1.
Kildare
–
Kildare is a town in County Kildare, Ireland. Its population of 8,412 makes it the eighth largest town in County Kildare, although Kildare gives its name to the county, Naas is the county town. The town lies on the R445, some 50 km west of Dublin – near enough for it to have become, despite being a centre in its own right. Rich in heritage and history, Kildare Town dates from the 5th Century and this became one of the three most important Christian foundations in Celtic Ireland. It was said that Brigids mother was a Christian and that Brigid was reared in her fathers family, from her mother, Brigid learned dairying and the care of the cattle, and these were her occupations after she made a vow to live a life of holy chastity. Hence the name Cill Dara, the church of the oak, not too far away, on Dún Ailinne, lived the King of Leinster who had donated the site to the holy woman. A story told was that the King had offered Brigid as much land as her cloak would cover, when she spread her garment it miraculously stretched out to embrace the entire Curragh. True to his promise, the King gave her the fertile plain, on Thursday,2 July 1903 the Gordon Bennett Cup ran through Kildare. It was the first international race to be held in the United Kingdom as it then existed. Local laws had to be adjusted, ergo the Light Locomotives Bill was passed on 27 March 1903, eventually Kildare was chosen, partly on the grounds that the straightness of the roads would be a safety benefit. As a compliment to Ireland the British team chose to race in Shamrock green which became known as British racing green. Competitors were started at intervals and had to follow bicycles through the control zones in each town. The 328 miles race was won by the famous Belgian Camille Jenatzy, see Annals of Inisfallen AI697.1 Kl. Repose of Forannán of Cell Dara, repose of the daughter of Corc, coarb of Brigit. Murthán, abbots of Cell Dara, fell asleep, the plundering of Cell Dara by the foreigners of Áth Cliath, and the female erenagh died in the same year. AI1031.9 Cell Dara and Port Láirge were burned, Kildare Town Tourist Office & Heritage Centre situated in the Market House in Kildare Town. St. Brigids Cathedral and Norman tower House in the town center St Brigids Well on the outskirts of the town, Father Moores Well on the Milltown Road The National Stud and Japanese Gardens. The Curragh Race Course Just outside the town Kildare Village is an outlet located on the outskirts of Kildare Town and has become a large shopping
Kildare
–
Saint Brigid's Cathedral
Kildare
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Kildare Community School
Kildare
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Kildare Castle
2.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
Dublin
–
Clockwise from top:
Samuel Beckett Bridge,
Trinity College,
Custom House,
Dublin Castle,
O'Connell Bridge, and
Convention Centre Dublin.
Dublin
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Father Mathew Bridge, formerly Dublin Bridge, is understood to be near the ancient "Ford of the Hurdles" (Baile Átha Cliath), the original crossing point on the River Liffey.
Dublin
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Dublin Castle was the fortified seat of
British rule in Ireland until 1922.
Dublin
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Henrietta Street, developed in the 1720s, is the earliest Georgian Street in Dublin.
3.
Republic of Ireland
–
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
Republic of Ireland
–
The
Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by
Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).
Republic of Ireland
–
Flag
Republic of Ireland
–
In 1922 a new parliament called the
Oireachtas was established, of which
Dáil Éireann became the
lower house.
Republic of Ireland
–
Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)
4.
Irish folk music
–
The folk music of Ireland is the generic term for music that has been created in various genres in Ireland. In A History of Irish Music, W. H. Grattan Flood wrote that, in Gaelic Ireland, there were at least ten instruments in general use. These were the cruit and clairseach, the timpan, the feadan, the buinne, the guthbuinne, the bennbuabhal and corn, the cuislenna, the stoc and sturgan, there is also evidence of the fiddle being used in the 8th century. There are several collections of Irish folk music from the 18th century, important collectors include Colm Ó Lochlainn, George Petrie, Edward Bunting, Francis ONeill, James Goodman and many others. Irish traditional music has survived more strongly against the forces of cinema, radio and this was possibly because the country was not a geographical battleground in either of the two world wars. Another potential factor was that the economy was agricultural, where oral tradition usually thrives. From the end of the world war until the late fifties folk music was held in low regard. Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann and the popularity of the Fleadh Cheoil helped lead the revival of the music, the English Folk music scene also encouraged and gave self-confidence to many Irish musicians. Following the success of The Clancy Brothers in the USA in 1959, the lush sentimental style of singers such as Delia Murphy was replaced by guitar-driven male groups such as The Dubliners. Irish showbands presented a mixture of pop music and folk dance tunes, the international success of The Chieftains and subsequent musicians and groups has made Irish folk music a global brand. Historically much old-time music of the USA grew out of the music of Ireland, England and Scotland, by the 1970s Irish traditional music was again influencing music in the USA and further afield in Australia and Europe. It has occasionally been fused with rock and roll, punk rock, like all traditional music, Irish folk music has changed slowly. Most folk songs are less than two hundred years old, one measure of its age is the language used. Modern Irish songs are written in English and Irish, most of the oldest songs and tunes are rural in origin and come from the older Irish language tradition. Modern songs and tunes often come from cities and towns, Irish songs went from the Irish language to the English language, unaccompanied vocals are called sean nós and are considered the ultimate expression of traditional singing. Sean-nós singing is highly ornamented and the voice is placed towards the top of the range, a true sean-nós singer will vary the melody of every verse, but not to the point of interfering with the words, which are considered to have as much importance as the melody. To the first-time listener, accustomed to pop and classical singers, sean-nós often sounds more Arabic, non-sean-nós traditional singing, even when accompaniment is used, uses patterns of ornamentation and melodic freedom derived from sean-nós singing, and, generally, a similar voice placement. Caoineadh /kˠi, nʲɪ/ is Irish for a lament, a song which is typified by lyrics which stress sorrow, traditionally, the Caoineadh song contained lyrics in which the singer lamented for Ireland after having been forced to emigrate due to political or financial reasons
Irish folk music
–
Traditional music sessions are commonplace in public houses throughout Ireland
Irish folk music
–
Photograph of Patrick Byrne, harper, by
Hill & Adamson (1845),
calotype print, 203 × 164 mm,
Scottish National Gallery
Irish folk music
–
The Haymakers jig
Irish folk music
–
A fiddle and bow
5.
Andy Irvine (musician)
–
Andrew Kennedy Andy Irvine is an Irish folk musician, singer-songwriter, and a founding member of popular bands Sweeneys Men, Planxty, Patrick Street, Mozaik, LAPD and Ushers Island. He plays the mandolin, mandola, bouzouki, harmonica and hurdy-gurdy, imbued with a sense of social justice, Irvine often selects or writes songs that are based on historical events and presented from the victims perspective. Some of these songs chronicle the abject living and working conditions imposed on groups of people, the emigrants, the migrant workers. Irvines songs also denounce worker deaths and industrial diseases, and lament the plight of hunted animals and his repertoire includes humorous songs, but also bittersweet ones of unrequited love, or of lovers cruelly separated or dramatically reunited. He also sings about famous racehorses, men or women masquerading in various disguises, a fantastical fox preying on young maidens, as a child actor, Irvine honed his performing talent from an early age and learned the classical guitar. He switched to music after discovering Woody Guthrie, also adopting the latter’s other instruments, harmonica. Along with Johnny Moynihan and Dónal Lunny, Irvine is one of the pioneers who adapted the Greek bouzouki—with a new tuning—into an Irish instrument, although touring mainly as a soloist, Irvine has also enjoyed great success in pursuing collaborations through many projects that have influenced contemporary folk music. He continues to tour and perform extensively in Ireland, Great Britain, Europe, North and South America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Andy Irvine was born in St Johns Wood, northwest London on 14 June 1942 to an Irish mother from Lisburn, County Antrim, and a Scottish father from Glasgow. His mother, Felice Lascelles, had been a comedy actress and Irvine would later say that she may have given up the stage. As a child, Irvine was given opportunities to appear on stage, TV, in the summer holidays of 1950, when he was eight years old, his first role was to play Jimmy in the film A Tale of Five Cities. At thirteen, he starred as Nokie in the ITV childrens series Round at the Redways, the same year, he was Eric Brandt in Escape to Happiness, for the Armchair Theatre programme and also played John Logie Baird as a boy in the film A Voice in Vision. In early 1958, Irvine featured as Archie Almond in five episodes of Run to Earth. Aged fifteen, he played Lord Heybrook in French Without Tears, for the Saturday Playhouse TV series and, soon after, was one of the Pygmies in Brouhaha, with Peter Sellers as the Sultan. In late 1959, he featured as Lanky Graham in Ask for King Billy and, in early 1960 and his mother had a stack of old, cracked 78s that he used to play on a wind-up gramophone. They were mainly songs from long forgotten musical comedies but I wish I had them now, Guthrie was to become an enduring influence on his music, on his choice of additional instruments and general outlook on life. She was the first person to call him Andy, and thereafter remained a conduit between him and Guthrie. During 1959, Irvine and Elliott also recorded audio tapes to send Guthrie and, after recording one of Guthries songs, Elliott exclaimed, Andy, just as Guthrie had once said to Elliott, Jack, you sound more like me than I do
Andy Irvine (musician)
–
Andy Irvine
Andy Irvine (musician)
–
Dónal Lunny, Andy Irvine, Liam O'Flynn and Paddy Glackin as 'LAPD', March 2012.
