1.
Delhi
–
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi or NCT, is a city and a union territory of India. It is bordered by Haryana on three sides and by Uttar Pradesh to the east, the NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres. According to 2011 census, Delhis city population was about 11 million, Delhis urban area is now considered to extend beyond the NCT boundary to include an estimated population of over 26 million people making it the worlds second largest urban area. As of 2016 recent estimates of the economy of its urban area have ranked Delhi either the top or second most productive metro area of India. Delhi is the second wealthiest city after Mumbai in India, with a wealth of $450 billion. Delhi has been inhabited since the 6th century BC. Through most of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of various kingdoms and it has been captured, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the medieval period, and modern Delhi is a cluster of a number of cities spread across the metropolitan region. New Delhi is jointly administered by the government of India and the local government of Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region, which is a unique interstate regional planning area created by the National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985, Delhi ranks among the cities with the worst air pollution in the world. There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi, one of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BC and named it after himself. The coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal, according to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali, another theory suggests that the citys original name was Dhillika. The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas, the city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Dilli dilwalon ka shehr or Dilli Dilwalon ki meaning Delhi belongs to the large-hearted/daring, aas-paas barse, Dilli pani tarse, literally meaning it pours all around, while Delhi lies parched. An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty. The area around Delhi was probably inhabited before the second millennium BC, the city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata. According to Mahabharata, this land was initially a huge mass of forests called Khandavaprastha which was burnt down to build the city of Indraprastha, the earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period, in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of eight cities have been discovered in Delhi
2.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
Dilli Haat
–
Dilli Haat is an open-air food plaza and craft bazaar located in Delhi, run by Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation. Unlike the traditional market, the village Haat, Dilli Haat is permanent. It is located in the centres of South Delhi, opposite INA market. The 6 acres of land on which this complex is situated was salvaged as part of a reclamation project, extensive foundation work, small thatched roof cottages and kiosks give the plaza a village atmosphere. Some shops are permanent but other sellers are rotated, usually for fifteen days, products offered may include rosewood and sandalwood carvings, embellished camel hide footwear, sophisticated fabric and drapery, gems, beads, brassware, metal crafts, and silk and wool fabrics. A number of shows promoting handicrafts and handlooms are held at the hall in the complex. To sell wares, there is a process and spaces are allocated according to which state the seller is from. In all, Dilli Haat, INA Market has 62 stalls allotted on a basis to craftsmen a payment of INR100 per day for a maximum period of 15 Days. Dilli Haat was established jointly by Delhi Tourism, Government of Delhi and NDMC, Ministry of Textiles & Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India and opened in March 1994. Around 2003, this market became fully wheelchair-accessible, including an accessible bathroom, delhis second Dilli Haat, the Dilli Haat, Pitampura, also was developed by DTTDC in Pitampura, close to Pitampura TV Tower and spread over 7.2 hectares, was opened in April 2008. More Dilli Haats are set to be created in parts of Delhi with the third expected to open in Janakpuri in August 2013. Dilli Haat, INA Market is accessed through INA underground station of Delhi Metro and it is situated on Ring Road Near AIIMS. From NDLS Rly station you can reach by Delhi Metro, from Delhi Airport You can Reach by bus crossing AIIMS. Dilli Haat is now opened in Janak Puri too which is in West Delhi, the best way to reach there is by taking metro till Janak Puri East station and from there you can either take metro shuttles or an auto rickshaw to Dilli Haat. Dilli Haat INA is open 10,30 to 22,00, the entrance fee for Indian nationals is Rs.30 for adults, Rs.10 for children. Only craftsmen registered with D. C. Handicrafts are eligible for places at the Dilli Haat, the stalls are allotted on a rotational basis to craftsmen who come from all corners of India at nominal payment for a period of 15 days
4.
Retail
–
Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
5.
