1.
Programme (booklet)
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A programme or program is a booklet available for patrons attending a live event such as theatre performances, fêtes, sports events, etc. It is a printed leaflet outlining the parts of the event scheduled to take place, principal performers, in the case of theatrical performances, the term playbill is also used. It may be provided free of charge by the event organisers or a charge may be levied, at a theatre, opera, or ballet performance it is usually given at the door in the United States, while it is usually sold in the United Kingdom. The Broadway programme is similar to a network, in that it makes its money from selling advertisements. A programme company pays the theatre for the rights to produce the production’s programmes, for example, the programme for the original production of Man of La Mancha contained articles by the staff about how the production was created. The first theatre programmes were issued in the century in magazine format. The original theatre programme first appeared in the 18th century, the early playbills were basic, with only enough pages to list the cast members and information on the plays locale and scenes. There were usually four pages, the cover advertised the show, a back page displayed the theatre layout. Not all early programmes were printed, but written by hand or cut, the latter was especially done by theatre entrepreneur Sarah Baker, who owned several theatres in Kent, during the late 18th century. In early British theatre the cast was very important, audiences were very familiar with leading actors and a particular player could draw a larger crowd. This sometimes resulted in property damage and physical assault, programmes were not only distributed in theatres, but also on the streets. The distributors were often women who worked for the theatre by selling oranges as refreshments to audiences and it has been alluded to that these women were also prostitutes. However, there was still a large rate of illiteracy among theatre goers and this resulted in companies of actors traversing urban streets with a beating drum while announcing upcoming venues. By the 19th century, the programmes, similar to todays, were being printed, however, the earlier playbills of the 18th century still contained more designs and information about a production. By 1884, advertisements became an appearance in playbills. Beginning in New York City, the first company to specialize in printing theatrical programmes was founded by an Ohio business man, by 1911, the company was called the Strauss Magazine Theatre Program. On September 23,1920, the company, then known as the New York Theatre Program Corporation, advertised its sales at a million and this corporation was the early foundation for the modern day magazine, Playbill. During World War II, British theatre programmes underwent a change as the government placed restrictions over paper use
2.
Theatre
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The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence, the specific place of the performance is also named by the word theatre as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι. Modern theatre, broadly defined, includes performances of plays and musical theatre, there are connections between theatre and the art forms of ballet, opera and various other forms. The city-state of Athens is where western theatre originated, participation in the city-states many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the City Dionysia as an audience member in particular—was an important part of citizenship. The Greeks also developed the concepts of dramatic criticism and theatre architecture, Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The theatre of ancient Greece consisted of three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play, the origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to Aristotle, the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10, the stage consisted of a dancing floor, dressing room and scene-building area. Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics, the actors wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was institution alised in competitions held as part of festivities celebrating Dionysus. As contestants in the City Dionysias competition playwrights were required to present a tetralogy of plays, the performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE, official records begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. More than 130 years later, the philosopher Aristotle analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of dramatic theory—his Poetics, Athenian comedy is conventionally divided into three periods, Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, and New Comedy. Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the surviving plays of Aristophanes. New Comedy is known primarily from the papyrus fragments of Menander. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyrs themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal companions, often engaging in drunken revelry
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
5.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
6.
Audience
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An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or encounter a work of art, literature, theatre, music, video games, or academics in any medium. Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art, some events invite overt audience participation and others allowing only modest clapping and criticism, media audience studies have become a recognized part of the curriculum. Audience theory offers insight into audiences in general. These insights shape our knowledge of just how audiences affect and are affected by different forms of art, the biggest art form is the mass media. Films, video games, radio shows, software, and other formats are affected by the audience and its reviews, in the age of easy Internet participation and citizen journalism, professional creators share space, and sometimes attention, with the public. American journalist Jeff Jarvis said, Give the people control of media, the corollary, Dont give the people control of media, and you will lose. Whenever citizens can exercise control, they will, tom Curley, President of the Associated Press, similarly said, The users are deciding what the point of their engagement will be — what application, what device, what time, what place. In rhetoric, some depend on circumstance and situation, and are characterized by the individuals that make up the audience. Sometimes these audiences are subject to persuasion and engage with the ideas of the speaker, ranging in size and composition, this audience may come together and form a composite of multiple groups. An immediate audience is a type of audience that is composed of individuals who are subjects with a speaker. This audience directly listens to, engages with, and consumes the rhetorical text in an unmediated fashion, in measuring immediate audience reception and feedback, one can depend on personal interviews, applause, and verbal comments made during and after a rhetorical speech. In contrast to immediate audiences, mediated audiences are composed of individuals who consume rhetorical texts in a manner that is different from the time or place in which a speaker presents text. Audiences who consume texts or speeches through television, radio and Internet are considered mediated audiences because those mediums separate the rhetor and the audience. In measuring mediated audience reception and feedback, one can depend on opinion polls and ratings, as well as comments, theoretical audiences are imagined for the purpose of helping a speaker compose, practice, or a critic to understand, a rhetorical text or speech. The universal audience is an audience that serves as an ethical. The concept of the audience has received criticism for being idealistic because it can be considered as an impediment in achieving persuasive effect with particular audiences. Yet, it still may be useful as a guide for a speaker. An ideal audience is an imagined, intended audience
7.
Delivery (commerce)
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Delivery is the process of transporting goods from a source location to a predefined destination. Cargo are primarily delivered via roads and railroads on land, shipping lanes on the sea, the general process of delivering goods is known as distribution. The study of processes for delivery and disposition of goods. Postal, courier, and relocation services also deliver goods for commercial, there are many variations on this model for specific types of goods and modes of sale. Products sold via catalogue or the Internet may be delivered directly from the manufacturer or warehouse to the consumers home, small manufacturers may deliver their products directly to retail stores without warehousing. Some manufacturers maintain factory outlets which serve as both warehouse and retail store, selling directly to consumers at wholesale prices. Building, construction, landscaping and like materials are delivered to the consumer by a contractor as part of another service. Some highly perishable or hazardous goods, such as used in medical imaging, are delivered directly from manufacturer to consumer. Home delivery is available for fast food and other convenience products. Sometimes home delivery of goods is possible. A milk float is a battery electric vehicle, specifically designed for the delivery of fresh milk. A new form of delivery is emerging on the horizon of the internet age, in this concept an individual not necessarily contracted by the vendor performs the delivery of goods to the destination. Sometimes, private companies will also deliver consumer goods on a regular basis for companies like E-commerce businesses. The consumer demand for Supermarkets to deliver to their door created the need for a temperature controlled vehicle on 3. 5T chassis. Vehicles are often specialized to different types of goods. Armored cars, dump trucks and concrete mixers are examples of vehicles specialized for delivery of specific types of goods, on the sea, merchant ships come in various forms, such as cargo ships, oil tankers and fishing boats. Freight aircraft are used to deliver cargo, often, passenger vehicles are used for delivery of goods. These include buses, vans, pick-ups, cars, motorcycles and bicycles, a significant amount of freight is carried in the cargo holds of passenger ships and aircraft
8.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
9.
No Time for Comedy
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No Time for Comedy is a 1940 comedy-drama film based on the play of the same name by S. N. Behrman, starring James Stewart, Rosalind Russell, Genevieve Tobin and Charles Ruggles. Gaylord Esterbrook, a reporter from Redfield, Minnesota, writes a play about Park Avenue high society, the play is being staged, but needs rewriting, so the producers bring Gaylord to New York. He meets the lady, Linda Paige, who initially mistakes him for an usher. The producer eventually loses faith in the play, but Linda persuades the other actors to continue on a cooperative basis and it becomes a success, and Gaylord and Linda get married. Gaylord proceeds to have four hits in four years, all starring Linda, after his most recent hit, Gaylord meets Amanda Swift at a party. She feels that his talents are being wasted writing comedies, at her urging, he writes a tragedy about immortality called The Way of the World. The play has no part for Linda, Gaylord eventually decides to divorce Linda and marry Amanda. Linda then decides to marry Amanda’s husband, Philo, the Way of the World is a flop, with audiences laughing at unintentionally funny lines, prompting Amanda to drop Gaylord. However, Linda supports Gaylord in his time of need and they reconcile and she gets the idea for a comedy about smug, contemptible, callous stuffed shirts who think that dictators are inevitable and the average man is bloodthirsty and contemptible. Gaylord and Linda decide to start over, and even act out their initial meeting, S. N. Behrmans play opened on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on April 17,1939 and ran for 179 performances. The cast included Laurence Olivier as Gaylord Esterbrook and Katharine Cornell as Linda Paige, No Time for Comedy at the TCM Movie Database No Time for Comedy at the Internet Movie Database 1947 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation of original play at Internet Archive
10.
