1.
Naval Air Station Point Mugu
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Naval Air Station Point Mugu is a former United States Navy air station that operated from 1942 to 2000 in California. In 2000, it merged with nearby Naval Construction Battalion Center Port Hueneme to form Naval Base Ventura County, at Point Mugu, NBVC operates two runways and encompasses a 36,000 square mile sea test range, anchored by San Nicolas Island. The range allows the military to test and track weapons systems in restricted air-, the range can be expanded through interagency coordination between the U. S. Navy and the Federal Aviation Administration. Telemetry data can be tracked and recorded using technology housed at San Nicolas Island, Point Mugu and Laguna Peak, pt. Mugu has dominated the area since the 1940s, and is one of the few places in the area that is not agricultural. The base has been home to many ordnance testing programs, in 1963 the U. S. Navy Marine Mammal Program was established on a sand spit between Mugu Lagoon and the ocean. The facility was relocated in 1967 to Point Loma in San Diego, Point Mugu was the airfield used by former President Ronald Reagan during his presidency on visits to his Santa Barbara ranch. The airfield was used during the funeral in 2004, as the place where the former Presidents body was flown to Washington. The body was flown to Point Mugu aboard presidential aircraft SAM28000 two days later, until the late 1990s, the base hosted Antarctic Development Squadron SIX, the squadron of LC-130s equipped to land on ice in Antarctica, to supply the science stations there. Now, the New York Air National Guards 109th Airlift Wing has assumed that responsibility, on 16 August 1956, a F6F-5K drone was launched from NAS Point Mugu and quickly went out of control heading toward Los Angeles. US Air Force interceptors failed to shoot it down leading to The Battle of Palmdale incident, on 4 August 1972, Douglas DC-3 N31538 of Mercer Airlines suffered an in-flight engine fire shortly after take-off on a cargo flight to Hollywood-Burbank Airport. The aircraft departed the runway in the landing and was destroyed by the subsequent fire. All three people on board survived, on 20 April 2002, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II BuNo 155749 of US Navy crashed at the Point Mugu airshow. The cause of the accident was cited as pilot error, on 18 May 2011, a Boeing 707 belonging to Omega Aerial Refueling Services and chartered to the U. S. Navy skidded off the runway and burst into flames shortly after landing. A reported amount of approximately 150,000 pounds of jet fuel was on board when the plane crashed, all three personnel aboard the aircraft survived with non life-threatening injuries. On 7th Nov 2015, a rocket launched from Point Mugu caused a momentary Frenzy of confusion amongst south Californian locals, another other source says the Trident II test missile was launched from a submarine NAS Point Mugu was the setting for the 1950 film, The Flying Missile. The film tells the story of the first firing of a missile from the deck of a submarine. Naval Base Ventura County, official site Point Mugu Air Station, GlobalSecurity. org FAA Airport Master Record for NTD Resources for this U. S
Naval Air Station Point Mugu
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Army
Naval Air Station Point Mugu
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Naval Air Station Point Mugu Naval Base Ventura County (NBVC)
2.
Unincorporated area
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Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
Unincorporated area
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Sign at
Contra Costa Centre Transit Village, an unincorporated community in
Contra Costa County, California, United States, north of the city of
Walnut Creek.
Unincorporated area
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Sign prohibiting entry to the
Military Area Boletice
Unincorporated area
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Nutbush, an unincorporated area in
Haywood County,
Tennessee
Unincorporated area
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Rosslyn, one of many highrise neighborhoods in
Arlington County, Virginia. The county has no cities within its borders, and five times the
population density of the state's most populous city,
Virginia Beach.
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
6.
List of counties in California
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The state of California is divided into 58 counties. The region was first divided into counties on February 18,1850. These were further sub-divided to form sixteen additional counties by 1860, another fourteen were counties formed though further sub-division from 1861 to 1893. The last, Imperial County, was formed in 1907, California is home to San Bernardino County, the largest county in the contiguous United States, as well as Los Angeles County, the most populous county in the United States. More counties in California are named for saints than any other state, klamath County was created in 1851 from the northern half of Trinity County. Part of the territory went to Del Norte County in 1857. Pautah County was created in 1852 out of territory which, the state of California assumed, was to be ceded to it by the United States Congress from territory in what is now the state of Nevada. When the cession never occurred, the California State Legislature officially abolished the county in 1859. Buena Vista County - created in 1855 by the California legislature out of the territory of Tulare County on the west of the Sierra Nevada but was never officially organized. The south of Tulare County was later organized as Kern County in 1866, with additions from Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. Coso County - created in 1864 by the California legislature out of territory of Mono County, the region was later organized in 1866 as Inyo County with additions from Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties. 1850–1900 California State Association of Counties, Map of California Counties, c
List of counties in California
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IM
7.
Ventura County, California
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Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 823,318, Ventura County comprises the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is also considered the southernmost county along the California Central Coast, Ventura County was historically inhabited by the Chumash people, who also settled much of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties, with their presence dating back 10, 000-12,000 years. The Chumash were hunter-gatherers, fishermen, and also traders with the Mojave, Yokuts, the Chumash are also known for their rock paintings and for their great basketry. Chumash Indian Museum in Thousand Oaks has several reconstructed Chumash houses and there are several Chumash pictographs in the county, the plank canoe, called a tomol in Chumash, was important to their way of life. Canoe launching points on the mainland for trade with the Chumash of the Channel Islands were located at the mouth of the Ventura River, Mugu Lagoon and this has led to speculations among archeologists of whether the Chumash could have had a pre-historic contact with Polynesians. According to diachronic linguistics, certain words such as tomolo’o could be related to Polynesian languages, the dialect of the Chumash language that was spoken in Ventura County was Ventureño. Others include Point Mugu from the word Muwu, Saticoy from the word Sa’aqtiko’y, in October 1542, the expedition led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo anchored in an inlet near Point Mugu, its members were the first Europeans to arrive in the area that would become Ventura County. Active occupation of California by Spain began in 1769, gaspar de Portolà led a military expedition by land from San Diego to Monterey, passing through Ventura County in August of that year. A priest with the expedition, Father Juan Crespí, kept a journal of the trip and noted that the area was ideal for a mission to be established, also on this expedition was Father Junípero Serra, who later founded a mission on this site. On March 31,1782, the Mission San Buenaventura was founded by Father Serra and it is named after Saint Bonaventure, one of the early intellectual founders of the Franciscan Order. The town that grew up around the mission, was originally and remains named San Buenaventura, in the 1790s, the Spanish Governor of California began granting land concessions to Spanish Californians who were often retiring soldiers. These concessions were known as ranchos and consisted of thousands of acres of land that were used primarily as ranch land for livestock, in Ventura County, Rancho Simi was granted in 1795 and Rancho El Conejo in 1802. Fernando Tico was granted Ojai and part of Ventura by Gov. Alvarado, California land that had been vested in the King of Spain was now owned by the nation of Mexico. By the 1830s, Mission San Buenaventura was in a decline with fewer neophytes joining the mission, the number of cattle owned by the mission dropped from first to fifteenth ranking in the California Missions. The missions were secularized by the Mexican government in 1834, the Mexican governors began granting land rights to Mexican Californians, often retiring soldiers. By 1846, there were 19 rancho grants in Ventura County, in 1836, Mission San Buenaventura was transferred from the Church to a secular administrator. The natives who had been working at the mission left to work on the ranchos
Ventura County, California
Ventura County, California
Ventura County, California
Ventura County, California
8.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
Pacific Time Zone
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Pacific Time Zone
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
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Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
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G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
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Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
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William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
10.
ZIP code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
ZIP code
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A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign encouraging the use of ZIP codes
ZIP code
ZIP code
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"Use Zip code" labels were also used to promote the use of a ZIP code.
ZIP code
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USA postage stamp, 1973: "It all depends on ZIP code".
11.
Area code 805
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Area code 805 is a California telephone area code that was split from area code 213 in 1957. It includes most or all of the California counties of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura, plus southernmost portions of Monterey County. On February 13,1999, it was again, with area code 661 having been created for the inland areas, which are San Joaquin Valley, Santa Clarita Valley. Area code 805 also serves the US military facilities in Kwajalein and this arrangement originated from the US Armys first satellite communications station having been built at nearby Camp Roberts. In August 2016, the California Public Utilities Commission held a series of hearings regarding the potential need to provide an area code for 805 in the form of an overlay or a split. According to the website Lincmad. com,820 is an overlay code. List of California area codes List of North American Numbering Plan area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of California
Area code 805
12.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
Geographic Names Information System
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The seal of the
United States Board on Geographic Names
13.