6.
Christy Moore
–
Christopher Andrew Christy Moore is an Irish folk singer, songwriter and guitarist. He is one of the members of Planxty and Moving Hearts. His first album, Paddy on the Road was recorded with Dominic Behan in 1969, in 2007, he was named as Irelands greatest living musician in RTÉs People of the Year Awards. Moore was born in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland and attended Newbridge College and he was originally a bank employee who wanted to express himself using traditional music. During a bank strike in 1966, which lasted twelve weeks, he went to England, as many striking officials did, I had a wild and wonderful time in England, with no bank manager looking over my shoulder, he said. Doing general labouring work, he frequented the clubs and the Irish music pubs where he met Seamus Ennis, Margaret Barry, Luke Kelly, Martin Byrnes. 1972 brought his first major release, Prosperous, which brought together the four musicians who shortly thereafter formed Planxty, Liam OFlynn, Andy Irvine, for a time they called themselves CLAD, an acronym of their names, but soon decided on Planxty. After leaving Planxty in 1975, Moore continued on his solo career and he also formed the band Moving Hearts with Lunny and five other musicians in 1980. In 1987 he appeared on Gay Byrnes The Late Late Show performing with The Dubliners for their 25th Anniversary, in 2000, he published his autobiography, One Voice. Moores earlier years of drinking, sleeping dysfunctional hours, continual travelling and often eating takeaway foods resulted in a decline in health. Moores battle with alcohol, and subsequent heart operations, have taken their toll, at the end of the 1990s, Moore reduced his workload for medical reasons. Some of Moores songs are influenced by drink and the effects of drink. Listening to Johnny Mulherns song Hard Cases caused Moore to recall the Galway drinking scene with local musicians Mickey Finn, Pete Galligan, Corky and Terry Smith. On 17 April 2009, Moore released his first new album in four years, entitled Listen. In December 2011, Moore released the album Folk Tale and his most recent album Where I Come From was released in November 2013 and features a new protest song called Arthurs Day. The album peaked at three in the Irish album charts. He supported the republican H-Block protestors with the albums H-Block in 1978, the launch of which was raided by the police, and The Spirit of Freedom. He has also recorded songs by the hunger striker Bobby Sands and he ceased supporting the military activities of the IRA in 1987 as a result of the Enniskillen bombing
Christy Moore
–
Christy Moore in Liverpool Philharmonic, October 2008.
7.
Paul Brady
–
Paul Joseph Brady is an Irish singer-songwriter, whose work straddles folk and pop. He was interested in a variety of music from an early age. He initially collaborated with major bands, prior to launching a successful solo career. Some of his most popular songs are, Crazy Dreams, Nothing but the Same Old Story, The Island, Night Hunting, Steel Claw, and Paradise is Here. Brady was born in the town of Strabane in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, on the border with County Donegal. His father Seán Brady was a teacher teaching the flute. Brady was educated at Sion Mills Primary School, St. Columbs College, Derry and he is prominently featured in the documentary film The Boys of St. Columbs. He began learning piano around age six and by the age of eleven he had begun to play guitar, spending hours of his school holidays learning every tune the Shadows and he was also strongly influenced by Chuck Berry. In 1963, Brady began performing as a piano player in Bundoran. In October 1964, he attended University College Dublin and performed with a string of RnB groups, the first of these was The Inmates, which evolved into The Kult, featuring Brady, Jackie McAuley, Brendan Bonass, and Dave Pennefather. Brady can be seen in the film Charlie Is My Darling waiting outside Dublins Adelphi Theatre for the Rolling Stones concert of 3 September 1965 and he next joined Rootzgroup and Rockhouse. During his time at college in Dublin, the country saw a rise in interest in traditional Irish music. Brady joined the popular Irish band The Johnstons when Michael Johnston left in May 1967 and they moved to London, UK in 1969 and subsequently to New York City in 1972 to expand their audience. The next few years saw him establish his popularity and reputation as one of Irelands best interpreters of traditional songs and his versions of ballads like Arthur McBride and The Lakes of Pontchartrain were considered definitive and are still popular at concerts today. In 1975 in New York he recorded three albums for Shanachie Records as guitar accompanist to resident Irish fiddlers Andy McGann, Paddy Reynolds and he also recorded a 1976 album for the same label with Irish fiddler Tommy Peoples. In 1978, Brady released his first solo album, Welcome Here Kind Stranger, however, it would prove to be Bradys last album covering traditional material. He decided to delve into pop and rock music, and released his first album of genre in 1981. The completely self-penned record received mixed reviews, some fans of his older traditional material were not convinced, Brady released a number of successful solo albums throughout the 1980s, True For You, Back to the Centre, and Primitive Dance
Paul Brady
–
Brady in 2007
8.
Matt Molloy
–
Matt Molloy is an Irish musician, from a region known for producing talented flautists. As a child, he began playing the flute and won the All-Ireland Flute Championship at nineteen, considered as one of the most brilliant Irish musicians, his style that adapts piping techniques to the flute has influenced many contemporary Irish flute players. During the 1970s, Molloy was a member of The Bothy Band and its successor and he joined The Chieftains in 1979, replacing Michael Tubridy. Over the course of his career, Molloy has worked with the Irish Chamber Orchestra, Paul Brady, Tommy Peoples, Micheál Ó Súilleabháin, Molloy owns a pub on Bridge Street in Westport, County Mayo where there are regular Irish music sessions
Matt Molloy
–
Matt Molloy playing in a session at his pub in March 2000
Matt Molloy
–
Matt Molloy's Pub in Bridge Street, Westport
9.
Noel Hill (musician)
–
Noel Hill is an Irish concertina player from County Clare who has had great influence developing the modern playing style of the Irish concertina, as a performer and educator. Noel Hill was born in Caherea in West County Clare, Ireland and his parents and grandparents were all concertina players. He was particularly influenced by his uncle, Padraig A Chnoic and it was at these events that he learned his early tunes, rather than from the radio, books or records. Hill started playing at nine and listened extensively to Willie Clancy, Paddy Canny, Peter OLoughlin, Paddy Murphy, much of the music in his later repertoire comes from the music he learned as a child from those players. Hill wanted to be play the pipes, but pipes were not readily available. The concertina which Noel Hill took up had initially purchased for his brother. Hill has been a professional concertinist since the late 1970s and he joined up with Tony Linnane, Tony Callanan and Kieran Hanrahan to form the group Inchiquin. Hanrahan and Callanan then left to form Stocktons Wing and his most celebrated album is Noel Hill and Tony Linnane with Tony Linnane, Matt Molloy, Alec Finn and Micheal ODomhnaill. Inchiquin continued with Noel, Tony and Barry Moore and toured Germany, the Pogues wrote the tune, Planxty Noel Hill in response to his criticism of their band during a radio interview, the tune appeared on their 1986 Poguetry in Motion EP. Hill has toured worldwide including Europe, United States, Canada, China, Hong Kong and he teaches concertina at the The Noel Hill Irish Concertina Schools in Ireland and throughout the United States. He now lives with his two children in Connemara in the Irish-speaking region of southwest County Galway, Hill suffered multiple facial fractures, spent three weeks in hospital, and required extensive surgeries and rehabilitation. Irish Folk Festival The Green Fields of America H - Block Treasury of Irish Song, Vol.2 Treasury of Irish Song, - The Irish Traditional Music Special Anglo International Experience Ireland All in Good Time, Traditional Irish Folk, Jigs and Reels Long, Harry. In The Waltons Guide to Irish Music, p.183, in The Rough Guide to Irish Music, pp. 519–521, Penguin Group. Official website Raining Concertinas Tara Music press page
Noel Hill (musician)
–
Noel Hill
10.