Katharine Cornell
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Katharine Cornell was an American stage actress, writer, theater owner and producer. She was born in Berlin to American parents and raised in Buffalo, Cornell is noted for her major Broadway roles in serious dramas, often directed by her husband, Guthrie McClintic. The couple formed a company, which gave them complete artistic freedom in choosing and producing plays. Their production company gave first or prominent Broadway roles to some of the notable actors of the 20th century. Cornell was noted for spurning screen roles, unlike other actresses of her day, appearing in only one Hollywood film, Stage Door Canteen, Cornell is regarded as one of 20th century Broadways greatest leading ladies. Cornells most famous role was as English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning in the 1931 Broadway production of The Barretts of Wimpole Street. She appeared in one film, the World War II morale booster Stage Door Canteen, in which she played herself and, along with one of the soldiers, recited a speech from Romeo. She did appear in adaptations of The Barretts of Wimpole Street. She also narrated the Oscar-winning documentary Helen Keller in Her Story, primarily regarded as a tragedienne, she was admired for her refined, romantic presence. One reviewer observed, Hers is not a robust romanticism, however and it tends toward dark but delicate tints, and the emotion she conveys most aptly is that of an aspiring girlishness which has always been subject to theatrical influences of a special sort. Her appearances in comedy were infrequent, and praised widely for their warmth than their wit. When she appeared in The Constant Wife, critic Brooks Atkinson concluded that she had changed a hard, Cornell died on June 9,1974, in Tisbury, Massachusetts, aged 81. Cornell was born into a prominent, wealthy Buffalo society family and her great-grandfather, Samuel Garretson Cornell, a descendant of pioneer ancestor Thomas Cornell, came to Buffalo in the 1850s, and founded Cornell Lead Works. One of his grandsons, Peter, married Alice Gardner Plimpton, who gave birth to Katharine in Berlin, six months later, they returned to Buffalo and lived at 174 Mariner Street in Buffalo, New York. As a child, her relationship with her parents was troubled and she play-acted in her backyard with imaginary friends. Soon, she was performing in school pageants and plays, and she would watch family productions in her grandfathers attic theater and she played at the Buffalo Studio Club parlor theater, located at 508 Franklin St. She loved athletics and was a runner-up for city championship at tennis, and she attended the University of Buffalo. After Cornell had become famous, she would bring her productions to her native Buffalo
11.
Play (theatre)
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A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading. Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to Community theatre, there are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference as to whether their plays were performed or read. The term play can refer to both the works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous, comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups, comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An example of a comedy would be William Shakespeares play A Midsummer Nights Dream, a generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humor. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeares play The Comedy of Errors, a satire play takes a comic look at current events people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out corruption. An example of a satire would be Nikolai Gogols The Government Inspector, satire plays are generally one of the most popular forms of comedy, and often considered to be their own genre entirely. This is a genre that explored relationships between men and women, and was considered risqué in its time, however, since restoration comedy dealt with unspoken aspects of relationships, it created a type of connection between audience and performance that was more informal and private. It is commonly agreed that restoration comedy has origins in Molière’s theories of comedy, the inconsistency between restoration comedy’s morals and the morals of the era is something that often arises during the study of this genre. This may give clues as to why, despite its original success, however, in recent years, it has become a topic of interest for theatre theorists, who have been looking into theatre styles that have their own conventions of performance. These plays contain darker themes such as death and disaster, often the protagonist of the play has a tragic flaw, a trait which leads to their downfall. Tragic plays convey all emotions and have extremely dramatic conflicts, tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeares Hamlet, and also John Websters play The Duchess of Malfi and these plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are neither of these. History as a genre was popularized by William Shakespeare. Examples of historical plays include Friedrich Schillers Demetrius and William Shakespeares King John, ballad opera, a popular theatre style at the time, was the first style of musical to be performed in the American colonies. The first musical of American origin was premiered in Philadelphia in 1767, and was called “The Disappointment”, however, around the 1920s, theatre styles were beginning to be defined more clearly
12.
Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
13.
Tourist attraction
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Factory tours, industrial heritage, creative art and crafts workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism. Many tourist attractions are also landmarks, tourist attractions are also created to capitalise on legends such as a supposed UFO crash site near Roswell, New Mexico and the alleged Loch Ness monster sightings in Scotland. Ghost sightings also make tourist attractions, ethnic communities may become tourist attractions, such as Chinatowns in the United States and the black British neighbourhood of Brixton in London, England. In the US, owners and marketers of attractions advertise tourist attractions on billboards along the side of highways and roadways, tourist attractions often provide free promotional brochures and flyers in information centres, fast food restaurants, hotel and motel rooms or lobbies, and rest area. Such places are known as tourist traps. Within cities such transport tourist attractions as rides by boats and buses are very popular, novelty attractions are not limited to the American Midwest, but are part of Midwestern culture. It may contain one or more tourist attractions and possibly some tourist traps, siem Reap town for example is a popular tourist destination in Cambodia, mainly owed to its proximity to Angkor temples. A tropical island resort is an island or archipelago that also depends on tourism as its source of revenue, according to the World Tourism Organization, •698 million people travelled to a foreign country in 2000, spending more US$478 billion. Lists of tourist attractions Attractions at DMOZ
14.
Title page
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The title page of a book, thesis or other written work is the page at or near the front which displays its title. This page contains only the title in a similar to the rest of the text within the book. This determines the way the book is cited in library catalogs, particularly in paperback editions it may contain a shorter title than the cover or lack a descriptive subtitle. Further information about the publication of the book, including its copyright, is printed on the verso of the title page. Also often included there are the ISBN and a key, also known as the number line. The first printed books or incunabula did not have title pages, the text would begin on the first page, and the book would have to be identified by the initial words or incipit. The title page of a thesis or essay is the works first page and it lists the title of the work and the name of the author. In the case of a paper, the title page also lists class information, identification information, the date, name of the professor. The title page is not numbered, title pages are not required in all citation styles, instead, some styles require that the same information is placed at the top of the essays first page. The thesis title page is usually page i, but is not numbered, the abstract is the first numbered page
15.
