1.
Lyon
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Lyon or Lyons is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about 470 km from Paris and 320 km from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais, Lyon had a population of 506,615 in 2014 and is Frances third-largest city after Paris and Marseille. Lyon is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, the metropolitan area of Lyon had a population of 2,237,676 in 2013, the second-largest in France after Paris. The city is known for its cuisine and gastronomy and historical and architectural landmarks and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. It played a significant role in the history of cinema, Auguste, the city is also known for its famous light festival, Fête des Lumières, which occurs every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights. Economically, Lyon is a centre for banking, as well as for the chemical, pharmaceutical. The city contains a significant software industry with a focus on video games. Lyon hosts the headquarters of Interpol, Euronews, and International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon was ranked 19th globally and second in France for innovation in 2014 and it ranked second in France and 39th globally in Mercers 2015 liveability rankings. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne by the Allobroges and were now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers, dio Cassius says this task was to keep the two men from joining Mark Antony and bringing their armies into the developing conflict. The Roman foundation was at Fourvière hill and was officially called Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity, the city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum. The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as Desired Mountain is offered by the 9th-century Endlicher Glossary, in contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lugdunon, after the Celtic god Lugus, and dúnon. It then became the capital of Gaul, partly due to its convenient location at the convergence of two rivers, and quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in city, Claudius, whose speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic senators. Today, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as Primat des Gaules, the Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. Local saints from this period include Blandina, Pothinus, and Epipodius, in the second century AD, the great Christian bishop of Lyon was the Easterner, Irenaeus. Burgundian refugees fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were re-settled by the commander of the west, Aëtius. This became the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom in 461, in 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I
2.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
3.
La Croix-Rousse
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This zone is served by the metro line C La Croix-Rousse is a hill in the city of Lyon, France, as well as the name of a neighborhood located on this hill. The neighborhood is divided into les pentes and le plateau, the name La Croix-Rousse comes from a reddish-brown stone cross erected there in the 16th century. The appearance of the neighborhood is influenced by the central role that Lyon played in silk industry. The vast majority of buildings in the area feature large vaulted ceilings with exposed wooden rafters, the larger internal height available in these buildings, compared to other areas in Lyon, was necessary to house the tall silk looms that were operated in the area. Of note, also, are the traboules of Croix-Rousse and these are covered passageways used by silk merchants to travel and ferry material between buildings while being sheltered from rain. It has since been subject to gentrification, and now exhibits a vibrant cultural scene, La Croix-Rousse has always possessed a unique atmosphere compared to the rest of the city. As an illustration, some call themselves Croix-roussiens. In Lyon, La Croix-Rousse is nicknamed la colline qui travaille in contrast to the hill to the southwest, Fourvière. The district started developing in the 18th century when the silk workshops moved here from the Vieux Lyon area, the canuts were subject to extremely poor working conditions. On account of conditions, they staged many worker uprisings. The first revolt, in October 1831 is considered to be one of the very first worker uprisings, the area was immortalised in Paul-Jacques Bonzons book series Les Six Compagnons, which depicts the adventures of seven young working class teenagers from the area
4.
1st arrondissement of Lyon
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The 1st arrondissement of Lyon, France is one of the nine arrondissements of the City of Lyon. The arrondissement was created the 24 March 1852, located in the centre of the presquîle, the 1st arrondissement is the smallest of all the arrondissements de Lyon. Around the place des Terreaux, bars and pubs across the street make the 1st arrondissement one of the more animated the night and days. Area,151 ha 1999,26,861 inhabitants 2005,28,100 inhabitants 2006,28,210 inhabitants 2007,30,024 inhabitants Density of 18,682 inhabitants/km²
5.
World Heritage Site
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A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some form of significance. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the interests of humanity. The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common culture, under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. The program was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the Worlds Cultural and Natural Heritage, since then,192 state parties have ratified the convention, making it one of the most adhered to international instruments. As of July 2016,1052 sites are listed,814 cultural,203 natural, in 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested UNESCO to assist their countries to protect and rescue the endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched an appeal to the Member States for an International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia, the campaign, which ended in 1980, was considered a success. The project cost $80 million, about $40 million of which was collected from 50 countries, the projects success led to other safeguarding campaigns, saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. UNESCO then initiated, with the International Council on Monuments and Sites, the United States initiated the idea of cultural conservation with nature conservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, the Convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of June 2016, it has been ratified by 192 states, including 188 UN member states plus the Cook Islands, the Holy See, Niue, a country must first list its significant cultural and natural sites, the result is called the Tentative List. A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on the Tentative List, next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File. The Nomination File is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and these bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one of them to be included on the list, up to 2004, there were six criteria for cultural heritage and four criteria for natural heritage. In 2005, this was modified so there is now only one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of outstanding value and meet at least one of the ten criteria. Thus, the Geneva Convention treaty promulgates, Article 53, PROTECTION OF CULTURAL OBJECTS AND OF PLACES OF WORSHIP. There are 1,052 World Heritage Sites located in 165 States Party, of these,814 are cultural,203 are natural and 35 are mixed properties
6.
Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon
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The Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon is a municipal museum of fine arts in the French city of Lyon. It is housed near place des Terreaux in a former Benedictine convent of the 17th and 18th centuries and it was restored between 1988 and 1998, and despite these important restoration works it remained open to visitors. Its collections range from ancient Egypt antiquities to the Modern art period and it hosts important exhibitions of art, recently there have been exhibitions of works by Georges Braque and Henri Laurens, then one on the work of Théodore Géricault. It is one of the largest art museums in France, until 1792, the buildings belonged to the royal abbaye des Dames de Saint-Pierre, built in the 17th century. The abbess always came from the high French nobility and here received the personalities of the kingdom, the institution had a particularly aristocratic slant, as is shown by its renovation by Louis XIV of France in the 17th and 18th centuries. The rest of its current scheme was designed by Nicolas Bidaut, the expulsion of the nuns and the destruction of the église Saint-Saturnin date to the French Revolution, though the abbeys other church still exists and now houses 19th and 20th century sculptures. After the Revolution the remaining buildings housed the Palais du Commerce et des Arts, at first made up of works confiscated from the clergy and nobility, for example, it gained archaeology and natural history collections and those of the Académie des Sciences et des Lettres. The imperial drawing school was created in 1805 in the Palais du Commerce et des Arts to provide Lyons silk factories with designers and it gave birth to the famous Lyon School. In 1860, the Chambre de Commerce left the Palais Saint-Pierre, from 1875, the museums collections underwent a major expansion and had to be expanded - the staircase by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes dates to this era. The start of the 20th century was marked by a considerable opening-up of the collections, after several restoration projects, it was in the mid-1990s that the building acquired its present scheme. The paintings department has European paintings of 14th- to mid-20th-century paintings and they are arranged chronologically and by major schools in 35 rooms. The collection features, Ancient French painting, at the heart of the abbey, the former cloister is now a municipal garden, right in the centre of the town, on the peninsula. The highlights of the collection are its display of sarcophaguses and the gates of Ptolemy III, the rest of the objects throw light on everyday life in ancient Egypt. Room 2, The divine and its rites Along this rooms length a temples decoration is recreated, culminating with the gates of Ptolemy III, the other bas-reliefs in this room come from Koptos - eight are dated to the Middle Kingdom and come from a temple to Min. They were discovered by Adolphe Reinach in 1909 in the foundations of a late building,11 other fragments come from the end of the Ptolemaic era, and more precisely the reign of Cleopatra VII. Room 3, The cult of the divine Entered through the gate of Ptolemy IV, on the walls are shown 3 fragments of bas-reliefs from the 28th Dynasty, also found in Koptos. One whole case is devoted to representations of Osiris and another to those of the pharaoh, here can be seen a head of a pharaoh of the 30th Dynasty, attributed to Nectanebo II, a Middle Kingdom bust and a scarab with the name of Amenhotep II. Room 5, Pharaoh and his servants In one case are 18 wooden models of the 23rd Dynasty from Assiout from tombs, representing scenes from everyday life, in the opposite case are two with displays on writing and on the pharaohs servants respectively
7.