Steel-string guitar
–
The steel-string acoustic guitar is a modern form of guitar that descends from the classical guitar, but is strung with steel strings for a brighter, louder sound. It is often referred to simply as a guitar, though the nylon-strung classical guitar is also sometimes called an acoustic guitar. The most common type is called a flat top guitar, to distinguish it from the more specialized archtop guitar. The standard tuning for a guitar is E-A-D-G-B-E, although many players, particularly fingerpickers, use alternate tunings, such as open G, open D. There are many variations in construction and materials used in steel-string guitars, different combinations of woods and construction elements affect the timbre or tone of the guitar. Many players and luthiers are convinced that a well-made guitars tone improves over time, acoustic guitars are commonly constructed in several different body types. The proportion and overall size of two parts helps determine the overall tonal balance and native sound of a particular body style – the larger the body. The 00, also called the Double-Oh or the Grand Concert and it has the thinnest soundbox and the smallest overall size of the major styles, making it very comfortable to play but also one of the quietest. Its smaller size makes it suitable for younger or smaller-framed players and these guitars are commonly called parlor steels as they are well-suited to smaller rooms. Martins 00-xxx series and Taylors x12 series are common examples, the Grand Auditorium guitar, sometimes called the 000 or the Triple-Oh, is very similar in design to the Grand Concert, but slightly wider and deeper. Many 000-style guitars also have a back panel to increase the volume of space in the soundbox without making the soundbox deeper at the edges. Eric Claptons signature Martin guitar, for example, is of this style, Martins 000-xxx series and Taylors x14 series are well-known examples of the Grand Auditorium style. The Dreadnought style was designed by Martin Guitars to produce a deeper sound than classic-style guitars and this body styles combination of a small profile with a deep sound has made it immensely popular, and it has since been copied by virtually every major steel-string luthier. Martins D series guitars, such as the highly-prized D-28, are examples of the Dreadnought. This comes at the expense of being oversized, with a very deep sounding box, the foremost example of this style is the Gibson J-200, but like the Dreadnought, most guitar manufacturers have at least one jumbo model. Any of these body type can optionally incorporate a cutaway, a cutaway guitar has a redesigned upper bout that removes a section of the soundbox on the underside of the neck, hence the name cutaway. This allows for access to the frets that are located on top of the soundbox past the heel of the neck. The tradeoff is reduced soundbox volume, and often a change in bracing, the 12-string guitar replaces each single string with a course of two strings
Steel-string guitar
–
A
Gibson SJ200 model.
Steel-string guitar
–
Playing a steel-string guitar without a pick (
fingerpicking).
Steel-string guitar
–
A
C.F. Martin Eric Clapton model.
Steel-string guitar
–
Fender DG-41SCE.
11.
Mandolin
–
A mandolin is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or pick. It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison, although five, the courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello. There are many styles of mandolin, but three are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a bottom, constructed of strips of wood. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a shallower, arched back. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music, carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature a fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course. There has also been a type and an instrument with sixteen-strings. Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard, pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, the modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections, there is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic f. A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling, Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the 17th and 18th centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin, produced particularly in Naples, became common in the 19th century. Dating to around c.13,000 BC, a painting in the Trois Frères cave in France depicts what some believe is a musical bow. From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed, since each string played a note, adding strings added new notes, creating bow harps, harps. In turn, this led to being able to play dyads and chords, another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a bridge used to lift the strings off the stick-neck, creating the lute
Mandolin
–
An American A-style left-handed mandolin, with F-holes
Mandolin
–
Modern Neapolitan bowlback mandolin manufactured by the
Calace family workshop.
Mandolin
–
Mandolin with six courses of strings (2 strings per course), labeled Milanese at the museum.
Mandolin
–
Advertisement for a Lyon and Healy made, Washburn brand mandolin from an 1897 short-stories magazine, The Black Cat.
12.
Mandola
–
The mandola or tenor mandola is a fretted, stringed musical instrument. It is to the mandolin what the viola is to the violin, the four courses of strings tuned in fifths to the same pitches as the viola. The mandola, although now rarer, is the ancestor of the mandolin, the name mandola may originate with the ancient pandura, and was also rendered as mandora, the change perhaps having been due to approximation to the Italian word for almond. The instrument developed from the lute at a date, being more compact and cheaper to build. Historically related instruments include the mandore, mandole, vandola, bandola, bandora, however, significantly different instruments have at times and places taken on the same or similar names, and the true mandola has been strung in several different ways. The mandola has four courses of metal strings, tuned in unison rather than in octaves. The scale length is typically around 42 cm, the mandola is typically played with a plectrum. The double strings accommodate a sustaining technique called tremolando, an alternation of the plectrum on a single course of strings. The mandola is commonly used in folk music—particularly Italian folk music and it is sometimes played in Irish traditional music, but the instruments octave mandola, Irish bouzouki and modern cittern are more commonly used. It is tuned like a viola CGDA, like the guitar, the mandola can be acoustic or electric. Attila the Stockbroker, punk poet and frontman of Barnstormer, uses an electric mandola as his main instrument, alex Lifeson, guitarist of Rush, has also featured the mandola in his work. Mandolas are often played in orchestras, along with other members of the mandolin family, mandolin, mandocello. Sometimes the octave mandolin is included as well, Mandolin Mando-bass Octave mandola - Tuned an octave below the mandolin Mandocello - Tuned an octave below the mandola Irish bouzouki Troughton, John. Mandolin Manual, The Art, Craft and Science of the Mandolin, united States, Crowood Press, Limited, The. The Tenor Mandola Chord Bible, CGDA Standard Tuning 1,728 Chords, Chords for Mandolin, Irish Bango, Bouzouki, Mandola, Mamdocello. — A chord book featuring 20 pages of popular chords, the Mandolin Page theMandolinTuner, a mandolin site focusing on mandolin tuning, chords and tabs
Mandola
–
Mandola
Mandola
–
A Genoese mandola, c. 1700s.
Mandola
–
L-R - Banjo-mandolin, standard mandolin, 3-course mandolin, Tenor mandola.
13.
Irish bouzouki
–
The Irish bouzouki is an adaptation of the classic Greek Bouzouki. Johnny Moynihan is credited with having brought the first Greek Bouzouki to Ireland, the original Greek bouzouki was a three course/six-string instrument. In the 1950s, a four course/eight-string version was developed, the newer tetrachordo bouzouki was introduced into Irish traditional music in the mid-1960s by Johnny Moynihan of the popular folk group Sweeneys Men. Being left-handed, Lunny reversed the strings and critically, replaced the strings with unison strings. This modified bouzouki became fully integrated into Irish folk music when Irvine, Irvine, however, credits Moynihan with having brought the bouzouki to Ireland in his lyric to ODonoghues, his memoir of his experience of the early folk revival days in Dublin in the early 60s. In a parallel development, Alec Finn, later with the Galway-based traditional group De Dannan, because of this, it is common to use matched strings on the two bass courses, tuning to unison pairs in order to enhance the bass response of the instrument. Almost immediately after the Greek bouzoukis initial introduction, new designs specifically for Irish traditional music were developed. The body was widened and a back with straight sides replaced the round. Even so, today the majority of builders continue to opt for flat tops. The Irish bouzouki has also integrated into some other western European musical traditions over the past forty years. Popularly used in the music of Asturias, Galicia, Brittany, Spain, the instruments role is usually a combination of interwoven accompaniment and melodic play. By far the most common tuning for the Irish bouzouki is G2 D3 A3 D4 and this was pioneered by Johnny Moynihan first on the mandolin and then transferred to a Greek bouzouki. It was later picked up by Andy Irvine and Dónal Lunny, other tunings used, although by a minority of players, are octave mandolin tuning G2 D3 A3 E4, and Open D tuning A2 D3 A3 D4. Open G G2 D3 G3 D4, is used by players and has proven useful for bottleneck slide playing. Alec Finn, playing a Greek trichordo bouzouki, uses the traditional D3 A3 D4 tuning with the pair on the low D course changed to unison. Amongst many luthiers and musicians the Irish bouzouki is considered to be part of the mandolin family, in actuality, the mandolin and lute families are related and the bouzouki is a part of that. For many builders and players, the bouzouki, cittern. The name cittern is often applied to instruments of five courses and they are also occasionally called 10 string bouzoukis when having a longer scale length
Irish bouzouki
–
Irish bouzouki
14.