Rohtak
–
Rohtak is a city and the administrative headquarters of the Rohtak district in the Indian state of Haryana. It lies 70 kilometres north west of New Delhi, just 40–45 km from Delhi Border and 250 kilometres south of the state capital Chandigarh on NH10. Rohtak is the sixth most populous city in Haryana as per the 2011 census with population of 374,292 and has literacy rate of 84.08 and it is believed that the citys name is of Indo-Aryan origin and is recorded in the Vedas. It was founded by the Rajputs people, and was named Rohtashgarh, many aryans migrate in this city. The Jats & Rajputs of Rohtak under the leadership of Khokhar, attacked Mahmud Gaznavi, subsequently the evolution of the named is traced as Rohītaka-kula > Rohitaka > Rohtak and Michael Witzel notes that this accords with the place existing around 500 BC. The same source suggests that the name may have derived from the tree Rohitaka as well. The ruins of the ancient town at Khokrakot suggest that perhaps the town is as old as Indus valley Civilization as the Minar finds at Khokhrakot are typical of Indus Valley sites. It is also identified with Rohitika, a mentioned in the Mahabharata It was quite possibly the capital of Bahudhanyaka. In the Vinaya of the Mulasarvasti-vadins, Jivaka is represented as taking journey from Taxila in the north west of Bhadramkara, Udumbasa, Rohitaka, the ancient highway carried the trade of the ganga valley to Taxila passing through Rohitika to Sakala. The existence of the town during the rule of Kushan is testified by the recovery of Khushana Pillar Capital decorated with carving of winged lions and riders. An example of a capital of the 1st or 2nd century AD, it resembles the lion capital in the British museum at London. The riders on it are similar to the riders on elephant at Karle cave and it is a significant example of the sculptural art of Haryana towards the beginning of the Christian era. Clay mounds of coins discovered at Khokhrakot have thrown important light on the process of casting coins in ancient India. The coin moulds of the later Yadhyayas of the 3rd or 4th century AD have been discovered in large number here of the same, a Gupta terracotta plaque and a head of later date have also been discovered. The town continued to till the 10th century AD as coins of Samanta Deva. A very old and antique heritage has been preserved in Rohtak, the survey was extended to study a few large village estates such as Balambha, Farmana Khas, Lakhan Majra, jassia, Bhaini Surjan and Meham by Society for Peoples’ Advancement, Technology and Heritage. The present Monastery was founded by Baba Mast Nath in 1731, medieval Times A centuries-old fort was situated at Rohtak, in present Quila Mohlla. That fort was built by shekhs of Yaman under Kazi Sultan Muhammad Surkh during Ghori Dynasty kings, the then emperor Delhi Mahmud Tughlaq posted two brothers named Malik Idrees and Mubariz Khan at that fort in 1400
6.
Delhi Metro
–
The Delhi Metro is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India. Delhi Metro is the worlds 12th largest metro system in terms of length and number of stations. A member of Nova Group of Metros, the network consists of five colour-coded regular lines, the system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. The metro has a daily ridership of 2.661 million passengers. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited, a company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of Delhi, built. DMRC operates around 2000 trips daily between 05,30 till 00,00 running with a headway varying between 1–2 minutes and 4–10 minutes, the trains are usually of six and eight-coach. The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50-hertz alternating current through overhead catenary, planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation was incorporated in May 1995, construction started in 1998, the development of network was divided into phases, Phase I containing 3 lines was completed by 2006, and Phase II in 2011. Phase III is scheduled for completion by 2017, rapid MetroRail Gurgaon which opened in 2013, whilst linked to Delhi Metro by the Yellow Line is a separate metro system, although tokens from the Delhi Metro can be used in its network. The concept of a rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic. Over the next years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment. Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as a number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load. Dr. E. Sreedharan handed over the charge as MD, physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on 1 October 1998. DMRC was given powers to hire people, decide on tenders. The DMRC then consulted the Hong Kong MTRC on rapid transit operation and construction techniques, the first phase of the project was completed in 2006, on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as nothing short of a miracle. On 19 October 2008, a launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed. On 12 July 2009, a section of bridge collapsed while it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, six people died and 15 were injured. The following day, on 13 July 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, on 22 July 2009, worker at Ashok Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on him
7.
Brand
–
A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
8.
Ring road
–
A ring road is a road or a series of connected roads encircling a town or city. Australia and India also use the ring road, as in Melbournes Western Ring Road. In Canada the term is the most commonly used, with orbital also used to a lesser extent. In Europe, some ring roads, particularly those of standard which are longer in length, are often known as orbital motorways. Examples include the London Orbital, Rome Orbital and Manchester Orbital, in the United States, many ring roads are called beltlines, beltways, or loops, such as the Capital Beltway around Washington, D. C. Some ring roads, such as Washingtons Capital Beltway, use Inner Loop and Outer Loop terminology for directions of travel, the term ring road is occasionally – and inaccurately – used interchangeably with the term bypass. Construction of fully circumferential ring roads has generally occurred more recently, beginning in the 1960s in many areas, Interstate Highway System and similar-quality roads elsewhere were designed. Columbus, Ohio, in the United States, also has two, while Houston, Texas will have three official ring roads, some cities have far more – Beijing, for example, has five ring roads, simply numbered in increasing order from the city center. Geographical constraints can complicate or prohibit the construction of a ring road. Adjacency of international boundaries may also prohibit ring road completion in other cases, sometimes, the presence of significant natural or historical areas limits route options, as for the long-proposed Outer Beltway around Washington, D. C. C. Ring roads can also exist around radio masts carrying an umbrella antenna at the basements of the anchor of the wire of the umbrella antenna, such ring roads are usually only for internal use and closed to the public. Most orbital motorways are purpose-built major highways around a town or city, in the United States, beltways are commonly parts of the Interstate Highway System. Similar roads in the United Kingdom are often called orbital motorways, an excellent example of this is Londons North Circular/South Circular ring road. Such loops not only function as a bypass for through traffic, in the United States, an Interstate highway loop is usually designated by a three-digit number beginning with an even digit before the two-digit number of its parent interstate. Interstate spurs, on the hand, generally have three-digit numbers beginning with an odd digit. Circumferential highways are prominent features in or near large cities in the United States. In many cases, such as Atlanta, Georgia, Interstate 285 serves as a bypass while other highways pass directly through the city center. However, if a primary Interstate passes through a city and a loop bypasses it on one side
9.