Vieux Lyon
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The Vieux Lyon is the largest Renaissance district of Lyon in the 5th arrondissement of Lyon. This zone is served by the metro line D In 1954, Vieux-Lyon, covering an area of 424 hectares at the foot of the Fourvière hill, it is one of Europe’s most extensive Renaissance neighborhoods. There are three sections, Saint Jean, Saint Paul and Saint Georges. The Saint Jean quarter, in the Middle Ages, this was the focus of political, the Cathedral of St Jean, seat of the Primate of Gaul, a title still conferred upon the archbishop of Lyon, is a good example of Gothic architecture. The Manecanterie adjoining the cathedral is one of Lyons few extant Romanesque buildings, formerly a choir school, it now houses the museum of the cathedral’s treasures. Saint Jean is also home to the Museum of Miniatures and Film Sets, the Saint-Paul section, in the 15th and 16th centuries predominately Italian banker-merchants moved into sumptuous urban residences here called hôtels particuliers. The Hôtel Bullioud and the Hôtel de Gadagne are two magnificent examples and the now houses the Lyon Historical Museum and the International Puppet Museum. The Loge du Change stands as testimony to the period when trade fairs made the city wealthy, the Saint Paul church with its Romanesque lantern tower and its spectacular spire mark the section’s northern extremity. The Saint Georges section, silk weavers settled here beginning in the 16th century before moving to the Croix Rousse hill in the 19th century, in 1844, the architect Pierre Bossan rebuilt the St Georges Church on the banks of the Saônein a neo-Gothic style. In the Middle Ages, when there were only a few parallel streets between the hill and the Saône, the first traboules were built. Derived from the Latin trans-ambulare, meaning to pass through, traboules are corridors through buildings and their courtyards, visitors can discover an architectural heritage of galleries and spiral staircases in these secret passageways, as unexpected as they are unique. Saint-Paul is the quarter surrounding gare Saint-Paul eand the homonymous church and its the cultural center of Vieux Lyon, with two main institutes, the Maristes and the Lazarists. The Pont de la Feuillée links these institutes with quai Saint-Vincent and this area underwent an importante mutation in the end of 19th century with the construction the Saint-Paul station. Many ancients buildings were levelled to make room for the future rue Octavio-Mey and then the Palais du Bondy, sites remarquables Place Saint-Paul, The metro station serving the valley of Azergues at north of Lyon was built in 1873. Léglise Saint-Paul a subi les aléas du temps, construite une première fois en 549, furent ajoutés en 1875-77 une flèche et le portail néo-gothique. Elle possède un lanterneau roman réparti en deux dômes octogonaux au sommet de lédifice, on peut observer lédifice en bénéficiant dune vue densemble de la place Gerson, du nom dun théologien inhumé dans léglise en 1428. Sur la place se trouve la maison Mourguet où le créateur de Guignol y monta des spectacles, elle possède une tourelle carrée en encorbellement. Saint-Paul is the quarter surrounding gare Saint-Paul eand the homonymous church and its the scholastic pole of Vieux Lyon, with two main institutes, les Maristes et les Lazaristes
8.
Pope Innocent III
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Pope Innocent III reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni, Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential popes. He exerted an influence over the Christian states of Europe. Pope Innocent was central in supporting the Catholic Churchs reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and this resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law. Pope Innocent is notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, Innocent called for Christian crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land, as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France. One of Pope Innocents critical decisions was organizing the Fourth Crusade, originally intended to attack Jerusalem through Egypt, a series of unforeseen circumstances led the crusaders to Constantinople, where they ultimately sacked the city in 1204. Lotario de Conti was born in Gavignano, near Anagni and his father was Count Trasimund of Segni and was a member of a famous house, Conti, which produced nine Popes, including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII. Lotario was the nephew of Pope Clement III, his mother, as Pope, Lotario was to play a major role in the shaping of canon law through conciliar canons and decretal letters. He subscribed the papal bulls between 7 December 1190 and 4 November 1197, as a cardinal, Lotario wrote De miseria humanae conditionis. The work was popular for centuries, surviving in more than 700 manuscripts. Although he never returned to the work he intended to write, On the Dignity of Human Nature. Celestine III died on 8 January 1198 and he was only thirty-seven years old at the time. He took the name Innocent III, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II, as pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority. The Muslim recapture of Jerusalem in 1187 was to him a divine judgment on the moral lapses of Christian princes and he was also determined to protect what he called the liberty of the Church from inroads by secular princes. The patrimonium was routinely threatened by Hohenstaufen German kings who, as Roman emperors, the early death of Henry VI left his 4-year-old son Frederick II as king. Henry VI’s widow Constance of Sicily ruled over Sicily for her son before he reached the age of majority. She was as eager to remove German power from the kingdom of Sicily as was Innocent III, before her death in 1198, she named Innocent as guardian of the young Frederick until he reached his maturity. In exchange, Innocent was also able to recover papal rights in Sicily that had been surrendered decades earlier to King William I of Sicily by Pope Adrian IV, the Pope invested the young Frederick II as King of Sicily in November 1198
9.
Dombes
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To this fact is due the large number of rain-water pools, varying for the most part from 35 to 250 acres in size which cover some 23,000 acres of its total area of 282,000 acres. Disease and depopulation resulted from this policy and at the end of the 18th century the Legislative Assembly decided to reduce the area of the pools which then covered twice their present extent, large numbers of fish, principally carp, pike, and tench are still reared profitably. The pools are periodically dried up so the ground can be cultivated, the Dombes once formed part of the kingdom of Arles. The southern portion was held in succession by the lords of Villars and its lords took advantage of the excommunication of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor to assert their complete independence of the Holy Roman Empire. He was made colonel-general of the Swiss regiment, governor of Languedoc and he was succeeded, as prince of Dombes, by his brother the count of Eu, who in 1762 surrendered the principality to the crown. This appears to be mainly clay deposited in situ as the ice melted, there appears to be also, sand and gravel on the clay in places. This may date from the latest glacial, the Würm, the clay till which also goes by the now rather old-fashioned but still useful name of boulder clay, is usually very sticky when wet and hard when thoroughly dry. This made arable use of the land with medieval implements impossible and this was a sensible, commercial idea except in that the open, still and shallow water will have harboured the vectors of malaria. In parallel with these, medical advances overcame the malaria, since the mid 20th century, the district has become fairly prosperous and the INSEE statistics now indicate a steady climb in population numbers. INSEE site partly in English, partly French, choose a commune such as Joyeux or Villars-les-Dombes and do a Google search within the INSEE site. The Dombes, a ground near to Lyon between the Rhone the Alps and Burgundy which still remains to be discovered
10.