Chumashan languages
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Chumashan, Yukian, and southern Baja languages are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type. The population in the core Chumashan area has been stable for the past 10,000 years, however, the attested range of Chumashan is recent. All of the Chumashan languages are now extinct, although they are documented in the unpublished fieldnotes of linguist John Peabody Harrington. Especially well documented are Barbareño, Ineseño, and Ventureño, the last native speaker of a Chumashan language was Barbareño speaker Mary Yee, who died in 1965. Six Chumashan languages are attested, all now extinct, however, most of them are in the process of revitalization, with language programs and classes. Contemporary Chumash people now prefer to refer to their languages by names rather than the older names based on the local missions. Obispeño Also known as Tilhini by students of the language, after the name of the village near which the mission was founded. Island Chumash Was spoken on the three inhabited islands in the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, Ineseño Now called Samala or Sʰamala by the Santa Ynez Band. This word has an S with a puff of air after it and it is the name for the language and the people. Barbareño Now called Shmuwich or Šmuwič by students of the language and this is the name for the language and the people, it means coastal. Ventureño Now called Mitsqanaqan by students of the language and community members, Obispeño was the most divergent Chumashan language. The Central Chumash languages include Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño, there was a dialect continuum across this area, but the form of the language spoken in the vicinity of each mission was distinct enough to qualify as a different language. There is very little documentation of Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño each had several dialects, although documentation usually focused on just one. Island Chumash had different dialects on Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island, John Peabody Harrington conducted fieldwork on all the above Chumashan languages, but obtained the least data on Island Chumash, Purisimeño, and Obispeño. There is no data on Cuyama, though ethnographic data suggests that it was likely Chumash. Kroeber suggested that the Chumashan languages might be related to the neighboring Salinan in a Iskoman grouping, edward Sapir accepted this speculation and included Iskoman in his classification of Hokan. More recently it has noted that Salinan and Chumashan shared only one word. As a result, the inclusion of Chumashan into Hokan is now disfavored by most specialists, the Chumashan languages are well known for their consonant harmony
Chumashan languages
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Pre-contact distribution of Chumashan languages
14.
Point Mugu State Park
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Point Mugu State Park is a state park located in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area in Southern California. Part of the Western Santa Monica Mountains, the park is located at 9000 West Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, there is a fee-based parking lot that is open from 8 AM to 10 PM. Park gates do not permit entry after 10 PM, Point Mugu SP consists of two parklands, distinct landside and beachside areas with different ecosystems with their own parking lots, separated by the Pacific Coast Highway. During low tide, the parks are joined by a walkway under an adjoining bridge, a major landmark, the Boney Mountain State Wilderness Area features pinnacles visible from many areas of the park. Opportunities for camping, hiking, swimming, mountain biking, picnicking, wildlife viewing, horseback riding is available from the National Park Service entrance. Like all California State Parks, dogs are permitted when leashed in campsite areas, no dogs are allowed whether on or off-leash on the backcountry trails, i. e. any trail that is not paved. The beach offers ocean swimming and body surfing, with views of dolphins, seals, pelicans, backbone Trails Northern terminus is at the Ray Miller Trailhead, located just south of Point Mugu, in La Jolla Canyon. Wood Canyon Sycamore Canyon La Jolla Valley Serrano Valley Boney Mountain — Boney Mountain Wilderness area, tri Peaks Mugu Peak Laguna Peak Media related to Point Mugu State Park at Wikimedia Commons Official Point Mugu State Park website
Point Mugu State Park
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Mugu Rock, Point Mugu State Park
15.
West Coast of the United States
–
The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
West Coast of the United States
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The states shown in dark red are included in the term West Coast or Pacific Coast.
16.
Ventura County
–
Ventura County is a county in the southern part of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 823,318, Ventura County comprises the Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is also considered the southernmost county along the California Central Coast, Ventura County was historically inhabited by the Chumash people, who also settled much of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo Counties, with their presence dating back 10, 000-12,000 years. The Chumash were hunter-gatherers, fishermen, and also traders with the Mojave, Yokuts, the Chumash are also known for their rock paintings and for their great basketry. Chumash Indian Museum in Thousand Oaks has several reconstructed Chumash houses and there are several Chumash pictographs in the county, the plank canoe, called a tomol in Chumash, was important to their way of life. Canoe launching points on the mainland for trade with the Chumash of the Channel Islands were located at the mouth of the Ventura River, Mugu Lagoon and this has led to speculations among archeologists of whether the Chumash could have had a pre-historic contact with Polynesians. According to diachronic linguistics, certain words such as tomolo’o could be related to Polynesian languages, the dialect of the Chumash language that was spoken in Ventura County was Ventureño. Others include Point Mugu from the word Muwu, Saticoy from the word Sa’aqtiko’y, in October 1542, the expedition led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo anchored in an inlet near Point Mugu, its members were the first Europeans to arrive in the area that would become Ventura County. Active occupation of California by Spain began in 1769, gaspar de Portolà led a military expedition by land from San Diego to Monterey, passing through Ventura County in August of that year. A priest with the expedition, Father Juan Crespí, kept a journal of the trip and noted that the area was ideal for a mission to be established, also on this expedition was Father Junípero Serra, who later founded a mission on this site. On March 31,1782, the Mission San Buenaventura was founded by Father Serra and it is named after Saint Bonaventure, one of the early intellectual founders of the Franciscan Order. The town that grew up around the mission, was originally and remains named San Buenaventura, in the 1790s, the Spanish Governor of California began granting land concessions to Spanish Californians who were often retiring soldiers. These concessions were known as ranchos and consisted of thousands of acres of land that were used primarily as ranch land for livestock, in Ventura County, Rancho Simi was granted in 1795 and Rancho El Conejo in 1802. Fernando Tico was granted Ojai and part of Ventura by Gov. Alvarado, California land that had been vested in the King of Spain was now owned by the nation of Mexico. By the 1830s, Mission San Buenaventura was in a decline with fewer neophytes joining the mission, the number of cattle owned by the mission dropped from first to fifteenth ranking in the California Missions. The missions were secularized by the Mexican government in 1834, the Mexican governors began granting land rights to Mexican Californians, often retiring soldiers. By 1846, there were 19 rancho grants in Ventura County, in 1836, Mission San Buenaventura was transferred from the Church to a secular administrator. The natives who had been working at the mission left to work on the ranchos
Ventura County
Ventura County
Ventura County
Ventura County
17.
Port Hueneme, California
–
Port Hueneme is a small beach city in Ventura County, California surrounded by the city of Oxnard and the Santa Barbara Channel. The name derives from the Chumash Native language spelling of the Chumash wene me, juan Rodríguez Cabrillo explored this area and the adjacent Channel Islands in October 1542. The towns name was changed to Port Hueneme in 1939 and was incorporated March 24,1948. Thomas Bard learned of the canyon at Point Hueneme and took advantage of the canyon depth to construct the Hueneme Wharf in 1871 here. The existing street grid of the town was laid out in 1888. Hueneme was the second largest grain shipping port on the Pacific coast between 1871 and 1895, both the Port of Hueneme and Naval Base Ventura County lie within city limits. Port Hueneme has a sand beach, known for its surfing. The beach has a fishing pier and is about a mile long between Ormond Beach downcoast and Point Hueneme Light at the harbor entrance shared by the naval base. There are also picnic tables and barbecue grills, Port Hueneme was also used as a filming location for the movie Back To The Future, Part 3, as the rail road crossing scene depicting Marty arriving home was filmed on 270 S. Ventura Road. The 2010 United States Census reported that Port Hueneme had a population of 21,723, the population density was 4,651.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Port Hueneme was 12,357 White,1,111 African American,295 Native American,1,299 Asian,119 Pacific Islander,5,224 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,360 persons. The Census reported that 20,854 people lived in households,869 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 458 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 53 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,760 households were made up of individuals and 775 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.95. There were 4,828 families, the family size was 3.52. The median age was 31.3 years, for every 100 females there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males. There were 8,131 housing units at a density of 1,741.0 per square mile, of which 3,422 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2. 7%, the vacancy rate was 6. 0%
Port Hueneme, California
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Point Hueneme Light
Port Hueneme, California
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Beach and pier, Port Hueneme
Port Hueneme, California
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Hueneme Beach Festival logo
Port Hueneme, California
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Counties
18.
Oxnard, California
–
Oxnard /ˈɒksnɑːrd/ is a city in the United States, located along the coast of Southern California. It is the 19th most populous city in California and the most populous in Ventura County, the city lies approximately 30 miles west of the Los Angeles city limits, and is part of the larger Greater Los Angeles area. The population of Oxnard is 203,585 as of the 2012 Financial Report and it is located at the western edge of the fertile Oxnard Plain, sitting adjacent to an agricultural center of strawberries and lima beans. Oxnard is also a transportation hub in Southern California, with Amtrak, Union Pacific, Metrolink, Greyhound. Oxnard also has a regional airport called Oxnard Airport. Oxnard is also the location of the National Weather Service forecast office that serves the Los Angeles area, before the arrival of Europeans, the area that is now Oxnard was inhabited by Chumash Native Americans. The first European to encounter the area was Portuguese explorer João Rodrigues Cabrilho, during the mission period, it was serviced by the Mission San Buenaventura, established in 1782. Ranching began to take hold among Californio settlers, who lost their regional influence when California became a US state in 1850, at about the same time, the area was settled by American farmers, who cultivated barley and lima beans. Shortly after the 1897 beet campaign, a new town emerged, Oxnard intended to name the settlement after the Greek word for sugar, zachari, but frustrated by bureaucracy, named it after himself. The Oxnard factory operated from August 19,1899 until October 26,1959, factory operations were interrupted in the Oxnard Strike of 1903. Oxnard was incorporated as a California city on June 30,1903, in the mid-20th century Oxnard grew and developed the areas outside the downtown with homes, industry, retail, and a new harbor named Channel Islands Harbor. Martin V. Smith became the most influential developer in the history of Oxnard during this time, smiths first enterprise in 1941 was the Colonial House Restaurant and then the Wagon Wheel Junction in 1947. In June 2004, the Oxnard Police Department and the Ventura County Sheriff imposed a gang injunction over a 6. 6-square-mile area of the district of the city. The injunction was upheld in the Ventura County Superior Court and made a permanent law in 2005, a similar injunction was imposed in September,2006 over a 4. 26-square-mile area of the south side of the city. Oxnard is located on the Oxnard Plain, an area with fertile soil, with its beaches, dunes, wetlands, creeks and the Santa Clara River, the area contains a number of important biological communities. Also native to the region is the endangered Ventura Marsh Milkvetch, the city of Oxnard is home to over 20 miles of scenic, relatively uncrowded coastline. The beaches in Oxnard are large and the sand is exceptionally soft, the sand dunes in Oxnard, which were once much more extensive, have been used to recreate Middle-Eastern desert dunes in many movies, the first being The Sheik with Rudolph Valentino. There are very few rocks or driftwood piles at most beaches, Oxnard has good surfing at many of its beaches
Oxnard, California
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Oxnard gateway monument sign.