Pitam Pura
–
Pitampura is a residential area in North West Delhi district of Delhi, India. It is a planned neighbourhood developed by the DDA in the 1980s, Dilli Haat Pitampura is also situated near the TV tower. Situated in North -part of Delhi, it is a residential, commercial. The area is encompassed between Outer and Inner Ring Roads, NH-1 and Rohtak Road and it has two wards, Pitampura and Pitampura North, under the Rohini zone of Municipal Corporation of Delhi. It is serviced by the Pitam Pura, Kohat Enclave and Netaji Subhash Place stations of Delhi Metros Red Line and it is home to many government servants from central administrative services. This locality got its name from the Pitampura Village located near Madhuban Chowk and it was developed by Delhi Development Authority in 1980s. Pitampura also has plotted houses developed by the DDA, North Pitampura is divided into AU, BU, CU, DU, EU, F1U, GU, HU, JU, KU, LU, MU, NU, PU blocks etc. In addition, there are plenty of flatted societies like Rajasthali Apartments, Mandakini Apartments, Madhuban Apartments, Income Tax Colony, Ashiana, Xavier Apartments and it is one of the most expensive and posh places to live in Delhi or North Delhi with lush neighbourhood. Delhi Development Authority has developed a new HIG Housing Complex near TV Tower, Pitampura also attracts people from all over Delhi for shopping due to many high class brands present and presence of Netaji Subhash Place, Pitampura, a place to hang out. It is also a hub to many shops like Tanishq, Kalyan jewelers, PC Jewelers. Pitampura also has some High-Class hotels like Hotel City Park and even otherwise, also, Netaji Subash Place, which is a hangout hub for Delhiites comes under Pitampura. Dilli Haat at Pitam Pura, north-west Delhi, near the TV Tower, is the second of its project of Delhi Tourism. The success of the Dilli Haat at INA market encouraged the DITDC to open another, bigger and better Dilli Haat, at Pitampura. The Pitampura Haat, like its progenitor at INA market will showcase tribal art and craft, culture, cuisine, music, the gateway to the Haat will serve as a street plaza. Vendors selling everything from toys and balloons to popcorn will get space on the walkway. There is to be a court which will allow shoppers to pick up authentic spices. Right next to it is the art court comprising an exhibition, the craft shops have been organized in two blocks along a central axis. At the rear of the Haat there is an amphitheatre and food court and it is a clever way of attracting people to buy as these food stalls attract the maximum crowd
10.
PVR Cinemas
–
PVR Cinemas is a film entertainment company in India. The company, which began as a joint venture agreement between Priya Exhibitors Private Limited and Village Roadshow Limited in 1995 with 60,40 ratio, the company is founded by Mr Ajay Bijli, who is the Chairman and Managing Director. Ajay Bijlis brother Sanjeev Kumar Bijli is the Joint Managing Director of PVR Ltd, the company also operates a pro- active CSR wing under PVR Nest. The company has its origin as Priya Cinema in South Delhi, which was bought by Ajay Bijlis father in 1978, in 1988, Bijli took over the running of the cinema hall, which was revamped in 1990, and its success led to the founding PVR Cinemas. In 2003, ICICI Ventures invested Rs 40 crore in PVR when Village Roadshow decided to out of the partnership. In 2012, Kanakia group owned CineMAX cinema chain was bought by Cine Hospitality Private Ltd, in May 2016, DLF group owned DT Cinemas was bought by PVR Cinemas for ₹433 crore. From PVR’s Gold Class and Mainstream Cinemas, Director’s Cut to the latest format- PVR Icon, the company has made exceptional technology like the IMAX®, recently PVR Cinemas ventured into a new cinema concept- Superplex in Noida. The cinema have 15 screens with IMAX, 4DX, Gold Class, Playhouse, PVR Cinemas has invested ₹48 crores in this new venture. PVRs first Gold Screen was launched in Indore in 2007, recently, PVR Cinemas in association with HP India has launched Asia’s first Virtual Reality Lounge at PVR ECX, Mall of India, Noida. PVR has a presence with 553 screens in 122 locations across 48 Indian cities
11.