Hurdy-gurdy
–
The hurdy-gurdy is a stringed instrument that produces sound by a crank-turned, rosined wheel rubbing against the strings. The wheel functions much like a bow, and single notes played on the instrument sound similar to those of a violin. Melodies are played on a keyboard that presses tangents—small wedges, typically made of wood—against one or more of the strings to change their pitch, like most other acoustic stringed instruments, it has a sound board to make the vibration of the strings audible. Most hurdy-gurdies have multiple strings, which give a constant pitch accompaniment to the melody. Many folk music festivals in Europe feature music groups with hurdy-gurdy players, the most famous has been held since 1976 at Saint-Chartier in the Indre département in Central France. In 2009, it relocated nearby to the Château dArs at La Châtre, the hurdy-gurdy is generally thought to have originated from fiddles in either Europe or the Middle East some time before the eleventh century A. D. The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih describing the lira as an instrument within the Byzantine Empire. One of the earliest forms of the hurdy-gurdy was the organistrum, an instrument with a guitar-shaped body. The organistrum had a melody string and two drone strings, which ran over a common bridge, and a relatively small wheel. Due to its size, the organistrum was played by two people, one of whom turned the crank while the other pulled the keys upward, pulling keys upward is cumbersome, so only slow tunes could be played on the organistrum. The pitches on the organistrum were set according to Pythagorean temperament, another 10th century treatise thought to have mentioned an instrument like a hurdy-gurdy is an Arabic musical compendium written by Al Zirikli. Later on, the organistrum was made smaller to let a player both turn the crank and work the keys. The solo organistrum was known from Spain and France, but was replaced by the symphonia. At about the time, a new form of key pressed from beneath was developed. These keys were more practical for faster music and easier to handle. Medieval depictions of the show both types of keys. During the Renaissance, the hurdy-gurdy was a popular instrument and the characteristic form had a short neck. It was around this time that buzzing bridges first appeared in illustrations, the buzzing bridge is an asymmetrical bridge that rests under a drone string on the sound board
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Hurdy-gurdy
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Elders playing an organistrum
Santiago de Compostela,
Galicia
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Hurdy-gurdy player in
Saint-Jean-des-Ollières,
Puy-de-Dôme (France)
Hurdy-gurdy
–
Detail of
The Garden of Earthly Delights by
Hieronymus Bosch, showing the first known depiction of a buzzing bridge on a hurdy-gurdy.
15.
Harmonica
–
There are many types of harmonica, including diatonic, chromatic, tremolo, octave, orchestral, and bass versions. A harmonica is played by using the mouth to direct air into or out of one or more holes along a mouthpiece, behind each hole is a chamber containing at least one reed. A harmonica reed is a flat elongated spring typically made of brass, stainless steel, or bronze, when the free end is made to vibrate by the players air, it alternately blocks and unblocks the airway to produce sound. Reeds are pre-tuned to individual pitches, tuning may involve changing a reeds length, the weight near its free end, or the stiffness near its fixed end. Longer, heavier and springier reeds produce deeper, lower sounds, an important technique in performance is bending, causing a drop in pitch by making embouchure adjustments. Such two-reed pitch changes actually involve sound production by the normally silent reed, the basic parts of the harmonica are the comb, reed plates and cover plates. The comb is the body of the instrument, which. The term comb may originate from the similarity between this part of a harmonica and a hair comb, Harmonica combs were traditionally made from wood but now are also made from plastic or metal. Some modern and experimental designs are complex in the way that they direct the air. There is dispute among players about whether comb material affects the tone of a harmonica, among those saying yes are those who are convinced by their ears. Few dispute, however, that comb surface smoothness and air-tightness when mated with the reedplates can greatly affect tone, the main advantage of a particular comb material over another one is its durability. In particular, a comb can absorb moisture from the players breath. This can cause the comb to expand slightly, making the instrument uncomfortable to play, various types of wood and treatments have been devised to reduce the degree of this problem. Much effort is devoted by serious players to restoring wood combs, some players used to soak wooden-combed harmonicas in water to cause a slight expansion, which they intended to make the seal between the comb, reed plates and covers more airtight. Modern wooden-combed harmonicas are less prone to swelling and contracting, players still dip harmonicas in water for the way it affects tone and ease of bending notes. The reed plate is a grouping of several reeds in a single housing, the reeds are usually made of brass, but steel, aluminium and plastic are occasionally used. Individual reeds are usually riveted to the plate, but they may also be welded or screwed in place. Reeds fixed on the side of the reed plate respond to blowing
Harmonica
–
A 16-hole chromatic (top) and 10-hole diatonic harmonica
Harmonica
–
Comb and two reedplates
Harmonica
–
Reed plate
Harmonica
–
Mark Wenner cups his hands around a "bullet mic" as he plays amplified harmonica.
16.
Uilleann pipes
–
The uilleann pipes are the characteristic national bagpipe of Ireland. Earlier known in English as union pipes, their current name is a translation of the Irish-language term píobaí uilleann. There is no record of the name or use of the term uilleann pipes before the twentieth century. It was an invention of Grattan Flood and the name stuck, people mistook the term union to refer to the 1800 Act of Union, this is incorrect as Breandán Breathnach points out that a poem published in 1796 uses the term union. The bag of the pipes is inflated by means of a small set of bellows strapped around the waist. Some pipers can converse or sing while playing, the regulators are equipped with closed keys that can be opened by the pipers wrist action enabling the piper to play simple chords, giving a rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment as needed. There are also many ornaments based on multiple or single grace notes, the chanter can also be played staccato by resting the bottom of the chanter on the pipers thigh to close off the bottom hole and then open and close only the tone holes required. If one tone hole is closed before the one is opened. The uilleann pipes have a different harmonic structure, sounding sweeter and quieter than many other bagpipes, such as the Great Irish Warpipes, the uilleann pipes are often played indoors, and are almost always played sitting down. Uilleann is the genitive of the Irish word uillinn, meaning elbow, the Irish word for uilleann pipes is píobaí uilleann which literally means pipes of the elbow. However, the first attested written form is Union pipes, at the end of the 18th century, perhaps to denote the union of the chanter, drones, another theory is that it was played throughout a prototypical full union of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland. This was only realised, however, in 1800, with the Act of Union, the term uilleann pipes is first attested at the beginning of the 20th century. William Henry Grattan Flood, an Irish music scholar, proposed the theory that the name came from the Irish word for elbow. He cited to this effect William Shakespeares play The Merchant of Venice published in 1600 where the expression woollen pipes appears and this theory originated in correspondence between two earlier antiquarians, and was adopted as gospel by the Gaelic League. The use of uilleann was perhaps also a rebellion against the union with its connotations of English rule. The first bagpipes to be well-attested to for Ireland were similar, if not identical and these are known as the Great Irish Warpipes. In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, this instrument was called the píob mhór, while the warpipe was alive and well upon the battlefields of France, the warpipe had almost disappeared in Ireland. The union or uilleann pipe required the joining of a bellows under the right arm, the uilleann or union pipes developed around the beginning of the 18th century
Uilleann pipes
–
Cushioned bellows
Uilleann pipes
–
Starter or Practice Set
Uilleann pipes
–
Full set
17.