Drawbridge
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A drawbridge or draw-bridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle and a number of towers, surrounded by a moat. Medieval castles were usually defended by a ditch or moat, crossed by wooden bridge, in early castles the bridge might be designed to be destroyed or removed in the event of an attack, but drawbridges became very common. It would be backed by one or more portcullises and gates, access to the bridge could be resisted with missiles from machicolations above or arrow slits in flanking towers. The bridge would be raised or lowered using ropes or chains attached to a windlass in a chamber in the gatehouse above the gate-passage, only a very light bridge could be raised in this way without any form of counterweight, so some form of bascule arrangement is normally found. The raising chains could themselves be attached to counterweights, in some cases, a portcullis provides the weight, as at Alnwick. In France, working drawbridges survive at a number of châteaux, in England, two working drawbridges remain in regular use at Helmingham Hall, which dates from the early sixteenth century. A bridge pivoted on central trunnions is called a turning bridge, the inner end carried counterweights enabling it to sink into a pit in the gate-passage, and when horizontal the bridge would often be supported by stout pegs inserted through the side walls. This was an arrangement, and many turning bridges were replaced with more advanced drawbridges. Bascule bridge Drawbridge mentality Portcullis Linkspan
11.
Simon Maupin
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Simon Maupin was a French architect. In 1625, he engraved his Plan de Lyon and he became famous when he drew up the plans of the City hall of Lyon, built between 1646 and 1651. It was presumed that he executed a project made by Girard Desargues. In 1654, he drew up the plans of work to be done to restore the old dam built along the bank of the Rhône. In 1659, he was appointed intendant of dikes and works done on the Rhone, in 1659, his plan of Lyon entitled Description au naturel de la ville de Lyon et païsages alentour dicelle was published. In 1661, for reasons, he resigned from his post as road inspector and died seven years later
12.
Jules Hardouin-Mansart
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Jules Hardouin-Mansart was a French architect whose work is generally considered to be the apex of French Baroque architecture, representing the power and grandeur of Louis XIV. Hardouin-Mansart was one of the most important European architects of the seventeenth century and he also learned from Libéral Bruant, architect of the royal veterans hospital in Paris known as Les Invalides. Hardouin-Mansart served as Louis XIVs chief architect, first enlarging the royal château of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and he became the surintendant des Bâtiments du Roi. Outside the château proper, he built the Grand Trianon and the Orangerie, as well as subsidiary royal dwellings not far away, most of these works still set their stamp on the character of Paris and can be seen by a modern-day tourist. A traditional French touch is the modest pedimented entrance flanked by projecting pavilions. Behind, the axis is extended between the former parterres, now grass. The park with formally shaped water was out by André Le Nôtre. The small scale makes it easier to compare to the approximately contemporary Het Loo and he died at Marly-le-Roi in 1708. 17th-century French art Herbermann, Charles, ed. Jules Mansard
13.
French Revolution
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Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history, the causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt, Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789, a central event of the first stage, in August 1789, was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime. The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the intent on thwarting major reforms. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy, in a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution, internally, popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror, after the Thermidorian Reaction, an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795. The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections, debt repudiations, financial instability, persecutions against the Catholic clergy, dogged by charges of corruption, the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution, almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor. The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day, the French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity. Globally, the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies and it became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism, among many others. The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France, historians have pointed to many events and factors within the Ancien Régime that led to the Revolution. Over the course of the 18th century, there emerged what the philosopher Jürgen Habermas called the idea of the sphere in France. A perfect example would be the Palace of Versailles which was meant to overwhelm the senses of the visitor and convince one of the greatness of the French state and Louis XIV. Starting in the early 18th century saw the appearance of the sphere which was critical in that both sides were active. In France, the emergence of the public sphere outside of the control of the saw the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of France. In the 1750s, during the querelle des bouffons over the question of the quality of Italian vs, in 1782, Louis-Sébastien Mercier wrote, The word court no longer inspires awe amongst us as in the time of Louis XIV
14.
Guillotine
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A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame in which a weighted and angled blade is raised to the top, the condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The blade is released, to fall swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single pass so that the head falls into a basket below. The name dates from period, but similar devices had been used elsewhere in Europe over several centuries. The guillotine continued to be used long after the revolution and remained Frances standard method of execution until the abolition of capital punishment in 1981. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, the use of beheading machines in Europe long predates such use in the French revolution in 1792. An early example of the principle is found in the High History of the Holy Grail, although the device is imaginary, its function is clear. The text says, Within these three openings are the set for them. And behold what I would do to them if their three heads were therein, even thus will I cut off their heads when they shall set them into those three openings thinking to adore the hallows that are beyond. The Halifax Gibbet was a structure of two wooden uprights, capped by a horizontal beam, of a total height of 4.5 metres. The blade was an axe head weighing 3.5 kg, attached to the bottom of a wooden block that slid up. This device was mounted on a square platform 1.25 metres high. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was first used, the first recorded execution in Halifax dates from 1280, the machine remained in use until Oliver Cromwell forbade capital punishment for petty theft. It was used for the last time, for the execution of two criminals on a day, on 30 April 1650. Holinsheds Chronicles of 1577 included a picture of The execution of Murcod Ballagh near to Merton in Ireland 1307 showing a similar execution machine, the Maiden was constructed in 1564 for the Provost and Magistrates of Edinburgh, and was in use from April 1565 to 1710. One of those executed was James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, in 1581, Schmidt recommended using an angled blade as opposed to a round one. On 10 October 1789, physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposed to the National Assembly that capital punishment always take the form of decapitation by means of a simple mechanism, sensing the growing discontent, Louis XVI banned the use of the breaking wheel. A committee was formed under Antoine Louis, physician to the King, Guillotin was also on the committee
15.
Siege of Lyon
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The Siege of Lyon occurred on 9 August to 9 October 1793 when French Republican forces laid siege and captured the city of Lyon, which had revolted against the French government. The next day the army began its bombardment. During September Lyon was encircled, and on 29 September 1793, on the side of the city. On 3 October 1793 Couthon called upon the Lyonnais to surrender, at the same time two more of the defenders forts fell, at Saint-Irénée and Saint-Just. The next day, at dawn, Précy escaped via a district in the north-west of Lyon called Vaise, the citys civil authorities surrendered to the central government representatives at midday. On 11 October the government delegates decided on the destruction of the city walls. On 12 October Barère, a member of the government, put a decree through the convention that Lyon was to lose its name. In the event, of 600 houses scheduled for demolition, only fifty were actually destroyed. The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book
16.
