1.
Guernsey
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Guernsey is a jurisdiction within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown dependency. The jurisdiction is not part of the United Kingdom, however, defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government. Taken together with the jurisdictions of Alderney and Sark it forms the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The two Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey together form the geographical grouping known as the Channel Islands, the name Guernsey, as well as that of neighbouring Jersey, is of Old Norse origin. The second element of word, -ey, is the Old Norse for island, while the original root, guern, is of uncertain origin. Around 6000 BC, rising seas created the English Channel and separated the Norman promontories that became the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey from continental Europe, neolithic farmers then settled on its coast and built the dolmens and menhirs found in the islands today. During their migration to Brittany, Britons occupied the Lenur islands including Sarnia or Lisia and Angia, travelling from the Kingdom of Gwent, Saint Sampson, later the abbot of Dol in Brittany, is credited with the introduction of Christianity to Guernsey. In 933 AD, the Cotentin Peninsula including Avranchin which included the islands, were placed by the French King Ranulf under the control of William I, the island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy. During the Middle Ages, the island was a haven for pirates that would use the technique to ground ships close to her waters. This intensified during the Hundred Years War, when, starting in 1339, the Guernsey Militia was operational in 1337 and would help defend the island for a further 600 years. In 1372, the island was invaded by Aragonese mercenaries under the command of Owain Lawgoch, Owain and his dark-haired mercenaries were later absorbed into Guernsey legend as invading fairies from across the sea. In the mid-16th century, the island was influenced by Calvinist reformers from Normandy, during the Marian persecutions, three women, the Guernsey Martyrs, were burned at the stake for their Protestant beliefs. During the English Civil War, Guernsey sided with the Parliamentarians, the allegiance was not total, however, there were a few Royalist uprisings in the southwest of the island, while Castle Cornet was occupied by the Governor, Sir Peter Osborne, and Royalist troops. In December 1651, with honours of war, Castle Cornet surrendered. By the beginning of the 18th century, Guernseys residents were starting to settle in North America, the threat of invasion by Napoleon prompted many defensive structures to be built at the end of that century. The 19th century saw an increase in the prosperity of the island, due to its success in the global maritime trade. During the First World War, about 3,000 island men served in the British Expeditionary Force, of these, about 1,000 served in the Royal Guernsey Light Infantry regiment formed from the Royal Guernsey Militia in 1916. For most of the Second World War, the Channel Islands were occupied by German troops, before the occupation, 80% of Guernsey children had been evacuated to England to live with relatives or strangers during the war
Guernsey
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Aerial view
Guernsey
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Flag
Guernsey
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Castle Cornet seen at night over the harbour of
St Peter Port.
Guernsey
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The island of Guernsey seen from 33,000 feet looking North
2.
The Crown
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The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions, although the term is not only a metonym for the State. The Crown is a sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative. These monarchies are united by the union of their monarch. The concept of the Crown developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the crown and property of the nation state from the person. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the lexicon of the other 15 independent realms. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, the concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights, land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage—owners of land held as socage held it only to the Crown. The Crown as ultimate owner of all property also owns any property which has become bona vacantia, the monarch is the living embodiment of the Crown and, as such, is regarded as the personification of the state. He office cannot exist without the office-holder, the Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crowns legal personality is usually regarded as a sole, it can, at least for some purposes. Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible, two judgments—Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta and Ex parte Quark —challenged that view. The Crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state. The Succession to the Crown Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey. Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The reserve powers of the Crown for each territory are no longer considered to be exercisable on the advice of the UK government, often cases are brought by the Crown according to the complaint of a claimant. The title of the case follows the pattern of R v Y. Thus R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where Miller is Gina Miller, in Scotland, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the Lord Advocate in the name of the Crown
The Crown
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Australia
3.