Tin whistle
–
It is a type of fipple flute, putting it in the same class as the recorder, Native American flute, and other woodwind instruments that meet such criteria. A tin whistle player is called a tin whistler or simply a whistler, the tin whistle is closely associated with Celtic music. The tin whistle in its form is from a wider family of fipple flutes which have been seen in many forms. In Europe such instruments have a long and distinguished history and take various forms, most widely known of these are the recorder, tin whistle, Flabiol, Txistu and tabor pipe. Almost all primitive cultures had a type of flute and is most likely the first pitched flute type instrument in existence. A possible Neanderthal fipple flute from Slovenia dates from 81, 000-53,000 B. C. a German flute from 35,000 years ago, written sources that describe a fipple-type flute include the Roman and Greek aulos and tibia. In the early Middle Ages peoples of northern Europe were playing the instrument as seen in 3rd-century British bone flutes, and Irish Brehon Law describes flute like instrument. The term flageolet is still preferred by modern tin whistle who feel this better describes the instrument, as this characterises a wide variety of fipple flutes. Down to 1900, they were marketed as Clarke London Flageolets or Clarke Flageolets. The whistles fingering system is similar to that of the six hole, simple system English flutes, the six hole, diatonic system is also used on baroque flutes, and was of course well known before Robert Clarke began producing his tin whistles. Clarkes first whistle, the Meg, was pitched in high A and was made in other keys suitable for Victorian parlour music. The company showed the whistles in The Great Exhibition of 1851, the Clark tin whistle is voiced somewhat on an organ-pipe with a flattened tube forming the lip of the fipple mouthpiece and is usually made from rolled tin sheet or brass. Manufactured tin whistles became available no earlier than 1840, and were mass-produced, as the penny whistle was generally considered a toy it has been suggested that children or street musicians were paid a penny by those who heard them playing the whistle. However, in reality the instrument was so called because it could be purchased for a penny, the name tin-whistle was also coined as early as 1825. But neither the tin whistle nor the penny whistle name seems to have been common until the 20th century, the instrument became popular in several musical traditions namely, English, Scottish, Irish and American traditional music. Due to its affordability the tin whistle was a household instrument. In the second half of the 19th century, some manufacturers such as Barnett Samuel. These had a brass tube
Tin whistle
–
Several high D tin whistles from left to right: Clarke Sweetone; Shaw (customised); O'Brien; Reyburn; Generation (customised); Copeland; Overton
Tin whistle
–
Young man demonstrating the use of a tin whistle.
18.
Flute
–
The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening, according to the instrument classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-blown aerophones. A musician who plays the flute can be referred to as a player, flautist, flutist or, less commonly. Flutes are the earliest extant musical instruments, as paleolithic instruments with hand-bored holes have been found, a number of flutes dating to about 43,000 to 35,000 years ago have been found in the Swabian Jura region of present-day Germany. These flutes demonstrate that a musical tradition existed from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe. Flutes, including the famous Bansuri, have been a part of Indian classical music since 1500 BC. A major deity of Hinduism, Krishna, has been associated with the flute, the English verb flout has the same linguistic root, and the modern Dutch verb fluiten still shares the two meanings. Attempts to trace the word back to the Latin flare have been pronounced phonologically impossible or inadmissable, the first known use of the word flute was in the 14th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, this was in Geoffrey Chaucers The Hous of Fame, today, a musician who plays any instrument in the flute family can be called a flutist, or flautist, or simply a flute player. Flutist dates back to at least 1603, the earliest quote cited by the Oxford English Dictionary, flautist was used in 1860 by Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Marble Faun, after being adopted during the 18th century from Italy, like many musical terms in England since the Italian Renaissance. Other English terms, now obsolete, are fluter and flutenist. The oldest flute ever discovered may be a fragment of the femur of a cave bear. In 2008 another flute dated back to at least 35,000 years ago was discovered in Hohle Fels cave near Ulm, the five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is made from a vulture wing bone. The researchers involved in the officially published their findings in the journal Nature. The flute, one of several found, was found in the Hohle Fels cavern next to the Venus of Hohle Fels, on announcing the discovery, scientists suggested that the finds demonstrate the presence of a well-established musical tradition at the time when modern humans colonized Europe. Scientists have also suggested that the discovery of the flute may help to explain the probable behavioural and cognitive gulf between Neanderthals and early modern human. A three-holed flute,18.7 cm long, made from a mammoth tusk was discovered in 2004, the earliest extant Chinese transverse flute is a chi flute discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng at the Suizhou site, Hubei province, China. It dates from 433 BC, of the later Zhou Dynasty and it is fashioned of lacquered bamboo with closed ends and has five stops that are at the flutes side instead of the top
Flute
–
A selection of flutes from around the world
Flute
–
Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century
Song dynasty remake of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, originally by
Gu Hongzhong (10th century)
Flute
–
Panflute players.
Cantigas de Santa Maria, mid-13th century, Spain
Flute
–
Statue of
Krishna playing a flute
19.
Keyboard instrument
–
A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard. The most common of these are the piano, organ, and various keyboards, including synthesizers. Other keyboard instruments include celestas, which are struck idiophones operated by a keyboard, and carillons, today, the term keyboard often refers to keyboard-style synthesizers. Another important use of the keyboard is in historical musicology. Particularly in the 18th century, the harpsichord, the clavichord, and the piano were in competition. Hence in a phrase like Mozart excelled as a player the word keyboard is usefully noncommittal. The earliest known keyboard instrument was the Ancient Greek hydraulis, a type of pipe organ, the keys were likely balanced and could be played with a light touch, as is clear from the reference in a Latin poem by Claudian, who says magna levi detrudens murmura tactu. Intent, that is “let him thunder forth as he presses out mighty roarings with a light touch”, from its invention until the fourteenth century, the organ remained the only keyboard instrument. Often, the organ did not feature a keyboard at all, almost every keyboard until the fifteenth century had seven naturals to each octave. The clavichord and the harpsichord appeared during the 14th century—the clavichord probably being earlier, the harpsichord and clavichord were both common until widespread adoption of the piano in the 18th century, after which their popularity decreased. The piano was revolutionary, because a pianist could vary the volume of the sound by varying the vigor with which each key was struck. The pianos full name is gravicèmbalo con piano e forte meaning harpsichord with soft and loud but can be shortened to piano-forte, which means soft-loud in Italian. In its current form, the piano is a product of the late 19th century, in fact, the modern piano is significantly different from even the 19th-century pianos used by Liszt, Chopin, and Brahms. See Piano history and musical performance, keyboard instruments were further developed in the early twentieth century. Early electromechanical instruments, such as the Ondes Martenot, appeared early in the century and this was a very important contribution to the keyboards history. Much effort has gone into creating an instrument that sounds like the piano but lacks its size, the electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano. Electric and electronic organs were developed during the same period, more recent electronic keyboard designs strive to emulate the sound of specific make and model pianos using digital samples and computer models. Concerns celebrated keyboard players and the various instruments used over the centuries
Keyboard instrument
–
The
piano, a common keyboard instrument
Keyboard instrument
–
Bandoneon
Keyboard instrument
–
Most common
20.
Fiddle
–
Fiddle is another name for the bowed string musical instrument more often called a violin. It is also a term for the instrument used by players in all genres. Fiddle playing, or fiddling, refers to various styles of music, Fiddle is also a common term among musicians who play folk music on the violin. The fiddle is part of traditional styles of music which are aural traditions. There are few distinctions between violins and fiddles, though more primitively constructed and smaller violins are more likely to be considered fiddles. In order to produce a tone, compared to the deeper tones of gut or synthetic core strings. Among musical styles, fiddling tends to produce rhythms focused on dancing, with associated quick note changes, whereas classical music tends to contain more vibrato and it is less common for a classically trained violinist to play folk music, but today, many fiddlers have classical training. The medieval fiddle emerged in 10th-century Europe, deriving from the Byzantine lira, lira spread widely westward to Europe, in the 11th and 12th centuries European writers use the terms fiddle and lira interchangeably when referring to bowed instruments. During the Renaissance the gambas were important and elegant instruments, they eventually lost ground to the viola da braccio family. The etymology of fiddle is uncertain, the Germanic fiddle may derive from the same early Romance word as does violin, the name seems however to be related to Icelandic Fiðla and also Old English fiðele. A native Germanic ancestor of fiddle may even be the ancestor of the early Romance form of violin, historically, fiddle also referred to a predecessor of todays violin. Like the violin, it tended to have four strings, another family of instruments that contributed to the development of the modern fiddle are the viols, which are held between the legs and played vertically, and have fretted fingerboards. Violins, on the hand, are commonly grouped in sections. The difference was likely compounded by the different sounds expected of violin music, historically, the majority of fiddle music was dance music, while violin music had either grown out of dance music or was something else entirely. Violin music came to value a smoothness that fiddling, with its dance-driven clear beat, in situations that required greater volume, a fiddler could push their instrument harder than could a violinist. In the very late 20th century, a few artists have attempted a reconstruction of the Scottish tradition of violin and big fiddle. Notable recorded examples include Iain Fraser and Christine Hanson, Amelia Kaminski and Christine Hansons Bonnie Lasses and Alasdair Fraser and Natalie Haas Fire and Grace. In Hungary, a three stringed viola variant with a bridge, called the kontra or háromhúros brácsa makes up part of a traditional rhythm section in Hungarian folk music
Fiddle
–
A fiddler
Fiddle
–
Peter Stampfel from the Holy Modal Rounders
Fiddle
–
Fiddler Kenny Baker.
