1.
New York City Police Department
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The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
2.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
3.
Yamaha Motors
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Yamaha Motor Company Limited is a Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles, marine products such as boats and outboard motors, and other motorized products. The company was established in 1955 upon separation from Yamaha Corporation, the company conducts development, production and marketing operations through 109 consolidated subsidiaries as of 2012. Led by Genichi Kawakami, the company’s first president, Yamaha Motor began production of its first product, Yamahas initial product was a 125cc two-cycle, single cylinder motorcycle, the YA-1, which was a copy of the German DKW RT125. Yamaha began competing internationally in 1956 when they entered the Catalina Grand Prix, again with the YA-1, the YA-1 was followed by the YA-2 of 1957, another 125cc two stroke, but with significantly improved frame and suspension. The YD-1 of 1957 was a 250cc two-stroke twin cylinder motorcycle, resembling the YA-2, a performance version of this bike, the YDS-1 housed the 250cc two-stroke twin in a double downtube cradle frame and offered the first five-speed transmission in a Japanese motorcycle. This period also saw Yamaha offer its first outboard marine engine, by 1963 Yamahas dedication to both the two-stroke engine and racing paid off with their first victory in international competition, at the Belgium GP, where they won the 250cc class. Success in sales was even more impressive, and Yamaha set up the first of its subsidiaries in this period beginning with Thailand in 1964. 1965 saw the release of a 305cc two-stroke twin, the flagship of the companies lineup and it featured a separate oil supply which directly injected oil into the gasoline prior to combustion. In 1967 a new larger displacement model was added to the range, in 1968 Yamaha launched their first four-stroke motorcycle, the XS-1. Not until 1976 would Yamaha answer the other Japanese brands with a four stroke of their own. The XS-750 a 750cc triple cylinder machine with shaft drive was introduced almost seven years after Hondas breakthrough bike. Yamahas first four-cylinder model, the XS-1100 followed in 1978, again with shaft drive, despite being heavier and more touring oriented than its rivals it produced an impressive string of victories in endurance racing. The 1970s also saw some of the first dedicated off-road bikes for off-road racing, Yamaha was an early innovator in dirt-bike technology, and introduced the first single-shock rear suspension, the trademarked Monoshock of 1973. It appeared in production on the 1974 Yamaha YZ-250, a model which has continued in production, with updates, until 2015, making it Yamahas longest continuous model. Yamaha continued racing throughout the 1960s and 1970s with increasing success in several formats, the decade of the 1970s was capped by the XT500 winning the first Paris-Dakar Rally in 1979. By 1980 the combination of consumer preference and environmental regulation made four strokes increasingly popular, suzuki ended production of their GT two stroke series, including the flagship water-cooled two-stroke 750cc GT-750 in 1977. Kawasaki, who had success throughout the 1970s with their two-stroke triples of 250cc, 350cc, 500cc and 750cc ended production of road-going two strokes in 1980. Yamaha bucked this trend and continued to refine and sell two-strokes for the street into the 1980s and these bikes were performance oriented, water-cooled twin cylinder machines, designed to achieve excellent performance taking advantage of the lower weight of two strokes
4.
Motorcycle
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A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
5.
Police
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A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the use of force. Law enforcement, however, constitutes part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, in some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree, the police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes. Alternative names for police force include constabulary, gendarmerie, police department, police service, crime prevention, protective services, law enforcement agency, members may be referred to as police officers, troopers, sheriffs, constables, rangers, peace officers or civic/civil guards. As police are often interacting with individuals, slang terms are numerous, many slang terms for police officers are decades or centuries old with lost etymology. One of the oldest, cop, has largely lost its slang connotations and this is derived from πόλις, city. Law enforcement in ancient China was carried out by prefects for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period, in Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. Under each prefect were subprefects who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area, some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. The concept of the system spread to other cultures such as Korea. In ancient Greece, publicly owned slaves were used by magistrates as police, in Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, handling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves, in the Roman empire, the army, rather than a dedicated police organization, provided security. Local watchmen were hired by cities to some extra security. Magistrates such as fiscal and quaestors investigated crimes. There was no concept of public prosecution, so victims of crime or their families had to organize and their duties included apprehending thieves and robbers and capturing runaway slaves. The vigiles were supported by the Urban Cohorts who acted as a heavy-duty anti-riot force, in medieval Spain, Santa Hermandades, or holy brotherhoods, peacekeeping associations of armed individuals, were a characteristic of municipal life, especially in Castile. These organizations were intended to be temporary, but became a fixture of Spain
6.
Police officer
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A police officer, also known as a policeman, policewoman, police agent, or a police employee is a warranted law employee of a police force. In the United States, the officer is typically the formal name of the lowest police rank. In many other countries, officer is a term not specifying a particular rank. In some nations the use of the officer is legally reserved for military personnel. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a time, along with other duties. Although many police officers wear a uniform, some police officers are plain-clothed in order to dissimulate as ordinary citizens. The word police comes from the Greek politia meaning government, which came to mean its civil administration, Police officers are those empowered by government to enforce the laws it creates. In The Federalist Papers, James Madison wrote If men were angels and these words apply to those who serve government, including police. The more general term for the function is law enforcement officer or peace officer, a sheriff is typically the top police officer of a county, with that word coming from the person enforcing law over a shire. A person who has been deputized to serve the function of the sheriff is referred to as the deputy, a common nickname for a police officer is cop. The term copper is used in Britain to mean someone who captures. The common myth is that its a term referring to the officers buttons which are made of copper. The word Cop derives from a Gaelic word which has the equivalence of saying, protector, leader, the terms are almost nearly homophonic but have similar meanings. The term County Mountie is used specifically in reference to county police officers or county sheriffs deputies in the United States, as with Canadian Mounties, the term mountie comes from police who serve while mounted on horseback. Responsibilities of an officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, in some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in all countries retain their lawful powers while off duty
7.
Motorcade
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A motorcade, or autocade, is a procession of vehicles. The term motorcade was coined by Lyle Abbot, and is formed after cavalcade on the notion that -cade was a suffix meaning procession. Eric Partridge called the name a monstrosity, and Lancelot Hogben considered the word to be a counterfeit coinage, the original suffix in cavalcade is actually -ade. A funeral cortege is a procession of mourners, most often in a motorcade of vehicles following a hearse, motorcades can be used as protests and demonstrations. A large, organised, group of vehicles will travel a route at very slow speed in order to deliberately cause traffic disruption. This is a tactic most often associated with protest groups that have access to large vehicles. An example is the 2005 UK protests against fuel prices, as part of the Euromaidan protests in Ukraine in November 2013—February 2014, the sub-movement that made use of car processions as the means of protest was called the Automaidan. Motorcades can be used to transport an important person, usually a political figure. Such a procession consists of vehicles, usually accompanied by law enforcement support. Motorcades for heads of government and heads of state can consist of dozens of vehicles, those being armoured cars, SUVs, depending on the size of the motorcade and who it is carrying, routes may be completely blockaded from the general public. For security, this is common with motorcades for heads of state or government, the major members travel in armored vehicles, typically specially configured limousines. The motorcade contains several armored vehicles, a USSS Electronic Countermeasures Suburban, a counter-assault team, when called for, a hazardous materials team precedes the motorcade on alert for potential hazards. A police presence precedes the beginning of the presidential motorcade and these cars and motorcycles usually drive ahead to clear the way and block traffic. The motorcade for the president is made up of two parts, the first being the secure package, in the event of an emergency, the secure package separates from the rest of the group. It includes two limousines heavily guarded by law enforcement and Secret Service, with all cars driven by professional drivers. The second part is made up of vans that transport White House staff members, motorcade routes are selected by Secret Service agents in cooperation with local police forces. Escape routes are established in the event of an emergency. Official state car Air transports of heads of state and government Detailed description of the motorcade of the President of the United States
8.
Muskegon, Michigan
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Muskegon /ˌmʌsˈkiːɡən/ is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan, and is the largest populated city on the eastern shores of Lake Michigan. At the 2010 census the city population was 38,401, the city is the county seat of Muskegon County. It is located at the southwest corner of Muskegon Township, but is administratively autonomous, the Muskegon Metro area had a population of 172,188 in 2010. It is also part of the larger Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Muskegon-Combined Statistical Area with a population of 1,321,557, human occupation of the Muskegon area goes back seven or eight thousand years to the nomadic Paleo-Indian hunters who occupied the area following the retreat of the Wisconsonian glaciations. During historic times, the Muskegon area was inhabited by bands of the Ottawa. In 1830 Muskegon was solely an Ottawa village, perhaps the best remembered of the Indian inhabitants of the area was Ottawa Indian Chief, Pendalouan. The name Muskegon is derived from the Ottawa tribe term Masquigon, the Masquigon River was identified on French maps dating from the late seventeenth century, suggesting that French explorers had reached Michigans western coast by that time. Sometime between 1790 and 1800, a French-Canadian trader named Joseph La Framboise established a fur trading post at the mouth of Duck Lake. Between 1810 and 1820, several French Canadian fur traders, including Lamar Andie, Jean Baptiste Recollect, euro-American settlement of Muskegon began in earnest in 1837, which coincided with the beginning of the exploitation of the areas extensive timber resources. The commencement of the industry in 1837 inaugurated what some regard as the most romantic era in the history of the region. Lumbering in the century brought many settlers, especially ones from Germany, Ireland. Some neighborhoods of Muskegon began as separate villages, bluffton was founded as a lumbering village in 1862 in Laketon Township. It had its own post office from 1868 until 1892 and it was annexed by Muskegon in 1889. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 18.12 square miles. The city is adjacent to Lake Michigan to the west and Muskegon Lake to the north, the Muskegon River empties into Muskegon Lake at the citys northeast end. Bear Lake Muskegon Lake Mona Lake Lake Michigan Muskegon River As of the census of 2010, there were 38,401 people,13,967 households, the population density was 2,702.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 16,105 housing units at a density of 1,133.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 57. 0% White,34. 5% African American,0. 9% Native American,0. 4% Asian,2. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 2% of the population
9.
August Vollmer
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August Gus Vollmer was the first police chief of Berkeley, California and a leading figure in the development of the field of criminal justice in the United States in the early 20th century. Vollmer was born in New Orleans to German immigrant parents, John and his father saw to it that he learned to box and swim, both of which he excelled at. In July 1890, the Vollmer family moved across the bay to Berkeley, before he was 20, August helped organize the North Berkeley Volunteer Fire Department, and in 1897, was awarded the Berkeley Fireman medal. In 1898, August enlisted in the United States Marines, fighting in 25 battles in the Spanish–American War in the Philippines, Vollmer left the military in August 1899 and returned to Berkeley. In March 1900, he working for the local post office. This event led to his election as town marshal on April 10,1905, in 1907, Vollmer was re-elected town marshal. He was also elected president of the California Association of Police Chiefs, even though, by title, in 1909, Berkeley created the office of police chief, and Vollmer became the first to hold that office. Drawing on his experience, and his own research, Vollmer reorganized the Berkeley police force. He then set out on a program of modernization and he established a bicycle patrol and created the first centralized police records system, designed to streamline and organize criminal investigations. He established a call box network, and he trained his deputies in marksmanship. In the ensuing years, Vollmers reputation as the father of law enforcement grew. He was the first chief to require police officers attain college degrees. In 1916, UC Berkeley established a criminal justice program, headed by Vollmer, wilson, who went on to become a professor and continued efforts to professionalize policing, by being the first to establish the first police science degree at Municipal University of Wichita. This is often seen as the start of criminal justice as an academic field, Vollmer was also the first police chief to create a motorized force, placing officers on motorcycles and in cars so that they could patrol a broader area with greater efficiency. Radios were included in patrol cars and he was also the first to use the lie detector, developed at the University of California, in police work. Vollmer supported programs to assist disadvantaged children, and was criticized for his leniency towards petty offenders such as drunks. He also encouraged the training and employment of female and African American police officers, in 1921, Vollmer was elected president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police. Vollmer married Millicent Gardner in 1924, in 1926, Vollmer played himself in the silent serial Officer 444 which was filmed in Berkeley under the direction of John Fords brother Francis Ford
10.