Dukes of Normandy
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In the Middle Ages, the Duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in northwestern France. The duchy arose out of a grant of land to the Viking leader Rollo by the French king Charles III in 911, in 924 and again in 933, Normandy was expanded by royal grant. Rollos male-line descendants continued to rule it down to 1135, in 1202 the French king Philip II declared Normandy forfeit and by 1204 his army had conquered it. It remained a French royal province thereafter, still called the Duchy of Normandy, there is no record of Rollo holding or using any title. His son and grandson, William I and Richard I, used the titles count, prior to 1066, the most common title of the ruler of Normandy was Count of Normandy or Count of the Normans. The title Count of Rouen was never used in any official document, defying Norman pretensions to the ducal title, Adhemar of Chabannes was still referring to the Norman ruler as Count of Rouen as late as the 1020s. The late 11th-century Norman historian William of Poitiers used the title Count of Rouen for the Norman rulers down to Richard II, the first recorded use of the title duke is in a act in favour of the Abbey of Fécamp in 1006 by Richard II. Earlier, the writer Richer of Reims had called Richard I a dux pyratorum, during the reign of Richard II, the French kings chancery began also called the Norman ruler Duke of the Normans for the first time. As late as the reign of William II, the ruler of Normandy could style himself prince and duke, count of Normandy as if unsure what his title should be. The literal Latin equivalent of Duke of Normandy, dux Normanniae, was in use by 1066, Richard I experimented with the title marquis as early as 966, when it was also used in a diploma of King Lothair. Richard II occasionally used it, but he seems to have preferred the title duke and it is his preference for the ducal title in his own charters that has led historians to believe that it was the chosen title of the Norman rulers. Certainly it was not granted to them by the French king, in the twelfth century, the Abbey of Fécamp spread the legend that it had been granted to Richard II by Pope Benedict VIII. The French chancery did not regularly employ it until after 1204, the actual reason for the adoption of a higher title than that of count was that the rulers of Normandy began to grant the comital title to members of their own family. The creation of Norman counts subject to the ruler of Normandy necessitated the taking a higher title. The same process was at work in other principalities of France in the century, as the comital title came into wider use. The Normans nevertheless kept the title of count for the ducal family, from 1066, when William II conquered England, becoming King William I, the title Duke of Normandy was often held by the King of England. In 1087, William died and the passed to his eldest son, Robert Curthose, while his second surviving son, William Rufus. In 1096, Robert mortgaged Normandy to William, who was succeeded by brother, Henry I
Dukes of Normandy
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Statue of Rollo in
Falaise, Calvados
Dukes of Normandy
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William I (William the Conqueror)
Dukes of Normandy
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"La Reine, Notre Duc": title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre
4.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
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The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
5.
Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey
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The Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey is the representative of the British monarch in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown dependency of the British Crown. The role of the Lieutenant Governor is to act as the de facto head of state in Guernsey and as liaison between the governments of Guernsey and the United Kingdom. The holder of office is also ex officio a member of the States of Guernsey but may not vote and, by convention, speaks in the Chamber only on appointment. The duties are primarily diplomatic and ceremonial, the Lieutenant Governor has his own flag in Guernsey, the Union Flag defaced with the Bailiwicks coat of arms. The Crown appointed Wardens or Keepers to represent its interests in the Channel Islands, after 1473 separate Wardens were appointed for Guernsey and Jersey, the title of Captain or Governor also being used. By the 19th century the post of Governor of Guernsey had become a sinecure, since then Lieutenant Governors have continued to be appointed. This new system replaced the system of the appointment being made by the Crown on the recommendation of UK ministers. The first person selected by this process was former RAF officer Air Marshal Peter Walker, a roll of honour of the Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Guernsey from 1198 to date has been installed at Government House. Sir Edmund Andros was Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey from 1704 to 1708
Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey
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Flag of the Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey
6.
Ian Corder
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Vice Admiral Sir Ian Fergus Corder KBE, CB is a senior Royal Navy officer who served as UK Military Representative to NATO. In 2016, he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey, educated at Rugby School and Peterhouse, Cambridge, Corder joined the Royal Navy in 1978. He commanded the submarine HMS Oracle, then the submarine HMS Splendid and he attended the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in April 2011. He went on to be UK Military Representative to NATO in May 2013, Corder retired from the Royal Navy on 1 July 2016. In March 2016 Corder was announced as the next Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey and he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 Birthday Honours
Ian Corder
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Corder (right) in 2010
Ian Corder
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Aboard the USS George H.W. Bush
7.
States of Guernsey
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The States of Guernsey is the parliament of the British Crown dependency of Guernsey. Some laws and ordinances approved by the States of Guernsey also apply to Alderney, all enactments of the States of Guernsey apply to Herm as well as Guernsey, since Herm is wholly owned by the States of Guernsey. When constituted as a legislature, it is called the States of Deliberation. When constituted as a college, it is officially called the States of Election. Legislation passed by the States is termed Laws, which take effect in the island by Order-in-Council, minor and secondary legislation does not require the assent of the Queen-in-Council and are known as Ordinances. The States of Deliberation consists of 38 Peoples Deputies, elected from multi-member districts every four years, two Alderney Deputies are appointed by the States of Alderney to represent Alderneys interest in matters delegated by Alderney to Guernsey under the 1948 Agreement. The Alderney Representatives are full members of the States of Deliberation but are unpaid, there are also two non-voting members being the Law Officers of the Crown - the Procureur and the Comptroller both appointed by the monarch. The Bailiff presides over the States, the legislature derives its name from the estates of the Crown, the Church and the people from whom the assembly was originally summoned. The Conseillers were not originally elected by the people. The 10 Douzaine representatives were removed from the States in the 2004 constitutional reform, in 2016 the number of deputies was reduced to 38 The last general election was on 27 April 2016
States of Guernsey
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States of Guernsey États de Guernesey (French)
8.
