and the bodystyle is commonly referred to as one-box. The reverse gearshift position was a left pattern selection, instead of a right pattern selection, the engine, called the EK series, was accessed from an access hatch inside the vehicle. Bunk beds could be installed as an option for outdoor camping use, the Sambar was created for the market segment that desired a Subaru 360 that was able to carry small loads, such as for commercial delivery usage. The nickname for this version is the kuchibiru Sambar, the cabover bodystyle approach appeared after the 1950 Volkswagen Type 2, and during the same year as the 1961 Ford Econoline, and the 1961 Chevrolet Greenbrier. The redesigned Sambar appeared in January 1966 with a new appearance. The nickname for this generation is baban Sambar, the Sambar continued to use the 356 cc EK series engine, but now in the 20 hp iteration used in the Subaru 360 since July 1964. A raised roof for extended headroom was added to the options list in 1968, starting with the 1970 model year, the engine was now accessed from outside the vehicle, and the front doors were conventionally hinged. To enhance safety a full padded dash pad was introduced, sharing the dashboard panel from the new R–2, the Sambar saw new competitors, the Mazda Porter in 1968, and the Honda Vamos in 1970. The third generation appeared 10 February 1973, this one nicknamed the Gōriki Sambar due to a campaign at the time. The first series still carried a two-stroke two-cylinder 356 cc engine, the engine code was EK34, the truck received the K71 model code while the van was called K81. As of February 1976, the engine was upgraded to the EK21 four-stroke water-cooled version introduced in the Rex to reduce emissions and this model saw the introduction of an electric window washer pump to improve driver visibility. Because of regulations changes, only three months later the engine was upgraded with a 490 cc displacement engine of a similar layout for the Sambar 5. This was naturally sold as the Subaru 500 in export markets and this was in turn soon replaced by a full 550 cc model, the K77/87 of March 1977
35.
Kei truck
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A Kei truck, or Kei class truck, or Japanese mini truck is a minitruck, a tiny but practical pickup truck available in RWD or 4WD version, built to satisfy the Japanese keijidōsha statutory class. They are known as Keitora in Japan alongside the microvan, the Kei truck class specifies a maximum size and displacement, greatly increased since legislation first enabled the type in 1949. They evolved from earlier three-wheeled trucks based on motorcycles with a load carrying area, called miwa. The 1998 law admits a maximum length of 3.4 m, a width of 1.48 m. They weigh about 700 kg, and when ungoverned can reach up to 120 km/h, due to the limits established with regards to vehicle length, most, if not all, current trucks in this classification are built with the cab over approach to maximize load-carrying abilities. For export markets, Kei trucks are usually fitted with engines to allow them more useful carrying capabilities. An Indonesian version of the originally 543 cc Suzuki Carry is currently built with a 1. 6-liter unit – nearly three times larger. Typical manufacturers and model names include, Subaru Sambar, Suzuki Carry, Honda Acty, Mazda / Autozam Scrum, Mitsubishi Minicab, the first model to be sold in Japan was in 1959, called the Kurogane Baby until 1962. Many of these have been produced under license abroad, such as the Piaggio Porter, in South Korea, Daewoo and Asia produced rebadged Suzuki Carry/Every and Daihatsu Hijet Van as Daewoo Labo/Damas, and the Asia/Kia Towner. Widely employed throughout Asia in agriculture, fisheries, construction and even for firefighting and they have fully enclosed cabs, seat belts, windshield wipers, AM radios, heaters, lights, and signals, and are claimed to run 64 km on one US gallon of gasoline. They generally have 1.8 m long pickup beds with fold-down sides, dump, the length limitation forces all of these models into a cab forward design. While street legal in Japan, Kei trucks lack proof of conformance with North American regulations, nevertheless, they are approved for use on local roads in several states in the United States. Many are also used as maintenance vehicles, rarely leaving campus confines. State legislation passed during 2008 in Oklahoma and Louisiana are the most liberal, Kei vehicles older than 25 years may be imported into the US with very few restrictions
36.