21.
Concertina
–
A concertina is a free-reed musical instrument, like the various accordions and the harmonica. It has a bellows, and buttons typically on both ends of it, when pressed, the buttons travel in the same direction as the bellows, unlike accordion buttons, which travel perpendicularly to the bellows. The concertina was developed in England and Germany, most likely independently, the English version was invented in 1829 by Sir Charles Wheatstone, while Carl Friedrich Uhlig announced the German version five years later, in 1834. Various forms of concertina are used for music, for the traditional musics of Ireland, England, and South Africa. Because the concertina was developed nearly contemporaneously in England and Germany, systems can be divided into English, Anglo-German. To a player proficient in one of these systems, a concertina of a different system may be quite unfamiliar, the English concertina and the Duet concertina bear similarities in history and construction. Both systems generally play a scale, and are unisonoric. Both these English-developed instruments are smaller than German concertinas, and tend to be hexagonal, though occasionally having 8,10, the English system alternates the notes of the scale between two hands, enabling rapid melodies. The Duet system places the low notes on the hand and high on the right. The English concertina is credited to Sir Charles Wheatstone, who first patented such a design in 1829 in Great Britain, Wheatstone was also the first to patent a Duet concertina, in 1844. The German concertinas, developed within Germany itself for its market and diaspora. They are generally bisonoric, use a different style of long plate reeds, unlike the English and Anglo, they sometimes have more than one reed per note, creating a vibrato effect. Various German concertina systems share common features and core button layout. In the United States, particularly in the Midwest where there are many German and Central European descendants, a related variant is the Carlsfelder concertina of C. F. Zimmerman, unveiled in 1849. and at the 1851 London Industrial Exposition. The bandoneon is a German concertina system with an original bisonoric layout devised by Heinrich Band, though the typical bandoneon is bisonoric, the 1920s saw the development of unisonoric variants such as the Ernst Kusserow and Charles Peguri systems, both introduced around 1925. Bandoneons typically have more than one reed per button, dry-tuned with the reeds an octave apart, Ástor Piazzolla was one of the most famous exponents of this instrument. The Anglo or Anglo-German concertina is, historically, a hybrid between the English and German concertinas, the button layouts are generally the same as the original 20-button German concertinas designed by Uhlig in 1834, and in a bisonoric system. Within a few years of its invention, the German concertina was an import in England, Ireland
Concertina
–
Wheatstone English concertina, circa 1920
Concertina
–
English Concertina disassembled, showing bellows, reedpan and buttons.
Concertina
–
Bastari 40-button Anglo concertina
Concertina
–
Chemnitzer concertina made by Star Mfg., Cicero, Illinois, USA in 2000
22.
Newbridge, County Kildare
–
Newbridge, officially known by its Irish name Droichead Nua, is a town in County Kildare, Ireland. Its population of 21,561 makes it the largest town in Kildare, the Irish language name of the town is the official name, An Droichead Nua, meaning simply The New Bridge and was introduced in the 1930s. Noble and Keenans map of Kildare 1752, drawn before the town was started, Many of the other places marked on this map are still in use in the names of housing estates and streets. Settlement in the dates from the 13th century and the current town is made up of six ancient parishes. The parishes are Ballymany, Great Connell, Killashee, Morristown Billar, Old Connell, Great Connell Priory was an important Priory, founded in 1202 by the Augustinian Canons. This and other sites are a reminder that Newbridge was an early Christian settlement, the earliest known mention of Newbridge was by traveller and bookseller John Dunton in 1698, though he does not refer to any settlement other than at Ballymany. A mass house was built beside the bridge about 1730 and an Inn, the first bridge was destroyed by floods in 1789 and William Chapman, engineer on the Grand Canal extension to Naas, was employed to rebuild it the following year. The old high road continued in use to serve the village and mass house, the Watering Gates located at the entrance to the Town Park was also constructed as part of the original Barrack building. At the same Eyre Powell gave land north of the new road for building houses. Main Street took shape at the time as the Barracks were being built. From 1819 various Cavalry Regiments were stationed at Newbridge and brought much business to the town, Newbridge expanded rapidly after the Curragh Camp was established in 1855. Eyre Street and Edward Street were built in the years 1855 –1870, the new railway opened in 1846 and churches were built at Rosberry Common, at Moorefield and at Chapel Lane to cater for the increasing population. A National School was opened on the Railway Road in 1842, the town continued to prosper until the withdrawal of the Cavalry in May 1922 on the establishment of the Free State. It went into a period of decline thereafter, but since the 1960s has seen growth and has become a busy shopping. The town is located on the banks of the River Liffey, upriver are towns such as Athgarvan, Kilcullen and Blessington, while downriver are the towns of Caragh, Clane and Celbridge. Newbridge / An Droichead Nua is bounded by the Curragh Plains to the west, Pollardstown Fen, around the Curragh, and to the east are many important stud farms. To the south the motorway now forms a boundary to the town, today Newbridge is a thriving town with a population approaching 22,000, a major centre for industry and commerce, within the South Kildare region. The area has an industrial background with industry such as rope making Irish Ropes PLC
Newbridge, County Kildare
–
Newbridge College at sunset
Newbridge, County Kildare
–
Stables at Newbridge Barracks, c.1910
Newbridge, County Kildare
–
St Conleth's Parish Church in Newbridge
Newbridge, County Kildare
–
Church of Ireland, Moorefield
23.
County Kildare
–
County Kildare is a county in Ireland. It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region and it is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the authority for the county which has a population of 222,130. Kildare is the 24th largest of Irelands 32 counties in area and it is the eighth largest of Leinsters twelve counties in size, and second largest in terms of population. It is bordered by the counties of Carlow, Laois, Meath, Offaly, Dublin, as an inland county, Kildare is a generally lowland region. The countys highest points are the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains bordering to the east, the highest point in Kildare is Cupidstown Hill on the border with Dublin, with the better known Hill of Allen in central Kildare. The county has three rivers running through it, the Barrow, the Liffey and the Boyne. The Grand Canal crosses the county from Lyons on the east to Rathangan, a southern branch joins the Barrow navigation at Athy. The Royal Canal stretches across the north of the county along the border with Meath, the Bog of Allen is a large bog that extends across 958 km2 and into County Kildare, County Meath, County Offaly, County Laois, and County Westmeath. Kildare has 243 km2 of bog mostly located in the south-west and north-west and it is habitat to over 185 plant and animal species. There are 8,472 hectares of Forested land in Kildare,4,056 hectares of this is Coniferous, while there is 2,963 hectares of Broadleaf and the remaining area are Unclassified Species. Coillte and Dúchas currently own 47% of the forestry, coillte run Donadea Forest Park which is in North-Central Kildare. The forest covers 259 hectares of mixed woodland and is the largest forest park in Kildare, Kildare was shired in 1297 and assumed its present borders in 1832, following amendments to remove a number of enclaves and exclaves. The county was the home of the powerful Fitzgerald family, parts of the county were also part of the Pale area around Dublin. Kildare County Council is the authority for the county. The Local Electoral Areas of Kildare are Athy, Celbridge - Leixlip, Maynooth, Kildare - Newbridge, the current council was elected in May 2013. Under the Local Government Reform Act 2014 the towns of Leixlip, Naas, Newbridge, for elections to Dáil Éireann, there are two constituencies in the area of the county, Kildare North, which returns four TDs and Kildare South which returns three TDs. As part of the Mid-East Region, it is within the purview of the Mid-East Regional Authority, for elections to the European Parliament, it is part of the Midlands North-West constituency which returns four MEPs
County Kildare
–
Looking east across the broad plains of South Kildare to the distant Wicklow Hills.