Jurat
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In Guernsey and Jersey, the Jurats, as lay people, are judges of fact rather than law, though they preside over land conveyances and liquor licensing. In Alderney, however, the Jurats are judges of fact and law in both civil and criminal matters. Under the ancien régime in France, in towns, of the south-west, such as La Rochelle and Bordeaux. The title was borne by officials, corresponding to aldermen, in the Cinque Ports. There are two bodies, consisting each of twelve jurats, for the Bailiwicks of Jersey and of Guernsey respectively and they form, with the Bailiff as presiding judge, the Royal Court in each Bailiwick. In Guernsey and Jersey, the Jurats, as lay people, are judges of fact rather than law, though they preside over land conveyances, in Alderney, however, the Jurats are judges of both fact and law in both civil and criminal matters. Although no longer a political post, the office of Jurat is still considered the highest elected position to which a citizen can aspire, however, in Alderney, Jurats are appointed by the Crown, following a recommendation from the President of Alderney. In Jersey, the power to raise excise duties was exercised by the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff, in 1948 the jurats were replaced in the legislature by directly-elected senators. Jurats now serve until retirement as non-professional judges of fact and they also determine sentences in criminal matters and assess damages in civil matters. There are twelve Jurats at any one time, who are elected by an electoral college constituted of States Members and members of the legal profession. The robes of jurats are red with black trim, the Royal Court sits either as the Inferior Number or the Superior Number. Only the Superior Number can impose sentences of imprisonment of more than four years, the Superior Number also acts as a court of first appeal in respect of sentences handed down by the Inferior Number. Otherwise, Appeals from the Inferior Number and the Superior Number are heard by the Jersey Court of Appeal, thereafter, any appeal would be heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council sitting in London. Jurats also sit on the Islands Licensing Assembly and customarily serve as autorisés to oversee polling at public elections, in 2009, a report raised concerns about potential conflicts of interests, and recommended that membership of the board should include independent members of the public. In Guernsey, the Jurats are still elected by the States of Election, made up of the Islands judiciary, Law Officers, the Royal Court of Guernsey sits either as the Ordinary Court or the Full Court. The robes of jurats are purple, the court of Alderney consists of six Jurats and the Judge of Alderney. Juror Lay judge Capitoul, the equivalent office in Toulouse This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. How to become a Jurat in Jersey
Jurat
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Jurats in robes of office in procession on
Liberation Day 9 May 2008 in Jersey (Solicitor General and Attorney General following also in red robes but wearing
jabots)
9.
Politics of Guernsey
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Politics of Guernsey take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic British Crown dependency. The Lieutenant Governor is the appointed unelected representative of the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor is Government House, Queens Road, St Peter Port. From 15 April 2011, the incumbent had been Peter Walker until his death on 6 September 2015, the Bailiff is the first civil officer in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, serving as president of the legislature and the Royal Court. The Bailiff is appointed by the Crown, and generally holds office until retirement age and he presides at the Royal Court, and takes the opinions of the Jurats, elected lay judges, he also presides over States meetings, and represents the Crown in all civil matters. The President of the Policy and Resources Committee, who can also be termed the Chief Minister is head of the political States of Deliberation, the States of Guernsey, officially called the States of Deliberation, consists of 38 Peoples Deputies, elected from multi-member districts every four years. There are also two representatives from Alderney, a self-governing dependency within the Bailiwick, but Sark sends no representative, there are also two non-voting members - HM Procureur and HM Comptroller, appointed by the Crown. Laws made by the States are known as Projet de Loi before they are passed, a Project de Loi is the equivalent of an English Bill, and a Law is the equivalent of an English Act of Parliament. Laws have no effect until Royal assent is promulgated as Orders-in-Council of the Crown and they are given the Royal Sanction at regular meetings of the Privy Council in London after, which they are returned to the Islands for formal registration at the Royal Court. The States also make delegated legislation known as Ordinances and Orders which do not require Royal Assent, commencement orders are usually in the form of Ordinances. The Policy and Resources Committee is responsible for Guernseys constitutional and external affairs, developing strategic and corporate policy and it also examines proposals and Reports placed before Guernseys Parliament by Departments and Non States Bodies. The President of the Committee is the de facto head of government of Guernsey, prior to 2016 the job was undertaken by the Policy Council of Guernsey which was chaired by the Chief Minister. Guernsey has no political parties with all representatives being elected as non-partisans, in 2000 there were 33 Deputies elected with three year mandates, and 12 Conseillers representing the Bailiwick, serving terms of six years, with half being elected every three. The Conseiller system was scrapped for the 2004 election, in the 2004,2008 and 2012 elections there were 45 Deputy seats for election. From 2016 the number of Deputy seats was reduced to 38, in addition there are two representatives of the States of Alderney in the States of Guernsey. The legal system is derived from Norman French and English common law, justice being administered through a combination of Magistrates Court, the Royal Court is presided over by the Bailiff and 12 Jurats, the ultimate court of appeal being the Privy Council. There are ten parishes in Guernsey, each parish is administered by a Douzaine. Douzeniers are elected for a mandate, two Douzeniers being elected by parishioners at a Parish Meeting in November each year. The senior Douzenier is known as the Doyen, two elected Constables carry out the decisions of the Douzaine, serving for between one and three years
Politics of Guernsey
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Guernsey
10.