Ford F-Series
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The Ford F-Series is a series of light-duty trucks and medium-duty trucks that have been marketed and manufactured by Ford Motor Company since 1948. While most variants of the F-Series trucks are full-size pickup trucks, the Ford F-Series has been the best-selling vehicle in the United States since 1981 and the best-selling pickup since 1977. It is also the best selling vehicle in Canada, as of the 2017 model year, the F-Series includes the F-150, the Super Duty, and F-650 and F-750 Super Duty medium-duty commercial trucks. The most popular version of the F-Series is the F-150, now in its thirteenth generation, through the use of rebadging, Ford has marketed the F-Series through all three Ford divisions in North America. From 1946 to 1968, Mercury sold the Mercury M-Series in Canada, during the 2000s, Lincoln sold the Lincoln Blackwood, the first-generation F-Series pickup was introduced in 1948 as a replacement for the previous car-based pickup line introduced in 1942. The F-Series was sold in eight different weight ratings, with pickup, panel truck, cab-over engine, conventional truck, for the 1953 model year, an all-new version of the F-Series made its debut. Increased dimensions, improved engines, and an updated chassis were features of the second generation, additionally, a change to the F-Series naming scheme would remain in place to the present day. The half-ton F-1 became the F-100, the F-2 and F-3 were combined into the F-250 while the F-4 became the F-350, conventional F-Series trucks were F-500 to F-900, COE chassis were C-Series trucks. Introduced in 1957, the third generation F-series was a significant modernisation, front fenders became integrated into the body, and the new Styleside bed continued the smooth lines to the rear of the pickup. The cab-over F-Series was discontinued, having been replaced by the tilt-cab C-Series, in 1959, Ford began in-house production of four-wheel-drive pickups. Ford introduced a new style of pickup in 1961 with the fourth generation F-Series. Longer and lower than its predecessors, these trucks had increased dimensions and new engine, additionally, the 1961–1963 models were constructed as a unibody design with the cab and bed integrated. This proved unpopular and Ford reverted to the traditional separate cab/bed design in 1964, in 1965, the F-Series was given a significant mid-cycle redesign. A completely new platform, including the Twin-I-Beam front suspension, was introduced that would be used until 1996 on the F-150 and until 2016 on the F-250/350 4x2. Additionally that year, the Ranger name made its first appearance on a Ford pickup, previously a model of the Edsel. Introduced in 1967, the fifth generation F-series pickup was built on the platform as the 1965 revision of the fourth generation. Dimensions and greenhouse glass were increased, engine options expanded, suspension components from all 1969 F-Series models are completely interchangeable. A variant of the fifth generation F-series was produced until 1992 in Brazil for the South American market, the sixth generation F-series was introduced in 1973
37.
Internal Revenue Service
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The Internal Revenue Service is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code and its duty to maximize tax revenue entails providing tax assistance to taxpayers, as well as pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings. The IRS has also overseen various benefits programs, and enforces portions of the Affordable Care Act. The IRS originated with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, an office created in 1862 to assess the nations first income tax. The temporary measure provided over a fifth of the Unions war expenses and was allowed to expire a decade later, in 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution was ratified authorizing Congress to impose a tax on income, in the 1950s, the agency was renamed the Internal Revenue Service and significantly reorganized. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 modernized the IRS and restructured it along a private sector model, in the 2015 fiscal year, the IRS processed almost 240 million returns and collected approximately $3.3 trillion in revenue, spending 35¢ for every $100 it collected. The Revenue Act of 1862 was passed as an emergency and temporary war-time tax and it copied a relatively new British system of income taxation, instead of trade and property taxation. The first income tax was passed in 1862, The initial rate was 3% on income over $800, in 1862 the rate was 3% on income between $600 and $10,000, and 5% on income over $10,000. In 1864 the rate was 5% on income between $600 and $5,000,7. 5% on income $5, 000–10,000, and 10% on income $10,000 and above. By the end of the war, 10% of Union households had paid some form of tax. After the Civil War, Reconstruction, railroads, and transforming the North and South war machines towards peacetime required public funding, however, in 1872, seven years after the war, lawmakers allowed the temporary Civil War income tax to expire. Income taxes evolved, but in 1894 the Supreme Court declared the Income Tax of 1894 unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers Loan & Trust Co. a decision that contradicted Hylton v. United States, the federal government scrambled to raise money. In 1906, with the election of President Theodore Roosevelt, and later his successor William Howard Taft, by February 1913,36 states had ratified the change to the Constitution. It was further ratified by six states by March. Of the 48 states at the time,42 ratified it, connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah rejected the amendment, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Florida did not take up the issue. A copy of the very first IRS1040 form, dated 1913, in the first year after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, no taxes were collected—instead, taxpayers simply completed the form and the IRS checked it for accuracy. The IRSs workload jumped by ten-fold, triggering a massive restructuring, professional tax collectors began to replace a system of patronage appointments
38.