West End theatre
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West End theatre is a common term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of Theatreland in and near the West End of London. Along with New York Citys Broadway theatre, West End theatre is considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London, in 2013, ticket sales reached a record 14.4 million, making West End the largest English speaking audience in the world. Famous screen actors frequently appear on the London stage, helen Mirren received an award for her performance as the Queen on the West End stage, and then stated, theatre is such an important part of British history and British culture. Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation, the first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain, both are known to have been used by William Shakespeares company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark and these theatres were closed in 1642 due to the Puritans who would later influence the interregnum of 1649. After the Restoration, two companies were licensed to perform, the Dukes Company and the Kings Company, performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisles Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal and it opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal. Outside the West End, Sadlers Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a Musick House, with performances of opera, as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Theatre Royal Haymarket opened on 29 December 1720 on a site north of its current location. The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, by the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama. Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music, initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to appear in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel. The West End theatre district became established with the opening of small theatres and halls. South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, the next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. It abbreviated its name three years later, the theatre building boom continued until about World War I
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Wicked (musical)
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Wicked, The Untold Story of the Witches of Oz is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and book by Winnie Holzman. Produced by Universal Stage Productions in coalition with Marc Platt, Jon B and its original stars included Idina Menzel as Elphaba, Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda, and Joel Grey as the Wizard. The original Broadway production won three Tony Awards and six Drama Desk Awards, while its original cast album received a Grammy Award, Wicked celebrated its tenth anniversary on Broadway on October 30,2013. On December 4,2016, Wicked performed its 5, 462nd performance with a 2,00 p. m. matinee, making Wicked the 9th longest-running Broadway show, passing Beauty, a typical performance runs for approximately two hours and 30 minutes, plus a 15-minute intermission. Since its 2003 debut, Wicked has broken box office records around the world, currently holding weekly-gross-takings records in Los Angeles, Chicago, St. Louis, and London. In the week ending January 2,2011, the London, Broadway, in the final week of 2013, the Broadway production broke this record again, earning $3.2 million. The West End production and the North American tour have each been seen by two million patrons. Maguire, however, had released the rights to Universal Pictures, persuaded, Platt signed on as joint producer of the project with Universal and David Stone. The novel, described as a political, social and ethical commentary on the nature of good and evil, takes place in the Land of Oz, in the years leading to Dorothys arrival. It is designed to set the reader thinking about what it really is to be Wicked, Schwartz considered how best to condense the novels dense and complicated plot into a sensible script. While the draft followed Maguires idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain, the book, lyrics and score for the musical were developed through a series of readings. For these developmental workshops, Kristin Chenoweth, the Tony Award–winning actress whom Stephen Schwartz had in mind while composing the music for the character, stephanie J. Block played Elphaba in all of the workshops, before fellow performer Idina Menzel was cast in the role in late 2000. In early 2000, the creators recruited New York producer David Stone, by April 2003, a full cast had been assembled and the show readied its debut. On May 28,2003, the first performance of Wicked was held at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, after officially opening on June 10,2003, it ran there for the month and finished on June 29,2003. Audience reaction was positive and although critics tended to compliment the aesthetic and spectacle of the show, they disparaged the state of its book, score. Noting mixed response, the team started making extensive changes. Winnie Holzman stated, Stephen wisely had insisted on having three months to rewrite in-between the time we closed in San Francisco and when we were to go back into rehearsals in New York. That was crucial, that was the thing that made the biggest difference in the life of the show and that time is what made the show work
17.
Mamma Mia!
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Mamma Mia. is a jukebox musical written by British playwright Catherine Johnson, based on the songs of ABBA, composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, former members of the band. The title of the musical is taken from the groups 1975 chart-topper Mamma Mia, Ulvaeus and Andersson, who composed the original music for ABBA, were involved in the development of the show from the beginning. Anni-Frid Lyngstad has been involved financially in the production and she has also been present at many of the premieres around the world, over 60 million people have seen the show, which has grossed $2 billion worldwide since its 1999 debut. A film adaptation starring Meryl Streep, Colin Firth, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried, Christine Baranski, Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters was released in July 2008. As of 2016, the show has productions in Londons West End and its Broadway incarnation closed in September 2015 after a 14-year run, making it the eighth longest-running show in Broadway history. The show had its first regional production on May 27,2016 at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, a typical performance of Mamma Mia. runs for approximately two hours and 30 minutes, plus a 15-minute intermission. Following the premiere of the musical in London in 1999, ABBA Gold topped the charts in the United Kingdom again and this musical was the brainchild of producer Judy Craymer. She met songwriters Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson in 1983 when they were working with Tim Rice on Chess and it was the song The Winner Takes It All that suggested to her the theatrical potential of their pop songs. The songwriters were not enthusiastic, but they were not completely opposed to the idea, in 1997, Craymer commissioned Catherine Johnson to write the book for the musical. In 1998, Phyllida Lloyd became the director for the show, directed by Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast, the original cast featured Siobhan McCarthy, Lisa Stokke, and Hilton McRae. Prior to the musicals Broadway engagement, it opened in Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in May 2000, the musical opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 18,2001, after beginning previews on October 5. The director is Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast, as of February 2017, it is the eighth longest-running Broadway show and the longest-running jukebox musical in Broadway history. On April 18,2013, it was announced that Mamma Mia. would transfer from its home at the Winter Garden Theatre to the Broadhurst Theatre later that year to make way for the adaptation of Rocky. The show played its final performance at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 19,2013 and it was announced on April 9,2015 that the show would close on September 5,2015. On April 21,2015, it was announced that show would play an additional week. Mamma Mia. played 5,773 performances on Broadway before closing, over 60 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history. The first city to produce the show after London was Toronto, the original cast included Louise Pitre as Donna and Tina Maddigan as Sophie, who both of them later reprised their roles in first US Tour and Broadway premiere. Mamma Mia. played in Las Vegas, opening at the Mandalay Bay in February 2003, in June 2005, Mamma Mia. played its 1000th performance in Las Vegas, becoming the longest-running West End/Broadway musical in Las Vegas
18.
Online shopping
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Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. As of 2016, customers can shop online using a range of different computers and devices, including computers, laptops, tablet computers. An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a regular bricks-and-mortar retailer or shopping center, when an online store is set up to enable businesses to buy from another businesses, the process is called business-to-business online shopping. Online stores typically enable shoppers to use search features to specific models. Online customers must have access to the Internet and a method of payment in order to complete a transaction, such as a credit card. The largest of these online retailing corporations are Alibaba, Amazon. com, alternative names for the activity are e-tailing, a shortened form of electronic retail or e-shopping, a shortened form of electronic shopping. An online store may also be called an e-web-store, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-shop, web-store, online store, online storefront, mobile commerce describes purchasing from an online retailers mobile device-optimized website or software application. These websites or apps are designed to enable customers to browse through a companies products and services on tablet computers, the growth of the internet as a secure shopping channel has developed since 1994, with the first sales of Sting album Ten Summoners Tales. Wine, chocolates and flowers soon followed and were among the pioneering retail categories which fueled the growth of online shopping, researchers found that having products that are appropriate for e-commerce was a key indicator of Internet success. Many of these products did well as they are products which shoppers didnt need to touch. But also importantly in the early days there were few shoppers online and they were from a segment, affluent, male. Online shopping has come along way since early days and -in the UK- accounts for significant percents. They focused on shopping motivations and found that the variety of products available and this was different for offline shoppers, who were more motivated by time saving and recreational motives. Digital High Street 2020 English entrepreneur Michael Aldrich was a pioneer of online shopping in 1979 and his system connected a modified domestic TV to a real-time transaction processing computer via a domestic telephone line. During the 1980s he designed, manufactured, sold, installed, maintained and supported many online shopping systems, the first World Wide Web server and browser, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, opened for commercial use in 1991. The first secure retail transaction over the Web was either by NetMarket or Internet Shopping Network in 1994, immediately after, Amazon. com launched its online shopping site in 1995 and eBay was also introduced in 1995. Alibabas sites Taobao and Tmall were launched in 2003 and 2008, retailers are increasingly selling goods and services prior to availability through pretail for testing, building, and managing demand. Statistics show that in 2012, Asia-Pacific increased their sales over 30% giving them over $433 billion in revenue
19.