Parishes of Guernsey
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The Bailiwick of Guernsey includes the island of Guernsey and other islands such as Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou, Brecqhou, and Lihou. Each parish was established, probably in the 11th century, as a religious area, administratively each parish is now administered by an elected council known as a Douzaine. The island of Guernsey is divided into ten parishes, Herm and Jethou form part of the parish of St Peter Port, each parish is administered by a Douzaine. Douzeniers are elected for a mandate, for most parishes three Douzeniers being elected by parishioners at a parish meeting in November each year. The Vale elects four each year and St Peter Port five, the senior Douzenier is known as the Doyen. To stand for election the candidate must reside in the Parish, one or more Douzaine representatives represent their parish at the States of Election when a new Jurat is elected. Two elected Constables carry out the decisions of the Douzaine, serving for one and three years. The longer-serving Constable is known as the Senior Constable and his or her colleague as the Junior Constable, historically the Constables have been in existence since at least 1481 although their duties have been reduced over the centuries. Both Douzeniers and Constables can be removed by the Royal Court for failing in their duty, inhabitants of each of the parishes of Guernsey also have traditional nicknames, although these have generally dropped out of use among the English-speaking population. The traditional nicknames are, Parishes of Jersey
Parishes of Guernsey
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"Chambre de la Douzaine" - sign of the Douzaine Room of the parish of Torteval
11.
Elections in Guernsey
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Elections in Guernsey gives information on election and election results in Guernsey with additional information of Sark and Alderney elections. Guernsey elects a legislature at the national level, the Guernsey States of Deliberation consists of 38 elected members and two representatives of Alderney, with the Bailiff acting as Presiding Officer with neither a casting nor original vote. Guernsey is a state in political parties dont play an important role. Islanders also vote for their Parish officials, the Guernsey States of Deliberation consists of 38 elected members and two representatives of Alderney, with the Bailiff acting as Presiding Officer with neither a casting nor original vote. Prior to 2016, the number of elected members was 45+2, Douzeniers are elected for a six-year mandate, two Douzeniers being elected by parishioners at a Parish Meeting in November each year. The senior Douzenier is known as the Doyen, two elected Constables carry out the decisions of the Douzaine, serving for between one and three years. The longest serving Constable is known as the Senior Constable and his or her colleague as the Junior Constable, each Douzaine nominates between one and nine of their number to represent their parish in the States of Election for a new Jurat. Alderney elects its own parliament, as well as two representatives to the bailiwick assembly, States Members hold office for four years and in alternate years there is an Ordinary Election at which five of the sitting members may offer themselves for re-election. The President of the States of Alderney is elected for a term of office
Elections in Guernsey
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Guernsey
12.