Berkeley Police Department
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The Berkeley Police Department is the municipal police department for the city of Berkeley, California, USA. Shortly after Berkeley was incorporated in 1878, a town marshal, in 1909, the town marshal was appointed to be the first chief of police. August Vollmer had been the town marshal since 1905, and when he became the first chief and he remained chief until he retired in 1932, although he left from 1923 to 1924 when briefly appointed the chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. In 2012, the Department provoked controversy when Chief Meehan ordered an officer to the home of journalist Doug Oakley at 12,45 a. m. to request he make changes to a story. After this was condemned as potential intimidation, Chief Meehan apologized. The City Council member Lawrence Capitelli who voted in support of the later became Chief Meehans real estate agent on the house purchase. On September 20,2016, Meehan abruptly resigned his post and he gave no reason for the resignation, but the local newspaper Berkeleyside had previously reported on dissatisfaction and low morale among BPD officers. Captain Andrew Greenwood was made acting chief,1906 — Installed the first Modus Operandi System 1907 — First use of scientific investigation method in the Kelinschmidt case 1907 — Departments police school was established. It included instruction from professors on such subjects as the law and this was the first school of its kind in the world and had a far reaching effect on law enforcement. 1918 — Began using intelligence tests in recruiting police officers 1920 — First lie detector instrument was developed at University of California, Berkeley by John A
11.
Harley-Davidson
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Harley-Davidson, Inc. or Harley, is an American motorcycle manufacturer, founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1903. Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York, Pennsylvania, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Kansas City, Missouri, Manaus, Brazil, Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches and four-inch flywheels. The engine was designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame, over the next two years, Harley and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend, Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthurs brother, Walter Davidson, upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance. They quickly wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a learning experiment. Work immediately began on a new and improved second-generation machine and this first real Harley-Davidson motorcycle had a bigger engine of 24.74 cubic inches with 9.75 inches flywheels weighing 28 lb. The machines advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle, the bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. The boys also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, the prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft ×15 ft shed in the Davidson family backyard. Most of the parts, however, were made elsewhere. This prototype machine was functional by September 8,1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park and it was ridden by Edward Hildebrand and placed fourth. This is the first documented appearance of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle in the historical record, in January 1905, small advertisements were placed in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, complete motorcycles were in production on a limited basis. That year, the first Harley-Davidson dealer, Carl H. Lang of Chicago, in 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street, at the current location of Harley-Davidsons corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft ×60 ft single-story wooden structure, the company produced about 50 motorcycles that year. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering and that year additional factory expansion came with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow brick. With the new facilities production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907, the company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, in 1907 William A. Davidson, brother to Arthur and Walter Davidson, quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company. Production in 1905 and 1906 were all models with 26.84 cubic inch engines
12.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
13.
Evanston, Illinois
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It is one of the North Shore communities that adjoin Lake Michigan and is the home of Northwestern University. The boundaries of the city of Evanston are coterminous with those of the former Evanston Township, prior to the 1830s, the area now occupied by Evanston was mainly uninhabited, consisting largely of wetlands and swampy forest. However, Potawatomi Indians used trails along higher lying ridges that ran in a general direction through the area. French explorers referred to the area as Grosse Pointe after a point of land jutting into Lake Michigan about 13 miles north of the mouth of the Chicago River. The area remained sparsely settled, supporting some farming and lumber activity on some of the higher ground. The 1850 census shows a few hundred settlers in this township, in 1851, a group of Methodist business leaders founded Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. They chose a bluffed and wooded site along the lake as Northwesterns home, purchasing several hundred acres of land from Dr. John Foster, a Chicago farm owner. In 1854, the founders of Northwestern submitted to the county judge their plans for a city to be named Evanston after John Evans, in 1857, the request was granted. The township of Evanston was split off from Ridgeville Township, at approximately the same time, the nine founders, including John Evans, Orrington Lunt, and Andrew Brown, hoped their university would attain high standards of intellectual excellence. Today these hopes have been fulfilled, as Northwestern consistently ranks with the best of the nations universities, Evanston was formally incorporated as a town on December 29,1863, but declined in 1869 to become a city despite the Illinois legislature passing a bill for that purpose. Evanston expanded after the Civil War with the annexation of the village of North Evanston, finally, in early 1892, following the annexation of the village of South Evanston, voters elected to organize as a city. The 1892 boundaries are largely those that exist today, during the 1960s, Northwestern University changed the citys shoreline by adding a 74-acre lakefill. In 1939, Evanston hosted the first NCAA basketball championship final at Northwestern Universitys Patten Gymnasium, in August 1954, Evanston hosted the second assembly of the World Council of Churches, still the only WCC assembly to have been held in the United States. President Dwight Eisenhower welcomed the delegates, and Dag Hammarskjöld, secretary-general of the United Nations, Evanston first received power in April 1893. Many people lined the streets on Emerson St. where the first appearance of lights were lined and turned on. Evanston is the birthplace of Tinkertoys, and Evanston, along with Ithaca, New York, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, Evanston was the home of the Clayton Mark and Company, which for many years supplied the most jobs. Evanston was a dry community from 1858 until 1972, when the City Council voted to allow restaurants, in 1984, the Council voted to allow retail liquor outlets within the city limits. According to the 2010 census, Evanston has an area of 7.802 square miles
14.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
15.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
16.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
17.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
18.
Birmingham Small Arms
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This article is not about Gamo subsidiary BSA Guns Limited or BSA Company or its successors. At its peak, BSA was the largest motorcycle producer in the world, in the late 1950s and early 1960s poor management and failure to develop new products in the motorcycle division led to a dramatic decline of sales to its major USA market. The management had failed to appreciate the importance of the resurgent Japanese motorcycle industry, the original company, The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited, remains a subsidiary of Manganese Bronze but its name was changed in 1987. BSA began in June 1861 in the Gun Quarter, Birmingham, England and it was formed by a group of fourteen gunsmith members of the Birmingham Small Arms Trade Association. The War Office provided this new grouping of gunsmiths free access to technical drawings, the newly formed company purchased 25 acres of land at Small Heath, Birmingham, built a factory there and made a road on the site calling it Armoury Road. This machinery brought to Birmingham manifested the principle of the inter-changeability of parts, BSAs resort to the use of machinery was rewarded in 1863 with an order for 20,000 Turkish infantry rifles. F. Swinburn under the chairmanship of John Dent Goodman, the first War Office contract was not agreed until 1868. In 1879, the factory, without work, was shut for a year, the military arms trade was precarious. The next year BSA branched out into bicycle manufacture, the gun factory proved remarkably adaptable to the manufacture of cycle parts. What cycles needed was large quantities of standard parts accurately machined at low prices, bicycle production ceased in 1887 as the company concentrated on producing the Lee–Metford magazine-loading rifle for the War Office which was re-equipping the British Army with it. The order was for 1,200 rifles per week, BSA recommenced manufacturing bicycles on their own behalf from 1908. BSA Cycles Ltd was set up in 1919 for the manufacture of bicycles and motorcycles. BSA sold the business to Raleigh in 1957 after separating the bicycle and motorcycle business in 1953. In 1893, BSA commenced making bicycle hubs and continued to supply the cycle trade with bicycle parts up to 1936, BSA bought The Eadie Manufacturing Company of Redditch in 1907 and so began to manufacture the Eadie two speed hub gear and the Eadie coaster brake hub. BSA also signed an agreement with the Three Speed Gear Syndicate in 1907 to manufacture a 3 speed hub under licence. This was later classified as the Sturmey Archer Type X. BSA introduced a Duo hub in the late 1930s which was capable of one fixed gear, all BSA hub gear production temporarily ceased in 1939, until they recommenced making their 3 speed hub around 1945. The Eadie coaster hub made a return in 1953 on two BSA bicycle models. BSA forever ceased production of their hub gears in 1955, BSA sold its ammunition business in 1897 to Birmingham Metal and Munitions Company Limited part of the Nobel-Dynamite Trust, through Kynoch a forerunner of ICI
19.
Kawasaki motorcycles
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Kawasaki motorcycles are manufactured by the Motorcycle & Engine division of Kawasaki Heavy Industries at plants in Japan, USA, Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand. Kawasaki Aircraft initially manufactured motorcycles under the Meguro name, having bought a motorcycle manufacturer. This eventually became Kawasaki Motor Sales, some early motorcycles display an emblem with Kawasaki Aircraft on the fuel tank. During 1962, Kawasaki engineers were developing an engine for small cars. Then some of the transferred to the Meguro factory to work on the Meguro K1 and the SG. In 1963, Kawasaki and Meguro merged to form Kawasaki Motorcycle Co. Ltd, Kawasaki motorcycles from 1962 through 1967 used an emblem which can be described as a flag within a wing. Work continued on the Meguro K1, a copy of the BSA A7500 cc vertical twin. the K2 was exported to the U. S. for a test in response to the expanding American market for four-stroke motorcycles. At first it was rejected for a lack of power, by the mid-1960s, Kawasaki was finally exporting a moderate number of motorcycles. The Kawasaki H1 Mach III in 1968, along with several enduro-styled motorcycles to compete with Yamaha, Suzuki and Honda, kawasaki’s engines division, housed in a single office complex in Grand Rapids, Michigan, consolidates research and development projects for engines. List of Kawasaki motorcycles Official website Kawasaki motorcycles at DMOZ
20.
BMW Motorrad
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BMW Motorrad is the motorcycle brand of the German company BMW, part of its Corporate and Brand Development division. The current General Director of the unit is Hendrik von Kuenheim, in May 2011, the 2,000, 000th motorcycle produced by BMW Motorrad was an R1200GS. The company began as an engine manufacturer in the early 20th century. BMW manufactured its first motorcycle in 1923, the R32, which featured a flat-twin boxer engine, BMW Motorrad still uses the flat-twin boxer configuration, but now manufactures motorcycles with a variety of engine configurations. All BMW Motorrads motorcycle production takes place at its plant in Berlin, Germany, although some engines are manufactured in Austria, China, and Taiwan. Most of the current motorcycles in BMW Motorrads range were designed by David Robb, who was the companys chief designer from 1993 to 2012 when he was replaced by Edgar Heinrich. Current production includes a variety of shaft, chain, and belt driven models, with engines from 310 cc to 1,649 cc, and models designed for off-road, dual-purpose, sport, and touring activities. In 2008, BMW introduced the DOHC Boxer HP2 Sport, BMW Motorrad motorcycles are categorized into product families, and each family is assigned a different letter prefix. The current families are, C series – Maxi-scooters called Urban Mobility Vehicles by BMW F series – parallel-twin engines of 798 cc capacity, models are F650GS, F700GS, F800GS, F800R, F800S, F800GT and F800ST. The F650GS was powered by a single cylinder 652cc Austrian built Rotax engine, G series – single-cylinder engines of 449 to 652 cc capacity featuring chain drive. Models are G450X, G650GS, G650 Sertão, G650 Xmoto, G650 Xchallenge, the 450 cc engines are manufactured by Kymco in Taiwan. The 2009 and 2010650 cc engine parts were manufactured by Rotax in Austria, with the engine being assembled by Loncin Holdings, arriving in 2016 is the BMW G310R, a single-cylinder liquid-cooled model manufactured in India by TVS Motor Company. R series – twin-cylinder boxer engines of 1,170 cc capacity featuring shaft drive, models are R1200GS, R1200R, R1200RT, BMW R1200RS, R1200S and R nineT. K series – four-cylinder engines of 1,157 to 1,649 cc capacity featuring shaft drive, models are K1200LT, K1300GT, K1300R and K1300S. In 2011, BMW Motorrad launched the six-cylinder 1,649 cc K1600GT, S series – S1000RR – sport bike with transverse-mounted,999 cc inline-four engine. Models included S1000R, S1000XR BMW Motorrad achieved record sales for the time in succession in 2015. With a total of 136,963 vehicles sold in 2015, the biggest single market in 2015 was once again Germany, followed by USA, France, Italy, United Kingdom and Spain. With an aim for 2020 to supply 200,000 vehicles to customers, as it was the case until now, BMWs most successful motorcycle is still the R1200 GS with 23,681 units sold in 2015
21.