Garonne
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The Garonne is a river in southwest France and northern Spain, with a length of 602 kilometres. It flows into the Atlantic Ocean at Bordeaux, the name derives from Garumna, a Latinized version of the old Aquitanian name meaning stony river. The Uelh deth Garona at 1,862 metres above sea level has been considered as the source of the Garonne. From this point a brook runs for 2.5 kilometres until the bed of the main upper Garonne valley, the river runs for another 38 kilometres until the French border at Pont de Rei,40.5 kilometres in total. At the confluence, the Ruda-Garona carries 2.6 cubic metres per second of water, the Ratera-Saboredo cirque has been pointed by many researchers as the origin of the Garonne. The Garonne follows the Aran Valley northwards into France, flowing via Toulouse and Agen towards Bordeaux, the Gironde flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Along its course, the Garonne is joined by three major rivers, the Ariège, the Tarn, and the Lot. Just after Bordeaux, the Garonne meets the Dordogne at the Bec dAmbès, forming the Gironde estuary, other tributaries include the Save and the Gers. The Garonne is one of the few rivers in the world exhibit a tidal bore. In 2010 and 2012, some detailed studies were conducted in the Garonnes Arcins channel between Arcins Island and the right bank close to Lastrene township. A striking feature of the data sets was the large and rapid fluctuations in turbulent velocities and turbulent stresses during the tidal bore. From the ocean, ships pass through the Gironde estuary until the mouth of the Garonne, the Garonne remains navigable for larger vessels up to the Pont de Pierre in Bordeaux. River vessels can sail upstream to Castets-en-Dorthe, where the Garonne Lateral Canal joins the river, prior to the building of the Garonne Lateral Canal, constructed between 1838 and 1856, river shipping used the Garonne itself as far as Toulouse. However the navigation of the river was very uncertain. Instead the lateral canal takes the ships through 53 locks to the town of Toulouse, where the canal meets the Canal du Midi, the next stage of the Canal des Deux Mers. The Garonne Lateral Canal was subject to one of the largest infrastructure works in Europe during the 19th century, French minister Freycinet ordered that all major canals used for long distance transport be suitable for vessels of those standard dimensions. The extension of all of the former 30-metre locks to the new length was carried out throughout the lateral canal. The works were stopped, leading to the heritage status of the United Nations that has made the Canal du Midi famous
17.
Quadriga
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A quadriga is a car or chariot drawn by four horses abreast. It was raced in the Ancient Olympic Games and other contests and it is represented in profile as the chariot of gods and heroes on Greek vases and in bas-relief. The quadriga was adopted in ancient Roman chariot racing, quadrigas were emblems of triumph, Victory and Fame often are depicted as the triumphant woman driving it. In classical mythology, the quadriga is the chariot of the gods, Apollo was depicted driving his quadriga across the heavens, delivering daylight, the word quadriga may refer to the chariot alone, the four horses without it, or the combination. Originally erected in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, possibly on a triumphal arch, venetian Crusaders looted these sculptures in the Fourth Crusade and placed them on the terrace of St Marks Basilica. In 1797, Napoleon carried the quadriga off to Paris, due to the effects of atmospheric pollution, the original quadriga was retired to a museum and replaced with a replica in the 1980s. Located atop the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany, it was seized by Napoleon during his occupation of Berlin in 1806 and it was returned to Berlin by Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher in 1814. Her olive wreath was subsequently supplemented with an Iron Cross, the iron cross was restored after German reunification in 1990. C.1815 - The Carrousel quadriga is situated atop the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in Paris, the arch itself was built to commemorate the victories of Napoleon, but the quadriga was sculpted by Baron François Joseph Bosio to commemorate the Restoration of the Bourbons. The Restoration is represented by an allegorical goddess driving a quadriga, two winged Victory figures, each leading a horse, trumpet Columbias arrival. The sculptor was Frederick William MacMonnies and it was sculpted by Daniel Chester French and Edward Clark Potter. 1911-35 - The Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II in Rome, Italy features two statues of goddess Victoria riding on quadrigas,1912 - The Wellington Arch Quadriga is situated atop the Wellington Arch in London, England. It was designed by Adrian Jones, the sculpture shows a small boy leading the quadriga, with Peace descending upon it from heaven. 1919-23 - The former Banco di Bilbao headquarters at no.16 Calle de Alcalá in Madrid, now part of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, the building was designed by Ricardo Bastida, with the sculptor of the chariot Higinio Basterras, and other sculptures by Quentin de la Torre. The charioteers are helmeted men standing on the handrails of the chariots, height to plinth, about 87 feet. 2002 - The Grand Theatre, Warsaw features a quadriga reflecting the original Antonio Corazzis 1833 plans for the building, horses of Saint Mark in Venice, remnants of a quadriga of Constantinople taken by Enrico Dandolo. Trigarium Troika Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Quadriga, university of Chicago Quadriga Berlin. de, Brandenburger Tor, Pariser Platz, Quadriga
18.
Exposition Universelle (1889)
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The Exposition Universelle of 1889 was a worlds fair held in Paris, France, from 6 May to 31 October 1889. It was held during the year of the 100th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille, an event considered symbolic of the beginning of the French Revolution. The 1889 Exposition covered an area of 0.96 km2, including the Champ de Mars, the Trocadéro, the quai dOrsay, a part of the Seine. Transport around the Exposition was partly provided by a 3 kilometre 600 millimetre gauge railway by Decauville and it was claimed that the railway carried 6,342,446 visitors in just six months of operation. Some of the used on this line later saw service on the Chemins de Fer du Calvados. The main symbol of the Fair was the Eiffel Tower, which served as the arch to the Fair. The 1889 fair was held on the Champ de Mars in Paris, which had been the site of the earlier Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867, since the lifts had not been completed when the Exposition opened, the first visitors had to walk up to the second floor platform. Workers had worked through the night the day before the exhibition opened to complete the construction needed to safely allow patrons to set foot upon the structure. No one other than construction personnel were allowed higher than the second floor platform, an equally significant building constructed for the fair was the Galerie des machines, designed by architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin. It was reused at the exposition of 1900 and then destroyed in 1910, at 111 meters, the Galerie spanned the longest interior space in the world at the time, using a system of hinged arches made of steel or iron. Although often described as being constructed of steel, it was made of iron. There is a description, with illustrations, of the Expositions two famous buildings in the British journal Engineering. A follow-up report appears a late issue with this summation, the exhibition will be famous for four distinctive features, the 28 June issue of Engineering also mentions a remarkable Great Model of the Earth created by Theodore Villard and Charles Cotard. There were unseasonal thunderstorms in Paris during that summer of 1889, causing distress to the canopies and decoration of the exposition. The Exhibition included a building by the Paris architect Pierre-Henri Picq and this was an elaborate iron and glass structure decorated with ceramic tiles in a Byzantine-Egyptian-Romanesque style. After the Exposition the building was shipped to Fort de France and reassembled there, known as the Schoelcher Library, initially it contained the 10,000 books that Victor Schoelcher had donated to the island. Today it houses over 250,000 books and an ethnographic museum, a Negro village where 400 people were displayed constituted the major attraction. At the Exposition, the French composer Claude Debussy first heard Javanese gamelan music and this influenced some of his later compositions
19.