List of political parties in Guernsey
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Politics of Guernsey take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic British Crown dependency. The Lieutenant Governor is the appointed unelected representative of the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor is Government House, Queens Road, St Peter Port. From 15 April 2011, the incumbent had been Peter Walker until his death on 6 September 2015, the Bailiff is the first civil officer in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, serving as president of the legislature and the Royal Court. The Bailiff is appointed by the Crown, and generally holds office until retirement age and he presides at the Royal Court, and takes the opinions of the Jurats, elected lay judges, he also presides over States meetings, and represents the Crown in all civil matters. The President of the Policy and Resources Committee, who can also be termed the Chief Minister is head of the political States of Deliberation, the States of Guernsey, officially called the States of Deliberation, consists of 38 Peoples Deputies, elected from multi-member districts every four years. There are also two representatives from Alderney, a self-governing dependency within the Bailiwick, but Sark sends no representative, there are also two non-voting members - HM Procureur and HM Comptroller, appointed by the Crown. Laws made by the States are known as Projet de Loi before they are passed, a Project de Loi is the equivalent of an English Bill, and a Law is the equivalent of an English Act of Parliament. Laws have no effect until Royal assent is promulgated as Orders-in-Council of the Crown and they are given the Royal Sanction at regular meetings of the Privy Council in London after, which they are returned to the Islands for formal registration at the Royal Court. The States also make delegated legislation known as Ordinances and Orders which do not require Royal Assent, commencement orders are usually in the form of Ordinances. The Policy and Resources Committee is responsible for Guernseys constitutional and external affairs, developing strategic and corporate policy and it also examines proposals and Reports placed before Guernseys Parliament by Departments and Non States Bodies. The President of the Committee is the de facto head of government of Guernsey, prior to 2016 the job was undertaken by the Policy Council of Guernsey which was chaired by the Chief Minister. Guernsey has no political parties with all representatives being elected as non-partisans, in 2000 there were 33 Deputies elected with three year mandates, and 12 Conseillers representing the Bailiwick, serving terms of six years, with half being elected every three. The Conseiller system was scrapped for the 2004 election, in the 2004,2008 and 2012 elections there were 45 Deputy seats for election. From 2016 the number of Deputy seats was reduced to 38, in addition there are two representatives of the States of Alderney in the States of Guernsey. The legal system is derived from Norman French and English common law, justice being administered through a combination of Magistrates Court, the Royal Court is presided over by the Bailiff and 12 Jurats, the ultimate court of appeal being the Privy Council. There are ten parishes in Guernsey, each parish is administered by a Douzaine. Douzeniers are elected for a mandate, two Douzeniers being elected by parishioners at a Parish Meeting in November each year. The senior Douzenier is known as the Doyen, two elected Constables carry out the decisions of the Douzaine, serving for between one and three years
List of political parties in Guernsey
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Guernsey
13.
Foreign relations of Guernsey
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The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. Although its defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom, the Bailiwick is not part of the United Kingdom, but, as its description suggests, consequently, though it lies within the Common Travel Area, it is not part of the European Union. The Policy and Resources Committee are responsible for external relations, several European countries have consulate presence in the island. The French Consulate is based at Victor Hugos former residence at Hauteville House, a Guernsey-Jersey double taxation agreement was first signed in 1956. In 1998 Guernsey and Jersey electricity companies formed the Channel Islands Electricity Grid to operate, Guernsey has formed part of the British–Irish Council since it was formed in 1999, as does Jersey. Meetings take place twice a year, in 2004,2010 and 2014 the meetings have taken place in Guernsey and its stated aim is to promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands. On 24 January 2013 Jersey signed double taxation agreements with Guernsey and this was the first time all three Crown dependencies had established such mutual agreements which also included provision for exchange of tax information equivalent to TIEAs. A fishing dispute relating to fishing within the Guernsey 12 mile limit surfaced again in 2015, Guernsey has formed part of the British–Irish Council since it was formed in 1999, as does the Isle of Man. Meetings take place twice a year, in 2004,2010 and 2014 the meetings have taken place in Guernsey and its stated aim is to promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands. The three crown dependencies, while independent, share a similar position with respect to the United Kingdom. As a result, the crown dependencies work together on areas of mutual interest, for example, in 2000, the three states cooperated on development of common policies for offshore banking. In 2003, they developed a joint approach to certain EU activities around tax information, Guernsey is not represented in any UK parliament. The UK cannot legislate on behalf of Guernsey without obtaining prior consent, a Guernsey-UK double taxation arrangement was signed in 1952. Guernsey has formed part of the British–Irish Council since it was formed in 1999, Meetings take place twice a year, in 2004,2010 and 2014 the meetings have taken place in Guernsey. Its stated aim is to promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands. The Deputy Chief Minister of Guernsey attended the UK Liberal Democrats conference in 2012 to communicate the message that Guernsey, the Chief Minister of Guernsey, accompanied by the Commerce and Employment Minister, has been announced to attend the UK Conservative Party conference 2012. There are close working relations between the island and the UK Police and Border Agency. Guernsey has formed part of the British–Irish Council since it was formed in 1999, as does Scotland Meetings take place twice a year and its stated aim is to promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands
Foreign relations of Guernsey
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Guernsey
14.