Oxnard, California
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Logo
Oxnard, California
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Downtown Oxnard, early-1900s.
Oxnard, California
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Oxnard, 1908. The public library is at the right.
19.
Chumash people
–
They also occupied three of the Channel Islands, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel, the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source. Modern place names with Chumash origins include Cayucos, Malibu, Nipomo, Lompoc, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Piru, Lake Castaic, Saticoy, Simi Valley and Somis. Archaeological research demonstrates that the Chumash have deep roots in the Santa Barbara Channel area, the Chumash resided between the Santa Ynez Mountains and the California coasts where rivers and tributaries abound. Inside and around the modern-day Santa Barbara region, the Chumash lived with a bounty of resources, the tribe lived in an area of three environments, the interior, the coast, and the Northern Channel Islands. These provided an array of materials to support the Chumash lifestyle. The interior is composed of the land outside the coast and spanning the plains, rivers. The coast covers the cliffs and land close to the ocean and, in reference to resources, the Northern Channel Islands lie off the coast of the Chumash territory. All of the California coastal-interior has a Mediterranean climate due to the ocean winds. The mild temperatures, save for winter, made gathering easy, during the cold months, what villagers gathered and traded during the seasons changed depending on where they resided. With coasts populated by masses of species of fish and land covered by trees and animals. Abundant resources and a winter rarely harsh enough to cause concern meant the tribe lived a lifestyle in addition to a subsistence existence. Villages in the three aforementioned areas contained remains of sea mammals, indicating that trade networks existed for moving materials throughout the Chumash territory, such connections spread out the land’s wealth, allowing the Chumash to live comfortably without agriculture. The closer a village was to the ocean, the greater its reliance on maritime resources, due to advanced canoe designs, coastal and island people could procure fish and aquatic mammals from farther out. Shellfish were a source of nutrition, relatively easy to find. Many of the favored varieties grew in tidal zones, shellfish grew in abundance during winter to early spring, their proximity to shore made collection easier. Some of the species included mussels, abalone, and a wide array of clams. Haliotis rufescens was harvested this species along the Central California coast in the pre-contact era, the Chumash and other California Indians also used red abalone shells to make a variety of fishhooks, beads, ornaments, and other artifacts. Any village could acquire fish, but the coastal and island communities specialized in catching not just smaller fish and this feat, difficult even for today’s technology, was made possible by the tomol plank canoe
Chumash people
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Pictographs,
Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park
Chumash people
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Rafael Solares, a Samala
chief, captain of Soxtonoxmu, capital village in the
Santa Ynez Valley, photograph by Leon de Cessac, late 19th century
Chumash people
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Basketry tray, Santa Barbara Mission, early 1800s
Chumash people
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Chumash musicians at
Mission San Buenaventura, 1873
20.
Pacific Missile Test Center
–
Pacific Missile Test Center is the former name of the current Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division. The name of the center was the Naval Air Missile Test Center prior to PMTC and it is located at Naval Base Ventura County/Naval Air Station Point Mugu in Ventura County, California. The nearest city to the installation is Oxnard, the Naval Air Warfare Center consists of both the NAS Point Mugu airfield and a rocket launching site for the U. S. Navy. The center has been a development and test facility for the Navy since the late 1940s. Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division Rocket launches at Point Mugu
Pacific Missile Test Center
–
v
21.
Naval Air Missile Test Center
–
Pacific Missile Test Center is the former name of the current Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division. The name of the center was the Naval Air Missile Test Center prior to PMTC and it is located at Naval Base Ventura County/Naval Air Station Point Mugu in Ventura County, California. The nearest city to the installation is Oxnard, the Naval Air Warfare Center consists of both the NAS Point Mugu airfield and a rocket launching site for the U. S. Navy. The center has been a development and test facility for the Navy since the late 1940s. Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division Rocket launches at Point Mugu
Naval Air Missile Test Center
–
v
22.
Headland
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A headland is a coastal landform, a point of land usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends out into a body of water. It is a type of promontory, a headland of considerable size often is called a cape. Headlands are characterised by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, headlands and bays are often found on the same coastline. A bay is surrounded by land on three sides, whereas a headland is surrounded by water on three sides, headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where bands of rock of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the coast. Bays form where weak rocks are eroded, leaving bands of rocks forming a headland. Through the deposition of sediment within the bay and the erosion of the headlands, coastlines eventually straighten out then start the same process all over again
Headland
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Cliffs at
Beachy Head, England
Headland
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Cape Malabata, Morocco
Headland
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Land's End, England
Headland
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Hanauma Bay and Koko Crater at
Koko Head, Oahu, USA
23.
Santa Monica Mountains
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The Santa Monica Mountains is a coastal mountain range in Southern California, paralleling the Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Transverse Ranges, because of its proximity to densely populated regions, it is one of the most visited natural areas in California. Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area is located in this mountain range, the range extends approximately 40 miles east-west from the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles to Point Mugu in Ventura County. The mountain range contributed to the isolation of this vast coastal plain before regular transportation routes reached western Ventura County, the eastern mountains form a barrier between the San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles Basin, separating the Valley on the north and west-central Los Angeles on the south. The Santa Monica Mountains are parallel to Santa Susana Mountains, which are located north of the mountains across the San Fernando Valley. The range is of height, with no particularly craggy or prominent peaks outside the Sandstone Peak. While often rugged and wild, the hosts a substantial amount of human activity. Houses, roads, businesses, and recreational centers are dotted throughout the Santa Monica Mountains, a number of creeks in the Santa Monica Mountains are part of the Los Angeles River watershed. Beginning at the end of the San Fernando Valley the river runs to the north of the mountains. After passing between the range and the Verdugo Mountains it flows south around Elysian Park defining the easternmost extent of the mountains, the Santa Monica Mountains have more than 1,000 archeology sites of significance, primarily from the Californian Native American cultures of the Tongva and Chumash people. The mountains were part of their homelands for over eight thousand years before the arrival of the Spanish. The Spanish mission system had a impact on their culture and by 1831. Geologists consider the northern Channel Islands to be an extension of the Santa Monicas into the Pacific Ocean. The range was created by repeated episodes of uplifting and submergence by the Raymond Fault that created complex layers of sedimentary rock, volcanic intrusions have been exposed, including the poorly named, andesitic, Sandstone Peak the highest in the range at 3,111 feet. Malibu Creek, which eroded its own channel while the mountains were slowly uplifted, the Santa Monica Mountains have dry summers with frequent coastal fog on the ocean side of the range and wet, cooler winters. In the summer, the climate is dry, which makes the range prone to wildfires. Snow is unusual in the Santa Monica Mountains, since they are not as high as the nearby San Gabriel Mountains. The highest slopes of the central and western Santa Monica Mountains average as much as 27 inches of rain per year, the bulk of the rain falls between November and March
Santa Monica Mountains
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Malibu Canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains
Santa Monica Mountains
Santa Monica Mountains
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Snow in the Santa Monica Mountains
Santa Monica Mountains
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First mile of CA 23 and southern coastal scrub
24.
Rancho Guadalasca
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Rancho Guadalasca was a 30, 594-acre Mexican land grant in present-day Ventura County, California given in 1836 by Governor Mariano Chico to Ysabel Yorba. The grant was in the part of the county, bordering on Los Angeles County. The grant extended along the Pacific coast near Point Mugu for about eight miles and this rancho lies in the extreme southern part of Ventura, southeast of the colonia. It borders on Los Angeles County about two miles, on the coast about eight miles, and extends about ten miles into the interior. The place is historical, being the site of Xucu or The Town of the Canoes, described in the voyage of Cabrillo,300 years ago, and having been the most densely populated portion of the coast. One of the valleys, La Jolla, seems to have been a ground of the Indians, being rich in kitchen middens, bones, etc. and having a trail, worn deep. The Guadalasca was a grant of 30,593.85 acres, made May 6,1846, to Ysabel Yorba, of the estate,23,000 acres were later purchased by William Richard Broome, an English gentleman of leisure, living in Santa Barbara. Several thousand of acres are on the fertile Colonia plain. The Estero is the termination of the Guadalasca Creek, being a basin some four miles long, in some parts 1,000 feet wide, and deep enough to float large vessels. Near Point Mugu there is a landing for vessels, safe in any weather, long before this land was claimed as a rancho or national park it was occupied by the Chumash people. They lived, raised families and developed communities for over 9,000 years on this land, the Chumash lived primarily in small seasonal camps. One of these villages, located on Rancho Guadalasca, was called Satwiwa which translates to “bluff”, the topography of this part of the ranch allowed it to be a main trade route for the Chumash Indians. The rancho’s wide canyon provided access to Satwiwa village for commerce, the Chumash had developed an economic system based on monetary beads and shells brought from the Channel Islands that were traded with other villages. Another instrument that was important to the Chumash advances in trade was the “Tomol” or canoe that was used for ocean travel, trade and commerce was also motivated by each distinct area and the particular unique items each could offer for trade. Coastal villages would trade sea food and shells with inland villages for game and obsidian, Rancho Guadalasca has been an important part of commerce and community for thousands of years. The Native American populations enjoyed little interference from white men until the Missions were established, the Mission Period was the establishment of twenty-one missions between 1769 and 1823. These missions were located about a ride from one another along the major route. The Spanish went on several expeditions acquiring land, Native Americans were slowly assimilated into the Mission system and were moved from their villages and the islands to missions
Rancho Guadalasca
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A reconstructed
Chumash house on land once belonging to Rancho Guadalasca.
