1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
4.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
5.
Media of the United States
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Media of the United States consist of several different types of media, television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Web sites. The U. S. also has a music industry. Many of the media are controlled by large corporations who reap revenue from advertising, subscriptions. American media conglomerates tend to be leading global players, generating large revenues as well as opposition in many parts of the world. These mergers enable tighter control of information, currently, five corporations control roughly 90% of the media. Theories to explain the success of companies include reliance on certain policies of the American federal government or a tendency to natural monopolies in the industry. See Media bias in the United States, the organisation Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisations assessment of their press freedom records. In 2013–14 United States was ranked 46th out of 180 countries, American radio broadcasts in two bands, FM and AM. Some stations are only talk radio – featuring interviews and discussions – while music radio stations broadcast one particular type of music, Top 40, hip-hop, country, Radio broadcast companies have become increasingly consolidated in recent years. National Public Radio is the primary public radio network, but most radio stations are commercial. The Federal Communications Commission in 1970 had limited the number of radio station one person or company could own to 1 AM and 1 FM locally, and 7 AM and 7 FM stations nationally. But due to concentration of media ownership stemming from the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Most stations are now owned by major companies such as iHeartMedia, Cumulus Media, Townsquare Media. A new form of radio that is gaining popularity is satellite radio, the two biggest subscriptions based radio services are Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite Radio, which have recently merged to form Sirius XM Radio. Unlike terrestrial radio music channels are free and other channels feature minimal commercials. Satellite radio also is not regulated by the FCC, during the advent of the internet in the 21st century, internet radio and digital streaming services have been emerged. Among popular brands are Pandora and iHeartRadio, arbitron, a consumer research company, provides ratings for national and local radio stations in the United States. Ninety-nine percent of American households have at least one television and the majority of households have more than one, the four major broadcasters in the U. S. are the National Broadcasting Company, CBS, the American Broadcasting Company and the Fox Broadcasting Company
6.
Pittsburgh metropolitan area
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The Pittsburgh metropolitan area is the largest population center in both the Ohio River Valley and Appalachia. The metropolitan area consists of the City of Pittsburgh in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, by many definitions the area extends into the U. S. states of West Virginia and Ohio. The larger tri-state region is defined by the U. S. Census as the statistical area while definitions of the metropolitan statistical area are within Pennsylvania. The area is renowned for its industries including steel, glass and oil, its economy also thrives on healthcare, education, technology, robotics, financial services, the region is an emergent area for oil and natural gas companies Marcellus shale production. The city is headquarters to major financial institutions including PNC Financial Services, Federated Investors. The region is also the 21st largest port in the United States with almost 34 million short tons of cargo for 2011. The MSA definition includes the city proper and the Pennsylvania counties of Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Washington, the CSA definition also adds the two Western Pennsylvania counties of Lawrence and Indiana, West Virginias Brooke and Hancock as well as Ohios Jefferson. The MSA had a 2012 population of 2,360,733 and has an area of 5,343 sq. miles. It is classified as Northeast by the U. S. Census with the West Virginia and Ohio components of the CSA being classified as South, the entire MSA and CSA are within the Congressional Appalachian Regional Commissions definition of Appalachia. The areas media market extends to 15 counties in Pennsylvania, Maryland, population Since the U. S. Census officially began metropolitan definitions in 1950, the original counties included were, Allegheny, Westmoreland, Washington and Beaver. In 1983 Fayette County was added, in 1993 Butler County was added,2013 saw the combined area grow as both Indiana County, Pennsylvania was added and the counties of Jefferson in Ohio and Brooke and Hancock in West Virginia were added. The Regional Industrial Development agency has worked across county lines as early as 1967, foreign Trade Zones #33 and #254 cover the area. With the RIDC managing the centrally located FTZ #33, note, All census-designated places are unincorporated. The racial makeup of the MSA was 89. 8% White,7. 9% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 1% Asian, <0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 0. 9% from two or more races. 0. 7% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, the median income for a household in the MSA was $35,908, and the median income for a family was $44,709. Males had an income of $35,670 versus $23,993 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $18,897, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,525,730 people,1,032,596 households, and 678,085 families residing within the CSA. The racial makeup of the CSA was 90. 0% White,7. 7% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 1% Asian, <0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 0. 9% from two or more races
7.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
8.
Downtown Pittsburgh
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Downtown Pittsburgh, colloquially referred to as the Golden Triangle or Dahntahn in eye dialect, and officially the Central Business District, is the urban downtown center of Pittsburgh. It is located at the confluence of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River whose joining forms the Ohio River, the triangle is bounded by the two rivers. The area features offices for major corporations such as PNC Bank, U. S. Steel, PPG, Bank of New York Mellon, Heinz, Federated Investors and Alcoa. It is where the fortunes of industrial barons as Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, Henry J. Heinz, Andrew Mellon. It contains the site where the French fort, Fort Duquesne, in 2013, Pittsburgh had the second-lowest vacancy rate for Class A space among downtowns in the United States. The Central Business District is bounded by the Monongahela River to the south, the Allegheny River to the north, an expanded definition of Downtown may include the adjacent neighborhoods of Uptown/The Bluff, the Strip District, the North Shore, and the South Shore. Downtown is served by the Port Authoritys light rail system, an extensive bus network. Greyhounds Pittsburgh bus terminal is located across Liberty Avenue from the Amtrak Station, other important roadways are Pennsylvania Route 28, Pennsylvania Route 51, Pennsylvania Route 65, and U. S. Route 19. Three major entrances to the city are via tunnels, the Fort Pitt Tunnel and Squirrel Hill Tunnel on I-376 and the Liberty Tunnels. The New York Times once called Pittsburgh the only city with an entrance, also traveling I-279 south and I-376, the city explodes into view when coming around a turn in the highway. Downtown surface streets are based on two distinct grid systems that parallel the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers and these two grids intersect along Liberty Avenue, creating many unusual street intersections. Furthermore, the Allegheny grid contains numbered streets, while the Monongahela grid contains numbered avenues, and, in fact, there are cases where these numbered roadways intersect, creating some confusion. This unusual grid pattern leads to Pittsburghers giving directions in the terms of landmarks, Pittsburgh is nicknamed The City of Bridges. In Downtown, there are 10 bridges connecting to points north and south, the expanded definition of Downtown includes 18 bridges. In Allegheny County the number exceeds 2,200, while most people still consider the entire Downtown as one neighborhood, there are several significant subdistricts within the Golden Triangle. The Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District is a district in the central business district. It is bounded by Wood Street, Forbes Avenue, Grant Street and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 17,1985. Point State Park area, At the triangles tip is Point State Park with its giant fountain and this park was the original site of both Fort Duquesne by the French and the subsequent Fort Pitt by the British
9.
Hugh Henry Brackenridge
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Hugh Henry Brackenridge was an American writer, lawyer, judge, and justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Brackenridge was born in Kintyre, Scotland, a village near Campbeltown, in 1753, when he was 5, his family emigrated to York County, Pennsylvania, near the Maryland border, then a frontier. At age 15 he was head of a school in Maryland. Freneau and Brackenridge collaborated on a satire on American manners that may be the first work of fiction written in America. They also wrote The Rising Glory of America, a poem of a united nation that would rule the North American continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Brackenridge recited it at the commencement exercises of 1771, after his graduation, Brackenridge remained another year to study divinity. In 1772 he became headmaster of an academy in Somerset County, Maryland and he went back to Princeton for a Masters degree, and then served in George Washingtons army as a chaplain, preaching fiery patriotic sermons to the soldiers of the American Revolutionary War. He started the United States Magazine in Philadelphia in 1778, where he published poems by his friend Freneau and he took a law degree, studying under Samuel Chase in Annapolis, Maryland, and was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1780 at age 32. Of Philadelphia he wrote, I saw no chance for being anything in that city, four months later he struck out for the frontier,300 miles to the west, over the Appalachian Mountains. In 1781 Pittsburgh was a village of 400 inhabitants, most Scots, like himself, Scots-Irish and his aim, he wrote, in offering myself to the place was to advance the country and thereby myself. In Pittsburgh he helped establish the first western newspaper, the Pittsburgh Gazette and he also played a role in the little-known Westsylvania dispute, siding with Pennsylvania that the western lands should not become a 14th state. He lost a bid for re-election because he opposed popular sentiment in supporting federal controls, another legislator at the party, William Findley, published an account of the remarks, and the subsequent controversy led to Brackenridges electoral defeat. Brackenridge also nearly lost his life when he attempted to mediate the Whiskey Rebellion and he ran for the United States Congress, but was soundly defeated by Albert Gallatin. The formation of Allegheny County is largely due to Brackenridges efforts, in December 1799 Governor Thomas McKean appointed him a justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. He corresponded with other politically active men such as Alexander Addison, in 1815 he completed Modern Chivalry, his rambling satirical novel. Henry Adams called it a more thoroughly American book than any written before 1833, Brackenridge died June 25,1816 in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The Allegheny County borough of Brackenridge, Pennsylvania, is named for his son, the lawyer, judge, a blank-verse tragedy for performance by his students at the Somerset Academy in Maryland, where he was a master. It features contrasting views by Revolutionary leaders and the British, the Death of General Montgomery at the Siege of Quebec
10.