Bordeaux
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Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France. The municipality of Bordeaux proper has a population of 243,626, together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Bordeaux is the centre of the Bordeaux Métropole. With 749,595 inhabitants and 1,178,335 in the area, it is the fifth largest in France, after Paris, Lyon, Marseille and Lille. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department and its inhabitants are called Bordelais or Bordelaises. The term Bordelais may also refer to the city and its surrounding region, Bordeaux is the worlds major wine industry capital. It is home to the main wine fair, Vinexpo. Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century, the historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble of the 18th century. After Paris, Bordeaux has the highest number of preserved buildings of any city in France. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, the name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city. In 107 BC, the Battle of Burdigala was fought by the Romans who were defending the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe allied to Rome, the Romans were defeated and their commander, the consul Lucius Cassius Longinus, was killed in the action. The city fell under Roman rule around 60 BC, its importance lying in the commerce of tin, later it became capital of Roman Aquitaine, flourishing especially during the Severan dynasty. In 276 it was sacked by the Vandals, further ravage was brought by the same Vandals in 409, the Visigoths in 414 and the Franks in 498, beginning a period of obscurity for the city. In the late 6th century, the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, the city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Around 585, a certain Gallactorius is cited as count of Bordeaux, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman in 732 after storming the fortified city and overwhelming the Aquitanian garrison. After Duke Eudess defeat, the Aquitanian duke could still save part of its troops, the following year, the Frankish commander descended again over Aquitaine, but clashed in battle with the Aquitanians and left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745, Aquitaine faced yet another expedition by Charles sons Pepin and Carloman against Hunald, Hunald was defeated, and his son Waifer replaced him, who in turn confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city. During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine, it was one of Waifers last important strongholds to fall to King Pepin the Shorts troops. Next to Bordeaux, Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac on a hill across the border with the Basques, in 778, Seguin was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass that very year
20.
Daniel Buren
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Daniel Buren is a French conceptual artist. Among his chief concerns is the scene of production as a way of presenting art, the work is site-specific installation, having a relation to its setting in contrast to prevailing ideas of an autonomous work of art. He graduated from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Métiers dArt in Paris and he began painting in the early 1960s. Denoting the trademark stripes as an instrument or seeing tool. In June 1970 he put stripes on the front and back of Los Angeles bus benches without permission, in another controversial gesture he blocked the entrance of the gallery with stripes of his first solo exhibition. Expanding on this idea, in 1971 he created a banner, Peinture-Sculpture. In the late 1960s he connected to the ideas of space, often referred to as the stripe guy, Buren also expresses his theme in paint, laser cut fabric, light boxes, transparent fabrics and ceramic cup sets. His stripes are displayed in homes, public places. Since the 1950s he has amassed some 400,000 of what he calls photos-souvenirs, documenting his work, from 1960 on, Buren designed a number of permanent site-specific installations in the United States, Belgium, France, and Germany. In 1986 he created a 3, 000-square-meter sculpture in the courtyard of the Palais Royal, in Paris, Les Deux Plateaux. This provoked a debate over the integration of contemporary art. In 1993, Buren was commissioned to design the work in situ, Poser/Déposer/Exposer, since the 1990s, Burens work has become more architectural. He creates new spaces within existing environments such as city centers, public parks, entire museums, and even beaches. In 2004, for the occasion of the opening of the French cultural year in China, a Rainbow in the Sky consisted of thousands of colorful pennant flags hovering over a busy pedestrian square in Pasadena, California for two months. Buren collaborated with Hermès on a number of occasions, in 2010, he created Photo souvenirs au carrè, a 365 limited-edition line of scarves decorated with silk-printed photographs. In 2009 Buren collaborated with the collective Ensemble La Ligne created by RCP Design Global agency, with, among others, Louis Dandrel and Roger Tallon to create Curseur. It is a work in situ – for Tours Tram – three black and white stripes vertically, which join the same horizontal marking on the ground. Trainsets shaped cursor with mirror effect identified in black and white stripes, in 2014, the rooftop of Modernist architect Le Corbusiers Cité Radieuse building in Marseilles hosted an installation of mirrors and coloured glass by Buren
21.
Monument historique
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The term monument historique is a designation given to some national heritage sites in France. Both public and privately owned structures may be listed in this way, as of 2012 there were 44,236 monuments listed. Buildings may be given the classification for both their exteriors or interiors, including a buildings décor, its furniture, a single room, or even a staircase. An example is the Monument Historique classification of the décor in the café Deux Garçons in Aix-en-Provence whose patrons once included Alphonse de Lamartine, Émile Zola, since the 1990s, a significant number of places have been given the designation because of their historical importance to science. The MH designation traces its roots to the French Revolution when the government appointed Alexandre Lenoir to specify, though the first classifications were given in the 19th century by the writer Prosper Mérimée, inspector-general of historical monuments, by a first list established in 1840. In 1851, Mérimée organized the Missions Héliographiques to document Frances medieval architecture, a monument historique may be marked by the official logo of the Union REMPART, a French historical restoration association. It consists of a representing the labyrinth that used to be in Reims Cathedral. Use of the logo is optional and these two levels of protection are determined after a thorough historical study by the préfet for the région, or by the Minister of Culture for the national level. They are aided by the advice of a commission named Commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites, many of the Châteaux of the Loire Valley carry the MH designation as do the renowned gardens at Château de Villandry. Prosper Mérimée 1803-1870 The monuments historiques inspector Prosper Mérimée established the first list of monuments classés in 1840, rules and regulations on monuments historiques Monumental parks and monuments historiques in need of work Les Monuments Historiques de la France, bulletin trimestriel. Paris, Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques
22.
Fontaine Bartholdi
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The Fontaine Bartholdi is a fountain sculpted by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and realised in 1889 by Gaget & Gautier. It was erected at the Place des Terreaux, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, on 20 April 1857, the Bordeaux city council decided to hold a competition to create a fountain for Place Quinconces. Frédéric Bartholdi, then aged 23, won the contest, however, the city hall of Bordeaux decided not to carry out his project. After Bartholdi had made the Statue of Liberty in New York in 1886, the mayor of Bordeaux contacted him and it was finally achieved in 1888, but it was deemed as too expensive and therefore was sold to Lyon. The fountain was put at the Place des Terreaux and is currently still there. The fountain weighs 21 tons and is made of lead supported by a frame of iron and was presented at the Exposition Universelle of 1889 and it has been classified as monument historique since 29 September 1995. In 2015, the fountain will be removed temporarily for restoration, list of statues by height Fontaine Bartholdi at Lyons city webpage
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
25.