Income tax
–
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities that varies with the income or profits of the taxpayer. Many jurisdictions refer to income tax on business entities as companies tax or corporate tax, partnerships generally are not taxed, rather, the partners are taxed on their share of partnership items. Tax may be imposed by both a country and subdivisions, most jurisdictions exempt locally organized charitable organizations from tax. Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times taxable income, the tax rate may increase as taxable income increases. Taxation rates may vary by type or characteristics of the taxpayer, capital gains may be taxed at different rates than other income. Credits of various sorts may be allowed that reduce tax, some jurisdictions impose the higher of an income tax or a tax on an alternative base or measure of income. Taxable income of resident in the jurisdiction is generally total income less income producing expenses. Generally, only net gain from sale of property, including goods held for sale, is included in income, Income of a corporations shareholders usually includes distributions of profits from the corporation. Deductions typically include all income producing or business expenses including an allowance for recovery of costs of business assets, many jurisdictions allow notional deductions for individuals, and may allow deduction of some personal expenses. Most jurisdictions either do not tax income earned outside the jurisdiction or allow a credit for taxes paid to other jurisdictions on such income, nonresidents are taxed only on certain types of income from sources within the jurisdictions, with few exceptions. Most jurisdictions require self-assessment of the tax and require payers of some types of income to withhold tax from those payments, advance payments of tax by taxpayers may be required. Taxpayers not timely paying tax owed are generally subject to significant penalties, for most of the history of civilization, these preconditions did not exist, and taxes were based on other factors. Taxes on wealth, social position, and ownership of the means of production were all common, the first income tax is generally attributed to Egypt. In the early days of the Roman Republic, public taxes consisted of modest assessments on owned wealth, the tax rate under normal circumstances was 1% and sometimes would climb as high as 3% in situations such as war. These modest taxes were levied against land, homes and other estate, slaves, animals, personal items. The more a person had in property, the tax they paid. In the year 10 AD, Emperor Wang Mang of the Xin Dynasty instituted an unprecedented income tax, at the rate of 10 percent of profits, for professionals and skilled labor. He was overthrown 13 years later in 23 AD and earlier policies were restored during the reestablished Han Dynasty which followed, one of the first recorded taxes on income was the Saladin tithe introduced by Henry II in 1188 to raise money for the Third Crusade
12.
Municipal Corporation of Delhi
–
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi was a municipal corporation, an autonomous body that governs 8 of the 11 Districts of Delhi, in the state of Delhi, India. It was one of three corporations in the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the others being New Delhi Municipal Council. The MCD was among the largest municipal bodies in the world providing civic services to more than estimated population of 11 million citizens in the capital city, the municipal corporation covers an area of 1,397.3 km². Within its jurisdiction are some of the most densely populated areas in the world and it has also the unique distinction of providing civic services to rural and urban villages, resettlement colonies, regularised unauthorised colonies, Slum/Squatter Settlements, private katras etc. MCD came into existence on the 7th of April,1958 under, prior to that DMC was the principal civic body of Delhi. Eminent Freedom Fighter Guru Radha Kishan has the honour to represent MCD for most consecutive years as a Councillor, the first elected Mayor of Delhi was Pt. Trilok Chand Sharma served as First Mayor of Delhi. Since then, the Municipal Body has always been alive in its constitution, the 1993 amendment of the Act brought about fundamental changes in composition, functions, governance and administration of the corporation. They did so through providing legal status to local assemblies and entrusting them with greater functions, the inclusion of certain social categories that had historically been marginalized from policy making and implementing structures was fundamental to the project of decentralization. These social categories were the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women, while the 73rd Amendment applies to the Panchayati Raj system, the 74th Amendment applies to Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils and Nagar Panchayats depending on the size of the city. As of 2011 India census, Delhi Municipal Corporation had a population of 11,007,835, males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Delhi Municipal Corporation has an literacy rate of 87. 6%, higher than the national average of 74. 0%, male literacy is 91. 44% and. In Delhi Municipal Corporation, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age, in 2012 the Municipal Corporation of Delhi was trifurcated, ie split into three smaller municipal corporations. The new North Delhi Municipal Corporation and South Delhi Municipal Corporation each contain 104 municipal wards, the municipal election of April 2012 saw the Bharatiya Janata Party of India win the highest number of seat in each of the three new corporations. After nearly 14 years of running the MCD this was the third victory for the BJP. The next election is scheduled for 23 April 2017, North, South and East MCD, with a total of 272 seats, would go to polls in April 2017. The parties in fray are Congress, AAP, BSP and BJP, Swaraj India, political front of Swaraj Abhiyan is fighting elections for the first time. For the last ten years, MCD has been ruled by BJP, the key issues in this election would be corruption and cleanliness