Allegheny Mountains
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The Alleghenies comprise the rugged western-central portion of the Appalachians. They rise to approximately 4,862 feet in northeastern West Virginia, in the east, they are dominated by a high, steep escarpment known as the Allegheny Front. In the west, they slope down into the closely associated Allegheny Plateau which extends into Ohio, the principal settlements of the Alleghenies are Altoona, State College, and Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and Cumberland, Maryland. The name is derived from the Allegheny River, which only a small portion of the Alleghenies in west-central Pennsylvania. The meaning of the word, which comes from the Lenape Indians, is not definitively known but is translated as fine river. A Lenape legend tells of an ancient tribe called the Allegewi who lived on the river and were defeated by the Lenape, Allegheny is the early French spelling, and Allegany is closer to the early English spelling. The word Allegheny was once used to refer to the whole of what are now called the Appalachian Mountains. John Norton used it around 1810 to refer to the mountains in Tennessee, around the same time, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. In 1861, Arnold Henry Guyot published the first systematic study of the whole mountain range. His map labeled the range as the Alleghanies, but his book was titled On the Appalachian Mountain System, as late as 1867, John Muir—in his book A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf—used the word Alleghanies in referring to the southern Appalachians. There was no agreement about the Appalachians versus the Alleghanies until the late 19th century. From northeast to southwest, the Allegheny Mountains run about 400 miles, from west to east, at their widest, they are about 100 miles. To the west, the Alleghenies grade down into the dissected Allegheny Plateau, the westernmost ridges are considered to be the Laurel and Chestnut Ridges in Pennsylvania and Laurel and Rich Mountains in West Virginia. The mountains to the south of the Alleghenies—the Appalachians in westernmost Virginia, eastern Kentucky, the Alleghenies and the Cumberlands both constitute part of the Ridge and Valley Province of the Appalachians. The eastern edge of the Alleghenies is marked by the Allegheny Front and this great escarpment roughly follows a portion of the Eastern Continental Divide in this area. A number of gorges and valleys drain the Alleghenies, to the east, Smoke Hole Canyon, and to the west the New River Gorge. Thus, about half the precipitation falling on the Alleghenies makes its way west to the Mississippi and half goes east to Chesapeake Bay, the highest ridges of the Alleghenies are just west of the Front, which has an east/west elevational change of up to 3,000 feet. Absolute elevations of the Allegheny Highlands reach nearly 5,000 feet, the highest point in the Allegheny Mountains is Spruce Knob, on Spruce Mountain in West Virginia
11.
United States Constitution
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The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government, Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Seven establishes the procedure used by the thirteen States to ratify it. In general, the first ten amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protections of individual liberty, the majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures, Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. All four pages of the original U. S, according to the United States Senate, The Constitutions first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. From September 5,1774 to March 1,1781, the Continental Congress functioned as the government of the United States. The process of selecting the delegates for the First and Second Continental Congresses underscores the revolutionary role of the people of the colonies in establishing a governing body. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States and it was drafted by the Second Continental Congress from mid-1776 through late-1777, and ratification by all 13 states was completed by early 1781. Under the Articles of Confederation, the governments power was quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers, implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures. The Continental Congress could print money but the currency was worthless, Congress could borrow money, but couldnt pay it back. No state paid all their U. S. taxes, some paid nothing, some few paid an amount equal to interest on the national debt owed to their citizens, but no more. No interest was paid on debt owed foreign governments, by 1786, the United States would default on outstanding debts as their dates came due. Internationally, the Articles of Confederation did little to enhance the United States ability to defend its sovereignty, most of the troops in the 625-man United States Army were deployed facing – but not threatening – British forts on American soil. They had not been paid, some were deserting and others threatening mutiny, spain closed New Orleans to American commerce, U. S. officials protested, but to no effect. Barbary pirates began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay their ransom, if any military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response. Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the sentiments and interests of the various states
12.
Anti-Masonic Party
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The Anti-Masonic Party was the first third party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry as a party, and later aspired to become a major party by expanding its platform to take positions on other issues. Although lasting only a decade, the Anti-Masonic Party introduced important innovations to U. S. politics, such as nominating conventions, the Anti-Masonic Party was formed in upstate New York in February 1828. Anti-Masons were opponents of Freemasonry, believing that it was a corrupt, many people regarded the Masonic organization and its adherents involved in government as corrupt. The opponents of Freemasonry formed a party after the Morgan affair convinced them the Masons were murdering men who spoke out against them. This key episode was the mysterious 1826 disappearance of William Morgan, Morgan claimed to have been made a member of the Masons while living in Canada, and he appears to have briefly attended a lodge in Rochester. In 1825 Morgan received the Royal Arch degree at Le Roys Western Star Chapter #33, whether he actually received these degrees and if so from where has not been determined for certain. Angered by the rejection, Morgan announced that he was going to publish an exposé titled Illustrations of Masonry, critical of the Freemasons and describing their secret degree ceremonies in detail. When his intentions known to the Batavia lodge, an attempt was made to burn down the business of the printer who planned to publish Morgans book. In September 1826 Morgan was arrested on allegations of failing to repay a loan and theft of a shirt. The individual who intended to publish Morgans book paid his bail, the generally believed version of events was that Masons killed Morgan by drowning him in the Niagara River. Whether he fled or was murdered, Morgans disappearance led many to believe that Freemasonry was in conflict with good citizenship, because judges, businessmen, bankers, and politicians were often Masons, ordinary citizens began to think of it as an elitist group. Moreover, many claimed that the lodges secret oaths bound Masons to favor each other against outsiders, in the courts, when a member sought to reveal its secrets, so ran the conclusion, the Freemasons had done away with him. Because they controlled the courts and other offices, they were capable of obstructing the investigation. True Americans, they said, had to organize and defeat this conspiracy, if good government was to be restored all Masons must be purged from public office. Opposition to Masonry was taken up by churches as a religious crusade. Anti-Masonry also became an issue in Western New York, where early in 1827 many mass meetings resolved not to support Masons for public office. In New York at this time the supporters of President John Quincy Adams, called Adams men, or Anti-Jacksonians, in this effort they were aided by the fact that Andrew Jackson was a high-ranking Mason and frequently spoke in praise of the organization
13.