Parliamentary system
–
In a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a different person from the head of government. Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders, eventually these councils have slowly evolved into the modern Parliamentary system. The first parliaments date back to Europe in the Middle Ages, for example in 1188 Alfonso IX, the modern concept of parliamentary government emerged in the Kingdom of Great Britain and its contemporary, the Parliamentary System in Sweden. In England, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments, the first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns. Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution, in the Kingdom of Great Britain, the monarch, in theory, chaired cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King George Is inability to speak English led the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the minister, literally the prime or first minister. By the nineteenth century, the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice invariably deciding who was prime minister, hence the use of phrases like Her Majestys government or His Excellencys government. Nineteenth century urbanisation, industrial revolution and, modernism had already fueled the political struggle for democracy. In the radicalised times at the end of World War I, a parliamentary system may be either bicameral, with two chambers of parliament or unicameral, with just one parliamentary chamber. Scholars of democracy such as Arend Lijphart distinguish two types of parliamentary democracies, the Westminster and Consensus systems, the Westminster system is usually found in the Commonwealth of Nations and countries which were influenced by the British political tradition. These parliaments tend to have a more style of debate. The Australian House of Representatives is elected using instant-runoff voting, while the Senate is elected using proportional representation through single transferable vote, regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a closed list. The Western European parliamentary model tends to have a more consensual debating system, Consensus systems have more of a tendency to use proportional representation with open party lists than the Westminster Model legislatures. The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the plenary chamber, some West European countries parliaments implement the principle of dualism as a form of separation of powers. In countries using this system, Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon being appointed minister, ministers in those countries usually actively participate in parliamentary debates, but are not entitled to vote. Some countries such as India also require the prime minister to be a member of the legislature, the head of state appoints a prime minister who will likely have majority support in parliament. The head of state appoints a minister who must gain a vote of confidence within a set time. The head of state appoints the leader of the party holding a plurality of seats in parliament as prime minister
Parliamentary system
–
The
Palace of Westminster in
London,
United Kingdom. The
Westminster system originates from the
British Houses of Parliament.
Parliamentary system
Parliamentary system
–
Statue of President
Nelson Mandela of
South Africa in
Parliament Square,
London
Parliamentary system
–
Parliament of Canada
15.
Representative democracy
–
Representative democracy is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. Representative democracy is often presented as the most efficient form of democracy possible in mass societies and it arguably allows for efficient ruling by a sufficiently small number of people on behalf of the larger number. Government efficiency can be judged based on metric of cost effectiveness, representatives voting on behalf of the people allows for a monetary benefit as there is lessened use of polling stations, vote counters, etc. The government is responsible for paying for the wages of the representatives. This system of governance is also time efficient as decisions can be made by a select few and it is a system in which people elect their lawmakers, who are then held accountable to them for their activity within government. It has been described by political theorists including Robert A Dahl, Gregory Houston. In it the power is in the hands of the representatives who are elected by the people in elections. Representatives are elected by the public, as in elections for the national legislature. Elected representatives may hold the power to other representatives, presidents, or other officers of the government or of the legislature. The constitution may also provide for some deliberative democracy or direct popular measures, however, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action—legal power usually remains firmly with representatives. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him, their opinion, high respect, their business, unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs, and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiassed opinion, his judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man. These he does not derive from your pleasure, no, nor from the law and they are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. Your representative owes you, not his only, but his judgment. The Roman Republic was the first government in the world to have a representative government. In Britain, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments, the first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns. Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution led to the creation of a new Constitution of the United States in 1787
Representative democracy
–
Countries designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House's 2015 survey "Freedom in the World", covering the year 2014.
16.
Crown dependency
–
The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Being independently administered jurisdictions, they do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories and they are self-governing possessions of the Crown. Internationally, the dependencies are considered territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible rather than as sovereign states, as a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, they do have a relationship with the Commonwealth, the European Union and they are not part of the European Union, although they are within the EUs customs area. In each case, the head of government is referred to as a Chief Minister, the Crown is defined differently in each crown dependency. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Each Bailiwick is a Crown dependency and each is headed by a Bailiff, each Bailiwick has its own legal and healthcare systems, and their own separate immigration policies, with local status in one Bailiwick having no jurisdiction in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties, since 1961, the Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal, but generally the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick. The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions, Guernsey, which also the nearby islands of Herm and Jethou. Sark, which includes the nearby island of Brecqhou. Alderney, including smaller surrounding uninhabited islands, the parliament of Guernsey is the States of Deliberation, the parliament of Sark is called the Chief Pleas, and the parliament of Alderney is called the States of Alderney. The three parliaments together can also approve joint Bailiwick-wide legislation that applies in those parts of the Bailiwick whose parliaments approve it. Guernsey issues its own coins and banknotes, Guernsey banknotes Coins of the Guernsey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes and they are not legal tender within the UK. There are no parties in any of the parliaments, candidates stand for election as independents. e. 5432 on 2 wheels and on 4 wheels, the Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the island of Jersey and a number of surrounding uninhabited islands. The parliament is the States of Jersey, the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497, Jersey issues its own coins and banknotes, Jersey banknotes Coins of the Jersey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes. They are not legal tender within the UK but are legal currency backed by deposits at the Bank of England, there are few political parties, as candidates generally stand for election as independents. The Isle of Mans Tynwald claims to be the worlds oldest parliament in continuous existence, candidates often stand for election as independents, rather than being selected by political parties
Crown dependency
–
Brecqhou island
Crown dependency
–
Location of the Crown dependencies
Crown dependency
–
Aerial view of
Saint Clement, Jersey
Crown dependency
–
"La Reine, Notre Duc" (The Queen, Our Duke): title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre in 2012
17.