Kawasaki police motorcycles
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All series are also designed to carry radio communications equipment and are wired for electronic sirens. All have inline, 4-cylinder, normally-aspirated four-stroke, double engines and chain drives. C- and P-series Police Specials were also equipped with tires designed to stay on the rim in case of deflation. These run-flat tires, supplied by Dunlop, were able to increase safety significantly by enabling the rider to slow to a stop if the tires are damaged in a high-speed pursuit. As a result, Dunlop discontinued production of the run-flats, the most popular replacement tires are provided by Metzeler. The most obvious difference between the KZP and the series was the addition of a fiberglass fairing, to which the front pursuit lights. The fairing also has two covered pockets for storage of small items, due to the unique shape of the fairing, this has become the most identifiable police-service motorcycle design in the world. Earlier Kawasaki police motorcycles had a windshield with a similar to that found on the older Harley-Davidson Electra Glide motorcycle. The C-series borrowed features from the American police motorcycles with which it was designed to compete, both of these features were eliminated in the KZP, which was equipped with a standard speedometer and tachometer. The engine was updated in 1981 from the Z1 type with a displacement of 1015 cc to the J model type with a displacement of 998 cc, although similar in appearance not all parts are interchangeable between the two types. Mechanically, there were few changes within the series, a major change was in 2002, when the chain size was changed from 630 to 530, saving weight and increasing acceleration. The most obvious change in the P-series was the introduction of LED lighting in 2003, Kawasaki produced Police Specials for the North American market in a plant in Lincoln, Nebraska, with the last one built in September,2005. They remained in service with law enforcement agencies for years afterward. In the United States, starting in 2009, the Concours 14P, the new Kawasaki police motorcycle directly competes with patrol motorcycles based on the BMW R1200RT, Harley-Davidson models, and Honda ST1300. Operators include the California Highway Patrol, Los Angeles Police Department, the dealers stopped building new Concours 14Ps after a number of electrical failures took 268 bikes out of service for repairs
22.
Lincoln, Nebraska
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Lincoln is the capital of the U. S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Lancaster County. The city covers 92.81 square miles with a population of 277,348 in 2015 and it is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 72nd-largest in the United States. The statistical area is home to 345,478 people, making it the 105th-largest combined statistical area in the United States, the city was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes of what was to become Lancaster County. In 1867, the village of Lancaster became Nebraskas state capital and was renamed Lincoln, bertram G. Goodhue designed state capitol building was completed in 1932 and is the second tallest capitol in the United States. As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska, the state, the University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1867. The university is the largest in Nebraska with 25,006 students enrolled and is the citys third-largest employer, other primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries, including a growing high-tech sector. The region makes up a part of what is known as the greater Midwest Silicon Prairie, designated as a refugee-friendly city by the U. S. Department of State in the 1970s, the city was the twelfth-largest resettlement site per capita in the United States by 2000. Refugee Vietnamese, Karen, Sudanese, and Yazidi people have resettled in the city. Lincoln Public Schools during the year of 2016–17 provided support for approximately 3,200 students from 118 countries. Prior to the westward of settlers, the prairie was covered with buffalo grass. Plains Indians, descendants of peoples who occupied the area for thousands of years, lived in. The Pawnee, which included four tribes, lived in villages along the Platte River, an occasional buffalo could still be seen in the plat of Lincoln in the 1860s. Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster and became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859, the village was sited on the east bank of Salt Creek. The first settlers were attracted to the due to the abundance of salt. Once J. Sterling Morton developed his salt mines in Kansas, Captain W. T. Donovan, a former steamer captain, and his family settled on Salt Creek in 1856. In the fall of 1859, the settlers met to form a county. A caucus was formed and the committee, which included Captain Donovan, after the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act, homesteaders began to inhabit the area. The first plat was dated August 6,1864, by the close of 1868, Lancaster had a population of approximately 500 people
23.
Kawasaki 1400GTR
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The Kawasaki 1400GTR, also known as the Concours 14 or ZG1400 in some markets, is a sport touring motorcycle produced by Kawasaki. The 1400GTR was introduced in September 2007 and is based on the ZX-14 platform and it replaces the original GTR1000, which was built from 1986 to 2006. It has variable valve timing, derived from a Mitsubishi Motors car engine and this continuous alteration happens progressively as the rpm rise and fall. The fuel injected engine on the 2008 and 2009 models has an output of 114 kW at 8,800 rpm. The ram-air intake increases power to 117.6 kW, the bikes rear suspension-drive system is known as Tetra-Lever and is similar to the BMW Paralever and Moto Guzzi CARC systems. It is designed to handle the conflicting drive and suspension forces typical when shaft-driven motorcycles carry powerful engines. The 1400GTR is fitted with a keyless ignition, KIPASS, which means that no key is needed to start the bike as long as the rider is carrying the coded transponder—typically in a pocket, from launch the 1400GTR had the option of an anti-lock braking system. In 2010, Kawasaki added KTRC, a control system, and replaced the previous ABS systems with K-ACT. K-ACT is also a combined braking system in both the front and rear brakes are applied in differing amounts depending on whether the front brake lever or rear brake pedal is used. The rider is able to select, using a handlebar switch, the traction control uses the ABS sensors to detect when the front and rear wheel speeds differ—reducing rear wheel speed by telling the engine management system to reduce power output. The 2008 model year was launched in late 2007, color options of Neutron Silver for all markets and additionally Metallic Diablo Black for Europe. Color options of Candy Diamond Red for USA, Metallic Diablo Black for USA/Canada, the ECU was programmed to limit top speed to 154 mph. The rear pannier covers were fully painted, many people refer to the 2010+ models as the 2nd generation of the C14. Color options of Candy Neptune Blue for USA/Europe and Metallic Magnesium Gray for Europe, no significant changes were made between the 2010 and 2011 models, although ABS ceased to be an option and became standard. Also, the front rotors were slightly redesigned, color options of Atomic Silver for USA, Ebony Black for USA/Europe, and Metallic Dark Green for Europe. On the 2012 model, the wheels and grab bars were replaced with black ones. The front rotors were changed slightly to have a smaller carrier to resist warping. Color options of Candy Arabian Red for all markets, Ebony Black for USA/Canada, color options of Meteor Pearl Gray for Canada/Europe, Metallic Nocturne Blue the USA, and Metallic Spark Black for all markets
24.
BMW R1200RT
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The BMW R1200RT is a touring or sport touring motorcycle that was introduced in 2005 by BMW Motorrad to replace the R1150RT model. It features a 1,170 cc flat-twin engine with a six-speed gearbox, BMW Motorrad began manufacturing RT touring motorcycle models in the late 1970s. In 1995, BMW produced its first air and oil-cooled RT model, the new machine included standard ABS brakes, four-valve heads, five-speed gearbox, Telelever front suspension, Paralever rear suspension, and an electrically adjustable screen. This model was updated in 2004 by the adoption of dual ignition. In 2005, BMW introduced the R1200RT, the design of this model was completely different from the R1150RT with a 15% boost in power,20 kg weight saving, optional electronic suspension adjustment and on-board computer. A low seat and/or a lowered suspension were available for shorter riders reducing seat height to a lowest level of 820 mm, the standard electrically operated windscreen was adjustable across a range of heights. The servo powered ABS brakes on the 2005 and 2006 models were partially integrated such that the brake pedal only applies the rear brake while the front brake lever applies both brakes. For the 2007 model year, servo assist was removed from the partially integrated brakes, a new, more advanced and lighter ABS system was produced by Continental Teves, which also produced the optional Automatic Stability Control, in BMWs traction control system for motorcycles. An electronic tire pressure monitor was introduced as an option, during the production of the 2006 models the original two-tone horns were replaced by a single-tone horn. Other optional equipment included cruise control, heated grips, heated seats for both the rider and passenger, and a CD/Radio audio system.2 seconds, in November 2009, BMW announced some revisions to the R1200RT for the 2010 model year. The new model had the same horsepower, but more torque at 88 lbf·ft, an engine speed of 8,500 rpm. There were some minor styling changes and revisions to the screen and cockpit designs, switch gear. The 2014 model represented a wholesale redesign of the R1200RT, the biggest change was a shift to a water cooled version of the boxer engine, producing dyno tested 113.5 horsepower and 82.1 pound-feet torque. BMW claimed 125 horsepower and 92 lb/ft of torque with their own testing methodology, the seat and seating position, fairing, instrumentation, and frame were also updated. The standard ride modes Rain and Road can also be activated at the press of a button to adapt to weather conditions, an on-board computer, an electrically operated windshield, standard color-matched saddle bags, and heated grips are also basic items. A central locking system locks both cases by remote control, new features also include a revised selector drum actuator, transmission shafts, and transmission shaft bearing. In addition to technical changes, the 2017 R1200RT is now available with optional ABS Pro. It is also used by the police in Ireland
25.
Yamaha FJR1300
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The Yamaha FJR1300A and FJR1300AE/AS are sport touring motorcycles made by Yamaha Motor Company. Both models have a 1,298 cc inline-four engine, the AE/AS model has an electronically controlled clutch and gear shifting system called YCC-S. The clutch and transmissions of the AE/AS models are identical to that of the standard FJR model, the FJR1300 was introduced to Europe in 2001, before arriving in North America in 2002, with the 2003 model year designation, and offered in a non-ABS version only. The 2003 model garnered several awards in the Sport Touring category from various magazines, the 2004 North American models included both a non-ABS version with traditional blue anodized brake calipers and a new ABS version with silver calipers. Other refinements included an upgrade to the rates,320 mm front brake discs. The 2005, North American model year remained unchanged with a non-ABS and ABS model. In 2006, the U. S. and rest of the model years synchronized with the introduction of what has become known as the Gen-II version of the machine. Yamaha added adjustable vents to the FJR1300, allowing the rider to direct air closer to or away from the body, starting with the 2006 models Anti-Lock Brakes and a linked braking scheme Yamaha calls Unified Braking System became standard. Also, the FJR1300AS model was introduced which had a semi-automatic transmission, the AE variant was discontinued for 2010, although the AS model continued to be sold in markets outside of the USA and Canada. For 2007, some minor changes were made to the ECU to deal with potential issues related to altitude changes under certain circumstances. In 2008 changes were made to feel, to improve low speed on/off throttle transitions. As well Yamaha changed suppliers for the ABS system, further refinements in the throttle control were introduced with the 2009 model. For 2012 the previously optional heated hand grips became standard, for 2013 the FJR1300 received a substantial number of updates, becoming the Gen-III version. Bodywork is all new on the front half of the bike for better airflow and engine management. Front turn signal/position lights are now LEDs and there are LED accent lights around the headlights, there are two other timers and two other distance meters for tracking maintenance intervals which can be reset, but not displayed on the information pages. Mechanically, the now has plated-on cylinder linings for better heat dissipation. The ECU is new and now employs Yamaha Chip Controlled Throttle system, the implementation on the FJR1300 includes D-Mode, which incorporates two driving modes, Sport and Touring, the primary difference being smoothness of throttle response. In addition to that, the new ECU incorporates as standard has an integrated Traction Control System which can be disabled, in addition to new controls for D-Mode and cruise control, several controls are different
26.
