Pioneer program
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The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes. The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully attempted to send spacecraft to orbit the Moon, s
A family portrait showing (from left to right) Pioneers 6-9, 10 and 11 and the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe series
Reconstructed replica of Pioneer 1
Lunar flyby spacecraft (Pioneer 3, 4)
Pioneer P-1, P-3, 5, P-30, and P-31 probe
Pioneer 11
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Pioneer 11 is a NASA robotic space probe launched on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, the solar wind, and cosmic rays. It was the first probe to en
Pioneer program
…to measure interplanetary space weather, two to explore Jupiter and Saturn, and two to explore Venus. The two outer planet probes, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, became the first two of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity that will allow them to leave the Solar System, and carried a golden…
An artist's impression of a Pioneer spacecraft on its way to interstellar space.
Reconstructed full-scale mock-up Pioneer 10 / 11 spacecraft at the National Air and Space Museum
Side view of the spacecraft
Pioneer 11 during the installation of its protective shroud