County Kildare
–
River Barrow and White's Castle,
Athy
County Kildare
–
Horses near Pollardstown Fen
24.
Eastern Europe
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Eastern Europe, also known as East Europe, is the eastern part of the European continent. There is no consensus on the area it covers, partly because the term has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, cultural. There are almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as there are scholars of the region, a related United Nations paper adds that every assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construct. One definition describes Eastern Europe as an entity, the region lying in Europe with main characteristics consisting in Byzantine, Orthodox. Another definition was created during the Cold War and used more or less synonymously with the term Eastern Bloc, a similar definition names the formerly communist European states outside the Soviet Union as Eastern Europe. Historians and social scientists generally view such definitions as outdated or relegating, several definitions of Eastern Europe exist today, but they often lack precision or are extremely general. These definitions vary both across cultures and among experts, even scientists, recently becoming more and more imprecise. The Ural Mountains, Ural River, and the Caucasus Mountains are the land border of the eastern edge of Europe. Eurovoc, a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the Publications Office of the European Union, provides entries for 23 EU languages, of these, those in italics are classified as Eastern Europe in this source. Other official web-pages of the European Union classify some of the countries as strictly Central European. The East–West Schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern and Western churches which began in the 11th century and lasts until this very day and it divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity. Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian churches in the east, due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic, for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, the fall of the Iron Curtain brought the end of the East–West division in Europe, but this geopolitical concept is sometimes still used for quick reference by the media. The Baltic states have seats in the Nordic Council as observer states and they also are members of the Nordic-Baltic Eight whereas Eastern European countries formed their own alliance called the Visegrád Group. Estonia Latvia Lithuania The Caucasus nations may be included in the definitions of Eastern Europe, the extent of their geographic or political affiliation with Europe varies by country and source. All three states are members of the European Unions Eastern Partnership program and the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly, on 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Armenia and Georgia may enter the EU in the future. Georgia — in modern geography, Georgia has been classified as part of Eastern Europe. Under the European Union’s geographic criteria, Georgia is viewed as part of Eastern Europe and is the only Caucasus country to be actively seeking EU membership and it is a member of Council of Europe and Eurocontrol
Eastern Europe
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Division between the Eastern and Western Churches
Eastern Europe
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Geographic features of Eastern Europe
25.
Prosperous (album)
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Prosperous is the second album by Irish folk musician Christy Moore, released in 1972. His first album, Paddy On The Road, was recorded by Dominic Behan in 1969 and has long been out of print, in addition to Moores guitar and voice, Prosperous featured musicians Andy Irvine, Liam Óg OFlynn and Dónal Lunny. These four musicians later gave themselves the name Planxty, making this album something of the first Planxty album in all, other musicians included Kevin Conneff on bodhrán, Clive Collins on fiddle, and Dave Bland on concertina. The album takes its name from the house and town of Prosperous, County Kildare, the house is owned by Dr Andrew Rynne, surgeon and medical practitioner and founder of Clane General Hospital in Co Kildare
Prosperous (album)
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Prosperous
26.
Prosperous, County Kildare
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Prosperous is a village in north County Kildare, Ireland. It is within the townland of Curryhills, at the junction of the R403 and R408 regional roads and its population of 2,248 makes it the 14th largest town in County Kildare. The English name of Prosperous was given when the village was founded in the late 18th century by Sir Robert Brooke, the village takes its Irish name from the townland lying to the east, Corrchoill or an Chorrchoill, anglicised variously as Corrhill, Currhill and Curryhills. An alternative meaning is The wood of the small round hill 4, the village extends into the surrounding townlands of Ballinafagh, Killybegs, Curryhills and Downings. The town of Prosperous owes its origin to the vision and ideals of Robert Brooke, the late eighteenth century was a time of attempted industrial development in Ireland and the industry upon which Prosperous was founded in 1780 was cotton manufacturing. The name chosen by Brook for his industrial town could only be the product of a confident dream, a close parallel to the development of Prosperous was Stratford-on-Slaney in Co. Wicklow, founded by Henry Stratford, Earl of Aldeborough in 1785 as a textile centre, despite huge investment and, in the case of Prosperous, much building and an initial population of 4,000, both industrial ventures were failures. A number of ráths have survived in the Prosperous area, indicating settlement of the place in early Christian times, time has not been kind to these ancient fortifications although in the case of one, it has been preserved as the centre-piece of a housing development, Rath View. There is a fort, or rath, just outside Prosperous on the side of The Blackstick. It is possible that the townland of Downings takes its name from the word Dún, another explanation is that the local population used to converge at the nearby church on Sunday or in Irish Dé Domhnaigh - a closer phonetic match. Some confusion arises after the late 1990s when a development in the village was named The Downings. Downings graveyard and church ruins, in the townland of Downings North - north of the R403 to Allenwood, tradition states that the church occupies the site of the cell of St. Farnan whose feast is celebrated on the 15th of February. Nearby is the well of St. Farnan which is said to have been blessed by the Saint, the old parish in this area was known as Downings. It was joined to the parish of Caragh in the eighteenth century, there is another ruined church surrounded by a graveyard at Killybegs. The Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem had a Commandery here, a lease of 1538 refers to the priory and this points to its foundation before that date. The octagonal baptismal font with its carving of an angel, which is now at Prosperous church, during penal times there was a Mass-house in the townland of Goatstown which is north of the Grand Canal. When the town of Prosperous was built, a Catholic church was erected near the close to the present Drama Hall. This church was replaced by the present limestone church in 1869, Thomas Harris was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician
Prosperous, County Kildare
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The Church Bell
Prosperous, County Kildare
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R408 through older section of town
27.
The Late, Late Show
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The Late Late Show, with its title often shortened to The Late Late, is an Irish chat show. It is the worlds second longest-running chat show, after the American The Tonight Show.30, having maintained the same name and format continuously, The Late Late Show was first broadcast on Friday,6 July 1962 at 23.20 and in colour from 1976. Originating as temporary summer filler for a niche Saturday night audience, the format has remained largely the same throughout—dialogue, comic sketches, musical performances, discourse on topical issues. It has influenced attitudes of the populace towards approval or disapproval of its topics, directed social change. It averages 650,000 viewers per episode and has consistently achieved RTÉs highest ratings, for much of its early life, RTÉ Television Centres Studio 1 in Donnybrook, Dublin was its home—this original studio accommodated a small audience of about 120. In 1995, The Late Late Show transferred to the more spacious Studio 4, adapted specifically to cater for this, three external broadcasts have aired, most recently from the Wexford Opera House on 5 September 2008. Original host Gay Byrne presented for nearly 40 years, holding out until the end of the millennium, Pat Kenny was Byrnes successor hosting the show for 10 years between 1999-2009. Ryan Tubridy now fills the role of presenter, having succeeded Kenny in September 2009, under Tubridy, first Quinn Group and then Sky Broadband added sponsorship deals—after a sterile final season with Kenny at the helm. Tubridys arrival coincided with an increase in audience ratings with some early statistics comparing him to the Byrne era. Kenny was to make a return as host on 1 February 2013. The first episode aired on Friday 6 July 1962 at 23,20, Gay Byrne was the first presenter. He was then a young Irish broadcaster working with Granada Television in Britain, while there he had become the first person to introduce The Beatles on television on People and Places. The populace had no experience of television and were unprepared for The Late Late Show bringing such discussion into their homes. Indeed, the politician Oliver J. Flanagan, whilst guesting on the show, proclaimed there to have no sex in Ireland until Teilifís Éireann went on the air. Archbishop of Dublin, John Charles McQuaid, was confronted by a guest in the shows first series—a sensational, many more such events would follow, each contributing to the folklore and mythical qualities of The Late Late Show. The latter tended to be far the weightier in content, as people who were connected with the defined topic sat in the audience. In the late 1960s, with the start of BBC2 in the neighbouring United Kingdom, frank Hall presented The Late Late Show in Byrnes absence. However, after one year, Byrne returned to RTÉ to present his old show, few of the 1960s editions of The Late Late Show exist, as it was prohibitively expensive to use tape to record at this time
The Late, Late Show
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Logo during the Gay Byrne era
The Late, Late Show
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The Late Late Show
The Late, Late Show
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Gay Byrne, pictured on the set of The Late Late Show in 1966, around the time of the Brian Trevaskis and Bishop and Nightie affairs
The Late, Late Show
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Pat Kenny on the new set as launched in September 2007
28.