Brian Stokes Mitchell
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Brian Stokes Mitchell is an American stage, film and television actor and singer. A powerful baritone, he has one of the central leading men of the Broadway theatre since the early 1990s. He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2000 for his performance in Kiss Me, Mitchell was born in Seattle, Washington, the youngest of four children of George Mitchell, an electronics engineer, and his wife Lillian, a school administrator. Mitchell grew up at various U. S. military bases overseas, as a teenager, he lived in San Diego, California, where he began acting in school musicals. He did not attend college, having begun performing professionally in high school and he has said that he studied film scoring, orchestration, and conducting through UCLA. Prior to Ragtime, he was known professionally as Brian Mitchell, Mitchell first performed on Broadway in the musical Mail in 1988, with music by Michael Rupert and lyrics by Jerry Colker, winning the Theatre World award. His Broadway credits include a revival of George and Ira Gershwins Oh. Jellys Last Jam based on the works of jazz artist Jelly Roll Morton and Kander and he performed the role of Coalhouse Walker Jr, in the musical Ragtime, which opened on Broadway in January 1998. He received a 1998 Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical and he appeared in the 1999 revival of Cole Porters Kiss Me, Kate as Fred Graham / Petruchio, winning the Tony Award, King Hedley II, and Man of La Mancha. He appeared in the New York City Center Encores, staged concert productions of Jule Stynes Do Re Mi, Bob Merrills Carnival. Kismet and The Band Wagon in 2014 and he played the title role in the 2002 Kennedy Center production of Sweeney Todd, part of the Stephen Sondheim celebration. On June 9,2005, Mitchell appeared in a version of the Rodgers. He starred as Emile, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie Forbush, the production was taped and telecast by PBS in 2006. His debut solo CD Brian Stokes Mitchell was released on June 6,2006 on Playbill Records, Mitchell has also performed in a Christmas concert with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir later released as a CD and DVD entitled Ring Christmas Bells. His second solo CD, Simply Broadway, was released October 30,2012, Mitchell plays F. E. Miller, with Audra McDonald as Lottie Gee, Billy Porter, Joshua Henry and Brandon Victor Dixon. Mitchell made several appearances as a celebrity panelist on episodes of $25,000 Pyramid and $100,000 Pyramid in the 1980s, and was considered one of the games better celebrity players. He played recurring roles as Hilary Banks news anchor fiancé Trevor Newsworthy/Collins on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and on Frasier as Dr. Frasier Cranes upstairs neighbor and he supplied the singing voice of Jethro in the animated feature The Prince of Egypt. He guest starred in March 2010 in Ugly Betty as Wilhelmina Slaters ex-boyfriend, captain Planet and the Planeteers, The Tom and Jerry Kids Show, Yo Yogi
20.
Internet radio
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Internet radio is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means, Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional broadcast radio stations and this has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among expatriate listeners. Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests that are not adequately served by local radio stations. Internet radio is listened to on a standard home PC or similar device. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a radio receiver have arrived on the market. Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using an audio codec. Streaming audio formats include MP3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio, Audio data is continuously transmitted serially over the local network or internet in TCP or UDP packets, then reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag, and is introduced at several stages of audio broadcasting. A local tuner simulation program includes all the radios that can also be heard in the air in the city. In 2003, revenue from online streaming radio was US$49 million. By 2006, that rose to US$500 million. A February 21,2007 survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research found that s much as 19% of U. S. consumers 12, in other words, there were some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, an April 2008 Arbitron survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week. In 2008,13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio devices, which give an FM like receiver user experience. As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, in the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with a 41 percent share. Currently, 47% of all Americans ages 12 and older -- an estimated 124 million people -- said they have listened to radio in the last month. These figures are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013, the average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours,56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014
21.
Podcast
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The word arose as a portmanteau of iPod and broadcast. Thus, the files distributed are typically in audio or video formats, the distributor of a podcast maintains a central list of the files on a server as a web feed that can be accessed through the Internet. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically, files are stored locally on the users device, ready for offline use. Podcasting contrasts with webcasting or streaming which do not allow for offline listening, many podcast players allow listeners to adjust the playback speed. Podcasts are usually free of charge to listeners and can often be created for little to no cost and it is very much a horizontal media form, producers are consumers, consumers may become producers, and both can engage in conversations with each other. Podcast is a portmanteau, invented by BBC journalist Ben Hammersley in 2004, of the words pod — from iPod, despite the etymology, the content can be accessed using any computer or similar device that can play media files. Use of the term podcast predated Apples addition of support for podcasting to the iPod. Other names for podcasting include net cast, intended as a term without the loose reference to the Apple iPod. The name is used by shows from the TWiT. tv network, some sources have suggested the backronym portable on demand for POD, for similar reasons. Podcasting, once a method of spreading information, has become a recognized medium for distributing audio content. Podcasts are similar to programs, but they are audio files. Listeners can play them at their convenience, using devices that have more common than portable broadcast receivers. The first application to make this process feasible was iPodderX, developed by August Trometer, by 2007, audio podcasts were doing what was historically accomplished via radio broadcasts, which had been the source of radio talk shows and news programs since the 1930s. This shift occurred as a result of the evolution of internet capabilities along with increased access to cheaper hardware and software for audio recording and editing. In August 2004, Adam Curry launched his show Daily Source Code and it was a show focused on chronicling his everyday life, delivering news and discussions about the development of podcasting, as well as promoting new and emerging podcasts. Daily Source Code is believed to be the first podcast produced on a consistent basis, Curry published it in an attempt to gain traction in the development of what would come to be known as podcasting and as a means of testing the software outside of a lab setting. The name Daily Source Code was chosen in the hope that it would attract an audience with an interest in technology, Daily Source Code started at a grassroots level of production and was initially directed at podcast developers. As its audience became interested in the format, these developers were inspired to create and produce their own projects and, as a result, as more people learned how easy it was to produce podcasts, a community of pioneer podcasters quickly appeared
22.
Head shot
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A head shot or headshot is a specific type of portrait that realistically demonstrates a persons appearance for branding or casting. Many head shots are promotional pictures of actors, models, authors, headshots could be a portrait of a face or full body with a background that clearly illustrate the personality inside the person photographed. Head shot photographs are most commonly used in about us pages, other usage include online dating profile pictures. Actors often have a head shot with an attached résumé for auditions or an online presence in a casting workbook. Head shots are typically medium close-up photographs which show the top of the shoulders up to above the head, in a typical head shot the eyes will be in the top, middle half of the photo according to the rule of third. In theater, film, and television, actors, models, singers, and other entertainers are often required to include a shot, along with their résumé. These head shots are more artistic, they intend to portray the subject in the best possible light. Head shots often feature the actor or actress facing off-center, a performer will often have head shots expressing different poses and expressions to give a potential employer an idea of the subjects range of appearances or expressions. These types of shots are called looks. It is common for an actor to have different head shots for different roles, the head shots that include a person’s shoulders are called three-quarter shots. Previously, head shots were often in black-and-white, however, most head shots are now taken in color, actors head shots, when printed and not simply uploaded online to an industry database, are done in an 8×10 format. Other promotional images, for example, press shots and lobby prints, acting head shots are often not photographic prints, instead they are typically printed via a lithographic or laser process. The main purpose of a head shot is identification. Therefore, the most important feature of a head shot is that it represents the subject. Theatrical head shots are usually very neutral looking shots of the actor clearly showing their facial features, head shots are intended to show a person as they currently appear and reflect their best qualities. Therefore, if an actors hair has been cut or colored. Additionally, if an actor has a scar or facial blemish, pimples or spots are temporary and, therefore, are usually digitally retouched. Modeling head shots or comp cards, sometimes also called tear sheets, are a compilation of images for casting in one sheet with a résumé of work, name and relevant statistics
23.