Rancho Guadalasca
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Large areas of land that were once Rancho Guadalasca remains virtually intact today due to protection from the
California State Parks and the
National Park Service
Rancho Guadalasca
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Frances' obit, Oxnard Daily Courier, 10 Nov. 1921
Rancho Guadalasca
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Opuntia Litoralis, the Coast Prickly Pear, which dotted the landscape of Rancho Guadalasca and still exists there today
25.
Pacific Coast Highway (US)
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State Route 1 is a major north-south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U. S. state of California. At a total of just over 655.8 miles, it is the longest state route in California, Highway 1 has several portions designated as either Pacific Coast Highway, Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern terminus is at Interstate 5 near Dana Point in Orange County, Highway 1 also at times runs concurrently with US101, most notably through a 54-mile stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge. The highway is designated as an All-American Road, SR1 was built piecemeal in various stages, with the first section opening in the Big Sur region in the 1930s. However, portions of the route had several names and numbers over the years as more segments opened and it was not until the 1964 state highway renumbering that the entire route was officially designated as Highway 1. Highway 1 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, however, only a few stretches between Los Angeles and San Francisco have officially been designated as a scenic highway. The Big Sur section from San Luis Obispo to Carmel is an official National Scenic Byway, the entire route is designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway to recognize those in the United States armed forces. In Southern California, the California Legislature has designated the segment between Interstate 5 in Dana Point and US101 near Oxnard as the Pacific Coast Highway, the legislature has also designated the route as the Shoreline Highway between the Manzanita Junction near Marin City and Leggett. Smaller segments of the highway have been assigned other names by the state. The legislature has relinquished state control of segments within Dana Point, Newport Beach, Santa Monica, and Oxnard. The route annually helps bring several billion dollars to the tourism industry. Segments of Highway 1 range from a rural road to an urban freeway. Because of the former, long distance thru traffic traveling between the metropolitan areas are instead advised to use faster routes such as US101 or I-5. At its southernmost end in Orange County, Highway 1 terminates at I-5 in Capistrano Beach in Dana Point and it then travels west into the city center. After leaving Dana Point, Highway 1 continues northwest along the coast through Laguna Beach, Highway 1 then enters Newport Beach, where it is known as simply Coast Highway. Upon entering Huntington Beach, Highway 1 regains the Pacific Coast Highway designation and it passes Huntington State Beach and the southern terminus of California State Route 39 before reaching Bolsa Chica State Beach and the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. PCH then continues along the coast into Seal Beach, the city on its journey in Orange County. PCH enters Los Angeles County and the city of Long Beach after crossing the San Gabriel River, Highway 1 then continues northwest through the city to its junction with Lakewood Boulevard and Los Coyotes Diagonal at the Los Alamitos Circle, more than 2 miles from the coast
Pacific Coast Highway (US)
–
Southbound PCH in
Crystal Cove State Park near
Laguna Beach
Pacific Coast Highway (US)
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Map of California with SR 1 highlighted in red
Pacific Coast Highway (US)
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Southbound SR 1 between
Santa Monica and
LAX.
Pacific Coast Highway (US)
–
PCH passes Mugu Rock at
Point Mugu.
26.
Malibu, California
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Malibu is a beach city in Los Angeles County, California, situated 30 miles west of Downtown Los Angeles. Known for its Mediterranean climate, a 21-mile strip of the Malibu coast incorporated in 1991 into the City of Malibu, the area is known for being the home of Hollywood movie stars, people in the entertainment industry, and other affluent residents. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 12,645, signs around the city proclaim 27 miles of scenic beauty, referring to the historical 27-mile Malibu coast spanning from Tuna Canyon west to Point Mugu in Ventura County. Most Malibu residents live within a few hundred yards of Pacific Coast Highway, for many residents of the unincorporated canyon areas, Malibu has the closest commercial centers and are included in the Malibu zip codes. The city is bounded by Topanga to the east, the Santa Monica Mountains to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the south. Nicknamed the Bu by surfers and locals, beaches along the Malibu coast include Surfrider Beach, Zuma Beach, Malibu Beach, Topanga Beach, Point Dume Beach, County Line and they named it Humaliwo or the surf sounds loudly. The citys name derives from this, as the Hu syllable is not stressed, explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo is believed to have moored at Malibu Lagoon, at the mouth of Malibu Creek, to obtain fresh water in 1542. The Spanish presence returned with the California mission system, and the area was part of Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit—a 13 and that ranch passed intact to Frederick Hastings Rindge in 1891. Few roads even entered the area before 1929, when the state won another court case, by then May Rindge was forced to subdivide her property and begin selling and leasing lots. In 1926, in an effort to selling land to stave off insolvency. At its height, Malibu Potteries employed over 100 workers, and produced decorative tiles which furnish many Los Angeles-area public buildings, the factory, located one-half mile east of the pier, was ravaged by a fire in 1931. Although the factory reopened in 1932, it could not recover from the effects of the Great Depression. A distinct hybrid of Moorish and Arts and crafts designs, Malibu tile is considered highly collectible. Fine examples of the tiles may be seen at the Adamson House and Serra Retreat, the unfinished building was sold to the Franciscan Order in 1942 and is operated as a retreat facility, Serra Retreat. It burned in the 1970 fire and was using many of the original tiles. Most of the Big Rock Drive area was purchased in 1936 by William Randolph Hearst and he sold the lower half of his holdings there in 1944 to Art Jones. Jones was one of the prominent early realtors in Malibu, starting with the leases of Rindge land in Malibu Colony. He was also the owner/part-owner of the Malibu Inn, Malibu Trading Post, mcAnany Way is named after him
Malibu, California
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Aerial view of Downtown Malibu and surrounding neighborhoods
Malibu, California
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Seal
Malibu, California
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Sign proclaiming "27 miles of scenic beauty", referring to Malibu's original length before the city was incorporated in 1991
Malibu, California
–
Dawn in the
Santa Monica Mountains
27.
Oxnard Plain
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The Oxnard Plain is a large coastal plain in southwest Ventura County, California, United States surrounded by the mountains of the Transverse ranges. The 16. 5-mile-long coastline is among the longest stretches of continuous, Ventura County is one of the principal agricultural counties in the state and it is a significant component of the economy with a total annual crop value in the county of over $1.8 billion in 2014. There is strong sentiment for retaining agricultural production, as reflected in the SOAR initiatives that have been approved by voters. This plain has been formed chiefly by the deposition of sediments from Santa Clara River and this plain contained a series of marshes, salt flats, sloughs, and lagoons prior to the expansion of agriculture. The Santa Clara River is one of the largest river systems along the coast of Southern California, there are also several smaller abandoned oil fields. Oil facilities are interspersed with agricultural land uses both east and west of Oxnard, Human settlement at over 5000 B. C. E. has been documented in nearby coastal sites. The presence or absence of water is a predictor of site location in Southern California. Several sites have also documented at Mugu Lagoon. Spanish explorers made sailing expeditions along the coast of southern California between the mid-1500s and mid-1700s, in the 18th century, Spain began the colonization and inland exploration of Alta California. They established a system consisting of missions, presidios. Mission San Buenaventura was founded in 1782 next to the Ventura River,10 miles upcoast from the Santa Clara River, the Oxnard plain was used for grazing herds of livestock which required thousands of acres. The traditional way of life of the Chumash people became increasingly unstable and unsustainable on the Oxnard Plain with the introduction of these animals. The destruction wrought by the livestock and shortages of wild plants that used for food may have made the missions appear to be the only viable alternative to a disintegrating way of life. At its peak in 1816, the mission had over 41,000 animals including 23,400 cattle,12,144 sheep, the 4,493 horses constituted one of the largest stables of horses of the California mission sites. The severe decrease in the Chumash population was in response to a set of social, economic. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1822, with the secularization of the missions by the Mexican government in June 1836, their lands were granted as rewards for loyal service or in response to petitions by individuals. Most of the land was divided up into large ranchos by 1846. This opened up the Oxnard Plain to further settlement by Europeans, control of the area was transferred to the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and California became the 31st state in the Union in 1850
Oxnard Plain
–
The Oxnard Plain
Oxnard Plain
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Oxnard Plain, 1975
Oxnard Plain
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Farmworkers picking crop
Oxnard Plain
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Counties
28.