Cour des Voraces
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The Cour des Voraces, also called Maison de la République, is a building court in the Pentes quarter, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, and famous for its enormous six-floor stairway of facade. It is a big traboule that link the number 9 of the Place Colbert and it is also a place that symbolizes some great moments in the history of Lyon. A plaque says, In the Cour des Voraces, hive of silk work, canuts struggled for their lives, the court is certainly Voraces its name from a group of workers called the Voraces weavers, who distinguished themselves by their republican insurrections of 1848 and 1849. According to sources, the Court of Voraces would have served as a refuge for workers during their revolts. Given the date of construction, they may be fights during the uprising of Voraces in 1849. But there is another hypothesis, the building would have housed the lodge of an organization of canuts. The deformed word Dévoirant, namely Le Devoir mutual members, would eventually have given the word Voraces, therefore, the Cour des Voraces remains often mentioned as a symbol of resistance. In 1995, the Habitat et Humanisme Association led by Father Bernard Devers bought the place, the court is classified as monument historique
26.
Passage Thiaffait
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The Passage Thiaffait is an urban area located on the slopes of La Croix-Rousse, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon. It has an entry by a portico and is a curved traboule which ends with a staircase leading to the hill, the street belongs to the zone classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Passage Thiaffait was built in the early 19th century and it was opened under Louis-Philippe and was named after Mr. Thiaffait who built the house and the traboule. He was a member of the Office of Charity and president of the Society of Primary Instruction, around 1827, Father Guerin installed in the traboule the orchestra he had founded to promote music. After two decades of dilapidation and insecurity, the renovation of the Passage Thiaffait was decided in 1997, some premises are now used as studios and workshops. In 2000, all shops / workshops were named The Village of creators, during the renovation, a plaquee Thiaffait was also raised at the entrance of the Passage Donat. Le Village des Créateurs, official site
27.
Rue Burdeau
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The Rue Burdeau is a street located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, at the bottom of the slopes of La Croix-Rousse, just above the Église Saint-Polycarpe, between the Saône and the Rhône. It leads at one side to the Montée Saint-Sébastien and at the other to the Jardin des Plantes and crosses the montée de la Grande Côte which renovation is completed, the street belongs to the zone classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The site was used as gardens or vineyards from the 13th century belonging to the family Chivrier, in 1566, a wealthy Italian, Laurent Capponi bought the land and established a house then bought in 1616 by the Oratorians. The street was drawn in the eighteenth century, pierced in 1810, extended in 1926. The street then ended at the level of the de la Grande Côte. In 1858, the street was extended to the Jardin des Plantes, created at the time. The Cour du Soleil, named after the Grolier, the Lords of the Sun and its current name was assigned by the municipal council of 8 January 1895 in honor of politician and professor of philosophy Auguste Burdeau who was born in the street in 1851. In 1848, the Club de lÉmancipation was installed at No.12, in 2006, the building at No.17 was demolished for safety reasons. There used to be a squat in this building with a lot of interesting activity. It was a plot of 285m ² acquired by the city of Lyon in April 2004 for 315,000 €, on which were built garages and it became an abandoned green space. The corresponding surface has been transformed into a urban park. The archaeological survey conducted in November 2007 had not given results leading to further excavations, the place is supposed to be the location of the federal Sanctuary of the Three Gauls, a Roman temple dedicated to Augustus. The street hosts several art galleries whose number is increasing, a theater, due to this cultural wealth, the rue Burdeau is often regarded as one of artistic and cultural centers of Lyon in which there are many art exhibitions and private viewings. There is an artistic association gathering several workshops, mainly located in the street, the street is bordered by seven-floor canuts buildings of the early 1900s. 3, there are small heads on the balconies, at 11 a courtyard with a house of golden stone, and at 40 a courtyard with a statue of the snake. A statue of Burdeau, created by architect Gaston Trelat, is erected at the bottom of the Jardin des Plantes, just next to the street, the monument was inaugurated on 28 June 1903. There are several traboules in the street, No,4,6,10, These curved traboules are closed. 4, a facade of the late 19th century and a bourgeois home can be seen
28.
Rue de l'Arbre-Sec
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The Rue de lArbre-Sec is an old street located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, near the Place des Terreaux and the Opera Nouvel. It starts perpendicular to the rue Édouard-Herriot and ends with the Quai Jean Moulin crossing the rue de la République, the name dates from the 14th century and was probably chosen because of a dry tree that could be seen in this street and of an inn sign. The 1745 almanac of Lyon justified the name of the stating that a stunted tree which was very dry could be seen at one end of the street. In 1518, a plan for drainage, grading and crossing of the street was decided by Jean de Paris. In the nineteenth century, the zone between the Rue Garet and the Rhône was named Rue Basseville in which there were six silk workshops, the street was already on a plan of 1550 and was inhabited almost exclusively by silk workers, potters and tile makers. When he restructured the quarter, prefect Claude-Marius Vaïsse decided to demolish some old buildings to build the rue de lHôtel de Ville, on 25 June 1778, cobbler Durant, who lived in the street, was convicted of illegally practicing medicine. In 1831, a lot of umbrellas with handle containing a triangular dagger were discovered at No.14, in 1844, there was the Hôtel de France at No.13. In 1847, a chapel in the street was then the only place of worship in Lyon at the time. Among the famous residents of the street, there were the family of Louise Labé, painter Salomon Bernard and it is first wide and lined with buildings of about 1870 with wrought iron balconies and decorations. Further, the SocGen has also wrought iron arches, after the rue Garet, the street is narrower and older, with simple facades and stone arches. The street name is engraved in stone of the last building that is fairly recent, the iron balcony at No.8 dates from 1863. The houses at No.10 and 12 have arcades, there are many restaurants and bouchons, including Le Petit Damier and Le Connétable. There is a blocked up traboule at No.8 which starts with a building of 1863
29.
Rue de la Bourse
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The Rue de la Bourse is a street located mainly in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon, and also in the 1st arrondissement. The street was named after the Palais de la Bourse, built between 1855 and 1862, by René Dardel, which is situated in its southern part. In the 17th century, the part along the Collège de la Trinité was named Rue Henri from 1526 to 1528, as tribute to the vicar of Saint Paul parish, Henri Guillermet. In 1528, the part of the street was opened and named Rue du Baronnat after the name of one of the owner of the lands. The southern part was occupied in Roman times, then crossed by the rue Buisson from the 13th century, in the late 18th century, a famous steakhouse was also installed in the street. A college was created in 1519 by members of the Brotherhood of the Trinity, on 1 May 1565, it was transformed into a Jesuit company. In 1607, the new college Collège-lycée Ampère was built after plans by Étienne Martellange, after being enlarged in 1619 and destroyed by fire in 1644, it was given to the Oratorians in 1763. The street was built by the contractors of the rue Impériale. At the time, the architecture of the street was made by Échernier who was the manager, the long facades are stretched in a repetitive process. At numbers 29-31, there is the Chapelle de la Trinité, to the west, the house with a big drum engraved above the door, in which famous revolutionary Marie Joseph Chalier lived, was built in 1670. Then there are buildings constructed mostly around 1850, there are also two women in transom made by Bellemain in 1903. There is a made of black granite. 2, there is a sign above the door with the words Au grand tambour. The facade of the No.2 on the square was made by Bresson and the caryatids by Guillaume Bonnet
30.