Advocate (Pittsburgh)
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The Advocate was a newspaper in Pittsburgh, published under several title variants from 1832 to 1844. It was the daily newspaper issued in the city, the first being its eventual purchaser. Politically, the supported the principles of the Whig Party. On 13 August 1832, The Pennsylvanian Advocate was started by James Wilson, then of Steubenville, important to all of these missions, the editor believed, was to defeat the re-election of President Andrew Jackson. The first few issues were printed on a basis at Steubenville. Very soon, Wilson had a set up in a Pittsburgh office. According to William Bayard Hale, the press was the first west of the Allegheny Mountains that could print a double-page form at one impression. Born during the Bank War, the paper met controversy early on when Jacksonian newspapers accused it of accepting payments from the United States Bank to publish pro-Bank propaganda. It was reported that a letter intended for James Wilson was mistakenly received by man of the same name, who opened it and found a large check from Nicholas Biddle. Wilson published an affidavit denying that he had been bribed or corrupted, upon this change the paper issued its first daily edition under the name Pennsylvania Advocate and Pittsburgh Daily Advertiser. In keeping with its political views, the Advocate became an organ of the newly formed Whig Party. In 1836 it absorbed another Whig paper, the weekly Statesman, control of the paper passed in 1837 to Robert M. Riddle, later to be Whig mayor of Pittsburgh and editor of the Commercial Journal. In 1839 George Parkin merged his weekly Western Emporium into the Advocate, Parkin assumed full editorship the following year. The last editor-proprietor of the Advocate, Judge Thomas H. Baird, the titles of the daily editions of the two papers, Pittsburgh Daily Gazette and Daily Advocate and Advertiser, were combined as Pittsburgh Daily Gazette and Advertiser. In his farewell address, Baird wrote, Thus two of the oldest papers in the Western country will be coalesced in the support of Henry Clay and the American system. This consummation has been desired for some time, by many leading Whigs of the District, the full title of the Advocate varied over time and between editions. Because of gaps in the survival of the newspaper, the following list is not necessarily complete and this article incorporates text from Standard History of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, by Erasmus Wilson, a publication from 1898 now in the public domain in the United States
14.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
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George T. Oliver
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George Tener Oliver was an American lawyer, publisher, and Republican party politician from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate from 1909 until 1917 and he was born in Dungannon, Ireland while his parents were visiting there. After graduating from Bethany College, West Virginia he studied law in an office in Pittsburgh and he then engaged in the iron and steel industry, accumulating a large fortune. In 1909, he was elected to the U. S. Senate to serve out the term of Philander C, knox, who had resigned to become Secretary of State under President Taft. In 1911, he helped reverse the United States Board on Geographic Names decision to spell the name of the city of Pittsburgh as Pittsburg back to the original spelling with the -h ending. Oliver was reelected to a full term starting in 1911. As Senator, he focused on matters affecting the iron and steel industry. Oliver owned an estate named Dungannon Hall in Hamilton Twp, Ontario. The sideroad south of the estate was named Olivers Lane in memory, although Dungannon Hall was lost to fire in the mid 20th Century, the gates to the estate still stand at the western end of Olivers Lane next to Ontario Street. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, george T. Oliver at Find a Grave
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The Pittsburg Times
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The Pittsburg Times was a morning daily newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1880 to 1906. It was an ancestor of the present-day Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the Times began publication on 2 February 1880, with Pittsburgh Leader veteran Robert P. Nevin as founder, proprietor and editor. It was issued every morning except Sunday and was Republican in politics, in 1884, Nevin sold out to a company headed by local political boss Christopher Magee. Having outgrown a series of modest quarters, the Times moved in 1892 to its new eight-story Times Building, the structure still stands in downtown Pittsburghs Fourth Avenue Historic District. The Pittsburg Daily News was launched in 1896 as the sister newspaper, half a decade later it was bought and absorbed by the citys leading evening paper, The Pittsburg Press. In 1906, five years after Magees death, George T. Oliver bought the Times and merged it with the paper he already owned, The Pittsburgh Gazette. The merged publications were compatible in their conservatism, restraint from sensationalism, prior to consolidation, both papers had a similar daily circulation of about 70,000. An earlier, unrelated Pittsburgh Times existed roughly contemporaneously with the national Anti-Masonic movement of the late 1820s, founded in 1829 as the Examiner, it became the Times in January 1831. The paper was established in opposition to Freemasonry and for most of its existence catered to those who prefer the Supremacy of the Laws to the domination of the Lodge and it was issued on a weekly basis, with a short-lived daily edition in 1837. It discontinued publication on 17 April 1839, transferring its subscription list and accounts to the Gazette
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Pittsburgh Mercury
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The Pittsburgh Mercury was a weekly newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1811 to the early 1840s. Originally almost unpartisan, it became a mouthpiece of the Democratic-Republicans and it was a progenitor of the Pittsburgh Post, which in turn was succeeded by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. The Mercury began publication on 26 September 1811, with James C. Gilleland as editor and proprietor, within a year it was purchased by John M. Snowden, who while at the helm of the paper attained prominent local political posts, including Mayor of Pittsburgh in 1825–1828. In early 1830, Snowden was succeeded by his son Joseph in the conduct of the Mercury, the son retired in 1835, passing the paper to Robert Morrow and William H. Smith. Smith assumed sole control in 1840, the Mercury in 1832 absorbed a startup paper called the Allegheny Republican, and for about the next two years was published under the title Pittsburgh Mercury and Allegheny Republican. In 1841, the Weekly Pittsburgher and Allegheny Democrat joined with the Mercury to form the Pittsburgh Mercury and Allegheny Democrat, begun in tandem with the Post was an edition called the Weekly Mercury and Manufacturer, consisting of matter from the past weeks daily issues. The Post continued as a Democratic organ until its 1927 merger with the Gazette Times to create the Post-Gazette
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Allegheny Democrat
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The Allegheny Democrat was a newspaper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, published on a mostly weekly basis from 1824 to 1841. Founded in support of Andrew Jackson, it continued as a Democratic Party organ up to its consolidation with the Pittsburgh Mercury. The first issue, published on Wood Street in downtown Pittsburgh, appeared on June 22 of that year under the title Allegheny Democrat, after three years of promoting Jacksonism, McFarland died in 1827 at the age of 30. Upon McFarlands death the Democrat passed to 22-year-old Leonard Shryock Johns, the editorial tenure of Johns was marked by an uncritical advocacy of Jackson and his policies, and hostility to the presidents bête noire, the United States Bank. In late 1833, with subscriptions on the rise, Johns increased the frequency to semiweekly. Eventually finding a purchaser in 1836, he retired from journalism to focus on his political and he appended Workingmens Advocate to the title, indicating his sympathy for the Working Mens Party and the interests of laborers. Stewart engaged in harsh rhetoric with competitors, one of his editorials provoked Zantzinger McDonald of The American Manufacturer, a rival Democratic sheet, to enter Stewarts office and point a pistol at him. Stewart either bravely fended off his foe or dropped to the floor in fear, stewart gave his age at the time as 22. Stewart sold out in April 1838, less than two years after he embarked on his turbulent journalistic enterprise, the ostensible buyer and new editor was William Jack, formerly connected with the Washington, Pennsylvania Examiner. S. Shugert soon left and was replaced by William McElroy, smith merged the two papers to form the Pittsburgh Mercury and Allegheny Democrat and assured his readers that he would conduct it in the political spirit of its predecessors. Eventually, as part of a deal in 1927, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was born from the combination of the Post
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The American Manufacturer