Rogue wave
–
Rogue waves are large, unexpected and suddenly appearing surface waves that can be extremely dangerous, even to large ships such as ocean liners. Rogue waves present considerable danger for several reasons, they are rare, unpredictable, may appear suddenly or without warning, a 12-metre wave in the usual linear model would have a breaking force of 6 metric tons per square metre. Although modern ships are designed to tolerate a breaking wave of 15 t/m2, therefore, rogue waves are not necessarily the biggest waves found on the water, they are, rather, unusually large waves for a given sea state. Rogue waves seem not to have a single cause, but occur where physical factors such as high winds. Rogue waves can occur in other than water. They appear to be ubiquitous in nature and have also reported in liquid helium, in nonlinear optics. Recent research has focused on optical rogue waves which facilitate the study of the phenomenon in the laboratory, once considered mythical and lacking hard evidence for their existence, rogue waves are now proven to exist and known to be a natural ocean phenomenon. Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damage inflicted on ships have long suggested they occurred, the first scientific evidence of the existence of rogue waves came with the recording of a rogue wave by the Gorm platform in the central North Sea in 1984. A stand-out wave was detected with a height of 11 metres in a relatively low sea state.6 metres. During that event, minor damage was inflicted on the platform, far above sea level, confirming that the reading was valid.5 metres. In 2004 scientists using three weeks of radar images from European Space Agency satellites found ten rogue waves, each 25 metres or higher. A rogue wave is a natural phenomenon that is not caused by land movement, only lasts briefly, occurs in a limited location. Rogue waves are distinct from tsunamis. Tsunamis are caused by displacement of water, often resulting from sudden movement of the ocean floor. They are also distinct from megatsunamis, which are single massive waves caused by sudden impact, Rogue waves have now been proven to be the cause of the sudden loss of some ocean-going vessels. Well documented instances include the freighter MS München, lost in 1978 and the MV Derbyshire lost in 1980, the largest British ship ever lost at sea. A rogue wave has been implicated in the loss of other vessels including the Ocean Ranger which was a mobile offshore drilling unit that sank in Canadian waters on 15 February 1982. In 2007 the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration compiled a catalogue of more than 50 historical incidents probably associated with rogue waves, in that era it was widely held that no wave could exceed 30 feet
Rogue wave
–
Merchant ship labouring in heavy seas as a huge wave looms ahead. Huge waves are common near the 100-
fathom line in the
Bay of Biscay.
Rogue wave
–
The
Draupner wave, a single giant wave measured on New Year's Day 1995, finally confirmed the existence of freak waves, which had previously been considered near-mythical.
29.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
30.
California Department of Parks and Recreation
–
The California Department of Parks and Recreation, also known as California State Parks, manages the California state parks system. Headquartered in Sacramento, park administration is divided into 25 districts, the California State Parks system is the largest state park system in the United States. Californias first state park was the Yosemite Grant, which constitutes part of Yosemite National Park. In 1864, the government set aside Yosemite Valley for preservation and ceded the land to the state. Californias oldest state park, Big Basin Redwoods State Park, was founded in 1902, until 1921, each park was managed by an independent commission or agency. In 1927, the California Legislature, with the support of Governor C. C. Young, established the State Park Commission, and its membership included, Major Frederick R. Burnham, W. F. Chandler, William E. Colby, Henry W. OMelveny. The following year, a newly established State Park Commission began gathering support for the first state park bond issue and its efforts were rewarded in 1928 when Californians voted nearly three-to-one in favor of a $6 million park bond act. With Newton B. Drury serving as officer, the new system of state parks rapidly began to grow. William Penn Mott, Jr. served as director of the agency under Governor Ronald Reagan, responsible for almost one-third of Californias scenic coastline, California State Parks manages the states finest coastal wetlands, estuaries, beaches, and dune systems. California State Parks contains the largest and most diverse natural and cultural heritage holdings of any agency in the nation. The Department employs State Park Peace Officers Law Enforcement to protect and preserve the State Parks, Parks are patrolled by sworn State Park Peace Officers, of which there are two classifications, State Park Ranger and State Park Lifeguards. In May 2008 The National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the system as a whole on their list of Americas Most Endangered Places. The Parks Forward commission issued a report in 2015 that noted the lack of maintenance for many parks along with visitors who do not reflect the diversity of Californias population. The report also said the agency is using outdated technology for managing the parks, at least $1 million of more than $14 million in total proposed cuts resulting from park closures would take place during the current budget year. The deficit reducing measure would reduce or eliminate over 100 staff positions in addition to seasonal lifeguards at many state beaches. On May 29,2009, the State of California announced that it planned to close 220 parks, examples of service reductions included some parks only being open on weekends and holidays, or closing accessibility to portions of an otherwise open park. On May 11,2011, state officials announced that seventy parks would be closed due to department budget cuts in response to Californias continuing budget crises
California Department of Parks and Recreation
–
Seal of California State Parks
31.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
32.
Los Angeles Times
–
The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
Los Angeles Times
–
Front page from October 21, 2008
Los Angeles Times
–
Chandler and Otis 1917
Los Angeles Times
–
Rubble of the L.A. Times building after the
1910 bombing
Los Angeles Times
–
Times
Newspaper vending machine featuring news of the
1984 Summer Olympics
33.
KCET
–
KCET, channel 28, is a non-commercial educational, independent television station located in Los Angeles, California, USA owned by KCETLink. The stations studios are located in Burbank, California, and its transmitter is located atop Mount Wilson, KCET was a charter member of the Public Broadcasting Service at its inception in 1970. KCETs management cited unsolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS. For much of its time on air, KCET had broadcast from its studios in Hollywood until moving to new offices in Burbanks media district in 2012. The move has left CW affiliate KTLA as the last remaining radio or TV broadcaster in that neighborhood as stations have moved on to other cities, the merger is intended to also broadcast a local affiliate feed of LinkTV on one of KCETs subchannels. KCET, licensed to the non-profit group Community Television of Southern California, KCET initially broadcast in black and white from Monday through Friday. James Loper, a co-founder of CTSC, served as the director of education from 1964 to 1966 and then vice president. Loper then served as president of KCET from 1971 to 1983, prior to applying for and receiving a construction permit to build channel 28, CTSC attempted to acquire one of Los Angeless seven existing VHF commercial stations. In 1968, Community Television of Southern California emerged as a buyer of KTLAs license from then-owner Gene Autry. In 1970, KCET became a member of PBS. For most of the next 40 years, it was the second most-watched PBS station in the country, previously, KCET was headquartered in a historic area of Hollywood, used as a film and television studio from 1912 to 1970. KCET purchased the former Monogram Pictures property in 1971, assisted financially in part by both the Ford Foundation and the Michael Connell Foundation. In 1994, KCET and Store of Knowledge Inc. a Carson-based company, the other half of the $50 million grants for the show and supporting outreach programs came from First 5 California plus additional funding from a secret donor. The show would win Peabody and local Emmy awards and be shown national over PBS, KCET renamed its production studio to BP Studios in thanks. KCET originally planned to purchase the KOCE-TV PBS station together with the KOCE-TV Foundation from the Coast Community College District, in 2006, KCET launched a digital channel, KCET Desert Cities, for digital television and cable for the Coachella Valley. In September, KCET announced a channel for Orange County in partnership with California State University. The PBS dues for KCET had previously been $4.9 million, other large funding sources that had previously been counted on were shrinking and thus could not be tapped to pay the dues. PBS rejected the offer, insisting the station to remain as the primary affiliate, on October 8,2010, KCET announced that it could not reach an agreement to remain with PBS and would become an independent public television station on January 1,2011
KCET
–
KCET's long time studios in Los Angeles.
34.
County seat
–
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
County seat
–
Many county seats in the United States feature a historic courthouse, such as this one in
Renville County, Minnesota, pictured in May 2008.
35.
Ventura, California
–
Ventura, officially the City of San Buenaventura, is the county seat of Ventura County, California, United States. European explorers encountered a Chumash village, referred to as Shisholop, the eponymous Mission San Buenaventura was founded nearby in 1782 where it benefitted from the water of the Ventura River. The town grew around the compound and incorporated in 1866. The development of oil fields in the 1920s and the age of automobile travel created a major real estate boom during which many designated landmark buildings were constructed. The mission and these buildings are at the center of a downtown that has become a cultural, retail, Ventura lies along U. S. Route 101 between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, which was one of the original U. S. Routes. The highway is now known as the Ventura Freeway, but the route through the town along Main Street has been designated El Camino Real. During the post–World War II economic expansion, the community grew easterly, the population was 106,433 at the 2010 census, up from 100,916 at the 2000 census. Ventura is part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, archaeological discoveries in the area suggest that humans have populated the region for at least 10, 000-12,000 years. Archaeological research demonstrates that the Chumash people have roots in central and southern coastal regions of California. Shisholop Village, designated Historic Point of Interest #18 by the city at the foot of nearby Figueroa Street, was the site of a Chumash village, the mission was named for St. Bonaventure, a Thirteenth Century Franciscan saint and a Doctor of the Church. San Miguel Chapel was the first outpost and center of operations while the first Mission San Buenaventura was being constructed, the first mission burned in 1801 and a replacement building of brick and stone was completed in 1809. The bell tower and facade of the new mission was destroyed by an 1812 earthquake, the Mission was rebuilt and functions as a parish church. Historic tours of downtown include the mission compound, on July 6,1841, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Miguel to Felipe Lorenzana and Raymundo Olivas. Fernando Tico also received a Mexican land grant for part of Ventura and he received a land grant for Ojai and the downtown area of Ventura. Whose Olivas Adobe on the banks of the Santa Clara River was the most magnificent hacienda south of Monterey, California became a territory of the United States in 1848 and the 31st state in the Union in 1850. After the American Civil War, settlers came to the area, buying land from the Mexicans, vast holdings were later acquired by Easterners, including the railroad magnate, Thomas A. Scott. He was impressed by one of the employees, Thomas R. Bard, who had been in charge of train supplies to Union troops. Not easily accessible, Ventura was not a target of immigrants, for most of the century which followed the incorporation of Ventura in 1866, it remained isolated from the rest of the state
Ventura, California
–
Ventura, California, viewed from the west
Ventura, California
–
Seal
Ventura, California
–
July 4 celebration in Ventura, 1874. Parade Marshal is
Thomas R. Bard.