Ford Ranger (T6)
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The current generation of the Ford Ranger, is a midsize pickup truck produced by Ford Motor Company. First unveiled at the Australian International Motor Show in Sydney in October 2010, first produced by the AutoAlliance facility in Rayong, Thailand, the Ranger is also currently produced in Argentina and South Africa. Mazda markets a version of the Ranger as the second generation of its Mazda BT-50. The Ranger is also produced as a five-door mid-size sport-utility, as the generation of the Ford Everest/Endeavour. This model included a black grille and bumper panel around the fog lamp area, unique tray bars, Ford custom 18-in rims. The color chosen as the color for marketing was Pride Orange that is also exclusive to the Wildtrack. Other colors include Gun Metal Grey, Black, Silver, interior features included are an LCD Touch Screen display, rear-view camera, seat heaters and custom Ford Wildtrack seats. The updated model released in 2015 was a facelifted variant, parkers Car Guides announced that the Ranger was to receive a facelift in 2015, along with the possible replacement of the 2. 2-litre Duratorq with an all new 2-litre Panther engine. Ford revealed the concept for the next-generation Ford Everest in August 2013, the Everest SUV features Kinetic Design cues similar to the EcoSport, Kuga/Escape, and Edge. The vehicle is offered in both drive and four-wheel drive, mated either to the 2. 2-L or 3. 2-L Duratorq. In China, the Ford Everest is manufactured by Jiangling Motors, Jiangling Motors, the automotive joint-venture affiliate of Ford in China, assembles the JMC Yuhu, a mid-size pickup. While based on a platform, the exterior of the JMC Yuhu is derived loosely from both the Ranger and the Mazda BT-50. On 19 August 2015, Ford started assembly of the Ranger T6 in China in partnership with JMC, developed in tandem with the Ranger T6, the Mazda BT-50 is mechanically identical to the Ranger. In its second generation, the current BT-50 replaces the previous Mazda-designed vehicle that was the basis for the Ranger in global markets. As the BT-50 was styled using the work of a design team, the two vehicles share almost no common body panels, with the exception of the roof stamping. The BT-50 is powered by 2.2 L I4 and 3.2 L I5 diesel engines, the Troller T4 is an off-road vehicle produced in Brazil by Ford subsidiary Troller Veículos Especiais S/A that has been produced since 2004. Using a similar layout as the Jeep Wrangler, the four-wheel drive T4 saw a redesign in 2014 based upon a shorter-wheelbase version of the Ford Ranger frame. Although the T6 Ranger is sold in 180 global markets, as of the 2017 model year, it is not sold in Canada and the United States
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Nissan Navara
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The Nissan Navara is the name for the D22 and D40 generations of Nissan pickup trucks sold in Asia and Europe, and the name for all generations of the vehicles in Australia. In North, Central and South America it is sold as the Nissan Frontier, the D22 line began in 1997, replacing the D21 Nissan Navara truck. As of 2002, the D22 series pickup is no longer sold in Japan and it is currently built at the Nissan factory in Canton, Mississippi. For the Australian market, the D22 ran as a series 1 from the end of the D21 until 2003, the ZD30 powered D22s were exceptionally reliable unlike the Patrol counterparts, but were replaced in 2008 with an upgraded Common Rail 2. 5L Diesel engine. The D22 Navara was run in parallel with the larger D40 until 2015, both were replaced by the D23 Navara - locally known as the NP300 Navara as of 2015. This is not the same NP300 as the rest of the world and this D23 is rumoured to be the basis of the upcoming X series Mercedes Utility vehicle. Nissan was the pioneer of the Hardbody or Nissan Frontier since 1986, the first was the D21, considered to be a small pick up. After more than 10 years with the D21, the second generation Navara was manufactured from 1997 and it was replaced with the bigger, taller, longer D40, which Nissan now considers to be a mid-size pick up truck. The Navara gets its name from the Navarre region of northern Spain, in many European markets it is sold as the Nissan NP300. The Frontier was introduced in 1997 for the 1998 model year as a replacement for the aging 1986. 