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The American Manufacturer was a newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, on a mostly weekly basis from 1830 until 1842. The paper was Democratic in its political leanings, and stood out as radical and its successor by merger was the Pittsburgh Post, which by further consolidation became the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. In February,1830, William B. Conway issued a prospectus for a new weekly newspaper to be called The American Manufacturer and he announced that the first issue would appear on March 6 of the same year, and set the subscription price at $2 per annum. Conway promised that American Manufactures, Agriculture, and Internal Improvement, upon founding the Manufacturer, or at least not long thereafter, Conway associated himself with Richard Phillips in the conduct of the paper. From the start, the paper took radical grounds in favor of political, social and it supported the ideas of Frances Wright, and offended the pious with its skepticism toward religious authority and practices. Conways inflammatory views gained him among his enemies the nickname the vile, by March 1833, Conway retired from the editorial chair and left Phillips, the junior editor, in sole charge. Phillips continued the papers religious irreverence, in June 1833, impugning the efficacy of religion as a means of warding off cholera, he editorialized, Religious devotion, we say, is particularly ridiculous, and not more ridiculous than injurious. The paper invoked wrath from churches and rival newspapers by calling for the celebration of the birthday of Thomas Paine. The editor of the Allegheny Democrat, regarding Paine as an infidel, wrote, It is to be hoped for the credit of our city that but few will participate in this abominable festival. In late 1836, Richard Phillips, around the time he moved west, disposed of the Manufacturer to his brother Thomas Phillips, the newcomers proposed to launch a daily edition of the paper, which began issuing in April 1837 under the name Daily Commercial Bulletin and American Manufacturer. Its nameplate displayed the first half of the title in larger type than the latter half. McDonald and Phillips early on embroiled themselves with rival newspapermen, in one instance, McDonald took an editorial battle from the printed page to the office of the Allegheny Democrat, where he threatened that papers editor with a large horse pistol. On another occasion, McDonald and Phillips were sued for libel by Neville B. Craig of the Gazette for publishing an item by James Callan defaming Craigs character as a parent. The case would be settled a couple of years later with Phillips paying the necessary costs, the life of the Bulletin came to an early end in January 1838, and the American Manufacturer carried on as a weekly-only publication. The Gazette gave a harsh obituary, It seems we are to have no more lying Bulletins and that excrescence from the Manufacturer office gave the last sign of vegetation this morning. Its poisonous exhalations have ceased, and hereafter, instead of its daily deadly effusions, we are to have only weekly issues from that corrupt, mcDonalds tenure with the paper must have been a short one, as he died in July 1838 at the age of 25. Thomas Phillips ended up as sole publisher, the weekly edition kept the names of its predecessors until 1848, when it was rebranded as the Saturday Morning Post. The daily Post, originally co-published by Phillips, met with success after other attempts at Democratic dailies
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Pittsburgh Dispatch
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The Pittsburgh Dispatch was a leading newspaper in Pittsburgh, operating from 1846 to 1923. After being enlarged by publisher Daniel ONeill it was one of the largest and most prosperous newspapers in the United States. The paper was independent and was particularly known for its in-depth court reporting. Established by Col. J. Heron Foster, the Dispatch made its first appearance on 9 February 1846 and it was the first penny paper published in western Pennsylvania, initially comprising only four pages. The paper was almost unique in the industry for being profitable almost from the beginning despite being started during an economic recession. Foster was an opponent to slavery in the United States and. He was also a supporter of woman suffrage. His daughter Rachel Foster Avery became a prominent worker in the National American Woman Suffrage Association and he hired a woman to work in the newsroom and invited the protesting men to leave if they did not wish to work alongside her. Initially Foster acted not only as manager and financier of the paper. In 1849 Foster brought in a partner, RC Fleeson and the firm changed names to Foster & Fleeson, at the outbreak of the American Civil War Foster joined the Army, but production of the paper continued. In 1857 the Dispatch was Pittsburghs leading newspaper with a daily and weekly circulation of 14,000. Fleeson remained with the paper until his death in 1863, following the war, in 1865 two employees of the paper, Daniel ONeill and Alexander W. Rook bought a half interest in the paper, eventually taking full control when Foster died in 1868. ONeill had been city editor for years and had his finger on the pulse of the city. Additionally, ONeill forged an independent path on state and national issues, the two partners ran the paper until ONeills death in 1877. Following ONeills death, Eugene M ONeill, Daniels brother, took a leading role in the paper along with Rook. E. M. ONeill continued his brothers independent approach to political, the same year as Daniels death,1877, the firm suffered the loss of the printing plant due to fire. ONeill replaced the rotary press with a state-of-the-art perfecting press which could print both sides of the paper at the same time and they simultaneously reduced the size of the printed sheet and doubled the number of pages. The smaller size and greater bulk made the Dispatch stand out from the competition most of whom were using the older blanket press in a broad sheet format, another advantage gained by introducing new technology came from the press ability to print and fold the paper
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Pittsburgh Leader
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The Pittsburgh Leader was a major newspaper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, operating from 1864 to 1923. John W. Pittock, a 21-year-old former newsboy, first published the Leader as a Sunday weekly on 11 December 1864, a daily edition called the Evening Leader appeared on 18 October 1870 under the leadership of Pittock and partners John I. Nevin, Robert P. Nevin, and Edward H. Nevin, the paper took a nonpartisan stance in political matters. Already in 1873, the Leader was listed in Rowells American Newspaper Directory as having the largest daily circulation in Pittsburgh and it was also at the time the citys only daily with a Sunday edition, aside from the German-language Volksblatt. It was often said that ex-political boss William Flinn took part in the purchase, muckraker Will Irwin, writing in Colliers magazine, accused Moore of turning the responsible, civic-minded Leader into a scandalmongering yellow newspaper. At the time, advertisers and publishers had long regarded the Pittsburgh newspaper market as overcrowded, only four years after the demise of the Leader and Dispatch, mergers further narrowed the field of mainstream Pittsburgh dailies from five to three. Early in her career, author Willa Cather worked at the Leader as a telegraph editor, investigative journalist and media critic George Seldes started out as a cub reporter at the Leader in 1909 at age 18. In a late-life memoir, he alleged that the Leader and other papers had allowed businesses to kill unfavorable stories in exchange for advertising payments, actress Lillian Russell, who was married to publisher Moore, had a beauty advice column called Lillian Russells Philosophy. Arthur G. Burgoyne or cartoonist Fred Johnston, or both, created the character Father Pitt as a personification of the city of Pittsburgh, the character was adopted by numerous editorial cartoonists in other Pittsburgh papers
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William Randolph Hearst
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Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak and he later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Politically he espoused the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working class and he controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence. He also called for war in 1898 against Spain—as did many other newspaper editors—but he did it in sensational fashion, after 1918, he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians. He was a supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932–34, but then broke with FDR. His life story was the inspiration for Charles Foster Kane. His famous mansion, Hearst Castle, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark. William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco, to mining engineer, goldmine owner and U. S. senator George Hearst. His paternal great-grandfather was John Hearst, of Ulster Protestant origin and he migrated to America from Ballybay, County Monaghan as part of the Cahans Exodus with his wife and six children in 1766 and settled in South Carolina. Their immigration to South Carolina was spurred in part by the governments policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants. The names John Hearse and John Hearse Jr, the Hearse spelling of the family name never was used afterward by the family members themselves, or any family of any size. Hearsts mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was also of Irish ancestry and she was the first woman regent of University of California, Berkeley, funded many anthropological expeditions and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Following preparation at St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire, while there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A. D. Searching for an occupation, in 1887, Hearst took over management of a newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, a self-proclaimed populist, Hearst went on to publish stories of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market, outcault, the inventor of color comics, and all of Pulitzers Sunday staff as well. Another prominent hire was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian, Hearst imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. Hearsts activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, While others Talk, the New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as yellow journalism, after Outcaults Yellow Kid comic
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Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph
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The Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph was an evening daily newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1927 to 1960. Part of the Hearst newspaper chain, it competed with the Pittsburgh Press, the Sun-Telegraphs ancestry, which includes the Chronicle Telegraph and the earlier Chronicle, stretches back to the first half of the 19th century. The Morning Chronicle was established on June 26,1841 by Richard George Berford, at first a semi-weekly paper, it became a daily on September 8 of the same year. The original editor was 19-year-old J. Heron Foster, who would later be the editor of the Spirit of the Age. A weekly edition of the paper first appeared in November 1841 with the title The Iron City, on August 30,1851 the daily paper changed its time of issue, becoming the Evening Chronicle. On January 2,1884, the Pittsburgh Evening Chronicle merged with the Pittsburgh Telegraph to form the Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph, in 1892, the Chronicle Telegraph Building on Fifth Avenue gained brief notoriety as the site where anarchist Alexander Berkman attempted to assassinate industrialist Henry Clay Frick. In October 1900 the paper sponsored the Chronicle Telegraph Cup, a baseball series won by the Brooklyn Superbas over the Pittsburgh Pirates. Held only once, the contest was a precursor to the current World Series, the papers were soon housed under the same roof and frequently exchanged or shared staff members. In 1915 a new building on the current site of the U. S. Steel Tower became the home of the Chronicle Telegraph along with Olivers morning paper. Upon the death of George T. Oliver in 1919, control of the Chronicle Telegraph and Gazette Times passed to his sons George S. on August 1,1927, William Randolph Hearst completed a purchase of the two Oliver papers, including the building. He coordinated the transaction with publisher Paul Block, who at the time became owner of another morning-evening combination, the Pittsburgh Post and its 1906 offshoot. The first issues of the new publications rolled off the presses the next day, the deal stipulated that the Sun-Telegraph, but not the Post-Gazette, would publish on Sundays, even though the latter papers predecessors had Sunday editions and the formers did not. The combined Sunday circulation that the Post-Gazette would have inherited was instead transferred to the Sunday Sun-Telegraph, in the 1950s the Sun-Telly was losing subscribers and advertisers to its direct competitor in the evening and Sunday fields, the Pittsburgh Press, and to a lesser degree the Post-Gazette. In 1960 the Hearst organization sold the paper along with its building to the Post-Gazette. These problems helped spur the Post-Gazette to enter into a joint operating agreement with the stronger Press in the following year, in 1978 the barely noticeable subtitle finally disappeared from the nameplate. Pittsburghs Post-Gazette, The First Newspaper West of the Alleghenies, thomas, Clarke M. Front-Page Pittsburgh, Two Hundred Years of the Post-Gazette
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Pittsburgh Press
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The Pittsburgh Press, published from 1884 to 1992, was a major afternoon daily newspaper in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. At one time, the Press was the second largest newspaper in Pennsylvania, for four years starting in 2011, the brand was revived and applied to an afternoon online edition of the Post-Gazette. Originally The Evening Penny Press, the changed to The Pittsburg Press in 1887. The paper referred to the city and its sports teams as Pittsburg until August 1921, in 1923, the Press was acquired by the Scripps-Howard Syndicate. During the 1960s, it entered into a Joint Operating Agreement with the competing Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, the Post-Gazette had previously purchased and merged with the Hearst Corporations Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph leaving just itself and the much larger Pittsburgh Press. The JOA was to be managed by the Pittsburgh Press owners as the Press had the larger circulation and was the stronger of the two papers. Under the JOA, the Post-Gazette became a 6-day morning paper, and this arrangement was in effect until Scripps began bargaining with the Teamsters union, whose contract with the Press expired in 1991. In return, Scripps received The Monterey County Herald, the sale required a ruling by the U. S. Department of Justice as the JOA was regulated by the Newspaper Preservation Act of 1970. The outcome was a surprise to people in Pittsburgh, as the Press had a much higher profile. Before the 1992 strike, many assumed that the smaller Post-Gazette would cease publication when the JOA expired, the departure of the Press also meant that Scripps was exiting the Pittsburgh market entirely. Block Communications announced on November 14,2011 that it was bringing back the Press in an edition for the afternoon. Although published electronically, the new Press was formatted with a fixed layout replicating that of a printed newspaper. The experiment ended with the issue of September 25,2015, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette current owner of the Press name and present day heir to its archives
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E. W. Scripps Company
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The E. W. Scripps Company is an American broadcasting company founded in 1878 as a chain of daily newspapers by Edward Willis Scripps. It was also formerly a media conglomerate, the company is headquartered inside the Scripps Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Its corporate motto is Give light and the people find their own way. The E. W. Scripps Company was incorporated on December 1,1987, but it traces its history to November 2,1878, when Edward Willis Scripps published the first issue of the Cleveland Penny Press. In 1894, E. W. Scripps and his half-brother, George H. Scripps, in July 1895, it was named the Scripps-McRae League with the addition of Cincinnati Post general manager Milton A. McRae as a partner. On November 29,1921, it was renamed Scripps-Howard Newspapers, on November 23,1922, the company was placed in trust for E. W. Scripps children and grandchildren. In 1990, the company completed a new downtown Cincinnati headquarters, on October 16,2007, the company announced that it would separate into two publicly traded companies, The E. W. Scripps Company and Scripps Networks Interactive. The transaction was completed on July 1,2008, on October 3,2011, The E. W. Scripps Company announced it was purchasing the television arm of McGraw-Hill for $212 million. This purchase nearly doubles the number of Scripps stations to 19 with a reach of 13% of U. S. households. Upon the 2012 death of E. W. Scripps grandson, Robert Scripps, the E. W. Scripps Company and Journal Communications announced on July 30,2014, that the two companies would merge and spin-off their newspaper assets. The FCC approved the deal on December 12,2014, the merger and spinoff were completed on April 1,2015. Journal Media Group merged with the all-newspaper Gannett Company on April 8,2016, Gannett had also shed their television and broadcast operations into a spin-off, Tegna, months after the Scripps-Journal merger. The purchase price was to be between $605 and $775 million, depending on a federal ruling, United Feature Syndicate syndicated many notable comic strips including Peanuts, Garfield, Lil Abner, Dilbert, Nancy and Marmaduke. The distribution rights to properties syndicated by United Media was outsourced to Universal Uclick in February 2011, while United Media effectively ceased to exist, Scripps still maintains copyrights and intellectual property rights. Scripps also operated United Press International until selling it off in 1982 and it also previously owned the Scripps Howard News Service, which shut down in 2013. E. W. Scripps also previously owned the Shop at Home Network from 2000 until 2006, Shop at Home in turn owned five television stations, all as a division of its cable network division. In October 1995, Comcast announced the purchase of E. W. Scripps cable provider operation, attempts to use Shop at Home as a complementary service to Food Network and HGTV by selling products connected to personalities of those networks were middling compared to competitors QVC and HSN. On May 22,2006, Scripps announced that it was to cease operations of the network, jewelry Television eventually acquired Shop at Home, but Scripps still intended to sell its affiliated stations
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Richard Mellon Scaife
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Richard Mellon Scaife was an American billionaire, a principal heir to the Mellon banking, oil, and aluminum fortune, and the owner and publisher of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. In 2005, Scaife was number 238 on the Forbes 400, by 2013, Scaife had dropped to number 371 on the listing, with a personal fortune of $1.4 billion. During his life, Scaife was known for his support of conservative public policy organizations over the past four decades. Sarah was the niece of former United States Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon and she and her brother, financier R. K. Mellon, were heirs to the Mellon fortune that included Mellon Bank and major stakes in Gulf Oil, Scaife attended high school at Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts. He was expelled from Yale University in the aftermath of a drunken party, Scaife graduated with a bachelors degree in English in 1957. Scaife inherited positions on several boards in 1958, when his father Alan died unexpectedly. However, his family had become estranged from his uncle, R. K. Scaife and his mother encouraged him to get involved in the familys philanthropic foundations, and he did so. He inherited much of the Mellon fortune when his mother died in 1972, a portion of the fortune was placed in trust funds and the rest in foundations. The trusts expired in 1985 and, per tax law, the foundations must give away 5% of their assets per year, disbursements from each foundation are done through boards of directors. Shortly before her death, the siblings reconciled, and he eulogized her in January 2005, lauding Cordelia for devoting her life, in 1970, Scaife purchased a small market newspaper, then known as the Tribune-Review. The paper was based in Greensburg, the county seat and center of Westmoreland County, for a number of years, the paper was published and distributed only in the Westmoreland area. In the controversy that nearly half the papers 24 person newsroom staff resigned. During this time, Scaife expanded operations of his newspaper into Pittsburgh and he essentially created a newspaper from the ground up and named it the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review while maintaining the Greensburg operation separately. He moved the Pittsburgh headquarters to the D. L. Clark building on Martindale Street on Pittsburghs North Side, the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review continues to challenge the Post-Gazette in the Pittsburgh media market. Twelve years after Scaifes newspaper began publishing, the Post-Gazette reported major losses. Unlike Scaife, the owners of the Post-Gazette, the Block family, were unwilling to sustain major losses year after year, according to the Scaife divorce papers, Richard Scaife has consistently spent between $20 and $30 million per year to cover the Tribune-Reviews losses. According to the Audit Bureau of Circulation, the Tribune-Review has a combined 221,000 regional circulation, in 2005, the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review announced that operations of its suburban editions would be consolidated, with staff reductions in the newsrooms, business, and circulation departments
29.