Ventura, California
–
Statue of Father
Junípero Serra by John Palo Kangas, commissioned by the WPA in 1935
36.
Camarillo, California
–
Camarillo is a city in Ventura County in the U. S. state of California. The population was 65,201 at the 2010 census, up from 57,084 at the 2000 census, the Ventura Freeway is the citys primary thoroughfare. Camarillo is named for Adolfo and Juan Camarillo, two of the few Californios to preserve the citys heritage after the arrival of Anglo settlers, the railroad coast route came through in 1898 and built a station here. Adolfo Camarillo eventually employed 700 workers growing mainly lima beans, walnuts and citrus were also grown on the ranch. Adolfo bred Camarillo White Horses in the 1920s through the 1960s and was known for riding them, dressed in colorful Spanish attire. The city grew slowly prior to World War II but the war saw the construction of the Oxnard Army Air Field to the west of town. The community also grew as the new base along with nearby Naval Air Station Point Mugu, the grounds of Camarillo State Hospital, which opened in 1936 south of town, are now the campus of California State University, Channel Islands. As with most cities in Ventura County, it is noted for its resistance to new development, in 2014, the council voted against an 895-acre project that would have extended development on agricultural lands east towards the Conejo Grade. Camarillo is located at 34°14′N 119°2′W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.5 square miles. 0.015 square miles of the area is water and this region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Camarillo has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the 2010 United States Census reported that Camarillo had a population of 65,201. The population density was 3,336.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Camarillo was 48,947 White,1,216 African American,397 Native American,6,633 Asian,116 Pacific Islander,4,774 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 14,958 persons. The Census reported that 64,705 people lived in households,155 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 1,257 non-traditional couples or partnerships. 5,986 households were made up of individuals and 3,231 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64. There were 17,029 families, the family size was 3.14. The median age was 40.8 years, for every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males
Camarillo, California
–
Looking southeast across Camarillo from the northwestern hills on a warm sunny day in late October
Camarillo, California
–
A panoramic view of Camarillo looking southeast
Camarillo, California
–
The City of Camarillo Public Library
Camarillo, California
–
A view of Camarillo from nearby hills on a cloudy day in April. Such days are not typical of the area.
37.
Fillmore, California
–
Fillmore is a city in Ventura County, California, United States in the Santa Clara River Valley. In an agricultural area with rich, fertile soil, Fillmore has a downtown that was established when Southern Pacific built the railroad through the valley in 1887. They also provided a name for the town, J. A. Fillmore was a superintendent for the companys Pacific system. The population was 15,002 at the 2010 census, up from 13,643 at the 2000 census, fray Juan Crespi, a Franciscan missionary travelling with the expedition, had previously named the valley Cañada de Santa Clara. He noted that the party travelled about 9–10 miles and camped near a native village. Founded in 1887 upon the arrival of the Southern Pacific Rail line, Fillmore is a small town in the Santa Clara River Valley below the San Cayetano Mountain peak in the Los Padres National Forest. Fillmore is within a historic Ventura County agricultural and tree-farming belt and it is home to the Fillmore Unified School District. Educational facilities for this district include two schools, one middle school, and four elementary schools. A fifth elementary school is located in the city of Piru, another K-8 private school, the Fillmore Christian Academy, is also located in the city. Sespe Condor Sanctuary, where the critically endangered California condor is recovering, the nearby Sespe Creek is a tributary of the Santa Clara River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.4 square miles,99. 97% of it land and 0. 03% of it water. This region experiences hot and dry summers, temperatures can easily reach above 100 degrees. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Fillmore has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the 2010 United States Census reported that Fillmore had a population of 15,002. The population density was 4,458.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Fillmore was 8,581 White,75 African American,180 Native American,155 Asian,12 Pacific Islander,5,204 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,212 persons. The Census reported that 14,836 people lived in households,83 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters,312 had a male householder with no wife present. There were 259 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 34 same-sex married couples or partnerships,642 households were made up of individuals and 299 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57, there were 3,364 families, the average family size was 3.92
Fillmore, California
–
Central Avenue in downtown Fillmore
Fillmore, California
–
Fillmore City Hall, April 2012
38.
Moorpark, California
–
Moorpark is a city in Ventura County in Southern California. Moorpark was founded in 1900 when the application for the Moorpark Post Office was approved, villegas was named Moorparks first postmaster on August 8 of that year. The townsite of Moorpark was owned and surveyed by Robert W. Poindexter and his wife, the town has experienced a great amount of growth since the late 1970s. The population was 34,421 at the 2010 census, up from 31,415 at the 2000 census, Moorpark has 19 parks, all with a variety of amenities. Park hours for unlit facilities are from 6,00 a. m. to sunset, lit facilities are from 6,00 a. m. to 10,00 p. m. The Citys Dog Park is open from 7,00 a. m. to 5,00 p. m. PST, and 7,00 a. m. to 7,00 p. m. DST. The Citys Skatepark is open from 10,00 a. m. to sunset on school days, Park facilities, including picnic pavilions, ball fields, soccer fields, and tennis courts can be reserved for private use. Of these most sources agree that its origin was Admiral Lord Ansons estate Moor Park in Hertfordshire and it is mainly believed that the town of Moorpark is named after the Moorpark apricot, which used to grow in the area. The valley where Moorpark is located was inhabited by the Chumash. A Chumash village named Quimisac was located in what is now known as Happy Camp, the area was later part of the large Rancho Simi land grant given in 1795 to the Pico brothers by Governor Diego de Borica of Alta California. Robert W. Poindexter, the secretary of the Simi Land and Water Company, a map showing the townsite was prepared in November 1900. It was a resubdivision of the large lot subdivision known as Fremont, an application for a post office was submitted on June 1,1900 and approved by August of that year. The application noted that the town had a railroad depot, the town grew after the 1904 completion of a 7, 369-foot tunnel through the Santa Susana Mountains. Moorpark was then on the route of the Southern Pacific Railroads Coast Line between Los Angeles and San Francisco. The depot remained in operation until it was closed in 1958 and it was eventually torn down around 1965. For one hour on November 12,1957, this fact was featured on Edwin R. Murrows See It Now television show, the reactor, called the Sodium Reactor Experiment was built by the Atomics International division of North American Aviation at the nearby Santa Susana Field Laboratory. The Sodium Reactor Experiment operated from 1957 to 1964 and produced 7.5 megawatts of power at a Southern California Edison-supplied generating station. Moorpark College opened on September 11,1967, Moorpark College is one of the few colleges that features an Exotic Animal Training and Management Program
Moorpark, California
–
SR 118 just before the intersection with
SR 23 in Moorpark
Moorpark, California
–
Location in
Ventura County and the state of
California
39.
Ojai, California
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Ojai is a city in Ventura County in the U. S. state of California. Located in the Ojai Valley, it is northwest of Los Angeles, the valley is about 10 miles long by 3 miles wide, surrounded by hills and mountains. The population was 7,461 at the 2010 census, down from 7,862 at the 2000 census. Ojai is a destination with boutique hotels and recreation opportunities including hiking. It also has small businesses specializing in local and ecologically friendly art, design, and home improvement—such as galleries, chain stores are prohibited by Ojai city law to encourage local small business development and keep the town unique. The origin of the name Ojai has historically been known as derived from a Native American word meaning nest, the citys self-styled nickname is Shangri-La referencing the natural beauty of this health-and-spirituality-focused region. Chumash Indians were the inhabitants of the valley. They called it Ojai, which derives from the Ventureño Chumash word ʼawhaý meaning moon, the area became part of the Rancho Ojai Mexican land grant made to Fernando Tico in 1837, and he established a cattle ranch. Tico sold it in 1853 without much success to prospectors searching for oil, by 1864, the area was settled. The town was out in 1874 by real estate developer R. G. Surdam and named Nordhoff, California, in honor of the writer Charles Nordhoff, leading up to and during World War I, American sentiment became increasingly anti-German. Across the United States, German and German-sounding place names were changed, as part of this trend, Nordhoff was renamed Ojai in 1917. The public high school in Ojai is still named Nordhoff High School, the public junior high school, named Matilija, formerly served as Nordhoff Union High School and still features large tiles with the initials NUHS on the steps of the athletic field. The main turning point in the development of the city was the coming of Edward Libbey and he saw the valley and fell in love, thinking up many plans for expansion and beautification of the existing rustic town. A fire destroyed much of the original western-style downtown Nordhoff—Ojai in 1917, afterwards Libbey helped design, finance, and build a new downtown more in line with the then contemporary taste for Spanish Colonial Revival style architecture. To thank Libbey for his gifts to the town, the proposed a celebration to take place on March 2 of each year. Libbey declined their offer to call it Libbey Day, and instead suggested Ojai Day, the celebration still takes place each year in October. The arcade and bell tower still stand, and have come to serve as symbols of the city, libbeys pergola was destroyed in 1971, after being damaged in an explosion
Ojai, California
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Downtown Ojai
Ojai, California
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Ojai Inn, built in 1876. Photo taken in 1880s.