Honda ST1300
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Superseding the ST1100, the bike features a standard riding posture, a liquid-cooled V4 engine and a fully faired body with standard hard panniers. During the 2000 bike show season, Honda presented a prototype sport tourer called the X-Wing, featuring a 1,500 cc V6 engine, single-sided front and rear suspension and an automatic transmission. Speculation in the press that the X-Wing was the ST1100s replacement was confirmed when Honda introduced an all-new ST1300 Pan European in Europe. For the U. S. market, the new bike would be imported in limited numbers starting in 2003 as the ST1300. Motor Cycle News reported in 2009 that Honda would replace the ST1300 with a new touring bike powered by a V4 engine mounted transversely, in 2011, Honda announced that development of the next generation Pan European motorcycle was on hold. In November 2013, Honda announced the CTX1300, a motorcycle powered by a version of the ST1300s engine modified for better fuel economy. The ST1300 incorporates many of the X-Wings lines but none of its running gear, power comes from a lower-slung 1,261 cc V4 engine mounted as a stressed member in a lighter aluminum frame. A major difference from the ST1100 is the use of balance shafts for smoothness, the revised engine layout and a split fuel tank shift some of the weight downward, making the ST1300 less top-heavy than its predecessor. The rear wheel is driven through a cassette-type five-speed transmission and shaft drive, hondas ABS and linked brake package is an option for all years on the ST1300 in the United States, but became standard on the European ST1300 Pan European 2004. Unlike the ST1100, the ST1300 does not include a control system. In 2002 and 2003, models with ABS included an electrically adjustable windscreen, the electrically adjustable windscreen became standard equipment on all bikes in 2004. A long list of minor differences improved upon the ST1100s comfort, handling, bikes built in 2002–2004 were recalled for a wire which chafed against the frame and blew a fuse, preventing the engine from running. Bikes built in 2002 were recalled for a potentially leaky brake proportioning control valve, some 2008 through 2010 ST1300, ST1300A and ST1300PA models were recalled to fix a problem that could cause the rear brake to fail. Evidence indicates the ST1300 can exhibit a weave instability mode at high speed — known in the case of the ST1300 as Pan Weave, later safety checks resulted in one examiner sustaining several broken bones in a similar incident. UK police forces withdrew the ST1300 from police service, Freewheelers EVS. The rider noticed a rear wheel maximum yaw of 11 degrees per second, described as a consistent, the editors named the behavior Pan weave. The intent of the testing was not to determine the cause of the weave, also, the article reported that 43% of surveyed ST1300 owners had experienced the weave. American Honda published an advisory in August 2007 on the selection, installation
27.
Scooter (motorcycle)
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A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the riders feet. Elements of scooter design have been present in some of the earliest motorcycles, Scooter development continued in Europe and the United States between the World Wars. The global popularity of scooters dates from the post-World War II introductions of the Vespa and these scooters were intended to provide low-power personal transportation. The original layout is widely used in this application. Maxi-scooters, with engines from 250 to 850 cc have been developed for Western markets, scooters are popular for personal transport, partly due to being cheap to buy, easy to operate and convenient to park and store. Licensing requirements for scooters are easier and cheaper than for cars in most parts of the world, a motor scooter is a motorcycle similar to a kick scooter with a seat, a floorboard, and small or low wheels. The United States Department of Transportation defines a scooter as a motorcycle that has a platform for the feet or has integrated footrests. The classic scooter design features a frame and a flat floorboard for the riders feet. This design is possible because most scooter engines and drive systems are attached to the axle or under the seat. Scooters usually feature bodywork, including a front leg shield and body that conceals all or most of the mechanicals, there is often some integral storage space, either under the seat, built into the front leg shield, or both. Scooters have varying engine displacements and configurations ranging from 50 cc single-cylinder to 850 cc twin-cylinder models, some scooters carry a spare wheel. Many recent scooters use conventional front forks with the front axle fastened at both ends, most jurisdictions do not differentiate between scooters and motorcycles. For all legal purposes in the United States of America, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration recommends using the motorcycle for all of these vehicles. However, while NHTSA excludes the term motor scooter from legal definition, it proceeds, in the same document, the emissions of mopeds and scooters have been the subject of multiple studies. In the same study, four-stroke mopeds, with and without catalytic converters, approximate parity with automobiles was achieved with NOx emissions in these studies. Emissions performance was tested on a basis and was unaffected by fuel economy. Scooter-like traits began to develop in motorcycle designs around the 1900s, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller produced the first motorcycle that was available for purchase. Their motorcycle had a frame, with its fuel tank mounted on the down tube, its parallel two-cylinder engine mounted low on the frame
28.
Triumph Engineering
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Triumph Engineering Co Ltd was a British motorcycle manufacturing company, based originally in Coventry and then in Solihull at Meriden. A new company, Triumph Motorcycles Ltd based in Hinckley gained the rights after the end of the company in the 1980s and is now one of the worlds major motorcycle manufacturers. The company was started by Siegfried Bettmann, who had emigrated from Nuremberg, part of the German Empire, in 1884, aged 20, Bettmann had founded his own company, the S. Bettmann & Co. Bettmanns original products were bicycles, which the company bought and then sold under its own name, Bettmann also distributed sewing machines imported from Germany. In 1886, Bettmann sought a more specific name, and the became known as the Triumph Cycle Company. A year later, the company was registered as the New Triumph Co, Ltd, now with funding from the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company. During that year, another native of Nuremberg, Moritz Schulte, Schulte encouraged Bettmann to transform Triumph into a manufacturing company, and in 1888 Bettmann purchased a site in Coventry using money lent by his and Schultes families. The company began producing the first Triumph-branded bicycles in 1889, in 1896 Triumph also opened a bicycle factory in Nuremberg. In 1898 Triumph decided to extend production at Coventry to include motorcycles, in 1903, after selling more than 500 motorcycles, Triumph began motorcycle production at the Nuremberg factory. By the end of year, the company had produced more than 250. In 1907, after the company opened a plant, it produced 1,000 machines. Triumph had also initiated a lower-end brand, Gloria, also manufactured in the original plant. Confusion between motorcycles produced by the Coventry and Nuremberg Triumph companies resulted in the products being renamed Orial for certain export markets. However, a company named Orial already existed in France, so the Nuremberg motorcycles were renamed again as TWN, the beginning of the First World War was a boost for the company as production was switched to provide for the Allied war effort. More than 30,000 motorcycles—among them the Model H Roadster also known as the Trusty Triumph, after the war, Bettmann and Schulte disagreed about planning, with Schulte wishing to replace bicycle production with cars. Harry Ricardo produced an engine for their latest motorbike, by the mid-1920s Triumph had become one of Britains main motorcycle and car makers, with a 500,000 square feet plant capable of producing as many as 30,000 motorcycles and cars each year. Triumph also found its bicycles demanded overseas, and export sales became a source of the companys revenues, although for the United States. The companys first automotive success was the Super Seven model, which debuted in 1928, soon after, the Super Eight model was developed
29.
Meriden, West Midlands
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Meriden is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Solihull, West Midlands, England. It is located between Solihull and the city of Coventry, and is approximately 10 km from Birmingham Airport, the American city of Meriden, Connecticut is named after the village. Historically part of Warwickshire, the countryside, known as the Meriden Gap. It gives its name to the Meriden parliamentary constituency, which covers the Meriden Gap, the A45 bypass opened in 1958. In the United Kingdom Census 2001 the population of the Meriden parish was 2,734 and it is possibly the site of an Iron Age field system. The original name of the village was Alspath and it was centred on the site of the parish church, over the period 15C to 17C the name Meriden gradually supplants that of Alspath. The present church was built in several stages, the nave and two thirds of the chancel were finished by the late 12C - late Norman - and were built as an expiation for sins committed during the civil war between Stephen & Matilda. The chancel was extended in 13C, the aisle was added in the late 14C. The north aisle was added in the early 15C as was the tower, by 1831 the aisles had been rebuilt with galleries and you can see the industrial quality of the stonework outside the building compared to the 14/15C stonework inside. In 1883 the church was restored again and the galleries were removed, legend favours the latter though, from 1318 onwards, the choice of 10 Aug for the Patronal feast day and the village fair would indicate the Roman Lawrence, so the issue remains unclear. Here the Heart of England Way long-distance path wends its way and brings the Staffordshire Heathlands together with the Cotswolds, Meriden is also home to a memorial to all the cyclists who died in the First World War. An annual event, at thousands of cyclists pay their respects to their fallen colleagues. The memorial was unveiled on 21 May 1921, in the presence of over 20,000 cyclists, some moated farmsteads and several timber-framed buildings can be seen in the village. From 1941 until 1983, Meriden was home to the large Triumph motorcycles production plant, in 1973, Triumph workers blockaded the factory from the new owners, NVT, to prevent closure. The government loaned the subsequent Meriden Workers Co-Operative money to buy the factory, the sit-in and formation of the co-operative were the subject of much media interest including David Edgars contemporary play, Events Following The Closure Of A Motorcycle Factory. Trading later as Triumph Motorcycles Ltd. the co-operative eventually closed in August 1983, the new company, Triumph Motorcycles Ltd was established in 1984, and moved to Hinckley, Leicestershire in 1988. A housing estate has been built on the site of the Triumph motorcycle factory at Meriden, road names on the estate include Triumph motorcycle model names such as Bonneville Close and Daytona Drive. A plaque commemorating the former use stands outside Bonneville Close
30.
Metropolitan Police Service
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As of March 2016, the Met employed 48,661 full-time personnel. This included 32,125 sworn police officers,9,521 police staff and this number excludes the 3,271 Special Constables, who work part-time and who have the same powers and uniform as their regular colleagues. This makes the Metropolitan Police the largest police force in the United Kingdom by a significant margin, the post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The post is occupied by the now-outgoing Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe. The Commissioners deputy, the Deputy Commissioner, is currently Craig Mackey, a number of informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service, the most common being the Met. In colloquial London, it is referred to as the Old Bill. The Met is also referred to by the metonym Scotland Yard after the location of its headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The Mets current headquarters is New Scotland Yard, in Victoria, the Metropolitan Police Service, whose officers became affectionately known as bobbies, was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel under the Metropolitan Police Act 1829. In 1839, the Marine Police Force, which had formed in 1798, was amalgamated into the Metropolitan Police. In 1837, it also incorporated with the Bow Street Horse Patrol that had organised in 1805. Since January 2012, the Mayor of London is responsible for the governance of the Metropolitan Police through the Mayors Office for Policing, the mayor is able to appoint someone to act on his behalf, the current office-holder is Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime, Sophie Linden. The work of MOPAC is scrutinised by the Police and Crime Committee of the London Assembly, the area policed by the Metropolitan Police Service is known as the Metropolitan Police District. In terms of policing, the Met is divided into a number of Borough Operational Command Units. The City of London is a police area and is the responsibility of the separate City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for policing of the network in the United Kingdom. Within London, they are responsible for the policing of the London Underground, Tramlink, The Emirates Air Line. There is also a park police force, the Kew Constabulary, responsible for the Royal Botanic Gardens. Officers also have limited powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland, within the MPD, the Met will take over the investigation of any serious crime from the British Transport Police and Ministry of Defence Police, if it is deemed appropriate
31.