Official residence
–
An official residence is the residence at which a nations head of state, head of government, governor or other senior figure officially resides. It may or may not be the location where the individual conducts work-related functions or lives. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, in the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence, the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions. The President uses own private residence, - Its address is 1 Cheongwadae-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located next to Gyeongbokgung, the palace during the Joseon Dynasty. Cheong Nam Dae - Cheong Nam Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. It was returned to public in 2003, - It is located in Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province. Cheong Hae Dae - Cheong Hae Dae used to be one of the two residences for the President of Republic of Korea. Although the president no longer uses this facility this compound is still under the administration of the Republic of Korea Navy, - It is located on one of the islands of Geoje-shi, South Gyeongsang Province. Chongri Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Prime Minister of Republic of Korea. The Prime Minister, however, does not work here, - Its address is 111-2 Samcheongdong-gil, Jongro-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. It is located close to Cheong Wa Dae, gukhoeuijang Gonggwan - This is the official residence for the Speaker of the National Assembly of Republic of Korea. The Speaker, also, does not work here, - It is located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, where many foreign missions to Korea are located. Daebeobwonjang Gonggwan - This is the residence for the Chief Justice of Republic of Korea. The Chief Justice, also, does not work here, - It is also located in Hannam-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul. Most ministers of state and heads of administrative regions also have official residences, although they are not listed here. S
Official residence
–
Vale Royal is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Jamaica
Official residence
–
Palais Kosyam in Ouagadougou
Official residence
–
24 Sussex Drive, Official Residence of the
Canadian Prime Minister
Official residence
–
The southeast view of Government House in
Victoria, BC
18.
St Peter Port
–
Saint Peter Port is the capital of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in 2001 was 16,488, in Guernésiais and in French, historically the official language of Guernsey, the name of the town and its surrounding parish is St Pierre Port. The port distinguishes this parish from Saint Pierre Du Bois, as well as being a parish, St. Peter Port is a small town consisting mostly of steep narrow streets and steps on the overlooking slopes. It is known that a trading post/town has existed here since before Roman times, the postal code for addresses in this parish starts with GY1. People from St. Peter Port, were nicknamed les Villais or cllichards in Guernésiais, St. Peter Port is located on the east coast of Guernsey. It borders St. Sampson in the north, The Vale in the north-west, St. Andrew in the west and St. Martin in the south. On the seaward side it faces Herm to the east, across the Little Russel, the Bréhon Tower sits in the Little Russel between St. Peter Port and Herm. Relief The land in the north and by the harbour is low lying but in the south and this means that there are quite a few cliffs on the coast between Havelet and Fermain. They belong to Electoral district Saint Peter Port South, St. Peter Port has an English Isthmian League club, Guernsey F. C. who play at Footes Lane. The Guernsey Rugby Football Club also play at Footes Lane and compete in National League 3 London & SE, candie Gardens, an award-winning restored Victorian Garden features a statue of Victor Hugo. Cambridge Park is a park that includes a skate park. In 2014 the parish was a Gold & Category Winner in the RHS Britain in Bloom competition, followed in 2016 with another Gold medal. In the Guernsey general election,2016 in, St Peter Port South there was a 2,068 or 63% turnout to elect five Deputies St Peter Port North there was a 2,639 or 65% turnout to elect six Deputies
St Peter Port
–
View of St Peter Port from the South
St Peter Port
–
The Town Church
St Peter Port
–
Castle Cornet
St Peter Port
–
Liberation Monument
19.