Ojai, California
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Ojai Arcade, built in 1917 in the
Spanish Colonial Revival style. Post Office tower at right.
Ojai, California
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Dormitory at
Besant Hill School
40.
Santa Paula, California
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Santa Paula is a city in Ventura County, California, United States. Situated amidst the orchards of the fertile Santa Clara River Valley, Santa Paula was one of the early centers of Californias petroleum industry. The Union Oil Company Building, the headquarters of the Union Oil Company of California in 1890. The population was 29,321 at the 2010 census, up from 28,598 at the 2000 census, the area of what today is Santa Paula was originally inhabited by the Chumash, a Native American people. Fray Juan Crespi, a Franciscan missionary travelling with the expedition, had named the valley Cañada de Santa Clara. He noted that the party traveled about 9 to 10 miles that day and camped near a native village. The site of the expeditions arrival has been designated California Historical Landmark No.727, Santa Paula is located on the 1843 Rancho Santa Paula y Saticoy Mexican land grant. In 1872 Nathan Weston Blanchard purchased 2,700 acres and laid out the townsite, considered the founder of the community, he planted seedling orange trees in 1874. Several small oil companies owned by Wallace Hardison, Lyman Stewart and Thomas R. Bard were combined, in April 1911, Gaston Méliès moved his Star Film Company from San Antonio, Texas to a site just north of Santa Paula. While the field peaked in production in the 1950s, Occidental Petroleum continues to extract oil through its Vintage Production subsidiary, a 500-acre master-planned community of 1,500 homes is expected to expand the town significantly when it begins construction in 2016. The town has been devastated twice by floods and was affected by a truck explosion that resulted in an industrial disaster. The first, known as the Great Flood of 1862, began on December 24,1861 and it rained for almost four weeks, reaching a total of 35 inches at Los Angeles. The second was caused by the failure and near collapse of the St. Francis Dam. The dam was holding a reservoir of 12.4 billion gallons of water that with the dam collapsed, began surging down San Francisquito Canyon. The town was first hit by the waters at approximately 3,00 a. m, though hundreds of homes and structures were destroyed, the loss of life would have been greater if it were not for two motorcycle police officers that noisily warned as many people as possible. A sculpture called The Watchers in downtown Santa Paula depicts this act of heroism, a vacuum truck exploded at the Santa Clara Waste Water plant in the early morning hours of November 18,2014. The driver was transporting waste from a temporary storage drum to a processing center when he stopped to take a meal break. The tires of the first fire truck on the scene and the boots of three firefighters sparked small explosions when they drove and walked over the substance as they went to help the injured workers
Santa Paula, California
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Seal
Santa Paula, California
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Location in
Ventura County and the state of
California
Santa Paula, California
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Orange grove outside of Santa Paula, California.
Santa Paula, California
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Union Oil's original headquarters, now the California Oil Museum.
41.
Simi Valley, California
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The city of Simi Valley, in the eponymous valley, is in the southeast corner of Ventura County, California, United States. 30 miles from Downtown Los Angeles, Simi Valley is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area, the city sits next to Thousand Oaks, Moorpark, and Los Angeles. The citys 2014 population has been estimated at 126,871, the city of Simi Valley is surrounded by the Santa Susana Mountain range and the Simi Hills, west of the San Fernando Valley, and northeast of the Conejo Valley. It is largely a bedroom community, feeding the cities in the Los Angeles area and the San Fernando Valley to the east. The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, where the president was buried in 2004, is in Simi Valley. Simi Valley has been ranked twice as the 18th most conservative city in the United States, once by The Bay Area Center For Voting Research, the Reagan Library has hosted Republican primary debates, last in 2012, and the first primary debates in 2016. A study done by the University of Vermont ranked Simi Valley as the fifth-happiest city in the United States, according to crime statistics by the FBI in 2013, Simi Valley is the seventh-safest city in the U. S. with a population of 100,000 or more. The U. S. Census Bureau of 2012 reported a household income of $87,894, which is higher than the California median of $70,231. Simi Valley was once inhabited by the Chumash people, who also settled much of the region from the Salinas Valley to the Santa Monica Mountains, with their presence dating back 10, around 5,000 years ago these tribes began processing acorns, and harvesting local marshland plants. Roughly 2,000 years later, as hunting and fishing techniques improved, shortly after this sharp increase a precious stone money system arose, increasing the viability of the region by offsetting fluctuations in available resources relating to climate changes. The native people who inhabited Simi Valley spoke a dialect of the Chumash language. Simi Valleys name derived from the Chumash word Shimiyi, which refers to the stringy, the name could have derived from strands of mist from coastal fog that move into the Oxnard Plain and wind their way up the Calleguas Creek and the Arroyo Las Posas into Simi Valley. The origin of the name was preserved because of the work of the anthropologist John P. Harrington, whose brother, the word Simiji was constructed by whites to the word Simi. There are other explanations about the name Simi, but this one was given to me by my brother who worked over 40 years for the Smithsonian Institution and it seems most plausible to me. Three Chumash settlements existed in Simi Valley during the Mission period in the late 18th and early 19th century, Shimiyi, Ta’apu, the cave is located on private land owned by Boeing, formerly operated by Rocketdyne for testing rocket engines and nuclear research. Other areas containing Chumash Native American pictographs in the Simi Hills are for instance by Lake Manor, the first Europeans to visit Simi Valley were members of the Spanish Portolà expedition, the first European land entry and exploration of the present-day state of California. The expedition traversed the valley on January 13–14,1770, traveling from Conejo Valley to San Fernando Valley and they camped near a native village in the valley on the 14th. Rancho Simi was the earliest Spanish colonial land grant within Ventura, the name derives from Shimiji, the name of the Chumash Native American village here before the Spanish
Simi Valley, California
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Aerial view of Simi Valley in 2014
Simi Valley, California
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Chumash trigram pictographs in Simi Valley.
Simi Valley, California
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Simi Adobe-Strathearn House was the headquarters of
Rancho Simi, one of the largest land grants in
Alta California by Spain. It is now a
California Historical Landmark and on the
U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Simi Valley, California
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1990 Aerial view of the
Energy Technology Engineering Center at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, Simi Hills, Simi Valley
42.
Thousand Oaks, California
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Thousand Oaks is a city in southeastern Ventura County, California, United States. It is in the part of the Greater Los Angeles Area. It was named after the oak trees that grow in the area. The city forms the core of the Conejo Valley, which includes Thousand Oaks proper, Newbury Park, Westlake Village, Agoura Hills. The Los Angeles County–Ventura County line crosses at the eastern border with Westlake Village. The population was estimated to be 129,339 in 2015, Thousand Oaks and Newbury Park were part of a master-planned city, created by the Janss Investment Company in the mid-1950s. It included about 1,000 custom home lots,2,000 single-family residences, a shopping center. The median home price is around $669,500, Thousand Oaks was ranked the fourth-safest among cities with a population greater than 100,000 in the United States by the FBIs 2013 Uniform Crime Reports. The area was occupied by the Chumash people, and 2000-year-old cave drawings may still be seen at the Chumash Indian Museum,3290 Lang Ranch Parkway. The Chumash village was known as Sapwi, which means House of the Deer, the areas recorded history dates to 1542 when Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo landed at Point Mugu and claimed the land for Spain. It eventually became part of the 48,671 acres Rancho El Conejo land grant by the Spanish government and it served as grazing land for vaqueros for the next fifty years. In the late 19th century it was on the route between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. The Stagecoach Inn was built in 1876, and is now a California Historical Landmark, the Janss family, developers of Southern California subdivisions, purchased 10,000 acres in the early 20th century. They eventually created plans for a community and the name remains prominently featured in the city. Jungleland USA was one of Southern Californias first theme parks, wild animal shows entertained thousands in the 1940s and 1950s. Many television and movie productions used the parks trained animals and were filmed there, including Birth of a Nation, Tarzan, jungleland closed in May 1968, in part due to competition from other amusement parks such as Knotts Berry Farm and Disneyland. The Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Center today stands on the site of the park, the City of Thousand Oaks was incorporated on October 7,1964, the first incorporated city in the Conejo Valley. Some sources mistakenly state that Thousand Oaks was incorporated on September 29,1964 and it is known for being a planned community, as the city is one of few that have actually stayed with the master plan
Thousand Oaks, California
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City of Thousand Oaks sign and oak tree
Thousand Oaks, California
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Seal
Thousand Oaks, California
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Majestic old oak tree in Thousand Oaks
Thousand Oaks, California
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The
Newbury Park area of Thousand Oaks
43.