Rue des Capucins
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The Rue des Capucins is a street located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, between the slopes of La Croix-Rousse and the Place des Terreaux. Straight but slightly inclined, it continues the rue du Sergent Blandan, begins with the Place des Capucins and it is parallel to the rue René Laynaud. The street belongs to the zone classified World Heritage Site by UNESCO, in its eastern part, the street replaces the old rue Vannerot established in the 17th century, dedicated to Jean Vannerot and which changed of name in 1850. Their home was purchased and rebuilt by a banker, André Coste, anne of Austria attended the start of construction of the building which was dedicated on 25 April 1635 by Jean de Nuchèse. Finally, the Capuchins were expelled from the street during the French Revolution, in 1810, the street was named Grande rue neuve des Capucins. The architecture is simple, without frills. There is a row of old four to five-storey houses with sober facades and beautiful doors, there are in this street the municipal police station, several shops and boutiques, an association for gays, the café-théâtre Le Complexe du Rire and a Church of Scientology in the square. The streets has many traboules, No.3 and 5 -6 rue Leynaud, traboules and courtyards No.6 - Place des Capuchins, traboule which leads to a beautiful garden No
31.
Rue du Sergent Blandan
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The Rue du Sergent Blandan is one of the oldest streets of Lyon. It connects Saint Vincent and the slopes of the Croix-Rousse quarters, the street belongs to the zone classified World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is named in honour of Sergent Blandan, who participated in the conquest of Algeria, the street is narrow and winding and ends with a short climb and a paved ground. For example, the doorstep at No.8 shows a fight between a lion and a bull. The No.12 and 22 have respectively ancient inscriptions that say en toy te fie and non domo dominus, sed domino domus, originally, there was probably a Roman bridge, and a street name sign indicates that it is the ancient route of the Rhine. The current form of the dates back at least to the end of the seventeenth century. Until 1887, it was called rue Saint-Marcel, while the part near the Saône was called rue Musique des Anges, the name Saint-Marcel was chosen after a former anchorite and a former gate of the city. At the time, the street provided access to two major climbs to leave Lyon to the north, the de la Grande Côte. There were two monasteries located in the street, the Benedictines of the Desert since 1296, and the Grands Augustins between 1319 and 1509, but these monasteries have moved. The street was named with its current name after the deliberation of the municipal council on 26 April 1887. In 1804, the first Jacquard loom was installed in the street, circa 1981, Radio Canut was housed at No.24. On 8 February 2005, the city of Lyon installed a plaque as tribute to Jewish children of the school who were deported and killed during the Second World War. Among the famous inhabitants of the street, there are the painters Jacques Collet and Jean Montet, the father of artist Paul Chenavard was dyer in the rue Saint-Marcel
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Rue Lanterne
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The Rue Lanterne is one of the oldest streets of Lyon created the Middle Ages, which is located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon. It begins after the rue dAlgérie and ends against a facade of the rue Longue, the street was known in 1356. When the name rue Lanterne appeared for the first time in the 16th century, originally, the street was closed to the north by a door and was opened in the mid 19th century. In 1790, public executions were made in the street, unlike other avenues of the neighborhood, the street has not been restructured by Prefect Claude-Marius Vaïsse. At the corner of a house, a bas-relief showed a lion with a lantern in its claws, in 1507, the pavement was decided. A shop sign took its name to the Rue de lEnfant-qui-pisse, a statue of a child urinating poured wine during certain feasts. In 1612, then in 1734, the butchery of the street was destroyed by fire, famous establishments include the inn of the Grand Chevalier and the Hôtel de LÉcu de France in the 18th century, and the night club Au Fort de Brissac in the 19th century. In 1867, a tombstone was found, the street was formed in its southern part in 1846 by including the rue de lEnfant-qui-pisse. It was also lengthened at north by absorbing part of the rue de la Boucherie des Terreaux, the houses bore names such as LUrne aux Roses or À la Toison dOr. In the street lived many famous goldsmiths, painters and surgeons, in the past, at the architural level, there was a bust of a Roman emperor at No. 11, and a medallion with a lamb hanging from a chain above the door at No.24, the street starts with big 19th century buildings, then the great door of the Hall of the Terreaux, whose traboule is open only for major events. After the rue Constantine, there are houses from different eras with carved doors. Throughout time, there were old shop signs of inns and apothecaries, today, there are primarily restaurants, but also the Hot Club de Lyon at number 26, which is the first gallery devoted to jazz in France. The straight traboule at No.4 is blocked up and composed of conventional building of 19th century. 8, the architecture, linked to Romanticism, is characterized by a diversity and richness of decorative programs and a variety of sources of inspiration
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Rue Royale, Lyon
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The Rue Royale is a street located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon and was the main street of the quarter when it was created. It starts between the Place Servetus and the Rue de Provence and ends by joining the Grande Rue des Feuillants, there are many traboules closed which link the street with the Quai Lassagne and the rue dAlsace-Lorraine. It is served by the line C of the metro, many wealthy merchants began to live in the street and many restaurants opened. Originally, the street was a longer, but the north was demolished in the mid 20th century in the goal of allowing the exit of the Tunnel de la Croix-Rousse. At the entrance of the street, there was a bathhouse called Le Clavecin. After the death of French King Louis XIV, the street was named rue de la Convention, then in 1848 rue de Démocratie for a short while, in 1792, Mayor of Lyon Antoine Nivière-Chol lived in the street. Musicologist and Chopin biographer Édouard Ganche lived at number 5 from the mid-1920s to his death and he had there one of the most important private collection of Chopin-related objects in the world at this time. There was a restaurant owned by the Mère Brazier aka Eugénie Brazier. She opened her own restaurant at No.12 in 1921, in 2007, the restaurant was bought by Mathieu Viannay. The rue Royale is lined by buildings and houses made of solid gray stone signed. There are several big doors, most of them are painted, the last building, at the west, has only one floor with a roof terrace. An architecture firm located in the street has the name as that of the street. There are a nightclub and the Théâtre de lAnagramme, the No.7 includes workshops of architecture. 11, there are three metal balconies and plants in the courtyard,15, there is a triangular courtyard with three balconies. The No.17 begins with a large door,21, the entrance is high and the restored courtyard has two columns. The gate of No.23 dates from the eighteenth century, the restored courtyard of Nos. 25-27 ends with a large door with a repainted facade. 29, there is a fountain with a disused pendulum topped by a Virgin. The No.31 has a small glassed courtyard and ends under stone balconies, the Louis XVI-styled entrance of No.33 is highly decorated
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Rue Sainte-Catherine (Lyon)