Triumph Thunderbird
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The Triumph Thunderbird is a British motorcycle that was introduced by Triumph in 1949 and produced in many forms until 1966. The name was used three times for new and distinct Triumph models. The concept of enlarging the Speed Twin, the Thunderbird name, the paper dart logo was embossed onto the chain case cover on Thunderbirds from 1955 to 1962 and can be seen upon closer examination on the supplied photograph of the 1962 model. Previously, it appeared as a decal on the headlamp nacelle, all three machines were ridden to the circuit and back to the Meriden factory. Triumph obtained further lasting publicity with Marlon Brandos 1953 motion picture The Wild One, in the book Triumph Motorcycles In America, there is reproduced a letter from Triumphs importers objecting to the producers as to the use of their machine in this film about rowdy motorcycle gangs. From 1960, the Thunderbird acquired Turners rear fairing nicknamed the bathtub on account of its shape and this unpopular feature, dropped quickly in the USA market, remained in ever-abbreviated forms for the home market until disappearing altogether for the final year of production,1966. Before then, in 1963, the Thunderbird, along with Triumphs other 650 cc models, was given the Turner-designed unit engine, throughout this time, however, the Thunderbird retained its distinctive nacelle. A1966 Thunderbird was prominently used by the leads in the popular 2006 romance film, the Triumph workers co-operative at the Meriden factory re-introduced the Thunderbird model name to their range in April 1981. Moreover, whereas Triumphs 750cc range had electronic ignition, the TR65 was fitted with contact breaker points, respecting its lineage, the model retained the Turner-designed paper dart logo on its side panels but with a different, updated Thunderbird script. The TR65 was priced upon introduction at £1829.82, the economy finish was upgraded for 1982 export models although the contact breaker points and drum rear brake remained. A trail version of the TR65, the TR65T, was introduced in 1981 but, likely as it was priced the same as the 750 cc version. The prototype Thunderbird 600 was converted by the factory into a conventional TR65 to fulfil a Ministry Of Defence order, in 1975, an NVT prototype 850 cc triple, the T180 Triumph Thunderbird III, was developed. This was an enlarged capacity version of the Triumph T160, NVT passed on the prototype to the Meriden co-operative which also chose not to proceed to production despite experimenting with installing the engine in their oil-bearing frame. The new Triumph company based at Hinckley introduced the Triumph Thunderbird 900 in the autumn of 1994, coded T309RT, the new Thunderbird was instrumental in Triumphs successful re-entry into the US market. The Thunderbird name and retro styling recalls the original Triumph companys golden years of the 1960s and it was the first classic Triumph to be produced by the resurgent company. The engine, redesigned to give a look and de-tuned for more torque at lower rpm, was a variant of the 885 cc triple engine. Peak power was down to 69 bhp from 98 bhp, several variants of the Thunderbird were produced, Triumph T309TT Legend, Triumph T309RC Adventurer, and the Triumph T309RD Thunderbird Sport, which produced a claimed 82 bhp. The Thunderbird was produced until 2003 and the Thunderbird Sport until 2004, Hinckley also produced an accompanying clothing range consisting of sew-on patches, leather jacket and ankle boots, all featuring Edward Turners original paper-dart Thunderbird logo
32.
Norton Commando
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The Norton Commando was a British Norton-Villiers motorcycle with an OHV pre-unit parallel-twin engine, produced by the Norton Motorcycle company from 1967 until 1977. Initially having a nominal 750 cc displacement, actually 745 cc, in 1973 it became an 850 cc and it had a hemi-type head, similar to all OHV Norton engines since the early 1920s. During its ten years of production, the Commando was popular all over the world, in the United Kingdom it won the Motor Cycle News Machine of the Year award for five successive years from 1968-1972. Given that its engine was an old design, even Nortons chairman, Dennis Poore. The origins of the Norton Commando can be traced back to the late 1940s when the 497 cc Norton Model 7 Twin was designed by Bert Hopwood. The twin-cylinder design evolved into 600 cc, then the 650 cc Manxman, as well as having a radical new frame, the Commandos engine was tilted forward. The revolutionary part of the Commando, compared to earlier Norton models, was the award-winning frame developed by former Rolls-Royce engineer Dr. Stefan Bauer. He believed the classic Norton Featherbed frame design went against all engineering principles and this eliminated the extreme vibration problems that were apparent in other models in the range, as it effectively separated the rider from the engine. Named the Isolastic anti-vibration system, the patent document listed Hooper as the lead inventor. Although the Isolastic system did reduce vibration, maintaining the required free play in the engine mountings at the level was crucial to its success. Too little play brought the vibration back, too much, the Norton Commando was introduced in 1967 at the Earls Court Show. The first production machines completed in April 1968 had frame failure problems, there were numerous other design problems which were gradually addressed over the years, although some persisted to the end. The early clutches could not handle the torque, and two small internal pins would shear off, leading to severe slippage. The engine rubber mounting system, which isolated the rider from vibration very well, left the engine to its own devices, the rocker arm oil supply pipe was steel, and would fracture from vibration. The head steady would also fatigue and fracture from vibration, the Amal carbs had float needle leakage from vibration, which led to flooding and fires, exacerbated by having the ignition points located under the right hand carb. And the carburetors wore out prematurely from vibration, the main bearings were of two types at first, ball and roller. In 1972 both bearings became roller-type, and the crankcase was stiffened and these main roller bearings in the now stiffer case would gall at high revs, leading to main bearing failure The threaded aluminum knobs holding the seat would strip, leaving the seat loose. The chain guard mount would fracture, the brake light switches were unreliable, leading at times to no brake light indicator
33.
Motor Cycle News
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MCN or Motor Cycle News is a UK weekly motorcycling newspaper published by Bauer Consumer Media, based in Peterborough, United Kingdom. It claims to be the world’s biggest weekly motorcycle newspaper, the title was founded in late 1955 as Motorcycle News by Cyril Quantrill, a former employee of Motor Cycling, and was sold to EMAP in 1956. Bauer bought Emaps consumer media division in 2008, in 2009, average weekly circulation was 114,304 copies according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, and 2010 it was 106,446 copies. The figure for 2013 was 85,651, Cyril Quantrill was an employee of Motor Cycling under famous editor Graham Walker, learning his trade both pre and post-war. The British motorcycle media was dominated by two rival publishing houses - Temple Press with Motor Cycling and Iliffe with The Motor Cycle. Both were weekly magazine-format Thursday publications, limited by a 3,000 issue print-run capability and underfunding, Quantrill arranged to sell to EMAP in 1956. Under new ownership the issues were priced at fourpence. Quantrill stayed on as editor and with EMAPs backing the brand flourished, by the time of Quantrills resignation in 1961 circulation was at 67,000. Quantrill continued working as a journalist, including as editor of Motor Cyclist Illustrated, published by City Magazines Ltd of London, continuing Quantrills earlier motivation of sports reporting, it had the strapline the sporting monthly. Motorcycle News as a newspaper was pitched to beat the rivals to the newsstands by one day. Both of the rivals were still magazine-format and remained traditionally producing practical, by 1962, the front page had been restyled by replacing the centred-title with a left-corner masthead box. In 1962, rival Motor Cycling had gone to newspaper format having more sporting coverage, the two publications continued as rival papers. From the late 1960s, the MCN corner-masthead became blue, turning to the red for the 1970s. Rival Motor Cycle became Motor Cycle Weekly, which reverted to a format in 1983 in an effort to boost sales figures by then-publisher IPC before eventual closure in late 1983. MCN continued from strength to strength, MCN have been presenting an annual awards ceremony almost since they were founded in 1955. These included the popularity poll Man of the Year and the overall MCN Machine of the Year award, Official website
34.
Triumph T140W TSS
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The T140W TSS was the last motorcycle model made by Triumph Engineering at their Meriden factory. The crank was a fully machined single forging with increased big end diameter making it stiffer and better-balanced. The head had smaller valves set at a steeper angle, recesses in the pistons allowed a 10,1 compression ratio. UK models had a pair of 34 mm Amal MkII carburetors while the models had Bing constant velocity carburetors. Other changes from the standard T140E included offset connecting rods, steel-linered alloy barrels, a swinging arm. A modified TSS raced by Jon Minonno for Texan Jack Wilsons Big D Triumph dealership achieved outstanding results in the Battle Of The Twins races for 1981–1982. According to the Triumph build books, held by the Vintage Motor Cycle Club, launched in 1982 with an electric starter as standard, the all-new top end of the engine featured Cooper rings sealing the 8-valve cylinder head to the barrel. American Morris alloy wheels were an option with dual Automotive Products Lockheed disc brakes upfront as standard, mudguards were stainless steel as were the Italian Radaelli rims for the wire-spoked wheel option. The high specification air-oil Strada rear suspension units were supplied by Italian firm Marzocchi, some examples retained a more English supply with Smiths gauges and 34mm Amal carburettors. The actual version exported to the USA received a paint scheme with gold-lined red wings along with newly shaped megaphone mufflers. All TSS were shod with Avon Roadrunner tyres, only 112 TSS bikes were actually exported by Triumph, as on 26 August 1983 the factory at Meriden went into voluntary liquidation. It is calculated that 438 TSS units were made in total, fitting an eight-valve engine in an anti-vibration frame was first mooted by the factory at the 1981 Earls Court motorcycle show on the prototype super-tourer, TS8-1. Now displayed at the London Motorcycle Museum, the TS8-1 had plastic bodywork by Ian Dyson of contracted stylists, for the unrealised 1984 range, the TSS was to have had Meridens Enforcer anti-vibration frame as standard where the engine was rubber-mounted in a special anti-vibration frame. Styling changes included the adoption of parts from the Triumph T140 TSX model such as the rear mudguard albeit in stainless steel. These replaced the side panels which had been extended to cover the Bing carburettor linkages on the USA export models. A plastic ducktail seat unit was mounted above the rear mudguard of the projected 1984 civilian model and rear set footrests, brake. Police TSS AV retained the standard arrangement as well as conventional cycle parts over the ducktail. Due to the height clearance limitations caused by the engine jogging about its rubber mounts within the Enforcer frame, only three examples of the TSS AV in police and civilian specification were ever made including one for the late Chris Buckle, proprietor of former Triumph dealers, Roebucks Motorcycles
35.
Norton Motorcycle Company
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The Norton Motorcycle Company is a British motorcycle marque, originally from Birmingham, UK. It was founded in 1898 as a manufacturer of fittings and parts for the two-wheel trade, by 1902, the company began manufacturing motorcycles with bought-in engines. In 1908, a Norton-built engine was added to the range and this began a long series of production of single and eventually twin-cylinder motorcycles, and a long history of racing involvement. Production of the military Model 16 H and Big 4 sidevalve motorcycles was Nortons contribution to the WWII war effort, when major shareholders started to leave Norton in 1953, the company declined and Associated Motor Cycles bought the shares. Although motorcycle sales went through a recession in the 1950s, and Norton Motors Ltd was only a small manufacturer, Norton sales flourished. A series of Norton Dominator Twins of 500 cc, then 600 cc, then 650 cc and then the 750 cc Norton Atlas kept sales buoyant, especially with sales to the USA. In 1968, the new 750 cc Norton Commando Model appeared and this kept the vibrations from the rider, giving a smooth comfortable ride. The Commando was a best seller, and voted #1 Motorcycle of the Year a number of times in Britain,850 cc models appeared for 1973, giving more torque. For 1975 an electric start arrived in the 850 Mk3, the largest UK motorcycle manufacturer at the time was BSA-Triumph, comprising Birmingham Small Arms Company in Birmingham, and Triumph Motorcycles in Meriden. BSA-Triumph faced difficulties caused by poor management, outdated union practices, old-fashioned motorcycle designs, the Triumph factory Meriden was the least modern, but workers engaged in a sit-in, forming a workers co-operative. Poore was CEO of Manganese Bronze Holdings, an apparently more concerned with asset stripping than with motorcycle production. Subsequent political manoeuvrings led to the downfall of NVT, as taxpayer-assisted wranglings over amalgamations and sell-offs all, the original company was formed by James Lansdowne Norton at 320, Bradford Street, Birmingham, in 1898. In 1902, Norton began building motorcycles with French and Swiss engines, in 1907, a Norton ridden by Rem Fowler won the twin-cylinder class in the first Isle of Man TT race, beginning a sporting tradition that went on until the 1960s. The first Norton engines were made in 1907, with production models available from 1908 and these were the 3.5 hp and the Big 4, beginning a line of side-valve single-cylinder engines which continued with few changes until the late 1950s. The first Norton logo was a simple, art nouveau design. However, a new logo appeared on the front of the catalogue for 1914 and it became known as the curly N logo, with only the initial letter as a capital, and was used by the company thereafter, first appearing on actual motorcycles in 1915. Ethel Norton also did some testing of her fathers motorcycles, in 1913 the business declined, and R. T. Shelley & Co. the main creditors, intervened and saved it, Norton Motors Ltd was formed shortly afterwards under joint directorship of James Norton and Bob Shelley
36.