Casa Conejo, California
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Casa Conejo is an unincorporated county island in Newbury Park, Ventura County, California, United States. It was the first planned community in Newbury Park and began building in 1960, when the city of Thousand Oaks incorporated 4 years later, the new developments in Newbury Park were incorporated into the city boundaries before being subdivided. The community is bordered by Old Conejo Road and the US101 to the North, Borchard Road to the South, Jenny Dr. to the West, for statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Casa Conejo as a census-designated place. The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name, the population was 3,249 at the 2010 census, up from 3,180 at the 2000 census. Casa Conejo is located in a roughly rectangle-shaped unincorporated area surrounded by the city of Thousand Oaks, the Casa Conejo Municipal Advisory Council serves Casa Conejo residents, and makes recommendations to the Board of Supervisors. Its purpose is to provide a forum for Casa Conejo residents to discuss issues, Casa Conejo is part of Newbury Park, but not a part of Thousand Oaks. Casa Conejo is a county island which is surrounded by Newbury Park. The borders of Casa Conejo make its shape more or less a quadrangle, Casa Conejo borders Borchard Road to the south and the Sequoia Middle School to the east. It is bounded by the Old Conejo Road and U. S.101 Freeway to the north, while it is adjacent to Borchard Community Park, Newbury Park High School and Knoll Park to the east. To get here from Thousand Oaks, go north on U. S. Route 101, Casa Conejo is located at 34°11′10″N 118°56′41″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.5 square miles. Casa Conejo is the oldest planned development in the town of Newbury Park and it is often referred to as a neighborhood with a “small town-feel”. While Newbury Park is home to more than 37,700, as of the U. S. Census 2010, the total population of Casa Conejo was 3,249. The population has been stagnant for decades in Casa Conejo. Conejo Valleys longest creek, Arroyo Conejo, flows westwards and crosses horizontally the southern part of Casa Conejo, a multi-use pathway along the creek has been proposed, which would cross the community and connect the Newbury Park Library and Borchard Community Park. The path would be open for pedestrians, bikers and equestrians, the waterway is managed by the Ventura County Watershed Protection District, while the Conejo Recreation and Park District would overlook the proposed recreational multipurpose walkway. The 2010 United States Census reported that Casa Conejo had a population of 3,249, the population density was 6,836.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Casa Conejo was 2,560 White,27 African American,20 Native American,160 Asian,4 Pacific Islander,327 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 851 persons
Casa Conejo, California
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Location in
Ventura County and the state of
California
44.
Channel Islands Beach, California
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Channel Islands Beach is an unincorporated community in Ventura County, California, United States consisting of two neighborhoods, Hollywood Beach and Silver Strand Beach. Adjacent development has left this neighborhood hemmed in by Channel Islands Harbor, the Special-purpose district has an elected Board of Directors which provides a forum for the unique concerns of the community. Lying immediately adjacent but outside the boundaries of the City of Oxnard. The population of this community was 3,103 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Channel Islands Beach as a census-designated place, the census definition of the area may not correspond to local understanding of the area. This unincorporated coastal community overlooks the Santa Barbara Channel, Oxnard Beach Park is immediately upcoast of Hollywood Beach and separates the community from the Oxnard neighborhood of Oxnard Shores. Three subdivision maps created the lots, Hollywood Beach, Hollywood by the Sea. The area is within the Hueneme School District and this region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Channel Islands Beach has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, the 2010 United States Census reported that Channel Islands Beach had a population of 3,103. The population density was 7,556.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Channel Islands Beach was 2,712 White,27 African American,16 Native American,108 Asian,6 Pacific Islander,103 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 402 persons. The Census reported that 3,103 people lived in households,0 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 112 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 15 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 363 households were made up of individuals and 105 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30. There were 805 families, the family size was 2.75. The median age was 44.8 years, for every 100 females there were 111.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.9 males, there were 1,869 housing units at an average density of 4,551.7 per square mile, of which 728 were owner-occupied, and 624 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3. 4%, the vacancy rate was 9. 5%. 1,631 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,472 people lived in housing units
Channel Islands Beach, California
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Location in
Ventura County and the state of
California
45.
El Rio, California
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El Rio is a small unincorporated community in Ventura County, California, United States, on the northeast side of the 101 Freeway and Oxnard, and south of the Santa Clara River. The town was founded in 1875 and named New Jerusalem, California by the owner of general store who became the first postmaster in 1882, in 1885, a school and Santa Clara Catholic Church were built. Located near where the railroad line crosses the Santa Clara River. The former wagon river crossing became the Ventura Freeway which separates the community from the commercial developments that grew up on the southwest side of the freeway. That portion of the community and sections closer to the river have been annexed to the city of Oxnard. Vineyard Avenue is the business district for the largely residential community. The population was 7,198 at the 2010 census, up from 6,193 at the time the 2000 census was enumerated, early inhabitants of the area were the Chumash, a peaceful tribe who built canoes and milled the acorns. Their region extended from Point Conception to Santa Monica and back into the foothills as far as the Coast Range, one of their largest settlements was at nearby Saticoy, because of the bubbling springs that were found there. The town was founded in 1875 and named New Jerusalem, California, by Simon Cohn, Post Office Department established New Jerusalem Post Office on July 26,1882, and Cohn was appointed the first postmaster. The first one-room schoolhouse was opened in 1885, Santa Clara Catholic Church was founded the same year though services has been conducted since 1877. It was the first Catholic church to be built in Ventura County since the founding of Mission San Buenaventura 95 years earlier, Octaviano and Rosaria Moraga were early settlers who first came to county in the 1870s from Sonora, Mexico. Octaviano worked as the barkeeper at the New Parian Hotel in Ventura and they eventually were able to buy land in New Jerusalem where Octaviano ran a livery stable. He also drove a stage between Port Hueneme and the Montalvo train station. His descendants were part of the El Rio community up into the 21st century, on February 14,1895, the postal authority changed the name of the town to Jerusalem. Four months later, they changed it to Elrio, one word, in 1905, they changed it to El Rio, two words, which means in Spanish The River, aptly referring to the nearby Santa Clara. The El Rio Post Office was discontinued on October 31,1911, until Rio Mesa High School was built on Central Avenue northeast of El Rio and opened in 1965, El Rio students were bused to Oxnard High School and later to Camarillo High School in Camarillo. The post office was discontinued again in 1966, according to the United States Census Bureau, the census-designated place has a total area of 2.0 square miles, all of it land. East and southeast of town, within the agricultural area, is the Santa Clara Avenue Oil Field, operated by Venoco
El Rio, California
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Roger Jones Community Center
46.
Lake Sherwood, California
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Lake Sherwood is an unincorporated community in the Santa Monica Mountains, in Ventura County, California overlooking Lake Sherwood reservoir. It is south of the Conejo Valley and city of Thousand Oaks, while homes have been around the lake since the reservoir was created, the community expanded with the construction of the Sherwood Country Club golf course surrounded by luxury homes. The ZIP Code is 91361, and the community is inside area code 805, the population was 1,527 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Lake Sherwood as a census-designated place, the census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 3.3 square miles,3.1 square miles of it is land and 0.2 square miles of it is water. Lake Sherwood has approximately 660 residences and consists of a guard-gated golf-club community,3 electronic-gated communities, the area is almost completely residential, most residents using neighboring Thousand Oaks, Westlake Village, or Agoura Hills for commercial needs. The 2010 United States Census reported that Lake Sherwood had a population of 1,527, the population density was 459.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Lake Sherwood was 1,368 White,5 African American,1 Native American,101 Asian,0 Pacific Islander,9 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 52 persons. The Census reported that all residents lived in single-family households, there were 12 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 72 households were made up of individuals and 32 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.74. There were 472 families, the family size was 2.96. The median age was 49.0 years, for every 100 females there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males, there were 593 housing units at an average density of 178.4 per square mile, of which 520 were owner-occupied, and 38 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2. 4%, the vacancy rate was 7. 3%. 1,418 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 109 people lived in housing units. The area is served by the Conejo Valley Unified School District, students attend Westlake Elementary, Colina Middle School, and Westlake High School. Among the famous residents are hockey great Wayne Gretzky, who lived in a Georgian-style estate designed by fellow Canadian, Gretzky sold the estate to another sports-star, baseballs Lenny Dykstra and moved to a slightly less extravagant mansion in the community. Since then, Dykstras financial and legal problems forced him to sell the estate to a private individual, singer Paul Anka moved to Lake Sherwood in 2007 and owns multiple properties in the exclusive neighborhood
Lake Sherwood, California
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Lake Sherwood and the
Santa Monica Mountains.
Lake Sherwood, California
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The Sherwood Dam, Lake Sherwood and surrounding community.
47.
Meiners Oaks, California
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Meiners Oaks is a unincorporated community lying west of the city of Ojai in Ventura County, California, United States. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Meiners Oaks as a census-designated place, the census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name. The population was 3,571 at the 2010 census, german native John Meiners had immigrated to America in 1848 and established a successful brewing operation in Milwaukee. In the 1870s, he acquired the land that would become Meiners Oaks as payment for a debt, upon arriving in person, Meiners also found the climate agreeable, and established a ranch. Several hundred acres, north of the oak grove, were used successfully to grow lemons, oranges, plums, apricots and apples, as well as oats, wheat, barley. Meiners lived on his ranch intermittently until his death in 1898, Meiners Oaks is in the mid-northern section of the Ojai Valley, and is bordered by the community of Mira Monte to the south, and the City of Ojai to the east. Meiners Oaks is in the heart of the Ojai Valley, very close to the Ventura River, the community is 70 miles north of Los Angeles. The 2010 United States Census reported that Meiners Oaks had a population of 3,571 and this reflects a decrease in population of 4. 8%, as compared with the 2000 census. The population density was 2,535.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Meiners Oaks was 2,789 White,14 African American,58 Native American,51 Asian,1 Pacific Islander,549 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,068 persons. The Census reported that 3,565 people lived in households,6 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 101 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 11 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 311 households were made up of individuals and 130 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.78. There were 866 families, the family size was 3.24. The median age was 40.2 years, for every 100 females there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males, there were 1,396 housing units at an average density of 991.3 per square mile, of which 798 were owner-occupied, and 485 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 1%, the vacancy rate was 6. 7%. 2,200 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,365 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,750 people,1,288 households, the population density was 2,748.0 people per square mile
Meiners Oaks, California
–
Location in
Ventura County and the state of
California