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The rue Sainte-Catherine is a very old street at the foot of the slopes of La Croix-Rousse quarter, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon. It is particularly known for being a drinking street, the street belongs to the zone classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The rue Sainte-Catherine has an east-west axis and is parallel of the Place des Terreaux, in 1680, a street and a place named Sainte-Catherine are attested, named after a treatment facility for orphans located on this square. There was indeed a hospital named St. Catherine Hospital, later replaced by the Adopted Daughters of Charity, the name of the street refers to St. Catherine of Alexandria, a saint much worshipped in the Middle Ages who died in 307 as martyr under Maximinus. The hospital was occupied by the Duparc house. The house named Le Dauphin, at No,1, was owned by the Duke of Villeroy. In 1780, an ancient altar was found in the Hôtel des Quatre Nations,5, belonging to Jacques Imbert Colomès. At No.9 to 13, the owned by Governor Philippianus had a household altar. The first silk mill in France was established in the street, over the centuries, several names were used and another rue Sainte-Catherine is attested in 1831 in the 4th arrondissement. There was also a small rue Sainte-Catherine and a Grande rue Sainte-Catherine, on 4 August 1854, the Petite rue Sainte-Catherine became the rue Jean-François-Terme and the current rue Sainte-Catherine took its final name. The Place Sainte-Catherine was then included in the street of the same name, the No.5 was, in 1868, the headquarters of the Fanfare Lyonnaise, led by Joseph Luigini. On 9 February 1943, the Germans arrested 86 people at the headquarters of the Union Générale des Juifs de France at No.12, in addition, the inhabitants of the street complained about the presence of dealers. The street is short and wide to the west with a building at No. In the northern side, there are two big five-floor houses,7, a Madonna and Child the street is more narrow and curved. The three to five-floor houses are old whose simple facades display some sculpted doors and archways, the street remains famous for its many bars and pubs, surrounded with kebabs and groceries shops. It is also known for its popular and festive atmosphere, there are also a mixed sauna and an hotel. There are several traboules in the street, Nos.2,4, This traboule is closed and it begins with a building of the Second Empire. 10, This traboule is closed but can be seen,12, This open traboule is composed of old houses, and there is a commemorative plaque for Jews during the Second World War
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Tunnel de la Croix-Rousse
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It follows the line of the Route nationale 6 and is a link between the Rhône to the Saône rivers. It crosses the hill of la Croix-Rousse, the roadway was composed of 2 x 2 routes with no real separation of roadways until the construction of a central wall in 1999. Its use is only for vehicles with less than 3.5 tonnes. The tunnel length is 1,782 meters, the speed is limited to 50 km/h and an automatic radar used to be located at its exit in the direction Lyon-Vaise. A separate route for busses, pedestrians and cyclists was opened in 2013 and this route is also a safety access to the car tunnel and is illuminated with colored lights, and video displays and music are played as entertainment for the pedestrians and cyclists. List of tunnels by location La Croix-Rousse
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Place Croix-Paquet
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The Place Croix-Paquet is a square located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, in the pentes de la Croix-Rousse quarter. It is formed by the intersection of the rue du Griffon, the rue des Capucins, the square belongs to the zone classified World Heritage Site by UNESCO. A cross was erected on the square in 1628 by the merchant Jean Paquet and this cross replaced the Croix des Rameaux, which had previously been cut by the Calvinists in 1562. Apart from the cross which no longer exists, the square has retained the same form since the 17th century. In the early years of the century, the penitents of Notre Dame de Lorette erected a chapel which was sold to the sculptor Chinard. The Grand Séminaire was at the now occupied by the garden along the rue dAlsace-Lorraine. Part of the space was occupied by the facilities of the rack and the funicular with the time, among famous people who lived in the street are the designers Jaley, Mathieu Durand, and Lyon scholar Saint-Olive. The square seems more like an intersection of streets and illustrates the old concept platea which referred to the wide section of a street. It is frequented by pedestrians and motor vehicles of all kinds, the square is bounded on the south by two blocks of old houses and is connected by traboules to the petite rue des Feuillants and the Place du Griffon. 1, there is a corner traboule crossing two buildings, with a house on the ground floor, a wooden door with a knocker. 5, the traboule is long and spans three buildings, the No.10 is isolated in the garden and remains of arches show that it was originally part of a block on the bottom of the montée Saint-Sébastien. There are many shops on the square, including stores, a hairdresser, a doctor, a psychologist, a real estate agency, a pharmacy, a restaurant. The site is served by the Croix-Paquet metro station on line C, the square has a significant vegetation, including acer cappadocicum, acer japonicum, Atlas Cedars and Honey locusts, and is the place of many activities organized by the city. Several redevelopments were undertaken in the 2000s, in 2000, the kindergarten Michel Servet was extended on the part of the garden of the square. Other works were planned for 2003, above the metro station, several stairways provide access to the surrounding streets. List of streets and squares in Lyon Traboule
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Place Sathonay
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The Place Sathonay is a square located in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, France, at the bottom of hill of La Croix-Rousse, in La Martinière quarter. It was named after Nicolas-Marie-Jean-Claude Fay de Sathonay, mayor of Lyon from 1805 to 1812, the square is currently the third largest square in Lyon and belongs to the zone classified as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Before the deliberation of the council on 22 August 1817. According to the 1268 Tractatus de bellis, inhabitants of Lyon built fortifications in the Déserte to defend themselves from the ecclesiastical authority. In 1745, their possessions were composed of an area bounded by the Rue du Sergent Blandan, the Montée des Carmélites, the Rue du Bon Pasteur. From 1791, the property of religious congregations of the hill of La Croix-Rousse were sold, the first property auction was that of the Carthusians in September 1791. The gardens of the part were given free to the city by decrees of the representative of the people Poulin-Grandpré. In 1802, this steepest part of the land to the north, was turned into a garden of plants, the southern part of the place was given to the city on 19 January 1818. The rest of the buildings now to the Department as a national property and was ceded to the Lyon city. Finally, the buildings were destroyed in 1813, excepted the building currently houses the City Hall of the arrondissement. In 1817, the municipal architect Louis Flachéron proposed to enlarge the square and it had an area of 4,000 m², and the stairs at the north of the square next to the city hall provided an access to the former garden of plants. Knight and Baron Antoine Fay, architect Louis Flacheron and lawyer Jean Pine des Granges lived on this square, circa 1830, an ancient Roman house with a bathroom and three mosaics was discovered at the corner of the rue Poivre. In 1830, houses with commercial or mixed use in 1820s-1830s buildings are composed of one or two rooms, but there were also some commercial premises with seven-eight rooms. The square was mainly inhabited by small traders and silk agents, family and professional life was often merged as 69. 2% of homes had both uses. Those who had a flat exclusively for housing on the place were mainly rentiers who generally lived at second, there was, at that time, none loom on the square. In 1831, the buildings at Nos.5 and 6 of the square were respectively the second and they were composed of 46 and 31 apartments with a total of 105 and 86 rooms. To the north, the square is opened by a called the montée de lAmphithéâtre. The side streets were built around 1820-1821, at the east and west, there are four buildings of four floors