Artist-in-residence
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They provide a time of reflection, research, presentation and/or production. They also allow an individual to explore his/her practice within another community, meeting new people, using new materials, art residencies emphasize the importance of meaningful and multi-layered cultural exchange and immersion into another culture. Some residency programs are incorporated within larger institutions, other organisations exist solely to support residential exchange programs. Residencies can be a part of museums, universities, galleries, studio spaces, theaters, artist-run spaces, municipalities, governmental offices and they can be seasonal, ongoing, or tied to a particular one-time event. They exist in urban spaces, rural villages, container ships, hundreds of such opportunities and organisations exist throughout the world. There is no model, and the expectations and requirements vary greatly. The relationship between the resident and the host is often an important aspect of a residency program, sometimes residents become quite involved in a community - giving presentations, workshops, or collaborating with local artists or the general public. At other times, they are secluded, with ample time to focus. Residency programs utilize a range of financial models. In some situations, residents must finance their own stay, finding funding and support from their own countries, there are also residency programs that provide part or all of the required finances to invited guests. The application processes also vary widely, not all programs organise an open call for applications, some opportunities are by invitation only, or are offered through special partnerships with other institutions, funding bodies, or organisations. Many times a residency experience is only the beginning of a longer relationship, residents often return to complete a project they started, to begin a new collaboration, or participate in an exhibition, panel or workshop. No two artist-in-residence programs are the same, each program has its own background and atmosphere. Working periods differ enormously, from two weeks to six months or sometimes even a year, there are also a lot of differences in financial resources, housing and studio facilities, application procedures, selection procedures, coaching and exhibiting. However, many centers offer unconditional hospitality, the artist is free to use the residency for his or her own purposes, most residential arts centers offer an application procedure which is open to artists from all nations, with or without deadlines. Usually artists are requested to send in documentation, a curriculum vitae, each institute has its own policy of adjudication. Participation is planned a long time in advance, usually six months, operating an artist-in-residence program costs money. Some residency programs cover all costs for the artist, some offering stipends and it is not unusual that residential art centers cover the costs only partially, which may make it necessary for the artist to find additional funding
Artist-in-residence
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"Writer in residence" redirects here. For the American Poets Laureate, see
List of U.S. states' Poets Laureate.
Artist-in-residence
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Artist in Residence in the Village of the Arts, Bradenton, Florida, USA
Artist-in-residence
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Artist Gerald Cassidy's home in Santa Fe, circa 1937. Cassidy was a founding member of the Santa Fe art colony in the early 20th century.
29.
Donovan
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Donovan Philips Leitch, known as Donovan, is a Scottish singer, songwriter and guitarist. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelia and he has lived in Scotland, Hertfordshire, London and California, and, since at least 2008, in County Cork, Ireland, with his family. Emerging from the British folk scene, Donovan reached fame in the United Kingdom in early 1965 with live performances on the pop TV series Ready Steady Go. He began a long and successful collaboration with leading British independent record producer Mickie Most, scoring multiple hit singles and albums in the UK, US and his most successful singles were the early UK hits Catch the Wind, Colours and Universal Soldier in 1965. He became a friend of pop musicians including Joan Baez, Brian Jones and he taught John Lennon a finger-picking guitar style in 1968 that Lennon employed in Dear Prudence, Julia, Happiness Is a Warm Gun and other songs. Donovans commercial fortunes waned after parting with Most in 1969, Donovan continued to perform and record sporadically in the 1970s and 1980s. His musical style and hippie image were scorned by critics, especially punk rock. His performing and recording became sporadic until a revival in the 1990s with the emergence of Britains rave scene and he recorded the 1996 album Sutras with producer Rick Rubin and in 2004 made a new album, Beat Cafe. Donovan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012, Donovan was born on 10 May 1946, in Maryhill, Glasgow, to Donald and Winifred Leitch. His father was Protestant and his mother was Catholic and he contracted polio as a child. The disease and treatment left him with a limp, in 1956, his family moved to Little Berkhamsted near Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. Influenced by his familys love of music, he began playing the guitar at 14. He enrolled in art school but soon dropped out, to live out his beatnik aspirations by going on the road, in 1964, he travelled to Manchester with Gypsy Dave, then spent the summer in Torquay, Devon. In Torquay he stayed with Mac MacLeod and took up busking, studying the guitar, the first song revealed the influence of Woody Guthrie and Ramblin Jack Elliott, who had also influenced Bob Dylan. Dylan comparisons followed for some time, while recording the demo, Donovan befriended Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, who was recording nearby. He had recently met Jones ex-girlfriend, Linda Lawrence, who is the mother of Brian Jones son, the on-off romantic relationship that developed over five years was a force in Donovans career. She influenced Donovans music but refused to him and she moved to the United States for several years in the late 1960s. They met by chance in 1970 and married soon after, Donovan had other relationships – one of which resulted in the birth of his first two children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, both of whom became actors
Donovan
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Donovan performing in Washington, DC in 2007
Donovan
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Donovan arriving at
Schiphol Airport in 1965
Donovan
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Donovan playing in
Washington, D.C. January 2007
30.
Galway
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Galway is a city in the West of Ireland in the province of Connacht. Galway City Council is the authority for the city. Galway lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay and is surrounded by County Galway and it is the fourth most populous urban area in the Republic of Ireland and the sixth most populous city in the island of Ireland. According to the 2016 Irish Census, Galway city has a population of 79,504, however, Galway will be European Capital of Culture in 2020, alongside Rijeka, Croatia. The citys name is from the Irish name for Abhainn na Gaillimhe, historically, the name was Anglicised as Galliv, which is closer to the Irish pronunciation as is the citys name in Latin, Galvia. The city also bears the nickname The City of the Tribes because of the fourteen merchant families called the tribes of Galway led the city in its Hiberno-Norman period. The term tribes was a one, because the merchants saw themselves as Anglo-Irish and were loyal to the King during the English Civil War. They later adopted the term as a badge of honour and pride in defiance of the towns Cromwellian occupier, residents of the city refer to themselves as Galwegians. Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe was constructed in 1124, by the King of Connacht, eventually, a small settlement grew up around this fort. During the Norman invasion of Connacht in the 1230s, Galway fort was captured by Richard Mor de Burgh, as the de Burghs eventually became Gaelicised, the merchants of the town, the Tribes of Galway, pushed for greater control over the walled city. This led to their complete control over the city and to the granting of mayoral status by the English crown in December 1484. Galway endured difficult relations with its Irish neighbours, a notice over the west gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas Óge Martyn, stated From the Ferocious OFlahertys may God protect us. A by-law forbade the native Irish unrestricted access into Galway, saying neither O’ nor Mac shall strutte nor swagger through the streets of Galway without permission, during the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families. These were the The Tribes of Galway, the city thrived on international trade, and in the Middle Ages, it was the principal Irish port for trade with Spain and France. The most famous reminder of days is ceann an bhalla, now known as the Spanish Arch. In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping off on a voyage to Iceland or the Faroe Islands, seven or eight years later, he noted in the margin of his copy of Imago Mundi, Men of Cathay have come from the west. During the 16th and 17th centuries Galway remained loyal to the English crown for the most part, even during the Gaelic resurgence, however, by 1642 the city had allied itself with the Catholic Confederation of Kilkenny during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. During the resulting Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian forces captured the city after a nine-month siege, the great families of Galway were ruined
Galway
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The walled city in 1651 (North is to the left). The
River Corrib is in the foreground, crossed by what is now "O’Briens Bridge", leading to Mainguard Street.
Galway
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Spanish Arch
Galway
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Galway Cathedral