Music venue
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A music venue is any location used for a concert or musical performance. A music venue range in size and location, from an outdoor bandshell or bandstand or a hall to an indoor sports stadium. Typically, different types of venues host different genres of music, music venues may be either privately or publicly funded, and may charge for admission. An example of a publicly funded music venue is a park bandstand, a nightclub is a privately funded venue, venues like these often charge an entry fee to generate a profit. Music venues do not necessarily host live acts, disc jockeys at a discothèque or nightclub play recorded music through a PA system. Depending on the type of venue, the hours, location and length of performance may differ. Other attractions, such as art or social activities, may also be available. For example, at a bar or pub, the band may be playing live songs while drinks are being served. Some classes of venues may play live music in the background, music venues can be categorised in a number of ways. Typically, the genre of music played at the venue, whether it is temporary, the majority of music venues are permanent, however, there are temporary music venues. An example of a venue would be one constructed for a music festival. Music venues may be the result of private or public enterprises, some venues only promote acts of one particular genre and example of this are opera houses. Music venues can be categorised by size and capacity, a nightclub will often have a much smaller capacity than that of a stadium. Music venues are either outdoor or indoor, examples of outdoor venues include bandstands and bandshells, such outdoor venues provide minimal shelter for performing musicians and are usually located in parks. A temporary music festival is typically an outdoor venue, examples of indoor venues include public houses, nightclubs, coffee bars and stadia. Venues can play music, recorded music, or a combination of the two, depending on the event or time of day. A characteristic of every live music venue is that one or more stages are present. Venues may be unticketed, casual entry available on the door, or advance tickets only, a dress code may or may not apply
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Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts
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Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is a 16. 3-acre complex of buildings in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It hosts many notable performing arts organizations, which are nationally and internationally renowned, including the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, and the New York City Ballet. Respected architects were contracted to design the buildings on the site. Rockefeller was Lincoln Centers inaugural president from 1956 and became its chairman in 1961, the centers three buildings, David Geffen Hall, David H. Koch Theater and the Metropolitan Opera House were opened in 1962,1964 and 1966, respectively. While the center may have been named because it was located in the Lincoln Square neighborhood, the name was bestowed on the area in 1906 by the New York City Board of Aldermen, but records give no reason for choosing that name. There has long been speculation that the name came from a local landowner, City records from the time show only the names Johannes van Bruch, Thomas Hall, Stephan de Lancey, James de Lancey, James de Lancey, Jr. and John Somerindyck as area property owners. One speculation is that references to President Lincoln were omitted from the records because the mayor in 1906 was George B, mcClellan, Jr. son of General George B. McClellan, who was general-in-chief of the Union Army early in the American Civil War, Architects who designed buildings at the center include, Max Abramovitz, David Geffen Hall Pietro Belluschi, The Juilliard School. Koch Theater Eero Saarinen, Vivian Beaumont Theater Davis, Brody and Associates, The Samuel B. the centers cultural institutions also make use of facilities located away from the main campus. In 2004, the center was expanded through the addition of Jazz at Lincoln Centers newly built facilities, in March 2006, the center launched construction on a major redevelopment plan that modernized, renovated, and opened up its campus. Redevelopment was completed in 2012 with the completion of the Presidents Bridge over West 65th Street, when it was first announced in 1999, Lincoln Centers campuswide redevelopment was to cost $1.5 billion over 10 years and radically transform the campus. Among the architects that have been involved were Frank Gehry, Cooper, Robertson & Partners, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Beyer Blinder Belle, Fox & Fowle, Olin Partnership, and Diller & Scofidio. Additionally, Alice Tully Hall was modernized and reopened to critical and popular acclaim in 2009, topped by a sloping lawn roof, the film center is part of a new pavilion that also houses a destination restaurant named Lincoln, as well as offices. Subsequent projects were added which addressed improvements to the main plazas, under the direction of the Lincoln Center Development Project, Diller Scofidio + Renfro in association with FXFOWLE Architects and Beyer Blinder Belle Architects provided the design services. Additionally, Turner Construction Company and RCDolner, LLC were the managers for the projects. April 21,1955, Lincoln Square designated for urban renewal, june 22,1956, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, Inc. incorporated. May 14,1959, Ground-breaking ceremony with U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower September 23,1962, a two-hour live CBS special, Opening Night at Lincoln Center, preserved the event on videotape. April 6,1964, Lincoln Center Fountain opened, renamed the Revson Fountain April 23,1964, New York State Theater opened
25.
Carnegie Hall
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Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music. Carnegie Hall has its own programming, development, and marketing departments. It is also rented out to performing groups, the hall has not had a resident company since 1962, when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Centers Philharmonic Hall. Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among its three auditoriums, Carnegie Hall presented about 200 concerts in the 2008–2009 season, up 3 percent from the previous year. Its stages were rented for an additional 600 events in the 2008–2009 season, Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces. The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s, the hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator, the main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U. S. almost all of the classical music. After years of wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986. The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep, the First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes, the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows, at the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns, Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891, following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers, the 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136, each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes, there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level, the boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep — the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space, the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a chairman of the board, and his wife Joan
26.
The Public Theater
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It is headquartered at 425 Lafayette Street in the former Astor Library in the East Village section of Lower Manhattan. The venue opened in 1967, mounting the world-premiere production of the musical HAIR as its first show and it is led by Artistic Director Oskar Eustis and Executive Director Patrick Willingham. The Public also operates the Delacorte Theater in Central Park, where it presents Shakespeare in the Park, New York natives and visitors alike have been enjoying free Shakespeare in Central Park since performances began in 1954. In addition to each season of full-scale theatrical productions, The Public also produces a number of different series, festivals, in 2008, The Public presented its inaugural Public LAB series, an annual series of new plays presented in collaboration with LAByrinth Theater Company. With each Public LAB show, corresponding speaker series are presented as after-show talkbacks to discuss prominent themes, ideas, the premiere production of Public LAB SHAKESPEARE was Timon of Athens in March 2011, featuring Richard Thomas in the title role. Past venues include Rikers Island, Borden Avenues Veterans Shelter, the Public also launched its inaugural Public Works production in 2013. Past Public Works productions include The Tempest, The Winters Tale, the Public Forum, begun in 2010, is an exciting series of lectures, debates and conversations that showcase leading voices in the arts, politics and the media. Curated by Jeremy McCarter, a writer at Newsweek, Public Forum events explore issues raised by plays in The Publics season. In keeping with the best traditions of The Public, the Forum hosts a diversity of views. Notable participants in the series include Stephen Sondheim, Tony Kushner, Arianna Huffington, Alec Baldwin, the Public hosts the annual Under the Radar Festival, a festival tracking new theater from around the world. Over the last 12 years, The Public’s Under the Radar Festival has presented over 194 companies from 40 countries. These artists provide a snapshot of theater today, richly distinct in terms of perspectives, aesthetics, and social practice, the Public serves as the home of the Emerging Writers Group, which seeks to target playwrights at the earliest stages in their careers. In so doing, The Public hopes to create a home for a diverse. The Public Writers Initiative creates a community and fosters a web of supportive artistic relationships across generations. The Emerging Writers Group is a component of The Public Writers Initiative, the Public also fosters Public Studio, a performance series dedicated to developing the works of new and emerging theater artists. The Public Theater invests in education, training classical actors through the annual summer acting intensive known as the Shakespeare Lab. The Public also educates through its Shakespeare Spring Break, Summer ShakeUP, suzan-Lori Parks, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and Master Writer Chair of The Public, debuted her performance piece Watch Me Work as part of the 2011 Under The Radar Festival. As of April 2011, Parks continues to perform the piece in the lobby of The Public Theater
27.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
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The Lion King (musical)
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The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions. On June 13,2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the version of Mary Poppins. It is Broadways third longest-running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, the show debuted in the West Ends Lyceum Theatre on October 19,1999, and is still running. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, as the sun rises, Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock. She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals, elsewhere, Mufasas brother, Scar, laments his lost chance at becoming king. Back at her baobab tree, Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new princes name, time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub. Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands from the top of Pride Rock, Mufasa warns Simba not to stray beyond the boundaries of the Pride Lands, pointing out a shadowy area in the distance. Zazu, a hornbill who acts as Mufasas advisor, arrives, Simba goes to see his uncle Scar. The scheming lion piques the cubs curiosity by mentioning the elephant graveyard, Simba arrives and asks his best friend, a female cub named Nala, to come with him to the elephant graveyard. He lies to the lionesses about where they are going, and Sarafina and Sarabi allow the cubs to go, Simba and Nala formulate a plan and manage to lose Zazu, while Simba brags about his future position. The cubs go to the graveyard and begin to explore, Zazu catches up, but they are confronted by three hyenas, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed. The hyenas intend to eat the trespassers and gloat about their find, Mufasa rescues the cubs and frightens off the hyenas. Mufasa is disappointed and angry at Simbas reckless disobedience, and explains the difference between bravery and bravado, Mufasa tells Simba about the great kings of the past and how they watch over everything from the stars. Mufasa says that he always be there for his son. Later he discusses Simbas behavior with Zazu, who reminds Mufasa that he had the tendency to get into trouble at Simbas age. Back at the elephant graveyard, Scar tells the hyenas of his plan to kill Mufasa and he raises an army of hyenas, promising that they will never go hungry again if they support him. Scar takes Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there, on Scars signal, the hyenas start a wildebeest stampede into the gorge. Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is trapped in the gorge, Mufasa leaps into the stampede and manages to save his son, but as he tries to escape, Scar throws him off the cliff back into the stampede, killing him
29.