Wankel engine
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The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert pressure into rotating motion. The engine is referred to as a rotary engine, although this name applies also to other completely different designs. All parts rotate moving in one direction, as opposed to the reciprocating piston engine which has pistons violently changing direction. The design was conceived by German engineer Felix Wankel, Wankel received his first patent for the engine in 1929. He began development in the early 1950s at NSU, and completed a prototype in 1957. NSU subsequently licensed the design to companies around the world, who have continually added improvements, the engines produced are of spark ignition, with compression ignition engines only in research projects. The Wankel engine has the advantages of compact design and low weight over the most commonly used internal combustion engine employing reciprocating pistons, the point of power to weight has been reached of under one pound weight per horsepower output. In 1951, NSU Motorenwerke AG in Germany began development of the engine, the first, the DKM motor, was developed by Felix Wankel. The second, the KKM motor, developed by Hanns Dieter Paschke, was adopted as the basis of the modern Wankel engine, so the Wankel engine design used today was not designed by Felix Wankel, and the Paschke engine could be a more apt title. The basis of the DKM type of motor was that both the rotor and the housing spun around on separate axes, the DKM motor reached higher revolutions per minute and was more naturally balanced. However, the engine needed to be stripped to change the spark plugs, the KKM engine was simpler, having a fixed housing. The first working prototype, DKM54, produced 21 hp and ran on February 1,1957, at the NSU research and development department Versuchsabteilung TX. The KKM57 was constructed by NSU engineer Hanns Dieter Paschke in 1957 without the knowledge of Felix Wankel, in 1960, NSU, the firm that employed the two inventors, and the US firm Curtiss-Wright, signed a joint agreement. Curtiss-Wright recruited Max Bentele to head their design team, many manufacturers signed license agreements for development, attracted by the smoothness, quiet running, and reliability emanating from the uncomplicated design. Amongst them were Alfa Romeo, American Motors, Citroen, Ford, General Motors, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan, Porsche, Rolls-Royce, Suzuki, in the United States in 1959, under license from NSU, Curtiss-Wright pioneered improvements in the basic engine design. In Britain, in the 1960s, Rolls Royces Motor Car Division pioneered a two-stage diesel version of the Wankel engine, Citroën did much research, producing the M35, GS Birotor and RE-2 Helicopter using engines produced by Comotor, a joint venture of Citroën and NSU. General Motors seemed to have concluded the Wankel engine was more expensive to build than an equivalent reciprocating engine. General Motors claimed to have solved the fuel issue
37.
Norton Interpol 2
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The Interpol 2 is a Norton motorcycle produced from 1984 to 1989. It has a twin rotor 588 cc Wankel engine. Towards the end of the production run one machine was built for development purposes with a new water-cooled version of Nortons twin-rotor Wankel engine and this machine was designated Interpol 2A. When production of the Interpol 2 ceased it was succeeded by the P52 version of the Norton Commander, Norton did not sell the Interpol 2 to the general public. Sales were restricted to customers, civilian police forces, military police forces (particularly the Royal Air Force Police
38.
Birmingham Small Arms Company
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This article is not about Gamo subsidiary BSA Guns Limited or BSA Company or its successors. At its peak, BSA was the largest motorcycle producer in the world, in the late 1950s and early 1960s poor management and failure to develop new products in the motorcycle division led to a dramatic decline of sales to its major USA market. The management had failed to appreciate the importance of the resurgent Japanese motorcycle industry, the original company, The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited, remains a subsidiary of Manganese Bronze but its name was changed in 1987. BSA began in June 1861 in the Gun Quarter, Birmingham, England and it was formed by a group of fourteen gunsmith members of the Birmingham Small Arms Trade Association. The War Office provided this new grouping of gunsmiths free access to technical drawings, the newly formed company purchased 25 acres of land at Small Heath, Birmingham, built a factory there and made a road on the site calling it Armoury Road. This machinery brought to Birmingham manifested the principle of the inter-changeability of parts, BSAs resort to the use of machinery was rewarded in 1863 with an order for 20,000 Turkish infantry rifles. F. Swinburn under the chairmanship of John Dent Goodman, the first War Office contract was not agreed until 1868. In 1879, the factory, without work, was shut for a year, the military arms trade was precarious. The next year BSA branched out into bicycle manufacture, the gun factory proved remarkably adaptable to the manufacture of cycle parts. What cycles needed was large quantities of standard parts accurately machined at low prices, bicycle production ceased in 1887 as the company concentrated on producing the Lee–Metford magazine-loading rifle for the War Office which was re-equipping the British Army with it. The order was for 1,200 rifles per week, BSA recommenced manufacturing bicycles on their own behalf from 1908. BSA Cycles Ltd was set up in 1919 for the manufacture of bicycles and motorcycles. BSA sold the business to Raleigh in 1957 after separating the bicycle and motorcycle business in 1953. In 1893, BSA commenced making bicycle hubs and continued to supply the cycle trade with bicycle parts up to 1936, BSA bought The Eadie Manufacturing Company of Redditch in 1907 and so began to manufacture the Eadie two speed hub gear and the Eadie coaster brake hub. BSA also signed an agreement with the Three Speed Gear Syndicate in 1907 to manufacture a 3 speed hub under licence. This was later classified as the Sturmey Archer Type X. BSA introduced a Duo hub in the late 1930s which was capable of one fixed gear, all BSA hub gear production temporarily ceased in 1939, until they recommenced making their 3 speed hub around 1945. The Eadie coaster hub made a return in 1953 on two BSA bicycle models. BSA forever ceased production of their hub gears in 1955, BSA sold its ammunition business in 1897 to Birmingham Metal and Munitions Company Limited part of the Nobel-Dynamite Trust, through Kynoch a forerunner of ICI
39.
Velocette LE
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The Velocette LE was a motorcycle made by Velocette from 1948 to 1970. The designation LE stood for little engine, used by over fifty British Police forces, the police riders became known as Noddies because they were required to nod to senior officers, and the LE was nicknamed the Noddy Bike. Production ended in 1970 when the company ran into financial problems, velocettes Director, Eugene Goodman, planned an innovative and radical design that would appeal to a new market that needed cheap, clean and reliable transport. Designer Charles Udall developed the Velocette LE as a design, with engine, gearbox, drive shaft. The Velocette LE was launched at the British International Motor Show at Earls Court in 1948 as the Motorcycle for Everyman. With a 150 cc four-stroke, side-valve, water-cooled, horizontally opposed twin-cylinder engine, the hand change three-speed gearbox, engine and clutch were contained in special castings, and final drive was by a shaft mounted in a swing frame with adjustable suspension. Aluminium leg shields were designed to keep the rain off, instruments included a speedometer and trip recorder. To reduce noise and vibration, the engine was mounted. The water-cooled engine was well silenced, and riders reported that sometimes they only knew the engine was running by checking the ignition light, carrying capacity was boosted by quickly detachable panniers and a glove compartment in front of the petrol tank. All this made the MkI LE expensive, however, at £126 compared with the BSA Bantam at £76, the odd looks also meant that it did not appeal to the usual motorcycle buyer. Launched in 1951 the Mk II had a 192 cc engine, giving an extra 2 hp, sales remained poor, however, and the company had to reduce the price. The clutch was upgraded, and an Amal 363 monobloc carburetor replaced the standard unit, the rear swinging arm was uprated with cast aluminium to improve rigidity, and the brakes were improved. The petrol tank capacity was increased from 1.25 to 1.62 imperial gallons. A breakthrough for Velocette was when over fifty British Police forces decided to use the LE for patrols, ex-police machines can be identified by the after market fittings for the police radio. These include the data plate being moved to the headstock, the word POLICE stamped under the generator cover. This was designed to keep out of the battery compartment. The police riders became known as Noddies, and the LE was nicknamed the Noddy Bike. In 1958, Velocette launched the Mk III LE with a foot operated gear change, an extra gear was added, together with 18-inch-diameter wheels
40.
California Highway Patrol
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The California Highway Patrol is a law enforcement agency of the U. S. state of California. The CHP has patrol jurisdiction over all California highways and can act as the state police. It was reestablished as a department by Governor Earl Warren in 1947. The CHP gradually assumed increased responsibility beyond the enforcement of the State Vehicle Act and it is currently organized as part of the California State Transportation Agency. In addition to its patrol duties, the CHP also provides other services including protecting state buildings and facilities. The CHP also works with law enforcement agencies, providing assistance in investigations, patrol. The California Highway Patrol is the largest state agency in the United States, with more than 10,500 employees,7,200 of whom are sworn officers. The agency has jurisdiction over all California state routes, U. S. Highways, Interstate Highways. While the agencys mission is related to transportation, it also possesses full law enforcement authority. Furthermore, CHP officers act as bailiffs for the California Supreme Court and California Court of Appeal, CHP officers enforce the California Vehicle Code, pursue fugitives spotted on the highways, and attend to all significant obstructions and accidents within their jurisdiction. Beginning in 2013, the CHP switched to the Ford Explorer-based Ford Police Interceptor Utility fleet vehicles because the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor was being phased out of production. CHP officers are responsible for investigating and disposing of car accidents, disabled vehicles, debris and they are often the first responders at the scene of an accident, and in turn summon paramedics, firefighters, tow truck drivers or Caltrans personnel. The CHP files traffic collision reports for state highways and within unincorporated areas, the CHP responds to and investigates all accidents involving school buses throughout the state including incorporated cities. CHP also has Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams for the investigation of traffic collisions, the CHP also publishes data on traffic accidents in California from a database called SWITRS. After the September 11,2001 attacks the CHP became responsible for securing and patrolling a number of potential terrorist targets in California and these sites include nuclear power plants, government buildings, and key infrastructure sites. The CHP also maintains a SWAT team on 24‑hour stand‑by to respond to any terrorist activity, in September 2005, the CHP sent its two Mobile Field Forces to the Gulf Coast to assist in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. CHP investigators also work closely with agents of the State Bureau of Investigation, additionally, the CHP has dozens of narcotic patrol and explosive detection K‑9 teams stationed throughout the state. One of the California Highway Patrols additional responsibilities includes a governor protection detail, average officer pay was $118,000 in 2014
41.