Greensburg, Pennsylvania
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Greensburg is a city in and the county seat of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States, and a part of the Pittsburgh Metro Area. The city lies within the Laurel Highlands and the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau, the city is named after Nathanael Greene, a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. The population was 14,892 at the 2010 census, located 30 miles southeast of Pittsburgh, Greensburg is a major business, academic, tourism and cultural center in Western Pennsylvania. It is evident as the population doubles during work hours. The city ranks seventh in Pennsylvania in daytime growth, behind Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, King of Prussia, Lancaster and it also ranks 16th in the United States for daytime growth among towns with a resident population between 15,000 and 24,999. In 2007, Greensburg was ranked as one of the Best Places to Retire in Pennsylvania by U. S. News & World Report. After the end of the Revolutionary War, an inn was built along a trail that stretched from Philadelphia west over the Appalachian Mountains to Fort Pitt. A tiny settlement known as Newtown grew around the inn, today the center of Greensburgs Business District at the intersection of Pittsburgh, at Pittsburgh, the wagon trail became Penn Avenue. Newtown became the new county seat in 1785, in 1786, the county built a log courthouse on land purchased from two residents, Christopher Truby and William Jack. The Westmoreland County Courthouse, in its various incarnations, has stood on this site, the area surrounding the courthouse became the original borough of Greensburg, named for American Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene, and formally incorporated as a borough in 1799. In the early 19th century, Greensburg had very little growth, after 1850, Greensburg became a growing county seat with inns and small businesses. It was a stop and the discovery of large areas of soft coal nearby made it the center of a vigorous mining industry in the late 19th century. Seton Hill College, formerly St. Josephs Academy, became a womens institution in 1918. Greensburg became a Third-Class City on January 2,1928, after World War II, more residential areas were developed in various sections of town. Changes in local shopping habits had already taken its toll by the late 1970s when Troutmans Department Store closed, also, in July 2009, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, the largest medical school in the country, opened a satellite campus at Seton Hill University. Now over 200 students study at LECOM at Seton Hill every year, as part of this ongoing transition, an expansion of the Westmoreland Museum of American Art was completed in 2015. The city is home of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Greensburg, Greensburgs first log school house was located at the site of St. Clair Park. St. Clair Park was originally a cemetery, when the borough banned cemeteries, St. Clair cemetery was moved to its current location, just east of town
30.
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
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Westmoreland County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. At the 2010 census, the population was 365,169, Westmoreland County originally included the present-day counties of Fayette, Washington, Greene, and parts of Beaver, Allegheny, Indiana, and Armstrong counties. It is named for Westmorland, a county of England. Westmoreland County is included in the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a major coal strike occurred in the county in the winter of 1910–11. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,036 square miles. The population density was 361 per square mile, there were 161,058 housing units at an average density of 157 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 58% White,2. 01% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 52% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 64% from two or more races. 0. 51% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 23. 7% were of German,18. 5% Italian,9. 7% Irish,8. 9% Polish,6. 7% English,5. 2% Slovak and 5. 0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93. 22. 00% of the population were under the age of 18,6. 80% from 18 to 24,27. 50% from 25 to 44,25. 40% from 45 to 64, the median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 93.10 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.70 males. In November 2008, there are 249,147 registered voters in Westmoreland County, in 2000, Republican George W. Bush won 51% and Democrat Al Gore won 45%. In 2004, Republican George W. Bush won 56% and Democrat John Kerry won 43%, in 2008, Republican John McCain won 57% to Democrat Barack Obamas 41%. Governor Ed Rendell lost Westmoreland in both 2002 and 2006, in 2008 Republican Tim Krieger picked up the 57th House district left open by the retirement of Democrat Tom Tangretti. In 2010, both Pat Toomey and Tom Corbett won Westmoreland in their statewide bids, also the GOP gained control of two more State House districts, the 54th with Eli Evankovich and the 56th with George Dunbar. S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data and they are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here as well, franklin Township - now known as Murrysville, Pennsylvania The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Westmoreland County
31.
Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
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The Tribune-Review Publishing Company was owned by Richard Mellon Scaife, an heir to the Mellon banking, oil, and aluminum fortune, until his death in July 2014. Scaife was a major funder of organizations, including the Arkansas Project. Accordingly, the Tribune-Review has maintained a conservative stance, contrasting with the more liberal Post-Gazette. In addition to its paper, the company publishes 17 weekly community newspapers. The paper first began as the Gazette on August 22,1811, after a series of name changes and mergers it became the Greensburg Daily Tribune in 1889. In 1924, it and the Greensburg Morning Review, launched by David J. Berry in 1903, both papers continued separate publication until 1955, when they merged to form the Greensburg Tribune-Review. Scaife bought the Tribune-Review in 1970, Scaife was a decade early in trying to unarm the Post-Gazette. In 1981–82, he started a short-lived eastern suburbs paper, The Daily-Sunday Tribune, the Tribune-Review owns several satellite papers that insert or surround the regional publication with neighborhood specific stories. The Valley News Dispatch, of Pittsburgh suburbs Tarentum and New Kensington is one such satellite, local journalism student John Filo worked for the publication while attending nearby Kent State University and served as the Valley News Dispatchs correspondent of the Kent State shootings. His photography that day has ascended to iconic status and won the paper its only Pulitzer Prize, over time, it became a stand-alone newspaper headquartered on Pittsburghs North Side. In late 1997, Scaifes NewsWorks facility opened in the North Hills, nine months after purchasing the North Hills News Record from Gannett Company, Tribune-Review Publishing Co. announced the paper would be merged with the Pittsburgh Trib. The News Record was most successful during the strike of the early 1990s. At its demise, the North Hills News Record had a circulation of more than 16,000. In early 2000, the Trib announced the News Record name would retire after more than two years of a combined Tribune-Review/North Hills News Record banner, North Hills coverage would be wrapped into the Tribs neighborhoods section. In 2000, the Trib announced it would stop producing the twice-weekly Irwin-based paper, citing a sagging economy, the Trib laid off more than four percent of its workforce in 2003, including freelance writers. More shakeups continued in 2005 as circulation numbers dropped and a top official left, an online message board featured back and forth fights between Pittsburgh and Greensburg employees. The merged papers include the Tribune-Review of Greensburg, the Valley News Dispatch of Tarentum, The Leader-Times of Kittanning, The Daily Courier of Connellsville, the Valley Independent, the only paper with a unionized newsroom and contract, was not affected. Two managers were laid off
32.
Marshall Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
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Marshall Township is a township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 6,915 at the 2010 census, Marshall Township was named for Thomas M. Marshall, who was instrumental in the townships organization. Since the late 1960s it has been home to a large research, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 15.6 square miles, all of it land. It is part of the North Allegheny School district, along with McCandless, the township participates in the multi-municipality Northland Public Library. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,996 people,1,944 households, the population density was 384.4 people per square mile. There were 2,018 housing units at a density of 129. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 95. 90% White,1. 08% African American,2. 22% Asian,0. 07% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 68% of the population. 11. 9% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 3.08 and the average family size was 3.37. In the township the population was out, with 33. 7% under the age of 18,4. 5% from 18 to 24,28. 6% from 25 to 44,25. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males, the median income for a household in the township was $102,351, and the median income for a family was $109,376. Males had an income of $84,871 versus $38,917 for females. The per capita income for the township was $42,856, about 4. 7% of families and 5. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 6% of those under age 18 and 6. 1% of those age 65 or over
33.
Findlay Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
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Findlay Township is a township located west of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 5,060 at the 2010 census, the township is the home of Pittsburgh International Airport, which it shares with neighboring Moon Township to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 32.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,145 people,2,028 households, the population density was 157.9 people per square mile. There were 2,128 housing units at a density of 65. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 96. 17% White,1. 63% African American,0. 14% Native American,1. 11% Asian,0. 08% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 56% of the population. 23. 9% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.03. In the township the population was out, with 25. 7% under the age of 18,5. 9% from 18 to 24,34. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males, the median income for a household in the township was $47,484, and the median income for a family was $55,930. Males had an income of $40,173 versus $27,045 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,417, about 4. 8% of families and 5. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 4% of those under age 18 and 10. 9% of those age 65 or over. Dicks Sporting Goods is headquartered in Findlay, since mid-2014, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette has had a large printing operation in the Clinton area of the township. Prior to its dissolution, MidAtlantic Airways had its headquarters on the grounds of Pittsburgh International Airport in Findlay, since 1979 the RIDC has developed business and research park property adjacent to the airport. West Allegheny School District serves the township, the Wilson School serves elementary school students. West Allegheny Middle School and West Allegheny High School serve secondary students, western Allegheny Community Library serves Findlay Township, North Fayette, and Oakdale
34.