New Amsterdam Theatre
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The New Amsterdam Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 214 West 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues in the Theater District of Manhattan, New York City, off of Times Square. The remainder of the building was utilized for offices, from 1913 to 1927, the theatre was the home of the Ziegfeld Follies, whose producer, Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. maintained an office in the building, and operated a nightclub on the roof. George Whites Scandals and Eva LeGalliennes Civic Repertory Theatre were subsequent tenants, both the Beaux-Arts exterior and the Art Nouveau interior of the building are New York City landmarks, having been designated in 1979. In addition, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, along with the Hudson and Lyceum Theatres, also built in 1903, the New Amsterdam is one of the oldest surviving Broadway venues. L. Erlanger and Marcus Klaw, and was designed by architects Herts & Tallant, at the time of construction, it was the largest theatre in New York, with a seating capacity of 1,702. The theatre opened October 23,1903 with a production of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, for many years, it hosted the Ziegfeld Follies, showcasing such talents as Fanny Brice, Eaton siblings and silent film star Olive Thomas whose ghost supposedly haunts the theatre. A racier sister show of the Follies, the Midnight Frolics, but the theatre also hosted serious productions, and in June 1927 Basil Rathbone appeared there as Cassius in Julius Caesar. The premiere of Jerome Kerns Roberta with Bob Hope opened at the New Amsterdam in November 1933, the Great Depression did great damage to the live theatre business, and in 1936 the New Amsterdam closed. It reopened on a basis in 1937 but was soon converted to a movie theatre. The Nederlander Organization purchased the property in 1982, but it would not begin rehabilitation for another eight years. In 1990, after a battle, the State and City of New York assumed ownership of the New Amsterdam. Disney Theatrical Productions signed a 49-year revenue based lease for the property in May 1995, the roof garden remained closed when it was discovered that it could not meet modern building codes. The New Amsterdam was officially reopened on April 2,1997, in November 1997, after the premiere of the film Hercules and a limited engagement of a concert version of King David, Disneys stage version of The Lion King opened. On June 4,2006, The Lion King closed in The New Amsterdam Theatre, Mary Poppins began previews at the New Amsterdam Theatre on October 16,2006 and opened on November 16,2006, where it continued to run until March 3,2013. The theatre was renovated to accommodate Disneys Aladdin, which was mounted in the theatre in 2014, Aladdin broke the house record at the New Amsterdam Theatre for the week ending August 10,2014, with a gross of $1,602,785.00. The previous record of $1,587,992.50 was set by Mary Poppins for the week ending December 30,2007. The New Amsterdam has also hosted events benefitting Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, including the annual Easter Bonnet Competition, the New Amsterdam is now home to BC/EFAs annual Gypsy of the Year Competition, the fall/winter sister event to the Easter Bonnet. In recent years, the honored guest has been centenarian Doris Eaton Travis
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Minskoff Theatre
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The Minskoff Theatre is a Broadway theatre, located at 1515 Broadway in midtown-Manhattan. It is currently home to the musical The Lion King, based on the Disney animated film of the same name. The 1, 621-seat venue, designed by architects Kahn and Jacobs, is on the floor of One Astor Plaza. Named after Sam Minskoff and Sons, builders and owners of the building, it opened March 13,1973. Over the years it has served as host to musicals, dance companies, in 1981, it hosted Miss Universe 1981, won by Irene Saez of Venezuela, as well as the transfer of Joseph Papps production of The Pirates of Penzance. In 1994, Sunset Boulevard was a hit at the theatre, in 2006, The Lion King transferred to the theatre, where it continues to run, as of 2017. The program returned to Los Angeles for the 2008–09 season,1973, Irene starring Debbie Reynolds 1974, Tony & Lena Sing, Charles Aznavour on Broadway 1975, Bette Midlers Clams on the Half Shell Revue, Hello, Dolly. The production cleared $2,837,158 over eight performances, authorized Official website New York Theatre Guide Minskoff Theatre at the Internet Broadway Database Minskoff Theater Tickets
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Lyric Theatre (1998 New York City)
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The Lyric Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 214 West 43rd Street in Manhattan, New York City. The venue has a capacity of 1,930 making it the second largest house on Broadway. The theatre was built in 1996–97 on the site of the former Apollo, the Lyric was built in 1903 and hosted Shakespeare plays and such notable new shows as Cole Porters Fifty Million Frenchmen, until it was converted to a movie theatre in 1934. A brief return to use as a theatre in the late 1970s proved unsuccessful. By the early 1990s, after being neglected and falling into serious disrepair and they were among the 42nd Street theatres repossessed by the City and State of New York in 1990, and fell under the protection of the New 42nd Street organization in 1992. In 1996, the theatres were leased by Livent and demolished, however, certain major architectural elements and structures were protected under landmark status, these were carefully removed from the buildings, stored, and incorporated into the new theatre. Today, patrons visiting the theatre sit under the dome from the Lyric and proscenium arch from the Apollo, and pass through the ornate Lyric Theatre facades on 43rd and 42nd Streets. Above the 43rd street entrance, on the floor, can be seen the busts of W. S. Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan and Reginald De Koven. The theatre opened as the Ford Center for the Performing Arts on January 26,1998 with a version of E. L. In 2005, the venue was renovated and renamed the Hilton for the US premiere of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. After the closing of Young Frankenstein on January 4,2009, after securing funding, Spider-Man officially opened on June 14,2011 following seven months of preview performances. The theatre was renamed the Foxwoods Theatre in August 2010, under an agreement with Foxwoods Resort Casino, on May 20,2013 it was announced that the UK-based Ambassador Theatre Group had acquired the lease to the Foxwoods Theatre for about $60 million. The New 42nd Street nonprofit organization remained as the landlord, in March 2014, the theatre was renamed the Lyric Theatre by ATG. 1998, Ragtime 2000, Jesus Christ Superstar 2001, 42nd Street 2005, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang April 28-Dec 31,20052006, Hot Feet, Dr. Seuss How the Grinch Stole Christmas. The production grossed $2,941,790.20 over nine performances at 100. 02% capacity for the week ending January 1,2012
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Ragtime (musical)
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Ragtime is a musical with a book by Terrence McNally, lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, and music by Stephen Flaherty. The music includes marches, cakewalks, gospel and ragtime, based on the 1975 novel by E. L. Doctorow, Ragtime tells the story of three groups in the United States in the early 20th century, African Americans, represented by Coalhouse Walker Jr. The US Premier was in Los Angeles in 1997 and ran one year before opening on Broadway on January 18,1998 as the first production in the newly opened Ford Center for the Performing Arts. Directed by Frank Galati and choreographed by Graciela Daniele, Ragtime ran for two years, closing on January 16,2000, after 834 performances and 27 previews. The original cast included Brian Stokes Mitchell, Marin Mazzie, Peter Friedman and Audra McDonald, who were all nominated for Tony Awards, the production was conducted by David Loud. The production received mixed reviews, many noting that the dazzling physical production overshadowed problems in the script. Ben Brantleys review in the New York Times was headlined A diorama with nostalgia rampant and it led the 1998 Tony Awards with thirteen Tony Award nominations, but Disneys The Lion King won as Best Musical. The musical won awards for Best Featured Actress, Original Score, Book, according to The New York Times, The chief competition