5–1997 Nissan Hardbody Truck, Nissan first offered the Frontier with a 4-cylinder engine, the KA24DE, but added the V6 engine, the VG33E in 1999. In Australia the D22 had the KA24E till 1999, then changed to KA24DE option that year, in February 2003, 4x4 models received a larger 3. 3L V6, while 4x2 models continued with the 3. 0L V6. The V6 was dropped in 2005, leaving the 2. 5L turbo diesel as the available engine. Elsewhere, the Frontier was also known as the Nissan Navara, a four-door version of the D22 was designed and developed during 1997–1998, being first produced in April 1999 and launched in May 1999 as the 2000 Frontier Crew Cab. In February 2000 at the Chicago Auto Show, Nissan introduced a facelifted Frontier for 2001, the Frontier was completely redone after the 2004 model year, which later resulted in the indefinite discontinuation of the regular cab model. Built in Tennessee from 1997 to 2000, versions, Single cab, King Cab, Crew Cab. Engines, Petrol and Diesel with 5 speed manual transmission and these models were also exported to Central and South America. US production in Tennessee started in 1997 with a Single cab, a Crew Cab was developed during 1998 and arrived in 1999 as a 2000 model. In 1999, an edition was offered
40.
Toyota Hilux
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The Toyota Hilux is a series of light commercial vehicles produced and marketed by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota. The majority of vehicles were sold as pickup truck or cab chassis variants although they could be configured in a variety of body styles. Most countries used the Hilux name for the life of the series but in North America. In 1984, the Toyota Trekker, the version of the Hilux, was renamed as the 4Runner in Australia and North America. In 1995, Toyota introduced a new model, the Tacoma in North America. The 4Runner is now a full SUV, and the recent models do not resemble the Tacoma. The modification to the engine was enough for a claimed 130 kilometres per hour top speed and this was upgraded to a 1.6 L inline-four engine in February 1971. In April 1969, a version was added to the range. The short-wheelbase version also continued in production for more years. The long-wheelbase version was not sold on the North American market until 1972, in spite of the name Hilux, it was a luxury vehicle only when compared to the Stout. For the North American market, the body style was a regular cab short bed. It used a typical setup of A-arms and coil springs in front. A four-speed manual transmission was standard, nicknamed the ロケハイ a Portmanteau of Rocket Hilux, a more comfortable interior was specified along with exterior updates. A2.25 m long bed was an option for the first time in North America and this received the RN25 chassis code. The 2.0 liter 18R engine was available in Japan as well, the 2. 0-litre automatic only managed a 136.1 km/h top speed in a period South African road test, in spite of a claimed 89 kW. The Hilux was radically redesigned in 1975 to be larger and with increased standard equipment, in North America the new version also meant the introduction of the considerably larger 20R engine and the SR5 upscale trim package. A five-speed manual transmission became optional, in North America, the Hilux name was fully phased out in favor of Truck by that year, having been dropped from brochures and advertising starting in 1973. Some North American motor-coach manufacturers began building Toyota motor-homes with this chassis, the 4WD variant – not offered with any engines smaller than the two-litre 18R – featured some common technology with the larger Toyota Land Cruiser
41.