Harley-Davidson FL
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The Harley-Davidson FL is a model designation used on Harley-Davidson motorcycles since 1941. The FL was introduced to the Harley-Davidson model line in 1941 and it used a 74 cu in version of the Knucklehead OHV engine that powered the EL in 61 cu in form. The FL shared its frame with the EL and with the U and UL, the FL replaced the UH and ULH, which used the same frame with 80 cu in flathead engines. The FL continued relatively unchanged until 1948, when it and the EL were given redesigned Panhead engines of the capacities as before. These engines had several improvements over the earlier Knuckleheads, including self-adjusting hydraulic lifters and aluminum cylinder heads to reduce weight, the U and UL flathead twins were discontinued in 1948, leaving the OHV EL and FL models as Harley-Davidsons large-frame motorcycles. In 1949, a year after receiving the Panhead engine, the FL was given a new front suspension featuring hydraulically damped telescopic forks and these forks were standard on all big twin models for 1949, including the E, EL, F, and FL. During their debut year of 1949, Harley-Davidson referred to their new suspension systems as the hydraulic front ends. Harley-Davidsons marketing department promoted the new systems by renaming the big twin models Hydra Glide for the 1950 model year. This was Harley-Davidsons first departure from its policy of using alphabetic lettering to identify its models and this name would change twice in the history of the basic large-framed E and F series models, each time signaling an improvement in the bikes technology. In addition, the Glide ending would be used on other models, in 1952, the Hydra-Glides transmission standard hand-shift/foot-clutch was supplemented by the optional foot-shift/hand-clutch. The original format continued to be offered as an option until 1978,1952 was also the last year of the 61 cu in EL, making the FL the last remaining large-frame model. Although the 1903 founding is now the basis for Anniversary Models, Harley-Davidsons 50th Golden Anniversary was celebrated in 1954 with special paints, the first year of production was 1904. A more highly tuned engine with high-compression heads, higher-lift cams, the FLH designation has continued up to the present. The FL model was given a new frame in 1958 and this frame included a rear swingarm suspended by a pair of coil-over-shock suspension units. In honor of this fully suspended chassis, the FLs model name was changed from Hydra-Glide to Duo-Glide, the third and final change given to the name of the basic FL model would occur in 1965, the final year of the Panhead engines. These last Panheads were the first big-twin Harley-Davidson engines to be equipped with electric starters and this innovation for Harley-Davidson was greeted with the new model name of Electra Glide. In 1966, the Panhead gave way to the Shovelhead, gaining a ten percent increase in power in the process, a fork-mounted fairing became available on Electra Glides in 1969. This became unofficially known as the batwing fairing, although the batwing fairing was an easily removable option on early Electra Glides, it was not removable on later machines, as the instruments were moved from the fuel tank into the fairing
42.
Harley-Davidson Sportster
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The Harley-Davidson Sportster is a line of motorcycles produced continuously since 1957 by Harley-Davidson. Sportster models are designated in Harley-Davidsons product code by beginning with XL, in 1952, the predecessors to the Sportster, the Model K Sport and Sport Solo motorcycles, were introduced. These models K, KK, KH, and KHK of 1952 to 1956 had a sidevalve engine, the first Sportster in 1957 had many of the same details of the KH including the frame, fenders, large gas tank and front suspension. Sportster motorcycles are powered by a four-stroke, 45° V-twin engine in which both connecting rods, of the fork and blade or knife & fork design, share a common crank pin. The original Sportster engine was the Ironhead engine, which was replaced with the Evolution engine in 1986. Sportster engines, the 45 cubic inch R, D, G & W Models 1929 side-valve motors, and the Big Twin side-valve motors, which were, the flathead 74.0 cu in Models V, VL etc. Models U and UL, and the 80.0 cu in models VH and VLH, models UH and ULH have four separate cams, the company used similar cam followers for decades with minor changes, from the 1929 to the Eighties. Models since 1991 have five speeds,1990 and earlier models had four speeds, the engine was mounted directly to the frame from 1957 through the 2003 model year. While this system allows the bike to be lighter with more precise handling. Sportsters released in 2004 and later use rubber mounts and tie links to limit engine movement to a single plane. Buell motorcycles built with variants of the Sportster engine have used a rubber mount system since 1987, the Model K, from which the Sportster evolved, was the first civilian motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson with hydraulic shock absorbers on both wheels. Common usage calls this a K Model and this is developed from the earlier 45 W model, but with the revised flat head engine and new 4-speed transmission contained in the same castings as would become the Sportster. The connecting rods would be inherited by the Sportster along with other design elements. This is the small twin with a longer stroke than 3.8125. The shorter stroke is otherwise universal to the entire 45/K/Sportster line from 1929 to the present,1958 XLH touring high compression model and XLCH sportier Competition Hot model introduced. In 1977 a limited edition Confederate Edition Sportster was introduced for one year only,1979 Last year for the kickstart only XLCH, only 141 made. 1985 Last year for the Ironhead overhead-valve engine,1986 Evolution engine introduced in 883 cc and 1,100 cc sizes. 19881200 cc engine replaces 1,100 cc engine,1988 Constant velocity carburetor replaces butterfly carburetor
43.
Buell Motorcycle Company
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The Buell Motorcycle Company was an American motorcycle manufacturer based in East Troy, Wisconsin, and was founded in 1983 by ex-Harley-Davidson engineer Erik Buell. Harley-Davidson acquired 49% of Buell in 1993, and Buell became a wholly owned subsidiary of Harley-Davidson by 2003, on November 17,2006, Buell announced that it had produced and shipped its 100, 000th motorcycle. On October 15,2009, Harley-Davidson announced the discontinuation of the Buell product line as part of its strategy to focus on the Harley-Davidson brand, the last Buell motorcycle was produced on October 30,2009, bringing the number manufactured to 136,923. The first Buell motorcycle, the RW750, was built in 1983 purely for competition in the AMA Formula 1 motorcycle road racing championship, at that time, Erik Buell was a top contending privateer motorcycle racer. After completion of the first two RW750 racing machines, one of which was sold to another racing team, the Formula 1 series was canceled, Erik Buell then turned his focus towards racing-inspired, street-going machines using engines manufactured by Harley. In 1987 Rockville Harley-Davidson in Rockville, MD became the worlds first Buell dealership and the owner, Devin Battley has Buell #1, in 1993, Harley-Davidson purchased 49% of Buell, investing $500,000 and taking Erik Buells house as security. Erik Buell took the deal, against strong advice from his attorney, Harley-Davidson CEO Jeffrey Bleustein had bought it as a skunkworks development. In 1998, Harley-Davidson bought a majority stake and took control of Buell Motorcycle Company, since then, Buell has used modified Harley-Davidson engines, primarily from the Sportster, to power its motorcycles. Most Buell motorcycles use four-stroke air-cooled V-twin engines, originally built for XR1000 Sportster, after these were depleted, a basic 1200 Sportster engine was used. In 1995, the engines were upgraded with Buell engineered high-performance parts, Harley decided the engine should also be used in a sport-cruiser, then took over development, making it too big, too heavy, too expensive and too late for Buell. By 2008, Harleys credit arm, Harley-Davidson Financial Services, was struggling, when Harley CEO Keith Wandell was hired, he immediately questioned why Harley even owned Buell. Wandell, who had never been on a Harley before being hired, was talking about Eriks racing hobby. He organized a team to analyze the market, and concluded that sportbikes would encounter high competition and low profits. On Thursday, October 15,2009, Harley-Davidson Inc. announced the end of production of Buell Motorcycles in order to more on the Harley-Davidson brand. Selling Buell was not legitimately considered, as Harley didnt want their Harley dealerships to sell an outside brand, in a news release on the Buell website the same day, company officials thanked customers, employees, and dealers for an unforgettable ride. Closing the Buell brand was estimated to cost Harley approximately the same as their investment in Buell over the past 25 years. Erik Buell immediately began looking for buyers, finding BRP a good choice. Erik Buell later founded Erik Buell Racing to provide support for 1125, askenazi concluded that testing and race track experience had proven the ZTL to be state of the art
44.
Los Angeles Police Department
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The Los Angeles Police Department, officially the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the law enforcement agency for the city of Los Angeles, California, United States. With 9,843 officers and 2,773 civilian staff, it is the third-largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department, the department serves an area of 498 square miles and a population of 4,030,904 people. The LAPD has been fictionalized in numerous movies, novels, the department has also been associated with a number of controversies, mainly concerned with racism, police brutality, and police corruption. The first specific Los Angeles police force was founded in 1853, as the Los Angeles Rangers, the Rangers were soon succeeded by the Los Angeles City Guards, another volunteer group. Neither force was particularly efficient and Los Angeles became known for its violence, gambling, the first paid force was created in 1869, when six officers were hired to serve under City Marshal William C. Warren. By 1900, under John M. Glass, there were 70 officers, in 1903, with the start of the Civil Service, this force was increased to 200. During World War II, under Clemence B, horrall, the overall number of personnel was depleted by the demands of the military. Despite efforts to maintain numbers, the police could do little to control the 1943 Zoot Suit Riots, Parker advocated police professionalism and autonomy from civilian administration. However, the Bloody Christmas scandal in 1951 led to calls for civilian accountability, under Parker, LAPD created the first SWAT team in United States law enforcement. Officer John Nelson and then-Inspector Daryl Gates created the program in 1965 to deal with threats from radical organizations such as the Black Panther Party operating during the Vietnam War era. The old headquarters for the LAPD was Parker Center, named former chief William H. Parker. The new headquarters is the new Police Administration Building located at 100 W. 1st St. immediately south of Los Angeles City Hall, the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners also known as the Police Commission, is a five-member body of appointed officials which oversees the LAPD. The board is responsible for setting policies for the department and overseeing the LAPDs overall management, the Chief of Police reports to the board, but the rest of the department reports to the chief. The Office of the Inspector General is an independent part of the LAPD that has oversight over the department’s internal disciplinary process and it was created by the recommendation of the Christopher Commission and it is exempt from civil service and reports directly to the Board of Police Commissioners. The current Inspector General is Alexander A. Bustamante who was formerly an Assistant United States Attorney, the OIG receives copies of every complaint filed against members of the LAPD as well as tracking specific cases along with any resultant litigation. The OIG also conducts audits on select investigations and conducts regular reviews of the system in order to ensure fairness. As well as overseeing the LAPDs disciplinary process, the Inspector General may undertake special investigations as directed by the Board of Police Commissioners, the Office of the Chief of Police is the administrative office comprising the Chief of Staff and the Employee Relations Group. The majority of the LAPDs approximately 10,000 officers are assigned within the Office of Operations, an Assistant Chief, currently First Assistant Chief Michel Moore, commands the office, and reports directly to the chief of police
45.
Zero Motorcycles
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Zero Motorcycles Inc. is an American manufacturer of electric motorcycles. Formerly called Electricross, it was started in 2006 by Neal Saiki, the company is now located nearby in Scotts Valley. Zero makes a line of 100% electric motorcycles including the Zero S, SR, and FXS, and the Zero DS, DSR, and FX. The Zero S began shipping in volume in 2010, the first model year to include the Agni Motor, at time the DS. The XU, a street bike with a removable battery. In 2012, Zero introduced the ZF9 Power Pack with the Zero S & DS models making them the first production electric motorcycles that can exceed an EPA-estimated 100 miles on a single charge, in 2013 the Zero S and DS were completely redesigned. The battery capacity was increased to 11. 4kWh, and a new brushless permanent magnet AC motor was introduced, in 2013 the Zero FX dual-sport model with modular removable power packs was introduced. CHAdeMO fast charging was also available on 2013 models, in 2014 the optional 2. 8kWh Power Tank became available. 2014 also saw the addition of the Zero SR to the range, a performance version of the Zero S, incorporating more powerful controller electrics. The 2015 models had battery pack size increased to 12. 5kWh, also introduced in 2015 were standard ABS brakes and Showa suspension. CHAdeMO fast charging was eliminated as an option, leaving instead an optional quick charger accessory at added cost, in 2016, Zero announced the DSR and FXS models. The DSR is based on the DS, but with the powerful motor from the SR. The FXS is a version of the FX. Additional changes for the year include the availability of a Charge Tank accessory. Battery pack size improved again to 13. 0kWh, for a possible maximum capacity of 15. 9kWh including the optional Power Tank. The air-cooled motors on the SR, DSR, and FXS were revised to reduce heat produced during high output, for 2017, all models have the interior-permanent-magnet motor. All models also received a larger capacity controller which provides an increase in maximum torque and horsepower output, all models but the S ZF13.0 receive a wider, high-torque carbon fiber reinforced belt. Other changes for 2017 include a locking tank box and more paint on S/DS/SR/DSR models
46.