for The Lion King was Ragtime, a lavish musical. The Broadway production was not financially successful, and some Broadway insiders consider its lavish production to have been the undoing of Livent. This production starred Maria Friedman in the role of Mother, for which she won the 2004 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical. A new production opened at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, DC, on April 18,2009, and ran through May 17,2009, with direction and choreography by Marcia Milgrom Dodge. The production then moved to Broadway at the Neil Simon Theatre, with beginning on October 23,2009. The cast featured Stephanie Umoh, Quentin Earl Darrington, Christiane Noll, Robert Petkoff, Bobby Steggert, Donna Migliaccio and this was the first Broadway revival of the musical and the first Broadway revival of any 1990s musical. The production opened to acclaim but closed on January 10,2010 after 28 previews and 65 performances. This production had a large cast and orchestra, resulting in a significant weekly running cost that demanded the show be a success in order to prove financially worthwhile. There had been rumors in recent weeks that the show would not be able to survive into early 2010, there was apparently not enough of an advance sale to encourage the producers. Despite the closing, the production received seven Tony Award nominations, including Best Revival of Musical, Best Direction, Best Actress in Musical, One nomination, for Costume Design, was withdrawn on the basis that the designs were substantially similar to those of a prior production. The Regents Park Open Air Theatre played a revival of the musical from May 18 to September 8,2012 and this production was directed by Artistic Director Timothy Sheader
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Cabaret (musical)
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Cabaret is a musical based on a book written by Christopher Isherwood, with music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb. The 1966 Broadway production became a hit, inspiring numerous subsequent productions in London and New York and it is based on John Van Drutens 1951 play I Am a Camera, which was adapted from the short novel Goodbye to Berlin by Christopher Isherwood. A sub-plot involves the doomed romance between German boarding house owner Fräulein Schneider and her elderly suitor Herr Schultz, a Jewish fruit vendor, overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub. The club serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany, Prince commissioned Joe Masteroff to work on the book. When Prince and Masteroff agreed that Wilsons score failed to capture the essence of late-1920s Berlin, John Kander, the new version was initially a dramatic play preceded by a prologue of songs describing the Berlin atmosphere from various points of view. Isherwoods original characters were changed as well, the musical ultimately expressed two stories in one, the first a revue centered on the decadence of the seedy Kit Kat Klub, the second a story set in the society of the club. After seeing one of the last rehearsals before the company headed to Boston for the pre-Broadway run, in Boston, Jill Haworth struggled with her characterization of cabaret performer Sally Bowles. Critics thought the blonde dressed in a white dress suggested senior prom more than tawdry nightclub, princes staging was unusual for the time. As the audience filled the theater, the curtain was already up, revealing a stage containing nothing, There was no overture, instead, a drum roll and cymbal crash led into the opening number. Replacements later in the run included Anita Gillette and Melissa Hart as Sally, Ken Kercheval and Larry Kert as Cliff, in addition, John Serry Sr. performed as the orchestral accordionist. The 1967-1968 US national tour featured Melissa Hart, Signe Hasso, the tour included the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut in December 1967, the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles, Cleveland, Ohio, Baltimore, Maryland, and Atlanta, Georgia. In 1986, the show was revived in London at the Strand Theatre starring Kelly Hunter as Sally, Peter Land as Cliff and Wayne Sleep as the Emcee, the first Broadway revival opened on October 22,1987, with direction and choreography by Prince and Field. The revival opened at the Imperial Theatre, eventually transferring to the Minskoff to complete its 261-performance run, the song Dont Go was added for Cliffs character. In 1993, Sam Mendes directed a new production of the show for the Donmar Warehouse in Londons West End and it starred Jane Horrocks as Sally, Adam Godley as Cliff, Alan Cumming as the Emcee and Sara Kestelman as Fräulein Schneider. Cumming received an Olivier Award nomination for his performance and Kestelman won the Olivier for Best Supporting Performance in a Musical, Mendes conception was very different from either the original production or the conventional first revival. The most significant change was the character of the Emcee, the role, as played by Joel Grey in both prior incarnations, was an asexual, edgy character dressed in a tuxedo with rouged cheeks. Alan Cummings portrayal was highly sexualized, as he wore suspenders around his crotch, staging details differed as well, instead of Tomorrow Belongs To Me being performed by a male choir, the Emcee plays a recording of a boy soprano singing it. In the final scene, the Emcee removes his clothes to reveal a striped suit of the type worn by the internees in concentration camps, on it are pinned a yellow badge
34.
Studio 54
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Studio 54 is a former nightclub and currently a Broadway theatre, located at 254 West 54th Street, between Eighth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan. The building, originally built as the Gallo Opera House, opened in 1927, after which it changed several times, eventually becoming CBS radio. Later, the building, renamed after its location, housed a world-famous nightclub, in 1984, Fleischman sold the club, which continued to operate until 1991. Since November 1998, it has served as a venue for productions of the Roundabout Theatre Company, a separate restaurant and nightclub, Feinsteins/54 Below, operates in the basement of the building. Designed by famed architect Eugene De Rosa, the venue opened in 1927 as the Gallo Opera House, named for its owner and it later reopened under new ownership as The New Yorker, but continued failing to attract sufficient crowds. The New Yorker Theatre saw its final production, Medicine Show, end in May 1940, in 1943, CBS purchased the theatre, renaming it Studio 52. CBS named its studios in order of purchase, the number 52 was unrelated to the street on which it was located, during these years, CBS used the theater for radio broadcasts. From the 1940s to the mid 1970s, CBS used the location as a radio and TV stage that housed such shows as Whats My Line. The $64,000 Question, Video Village, Password, To Tell the Truth, Beat the Clock, The Jack Benny Show, Ive Got a Secret, Ted Mack and the Original Amateur Hour, the soap opera Love of Life was produced there until 1975. In 1976, CBS moved most of its broadcast operations to the Ed Sullivan Theater and the CBS Broadcast Center, the Ed Sullivan Theater once had access to Studio 52 through an access door, which was concrete-blocked during the theaters 1993 renovation for Late Show with David Letterman. When CBS began marketing the building in 1976, various parties in the art, male model Uva Harden tried to get gallery owner Frank Lloyd to finance the club, until Lloyd lost a $9 million lawsuit to the estate of the artist Mark Rothko, the Rothko Case. In 1977, the theater was transformed into a nightclub called Studio 54 by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager and they operated the company as Broadway Catering Corp. It took only six weeks to transform the theater into a nightclub, Rubell and Schrager hired Scott Bromley as architect, Ron Doud as interior designer and Brian Thompson as lighting designer. Where formerly all clubs had very dark, at Studio 54 the crowd could be lit brightly. Within a month of opening, the New York State Liquor Authority raided Studio 54 for selling liquor without a license, the owners of the nightclub said the incident was a misunderstanding. The next night the club reopened, serving fruit juice and soda instead of liquor, prior to the raid, the nightclub had been using daily caterers permits, which enabled the nightclub to serve alcohol but were intended for weddings or political events. The State had denied the permit for the night and raided the nightclub. The nightclub had been using these permits while waiting for its license to be processed
35.