North Shore (Pittsburgh)
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The North Shore is a neighborhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanias North Side. It has a zip code of 15212, and has representation on Pittsburgh City Council by both the members for District 1 and 6. The neighborhood is home to Heinz Field, PNC Park and The Andy Warhol Museum and it is developing rapidly between the two stadiums. Two new light rail opened in the spring of 2012. The North Side station is located beside PNC Park and near the portal of the Allegheny River Tunnel. Allegheny station is located by Heinz Field, and is the current western terminus of the line, in October 2014 two 11-story office skyscrapers were proposed for the area by local parking lot manager Alco Parking. The project is likely to move forward, as soon as a tenant can be found. Allegheny Center, Central Northside, Allegheny West, Downtown Pittsburgh, Chateau, East Allegheny, Troy Hill, list of Pittsburgh neighborhoods Interactive Pittsburgh Neighborhoods Map
35.
Three Rivers Stadium
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Three Rivers Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1970 to 2000. It was home to the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, Built as a replacement for Forbes Field, which opened in 1909, the US$55 million multi-purpose facility was designed to maximize efficiency. Ground was broken in April 1968 and an oft behind-schedule construction plan lasted for 29 months, the stadium opened on July 16,1970 when the Pirates played their first game. In the 1971 World Series, Three Rivers Stadium hosted the first World Series game played at night, the following year the stadium was the site of the Immaculate Reception. The final game in the stadium was won by the Steelers on December 16,2000, Three Rivers Stadium also hosted the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team for a single season each. After its closing, Three Rivers Stadium was imploded in 2001, a proposal for a new sports stadium in Pittsburgh was first made in 1948, however, plans did not attract much attention until the late 1950s. The Pittsburgh Pirates played their games at Forbes Field, which opened in 1909. The Pittsburgh Steelers, who had moved from Forbes Field to Pitt Stadium in 1964, were supporters of the project. For their part, according to longtime Pirates announcer Bob Prince, in 1958, the Pirates sold Forbes to the University of Pittsburgh for $2 million. The university wanted the land for expanded graduate facilities, as part of the deal, the university leased Forbes back to the Pirates until a replacement could be built. An early design of the stadium included plans to situate the stadium atop a bridge across the Monongahela River and it was to call for a 70,000 seat stadium with hotels, marina and even 100 lane bowling alley. Plans of the Stadium over the Monongahela were eventually not pursued, a design was presented in 1958 which featured an open center field design—through which fans could view Pittsburghs Golden Triangle. A site on the citys Northside was approved on August 10,1958, due to availability and parking space. The same site had hosted Exposition Park, which the Pirates had left in 1909, the stadium was located in a hard-to-access portion of downtown, making it hard in later years to get in before games and leave after games. Political debate continued over the North Side Sports Stadium and the project was often behind schedule, arguments were made by commissioner Dr. William McCelland that the Pirates and Steelers should fund a higher percentage of the $33 million project. Due to lack of support, however, the arguments faded, ground for Three Rivers Stadium was broken on April 25,1968. Due to the Steelers suggestions, the design was changed to enclose center field. Construction continued, though it became plagued with problems such as thieves stealing materials from the building site, in November 1969, Arthur Gratz asked the city for an additional $3 million, which was granted
36.
Point State Park
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Built on land acquired via eminent domain from industrial enterprises in the 1950s, the park opened in August 1974 when construction was completed on its iconic fountain. Pittsburgh settled on the current design after rejecting a plan for a Point Park Civic Center designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The park also includes the outlines and remains of two of the oldest structures in Pittsburgh, Fort Pitt and Fort Duquesne. The Fort Pitt Museum, housed in the Monongahela Bastion of Fort Pitt, commemorates the French and Indian War, the park, a registered National Historic Landmark, is operated by the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks. The location of the fountain at the tip of the Point previously served as a connector for two old bridges, the Manchester Bridge and Point Bridge, both were removed in 1970 to make way for the fountain. In April 2009, the fountain was turned off for a $9.6 million upgrade and refurbishment, the fountain also serves as the western terminus for the Great Allegheny Passage, a 150-mile hiker-biker trail beginning at the 184. Michael DeBerardinis, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the project was scheduled to be completed within four years, with the majority of the work to be completed in time for Pittsburghs 250th anniversary celebration in 2008. Sections of the park have fallen into disuse since it was established in the summer of 1974, the homeless have used the trenches surrounding the foundations of the remains of Fort Pitt as a temporary shelter for years. Graffiti on the structures of the park had become a major problem, sections of the park were littered with fence posts, cut logs, plastic drums, and rolled up snow drift fencing. The walkways were cracked and beginning to fall apart, the restoration project aimed to reestablish the park as a recreational destination. These plans were not put into place without some controversy, on January 25,2007,13 members of two local labor unions were arrested for blocking access by contractors to the work sites at the remnants of Fort Pitt. The unions were protesting the use of four nonrepresented workers by the contractor, in addition, advocates for historical preservation disagreed with the decision to bury the remnants of the forts walls, which could damage the bricks and remove the walls from public access. Point State Park was reopened to the public in the spring of 2008, the renovation process took a year and a half to complete. The confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, creating the Ohio River, has impacted the history of Point State Park. This confluence was referred to as the Forks of the Ohio and it was once at the center of river travel, trade, and even wars throughout the pioneer history of Western Pennsylvania. During the mid-18th century, the armies of France and the Great Britain carved paths through the wilderness to control the point area, the French built Fort Duquesne in 1754 on foundations of Fort Prince George, which had been built by the colonial forces of Virginia. The French held Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War, the French held the fort successfully early in the war, turning back the 1755 expedition led by General Edward Braddock. A smaller attack by James Grant in September 1758 was repulsed, two months later, on November 25, the Forbes Expedition, under General John Forbes, captured the site after the French destroyed Fort Duquesne the day before
37.
Modern liberalism in the United States
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Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States. It is characterized by social liberalism, and combines ideas of liberty and equality with support for social justice. The term modern liberalism in this article refers only to the United States, in a global context, this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism. The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on such as education, health care. Important social issues today include addressing inequality, voting rights for minorities, affirmative action, reproductive and other rights, support for LGBT rights. American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues, but not all, Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism, though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated. John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows, keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals. Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy, in order to keep unemployment low, inflation in check and they also value institutions that defend against economic inequality. In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes, I believe in an equal society, supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth. I believe in democracy, civil liberties, and the rule of law and that makes me a liberal, and Im proud of it. Liberals often point to the prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II. They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all, Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party, as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party. Today the word liberalism is used differently in different countries, one of the greatest contrasts is between the usage in the United States and usage in Europe. According to Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Liberalism in the American usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any European country, save possibly Britain. In Europe, liberalism, usually means what is called classical liberalism, a commitment to limited government, laissez-faire economics. This classical liberalism sometimes more closely corresponds to the American definition of libertarianism, in the United States, the general term liberalism will almost always refer to modern liberalism, a more social variant of classical liberalism. A2015 Gallup poll found that liberal views have consistently been on the rise in America since 1999. As of 2015, there is an equal number of socially liberal Americans and socially conservative Americans
38.
Conservatism in the United States
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Historians argue that the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the 1790s. However they have stressed that a conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s. The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movements history, the history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism, they tend to support voluntary school prayer and oppose abortion and same sex marriage. Some also want the teaching of intelligent design or creationism allowed, the 21st century has seen an increasingly fervent conservative support for Second Amendment rights of private citizens to own firearms. Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world, paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and stand in opposition to multiculturalism. Nationwide most factions, except some libertarians, support a unilateral foreign policy, the conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of godless communism. All other activities of government tend to diminish freedom and hamper progress, the growth of government must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations and we believe that truth is neither arrived at nor illuminated by monitoring election results, binding though these are for other purposes, but by other means, including a study of human experience. On this point we are, without reservations, on the conservative side, President Ronald Reagan set the conservative standard in the 1980s, in the 2010s the Republican leaders typically claim fealty to it. For example, most of the Republican candidates in 2012 claimed to be standardbearers of Reagans ideological legacy, the 1980s and beyond became known as the Reagan Era. Typically, conservative politicians and spokesmen in the 21st century proclaim their devotion to Reagans ideals and policies on most social, economic and they support a strong policy of law and order to control crime, including long jail terms for repeat offenders. Most conservatives support the death penalty for particularly egregious crimes, the law and order issue was a major factor weakening liberalism in the 1960s. From 2001 to 2008, Republican President George W. Bush stressed cutting taxes and minimizing regulation of industry and banking, Conservatives generally advocate the use of American military power to fight terrorists and promote democracy in the Middle East. According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as conservative or very conservative, 34% as moderate, although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, for Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal. Conservatism appears to be growing stronger at the state level, the trend is most pronounced among the least well-off, least educated, most blue collar, most economically hard-hit states. Conservatives generally believe that government action is not the solution to problems as poverty and inequality
39.