Bedfordshire Police
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Its headquarters are based in Kempston, Bedfordshire. A professional police force was established in Bedfordshire in 1839, under the County Police Act 1839 and it initially comprised a chief constable, who was based in Ampthill,6 superintendents and 40 constables. Constables were paid 19 shillings a week, which was twice the typical wage of an agricultural labourer in the county at that time. In 1965, Bedfordshire Constabulary had an establishment of 497 and a strength of 430. On 11 June 2007 PC Jon Henry, was fatally stabbed whilst on duty in the centre of Luton by a Nigerian immigrant. Obih was convicted of his murder, along with the attempted murder, Bedfordshire Police has collaborated several specialist units with Hertfordshire Constabulary and Cambridgeshire Constabulary including Major Crime, Dogs, Firearms and Roads Policing. In June 2015, the force implemented a new operating model – which comprises north and south bases, Bedfordshire Police publish results of cases on their official website such as the drug gang who were jailed for 39 years. Bedfordshire Polices Cadets have recently scooped a National Award for their contribution to helping to reduce crime. In 2014 Bedfordshire Police took the move to allow cameras into the force 24/7 to film a fly-on-the-wall documentary capturing some of the issues faced by police officers today. The last series ended in June 2016 but more episodes are planned for the near future, read more about the documentary 24hrs in Police Custody In July 2015, Bedfordshire Police was the first force in the country to secure a Female Genital Mutilation protection order. The court order allowed officers to seize the passports of two girls who it was thought were being taken to Africa. Source, https, //www. theguardian. com/society/2015/jul/17/police-obtain-first-fgm-protection-order On 15 November 2016, the image accompanying the tweet showed a hand with raised finger - a symbol used by ISIS. The logo was produced by a charity and was used in good faith. As a consequence and to avoid offence, Bedfordshire Police has deleted these posts, the force employs AFOs to deal with firearms incidents in the area. However all officers are equipped with Hiatt Speedcuffs, PAVA incapacitant spray, Velcro fastwrap leg restraints, some officers are also equipped with the TASERX26 electroshock weapon. The first Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner is Olly Martins, who was elected on 15 November 2012, the police and crime commissioner is scrutinised by the Bedfordshire Police and Crime Panel, made up of elected councillors from the local authorities in the police area. Before November 2012 the Bedfordshire Police Authority was the police governance, on 5 May 2016 Kathryn Holloway became the second Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner after winning the vote against Olly Martins. View the Police and Crime Commissioners Police and Crime Plan 2016 Our Force Control Strategy determines our operational priorities, helping us to protect people
47.
BMW
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, usually known under its abbreviation BMW, is a German luxury vehicle, motorcycle, and engine manufacturing company founded in 1916. It is one of the luxury automakers in the world. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, BMW owns Mini cars and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW was established as a business entity following a restructuring of the Rapp Motorenwerke aircraft manufacturing firm in 1912 named Aerowerke Gustav Otto, after the end of World War I in 1918, BMW was forced to cease aircraft-engine production by the terms of the Versailles Armistice Treaty. The company consequently shifted to production as the restrictions of the treaty started to be lifted in 1923. BMWs first significant aircraft engine, and commercial product of any sort, was the BMW IIIa inline-six liquid-cooled engine of 1918, known for good fuel economy, with German rearmament in the 1930s, the company again began producing aircraft engines for the Luftwaffe. The factory in Munich made ample use of forced labour, foreign civilians, prisoners of war, the few Me 262 A-1b test examples built used the more developed version of the 003 jet, recording an official top speed of 800 km/h. The first-ever four-engine jet aircraft flown were the sixth and eighth prototypes of the Arado Ar 234 jet reconnaissance-bomber. Through 1944 the 003s reliability improved, making it a power plant for air frame designs competing for the Jägernotprogramms light fighter production contract. Which was won by the Heinkel He 162 Spatz design, the BMW003 aviation turbojet was also under consideration as the basic starting point for a pioneering turboshaft powerplant for German armored fighting vehicles in 1944–45, as the GT101. Towards the end of the Third Reich, BMW developed some military aircraft projects for the Luftwaffe, the BMW Strahlbomber, the BMW Schnellbomber and the BMW Strahljäger, but none of them were built. By the year 1958, the division of BMW was in financial difficulties. It was decided to carry on by trying to cash in on the current economy car boom exploited so successfully by German ex-aircraft manufacturers such as Messerschmitt, BMW bought the rights to manufacture the Italian Iso Isetta. BMWs version of the cars were to be powered by a modified form of BMWs motorcycle engine. This was moderately successful and helped the company get back on its feet, since 1959, the controlling majority shareholder of the BMW Aktiengesellschaft has been the Quandt family, which owns about 46% of the stock. The rest is in public float, BMW acquired the Hans Glas company based in Dingolfing, Germany, in 1966. Glas vehicles were badged as BMW until the company was fully absorbed. However, this factory was outmoded and BMWs biggest immediate gain was, according to themselves, the Glas factories continued to build a limited number of their existing models, while adding the manufacture of BMW front and rear axles until they could be closer incorporated into BMW
48.
Battenburg markings
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The name comes from the similarity in appearance to the cross-section of a Battenberg cake. The key research objectives included, Enhance officer and vehicle conspicuity to reduce the likelihood of accidents in which a vehicle is not noticed. Recognisable as a vehicle to a distance of 500 metres in daylight. Assist in high-visibility policing for public reassurance and deterrence of traffic violations, identifiable nationally as a police vehicle. A cost-neutral option compared with the average cost of the current markings, acceptable to at least 75% of the staff. The Battenburg design uses a pattern and the contrast between a light and a dark colour to increase conspicuity for the human eye. The lighter colour is daylight-fluorescent for better visibility in daytime and particularly also in dusk, for night-time visibility, the complete pattern is retroreflective. The Battenburg design typically has two rows of alternating rectangles, usually starting with yellow at the top corner, then the alternating colour, most cars use two block rows in the design. Some designs for cars only use a row or one. Pattern markings can have an effect as well concealing the outline of the vehicle. For Battenburg markings, this can be avoided by the following means, the rectangle size shall be 600 x 300 mm at minimum. A typical car pattern consists of seven blocks along the vehicle side, the vehicle outline of a car shall be clearly marked out in fluorescent colour along the roof pillars Designs with more than two block rows shall be avoided even for higher vehicles. Instead, large area of plain or daylight-fluorescent color can be used in combination, hybrid designs of Battenburg markings and other high-visibility patterns or check patterns shall be avoided. During the development of Battenburg markings, one of the key functions was to identify a vehicle as being linked to the police. Subsequent to the launch of the markings of the vehicles, the police introduced retro-reflective Sillitoe tartan markings to their uniforms, usually in blue, Sillitoe tartan patterns identify vehicles as associated with the police and sometimes other emergency services, but do not provide high visibility. The Battenburg side markings, together often with front and rear markings, are intended to reduce accidents due to looked but failed to see. In particular transferring the pattern from UK police to services and countries was criticised. Parking at an angle in such situations was a far more effective way of drawing attention to the motionlessness of a vehicle, the vehicles used by the UK Border or Immigration officers also use these markings
49.
Honda VFR800
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The Honda VFR800 is a fuel injected sport touring motorcycle first produced by Honda in 1998. It is the successor to the VFR750F and, like the bike, has the V4 engine configuration shared with the Honda VF. The VFR800 is known in the USA as the Interceptor, tuned for road use in the VFR800, power was slightly increased over the VFR750, and torque was improved throughout the rev range. In 2000, Honda updated the fifth-generation VFR with a converter, oxygen sensors. Which uses the engine as a member of the frame, was derived from the VTR1000 Firestorm. The VFR800 has a novel DCBS linked braking system and this system is a departure from traditional motorcycle braking system where front and rear braking are independent of each other. In this system, the front brake lever applies pressure to four of the six front brake caliper pistons, the rotational movement of the left caliper when engaged actuates a secondary master cylinder and applies pressure to one of the rear calipers pistons. The rear brake pedal is attached to the remaining pistons. The DCBS system is designated Dual as both hand lever and foot pedal each control both front and rear brakes, Honda first introduced this braking system on the 1992 Honda CBR1000F. This was based on the Unified Braking System that was introduced on the 1983 GL1100, the sixth generation VFR was introduced in 2002. It featured dual underseat exhausts, optional ABS, DCBS linked brakes and it featured chain-driven cams rather than the gear-driven cams of earlier VFRs, and VTEC valve actuation. The RC46 model of VFR800 continues to be sold in certain international markets. The VFR800 was the first non-JDM motorcycle to use VTEC valve-gear, Honda used VTEC to meet tightening noise and emissions standards and to increase the peak engine horsepower. Based on the VTEC-E system, the motorcycle version of VTEC employs only two of the four valves per cylinder when operating at lower engine speeds. All four valves per cylinder are engaged above approximately 6,800 rpm and this design allows for variable valve timing as well, since the cam lobe profiles can be made different. After much criticism of the abruptness of power transition, Honda lowered the VTEC activation rpm threshold to 6,400 rpm in 2006, the VTEC disengages two cylinder valves when the engine speed drops again below 6,100 rpm. A facelifted VFR800 debuted at the 2013 EICMA show in Milan, the revised VFR800 features a new single sided exhaust system, lighter wheels, and additional mass-reduction, lowering the curb weight by 10 kg. The 2014 VFR800F is expected to be sold worldwide, in the US market it is available in two versions, Standard and Deluxe. Deluxe version adds ABS, traction control, grip heaters, self-canceling turn signals, outside US only Deluxe version is sold
50.
Law enforcement in Japan
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Law enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the National Police Agency or NPA. The NPA is administered by the National Public Safety Commission, thus ensuring that Japans police are an apolitical body and they are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and active press. By the 1880s, the police had developed into an instrument of government control, providing support for local leaders. They acted as general civil administrators, implementing policies and thereby facilitating unification and modernization. In rural areas especially, the police had great authority and were accorded the same mixture of fear and their increasing involvement in political affairs was one of the foundations of the authoritarian state in Japan in the first half of the twentieth century. The centralized police system steadily acquired responsibilities, until it controlled almost all aspects of daily life, the system regulated public health, business, factories, and construction, and it issued permits and licenses. The Peace Preservation Law of 1925 gave police the authority to arrest people for wrong thoughts, Special Higher Police were created to regulate the content of motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, military police assumed greater authority, after 1937 police directed business activities for the war effort, mobilized labor, and controlled transportation. After Japans surrender in 1945, occupation authorities in World War II retained the police structure until a new system was implemented. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a strong, centralized force to deal with postwar unrest, about 1,600 independent municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants or more, and a National Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control was to be ensured by placing the police under the jurisdiction of public safety commissions controlled by the National Public Safety Commission in the Office of the Prime Minister, and pressure mounted for a centralized system more compatible with Japanese political preferences. The 1947 Police Law was amended in 1951 to allow the police of smaller communities to merge with the National Rural Police. Most chose this arrangement, and by 1954 only about 400 cities, towns, under the 1954 amended Police Law, a final restructuring created an even more centralized system in which local forces were organized by prefectures under a National Police Agency. The National Public Safety Commission system has been retained, Rural and municipal forces were abolished and integrated into prefectural forces, which handled basic police matters. Officials and inspectors in various ministries and agencies continue to exercise special police functions assigned to them in the 1947 Police Law, as of 2010, the total strength reached approximately 291,475 personnel. The NPA total is about 7,709 with 1,969 police officers,901 Imperial guards and 4,839 civilians, the Prefectural police total is about 283,766 with 255,156 police officers and 28,610 civilians. Nationwide, there are about 14,900 female police officers, the commissions primary function is to supervise the National Police Agency, and it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers. The commission consists of a chairman, who holds the rank of minister of state, the commission operates independently of the cabinet, but liaison and coordination with it are facilitated by the chairmans being a member of that body