Metropolitan Opera
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The Metropolitan Opera, commonly referred to as The Met, is a company based in New York City, resident at the Metropolitan Opera House at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. The company is operated by the non-profit Metropolitan Opera Association, with Peter Gelb as general manager, the music director position is in transition as of 2016. The music director designate is Yannick Nézet-Séguin and the director emeritus is James Levine. The Met was founded in 1880 as an alternative to the previously established Academy of Music opera house, the Metropolitan Opera is the largest classical music organization in North America. It presents about 27 different operas each year in a season lasts from late September through May. The operas are presented in a rotating schedule with up to seven performances of four different works staged each week. Moving to the new Lincoln Center location in 1966, performances are given in the evening Monday through Saturday with a matinée on Saturday, several operas are presented in new productions each season. Sometimes these are borrowed from or shared with other opera houses, the rest of the years operas are given in revivals of productions from previous seasons. The 2015-16 season comprised 227 performances of 25 operas, the operas in the Mets repertoire consist of a wide range of works, from 18th-century Baroque and 19th-century Bel canto to the Minimalism of the late 20th century. These operas are presented in staged productions that range in style from those with elaborate traditional decors to others that feature modern conceptual designs, the Mets performing company consists of a large symphony-sized orchestra, a chorus, childrens choir, and many supporting and leading solo singers. The company also employs numerous free-lance dancers, actors, musicians, the Mets roster of singers includes both international and American artists, some of whose careers have been developed through the Mets young artists programs. The Metropolitan Opera Company was founded in 1880 to create an alternative to New Yorks old established Academy of Music opera house, the subscribers to the Academys limited number of private boxes represented the highest stratum in New York society. By 1880, these old families were loath to admit New Yorks newly wealthy industrialists into their long-established social circle. Frustrated with being excluded, the Metropolitan Operas founding subscribers determined to build a new house that would outshine the old Academy in every way. A group of some 22 men assembled at Delmonicos restaurant on April 28,1880 and they elected officers and established subscriptions for ownership in the new company. The first Met subscribers included members of the Morgan, Roosevelt, the new Metropolitan Opera House opened on October 22,1883, and was an immediate success, both socially and artistically. The Academy of Musics opera season folded just three years after the Met opened, in its early decades the Met did not produce the opera performances itself but hired prominent manager/impresarios to stage a season of opera at the new Metropolitan Opera House. Henry Abbey served as manager for the season, 1883–84
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New York Philharmonic
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It is one of the leading American orchestras popularly referred to as the Big Five. The Philharmonics home is David Geffen Hall, known as Avery Fisher Hall until September 2015, founded in 1842, the orchestra is one of the oldest musical institutions in the United States and the oldest of the Big Five orchestras. Its record-setting 14, 000th concert was given in December 2004, the New York Philharmonic was founded in 1842 by the American conductor Ureli Corelli Hill, with the aid of the Irish composer William Vincent Wallace. The orchestra was called the Philharmonic Society of New York. It was the third Philharmonic on American soil since 1799, and had as its intended purpose, the first concert of the Philharmonic Society took place on December 7,1842 in the Apollo Rooms on lower Broadway before an audience of 600. The concert opened with Beethovens Symphony No, the musicians operated as a cooperative society, deciding by a majority vote such issues as who would become a member, which music would be performed and who among them would conduct. At the end of the season, the players would divide any proceeds among themselves, after only a dozen public performances and barely four years old, the Philharmonic organized a concert to raise funds to build a new music hall. The centerpiece was the American premiere of Beethovens Symphony No,9, to take place at Castle Garden on the southern tip of Manhattan. About 400 instrumental and vocal performers gathered for this premiere, which was conducted by George Loder, the chorals were translated into what would be the first English performance anywhere in the world. However, with the expensive US$2.00 ticket price and a war rally uptown, the audience was kept away. Although judged by some as an odd work with all those singers kept at bay until the end, during the Philharmonics first seven seasons, seven musicians alternated the conducting duties. In addition to Hill, Timm and Étienne, these were William Alpers, George Loder, Louis Wiegers and this changed in 1849 when Theodore Eisfeld was installed as sole conductor for the season. Eisfeld, later along with Carl Bergmann, would be the conductor until 1865 and that year Eisfeld returned to Europe, and Bergmann continued to conduct the Society until his death in 1876. Leopold Damrosch, Franz Liszts former concertmaster at Weimar, served as conductor of the Philharmonic for the 1876/77 season, but failing to win support from the Philharmonics public, he left to create the rival Symphony Society of New York in 1878. Upon his death in 1885, his 23-year-old son Walter took over, Carnegie Hall would remain the orchestras home until 1962. The Philharmonic in 1877 was in financial condition, caused by the paltry income from five concerts in the 1876/77 season that brought in an average of only $168 per concert. At first the Philharmonics suggestion offended Thomas because he was unwilling to disband his own orchestra, because of the desperate financial circumstances, the Philharmonic offered Theodore Thomas the conductorship without conditions, and he began conducting the orchestra in the autumn of 1877. He left in 1891 to found the Chicago Symphony, taking thirteen Philharmonic musicians with him, another celebrated conductor, Anton Seidl, followed Thomas on the Philharmonic podium, serving until 1898
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Insolvent
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Insolvency is the state of being unable to pay the money owed, by a person or company, on time, those in a state of insolvency are said to be insolvent. There are two forms, cash-flow insolvency and balance-sheet insolvency, cash-flow insolvency is when a person or company has enough assets to pay what is owed, but does not have the appropriate form of payment. For example, a person may own a house and a valuable car. Cash-flow insolvency can usually be resolved by negotiation, for example, the bill collector may wait until the car is sold and the debtor agrees to pay a penalty. Balance-sheet insolvency is when a person or company does not have enough assets to pay all of their debts, the person or company might enter bankruptcy, but not necessarily. Once a loss is accepted by all parties, negotiation is often able to resolve the situation without bankruptcy, a company that is balance-sheet insolvent may still have enough cash to pay its next bill on time. However, most laws will not let the company pay that bill unless it will help all their creditors. For example, an insolvent farmer may be allowed to people to help harvest the crop. While technical insolvency is a synonym for insolvency, cash-flow insolvency. The term cash-flow insolvent carries a connotation that the debtor is balance-sheet solvent. Cash-flow insolvency involves a lack of liquidity to pay debts as they fall due, balance sheet insolvency involves having negative net assets—where liabilities exceed assets. Insolvency is not a synonym for bankruptcy, which is a determination of insolvency made by a court of law with resulting legal orders intended to resolve the insolvency, accounting insolvency happens when total liabilities exceed total assets. This is known as business turnaround or business recovery, implementing a business turnaround may take many forms, including keep and restructure, sale as a going concern, or wind-down and exit. In some jurisdictions, it is an offence under the laws for a corporation to continue in business while insolvent. In others, the business may continue under a declared protective arrangement while alternative options to achieve recovery are worked out, increasingly, legislatures have favored alternatives to winding up companies for good. It can be, in several jurisdictions, grounds for an action or even an offence. Debt restructurings are typically handled by professional insolvency and restructuring practitioners, and are less expensive. Although the term bankrupt may be used referring to a government and this is so because bankruptcy is governed by national law, there exists no entity to take over such a government and distribute assets to creditors
38.
WBEZ
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WBEZ is a noncommercial public radio station broadcasting from Chicago, Illinois. Financed primarily by listener contributions, the station is affiliated with both National Public Radio and Public Radio International, it broadcasts content from American Public Media. The station and its parent organization were known as Chicago Public Radio, since 2010. Some of the output is branded as WBEZ and some as Chicago Public Media. In addition to its transmitter on 91.5 FM. The station also operated a low-power translator in Elgin, Illinois, however. Listeners can also receive the broadcast online with streaming audio, MP3 download or by podcast, as of 2013, the station drew an estimated 400,000 listeners each week. CPM also operates a web site and radio station named Vocalo. org which broadcasts on radio stations WRTE90.5 FM in Chicago and WBEW in Chesterton, Indiana, Vocalo is also heard on the HD2 channel of WBEZ. CPR/CPM also previously managed Loyola University of Chicagos WLUW88.7 FM, heard on the North Side of Chicago, WBEZ first went on the air in April 1943, carrying instructional programming for the Chicago Public Schools. However, initially only a few classrooms were able to tune in, for most of its early years, the station broadcast only instructional programs, operating on weekdays on which Chicago Public Schools were in session. In 1970, WBEZ joined National Public Radio as a charter member, initially, most programming outside of the instructional programs and NPR programs was jazz music. The Board of Education sold the station to the current license holders, the corporate name was changed in 2010 to Chicago Public Media, Inc. The general manager from 1995 to July 2013 was Torey Malatia, the current CEO is Goli Sheikholeslami, formerly of The Washington Post, who took office in April 2014. On January 4,2007, the traditional overnight jazz programming was eliminated. The music program remaining on the schedule was the music program Radio M on Friday nights. All other music hosts were to be reassigned to other positions at the station, the replacement of music programming, which management said was due to the prevalence and popularity of other music delivery systems, caused outrage amongst many in the Chicago jazz scene. Protest sites were organized but were unsuccessful, legendary jazz disc jockey Dick Buckley retained a time slot Sunday afternoons until mid-2008. Station management announced a plan for Chicago-oriented programs to cover all seven hours between the national news programs
39.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
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Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