The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)
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The Blade, also known as the Toledo Blade, is a daily newspaper in Toledo, Ohio, in the United States, first published on December 19,1835. The first issue of what was then the Toledo Blade was printed on December 19,1835 and it has been published daily since 1848 and is the oldest continuously run business in Toledo. David Ross Locke gained national fame for the paper during the Civil War era by writing under the pen name Petroleum V. Nasby, writing under the pen name, Locke wrote satires ranging on topics from slavery to the Civil War to temperance. President Abraham Lincoln was fond of the Nasby satires and sometimes quoted them, in 1867 Locke bought the Toledo Blade. The paper dropped Toledo from its masthead in 1960, in 2004 The Blade won the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting with a series of stories entitled Buried Secrets, Brutal Truths. The story brought to light the story of the Tiger Force, in 2006, The Blade was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize, and winner of the National Headliner Award, for breaking the scandal in Ohio known as Coingate. As of 2015, the editor in chief is John Robinson Block and his family purchased the paper in 1926 and they also own the media conglomerate Block Communications, which owns cable systems, television stations, and an Internet service network, Buckeye Express. As of 2008 The Blade had the 83rd largest daily circulation in the United States. The Toledo Blade was named for the famed swordsmithing industry of the city of Toledo. Its motto, on the nameplate below the title, is One of Americas Great Newspapers. In 2007 Blade photojournalist Allan Detrich left the Blade when it was discovered that he had altered an photo that was published on the front page of the March 31,2007. A subsequent investigation revealed that he had altered and submitted 79 photos during the first 14 weeks of 2007,58 of which ran either in The Blade or on its website. Members of several unions worked without contracts from March to August 2006, over the course of August 2006, The Blade locked out over 25% of all of its employees. The strike and lockout ended in May 2007, in May 2014, Block Communications announced plans to close The Blades production facility, including the printing presses, located in the downtown headquarters building. In October 2011, The Blade filed a lawsuit against rival publication the Toledo Free Press, claiming that former Blade general manager, pounds violated a 2004 separation agreement containing a non-compete clause. Official website Block Communications Story on Labor Disputes
40.
Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
41.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
42.
Bill Peduto
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William Mark Bill Peduto is an American politician who serves as the 60th Mayor of Pittsburgh. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a member of the Pittsburgh City Council from 2002 until 2014. Prior to being elected to City Council, Peduto attended Pennsylvania State University and he ran a consulting business and later served as Chief of Staff to his predecessor in City Council, Dan Cohen. Peduto was elected to City Council in 2001 and served from 2002 until 2014, during that time, he ran for Mayor of Pittsburgh three times. In 2005, he ran in the Democratic primary but was defeated by Bob OConnor, Peduto again ran in a 2007 special election following OConnors death, however, he dropped out before the primary. He ran for mayor for a time in 2013, this time winning the Democratic nomination. In the 2013 election, Peduto defeated opponents Joshua Wander and Lester Ludwig, after being elected Mayor to succeed the outgoing Luke Ravenstahl, Peduto was inaugurated in January 2014. Bill Peduto was born on October 30,1964, and graduated from Chartiers Valley High School in 1983, after one year at Carnegie Mellon University, Peduto transferred to Pennsylvania State University, pursuing a degree in political science. He dropped out, however, before completing the degree requirements, in 2007, Peduto returned to finish his degree requirements and became the only member of the nine-member Pittsburgh City Council at the time to have a bachelors degree. Later, he received a degree in public policy and management from the University of Pittsburgh. Peduto operated a consulting business and served as general consultant, campaign manager, finance director and other roles for several Democratic candidates. At 28, he served as a director for then-acting Governor Mark Singel. He also worked in Washington, D. C. as an intern to then-U. S, prior to holding a seat on city council, Peduto served as chief of staff to former City Councilman Dan Cohen. In 1996 Peduto was Cohens campaign manager in a challenge to former U. S, representative Bill Coyne in the Democratic primary. Peduto is reported to have urged Cohen to make an issue of Coynes record, the Cohen campaigns subsequent use of negative advertising backfired and contributed to a landslide defeat. After being elected to a term, he assumed office in January 2002. He was subsequently re-elected to two terms in 2005 and 2009. On City Council, he chaired the Committee on General Services, Technology, the Committee is in charge of all contracts and purchases as well as city owned buildings and land
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Burgettstown, Pennsylvania
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Burgettstown is a borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is a suburb of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the population was 1,576 according to the 2000 census. Burgettstown was laid out in 1795 by Sebastian Burgett, and named for him, Burgettstown is located at 40°22′51″N 80°23′28″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 0.6 square miles. Joffre, Bulger, Cherry Valley, Atlasburg, Slovan, Langeloth, Eldersville, Cross Creek, Florence, Hanover Township, Paris, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,576 people,656 households, and 429 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,531.8 people per square mile, there were 703 housing units at an average density of 1,129.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 96. 26% White,1. 46% African American,0. 06% Native American,0. 06% Asian,0. 51% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 47% of the population. 31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.34 people and the average family size was 2.93. In the borough the population was out with 21. 6% under the age of 18,5. 2% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.4 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $33,350, and the median income for a family was $39,271. Males had an income of $32,885 versus $23,375 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,097, about 7. 6% of families and 10. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12. 8% of those under age 18 and 6. 9% of those age 65 or over. Vance Historical Society and the Washington-Greene County chapter of the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame, joe Tepsic, a Penn State halfback, who later signed a pro-baseball contract, was born in Burgettstown. Robert Linn, known for his record setting 58 years of service as a mayor, was born in Burgettstown, former University of Wisconsin Head Football Coach Barry Alvarez grew up in adjacent Langeloth, Pennsylvania and attended Burgettstown Jr/Sr High School
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Coca-Cola
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Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company. The drinks name refers to two of its ingredients, which were kola nuts and coca leaves. The current formula of Coca-Cola remains a secret, although a variety of reported recipes. The Coca-Cola Company produces concentrate, which is sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company, produce the product in cans and bottles from the concentrate, in combination with filtered water. A typical 12-US-fluid-ounce can contains 38 grams of sugar, the bottlers then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores, restaurants and vending machines throughout the world. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants, the Coca-Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under the Coke name. Based on Interbrands best global brand study of 2015, Coca-Cola was the third most valuable brand. In 2013, Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide, confederate Colonel John Pemberton, who was wounded in the American Civil War and became addicted to morphine, began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug. The prototype Coca-Cola recipe was formulated at Pembertons Eagle Drug and Chemical House and he may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani, a French coca wine. It is also worth noting that a Spanish drink called Kola Coca was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885, the patent for this Spanish drink was bought by Coca-Cola in 1953. In 1885, Pemberton registered his French Wine Coca nerve tonic, in 1886, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca. The first sales were at Jacobs Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured many diseases, including morphine addiction, indigestion, nerve disorders, headaches, and impotence. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the year in the Atlanta Journal. By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola – sold by three separate businesses – were on the market, a co-partnership had been formed on January 14,1888 between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen, J. C. Mayfield, A. O. Not codified by any signed document, a statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pembertons company as early as 1887. John Pemberton declared that the name Coca-Cola belonged to his son, Charley, Charleys exclusive control over the Coca Cola name became a continual thorn in Asa Candlers side. Candlers oldest son, Charles Howard Candler, authored a book in 1950 published by Emory University, in this definitive biography about his father, Candler specifically states
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