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
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Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV, also known as FCA, is an Italian-controlled multinational corporation incorporated in the Netherlands. And currently the world’s seventh-largest auto maker, the group was established in late 2014 by merging Fiat S. p. A. into a new holding company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N. V. which is incorporated in the Netherlands for tax purposes. The holding company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, exor S. p. A, an Italian investment group owned by the Agnelli family, owns 29. 19% of FCA and controls 44. 31% through a loyalty voting mechanism. FCA’s mass-market brands operates through two main subsidiaries, FCA Italy and FCA US, the company’s portfolio includes many well-known automotive names including Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Ram Trucks, Abarth, Mopar and SRT. FCA also owns Maserati, Comau, Magneti Marelli, and Teksid, today FCA operates in four regions. The CEO and executive management including twenty-two employees work between Auburn Hills, Michigan and Turin, Italy, FCA carries out its mass-market automotive operations through two main subsidiaries, FCA Italy and FCA US. Both name changes were announced in December 2014, FCA Italy includes the Italian-based brands that include Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Lancia and the engine manufacturing subsidiary VM Motori. FCA US includes the American-based brands that include Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, other companies include luxury car and components manufacturers as well as firms working on production automation and metal foundry. Other joint ventures and subsidiaries are undertaken via the FCA Italy, FCA also operates in the print media and advertising fields through its Italiana Editrice subsidiary and an interest in RCS Media Group. In January 2016, Ferrari became an independent company, after FCA listed 10% of the company on the NYSE in October 2015, the integration between Fiat and Chrysler dates back to 2009 after Chrysler filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on 30 April 2009. On 10 June 2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat. Overall, to acquire Chrysler cost Fiat US$4.9 billion, on 29 January 2014 Fiat announced a reorganization and intended merger into a new holding company. Fiat S. p. A. merged into FCA on 12 October 2014 following approval of the board on 15 June 2014, on 29 October 2014 the group announced the intention to separate Ferrari S. p. A. from FCA. The transaction was completed on 3 January 2016, on July 14,2015, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV chief executive Sergio Marchionne and Dennis Williams, President of the United Auto Workers entered into negotiations on July 14,2015. As negotiations between the UAW and Detroit Three automakers began, Marchionne leaned in to embrace Williams in a hug seen round the world, on May 6,2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its 5-year business plan. The Group updated its business plan targets in January 2016 at the time FY2015 were announced, much of the global growth will be focused around Jeep, due to its high visibility globally as well as the growing SUV market in developing markets. Chrysler will be re-positioned as the companys mainstream North American brand to compete with Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, and Volkswagen, while Dodge will focus on performance-based vehicles. Alfa Romeo will become the premium marque to compete with Mercedes-Benz, BMW
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Ram Trucks
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It was spun-off from Dodge marque, using the name of the popular Dodge Ram line of trucks. Ram Trucks logo was originally Dodges logo, Ram Trucks was established as a division of Chrysler in 2010, as a spin-off from the Dodge brand, and using the name of the popular Dodge Ram line of pickups that is now sold under the Ram banner. According to Chrysler, the Ram Trucks brand will concentrate on real truck customers and this was to start in the 2009 calendar year. The Fiat Ducato cargo van design has been adopted and is sold as the Ram ProMaster in North American markets, the goal was to increase truck sales from todays 280,000 to 415,000 by 2014. Even though the Ram trucks are marketed separately from Dodge cars, former Ram Division President Fred Diaz stated, Ram trucks will always, Ram will always have the Dodge emblem inside and outside and they will be vinned as a Dodge. We need to continue to market as Ram so Dodge can have a different brand identity, hip, cool, young and that will not fit the campaign for truck buyers. The two should have distinct themes, in April 2013, former CEO Fred Diaz left RAM to serve as vice president of Nissans divisional sales and marketing. He was replaced by Reid Bigland, in August 2014, Ram truck brand CEO Reid Bigland was tapped to lead the Alfa Romeo brand in North America. It was announced that the new head of the Ram Trucks brand would be longtime Chrysler employee Robert Hegbloom, the Ram brand logo features the head of a ram, formerly the logo used by Dodge. For specifically foreign-market models, see below, also note that from 1927 to 1928, all trucks built by Dodge were actually sold under the Graham name, as that company held the marketing rights at that time. Ram 700 Ram 1200 Ram Pickup ProMaster ProMaster City Promaster Rapid Dakota Cargo Van Ram utilizes three facilities, two in North America and one in Europe, for the production of its vehicles, Warren Truck Assembly, Warren, Michigan, United States. First opened in 1938, the facility has produced trucks for Dodge, near the plant are also the Warren metal stamping plant, Mount Elliot tool and die plant which contribute parts and components to the manufacture of the Dakota and 1500 series. Saltillo Truck Assembly, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, the plant manufactures the full range of the Ram truck series as well as the DX Chassis cab and ProMaster van. The plant has won awards and has been recognized as the Chrysler groups best truck facility in terms of build quality. The Saltillo stamping plant is also attached to the facility, Ram 2500 all models of various trim levels, cab type, and bed length. Vehicles built here are sold globally, Ram 3500 all models of various trim levels, cab type, and bed length. Vehicles built here are sold globally, Ram 4500 all models of various trim levels, cab type, and bed length. Vehicles built here are sold globally, Ram 5500 all models of various trim levels, cab type, and bed length
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