Alderney
–
Alderney is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown dependency and it is 3 miles long and 1 1⁄2 miles wide. The area is 3 square miles, making it the third-largest island of the Channel Islands, and the second largest in the Bailiwick. It is around 10 miles from the west of La Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy and it is the closest of the Channel Islands to both France and the United Kingdom. It is separated from Cap de la Hague by the dangerous Alderney Race, as of April 2013, the island had a population of 1,903, natives are traditionally nicknamed vaques after the cows, or else lapins after the many rabbits seen in the island. Formally, they are known as Ridunians, from the Latin Riduna, the only parish of Alderney is the parish of St Anne, which covers the whole island. The main town, St Anne, historically known as La Ville, is referred to as St Annes by visitors and incomers. The towns High St, which formerly had a handful of shops, is now almost entirely residential, crossing Victoria St at its highest point. The town area features a church and an unevenly cobbled main street. There are a school, a secondary school, a post office. Other settlements include Braye, Crabby, Longis, Mannez, La Banquage, Alderney shares its prehistory with the other islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, becoming an island in the Neolithic period as the waters of the Channel rose. A cist survives near Fort Tourgis, and Longis Common has remains of an Iron Age site, there are traces of Roman occupation including a fort, built in the late 300s, at 49°43′09″N 2°10′36″W above the islands only natural harbour. The etymology of the name is obscure. It is known in Latin as Riduna but as with the names of all the Channel Islands in the Roman period there is a degree of confusion, Riduna may be the original name of Tatihou, while Alderney is conjectured to be identified with Sarnia. Alderney/Aurigny is variously supposed to be a Germanic or Celtic name and it may be a corruption of Adreni or Alrene, which is probably derived from an Old Norse word meaning island near the coast. Alternatively it may derive from three Norse elements, alda, renna and öy or -ey, Alderney may be mentioned in Paul the Deacons Historia Langobardorum as Evodia in which he discussed a certain dangerous whirlpool. The name Evodia may in turn originate from the seven Haemodae of uncertain identification in Plinys Natural History, puffins on Burhou and gannets on Les Étacs just off Alderney are a favourite of many visitors to the island. About a quarter of Alderney hedgehogs are of the white or blonde variety and these are not albinos, but descent of rarely met blonde European hedgehogs, with a blonde pair released on the island in the 1960s
Alderney
–
1890 map of Alderney and adjacent islands
Alderney
–
Flag
Alderney
–
Alderney concentration camps memorial plaque
Alderney
–
Vegetation of Alderney (
cabbage trees)
20.
Sark
–
Sark is an island in the Channel Islands in the southwestern English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, France. It is a fief, which forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, with its own set of laws based on Norman law. It has a population of about 600, Sark has an area of 2.10 square miles. Sark is one of the few remaining places in the world where cars are banned from roads and only tractors, in 2011, Sark was designated as a Dark Sky Community and the first Dark Sky Island in the world. Sark consists of two parts, Greater Sark, located at about 49°25′N 2°22′W, and Little Sark to the south. They are connected by an isthmus called La Coupée which is 300 feet long and has a drop of 330 feet on each side. Protective railings were erected in 1900, before then, children would crawl across on their hands, there is a narrow concrete road covering the entirety of the isthmus that was built in 1945 by German prisoners of war under the direction of the Royal Engineers. Due to its isolation, the inhabitants of Little Sark had their own form of Sercquiais. The highest point on Sark is 374 feet above sea level, a windmill, dated 1571, is found there, the sails of which were removed during World War I. This high point is named Le Moulin, after the windmill, the location is also the highest point in the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Little Sark had a number of mines accessing a source of galena, at Port Gorey, the ruins of silver mines may be seen. Off the south end of Little Sark are the Venus Pool, Sark is made up mainly of amphibolite and granite gneiss rocks, intruded by igneous magma sheets called quartz diorite. The quartz diorite sheets were intruded during this Cadomian deformation and metamorphic event, all the Sark rocks formed during geological activity in the continental crust above an ancient subduction zone. This geological setting would have been analogous to the subduction zone of the Pacific Ocean plate colliding and subducting beneath the North and South American continental plate. Sark also exercises jurisdiction over the island of Brecqhou, only a few hundred feet west of Greater Sark and it is a private island, but it has recently been opened to some visitors. Since 1993, Brecqhou has been owned by Sir David Barclay and they contest Sarks control over the island. However, the candidates endorsed by their various business interests on the Island failed to win any seats in the held in 2008 and 2010. The etymology of Sark is unknown, however, Richard Coates has suggested that in the absence of a Proto-Indo-European etymology it may be worthwhile looking for a Proto-Semitic source for the name
Sark
–
Aerial view of Sark. North is to the lower left,
Little Sark toward the upper right and
Brecqhou at bottom right.
Sark
–
Flag
Sark
–
La Coupée
Sark
–
"Le Moulin" windmill,
c. 1905
21.
Royal assent
–
Royal assent is the method by which a countrys constitutional monarch formally approves an act of that nations parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies, however, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the Governor-General merely signs the bill, in Canada, the Governor-General may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill. Before the Royal Assent by Commission Act of 1541 became law, the last time royal assent was given by the sovereign in person was during the rule of Queen Victoria at a prorogation on the 12th of August 1854. The Act was repealed and replaced by the Royal Assent Act of 1967, Royal assent is the final step required for a parliamentary bill to become law. -the sovereign may delay the bills assent through the use of his or her powers in near-revolutionary situations. -the sovereign may refuse royal assent on the advice of his or her ministers, under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. Hence, in practice, royal assent is always granted. The Monarch does not have the power to withhold a Bill from assenting, the last bill that was refused assent by the sovereign was the Scottish Militia Bill during Queen Annes reign in 1708. The so-called Model Parliament included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, in 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorization. The body eventually came to be divided into two branches, bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the shire, the King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process, the power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of, during the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as raising taxes without parliaments approval. After the English Civil War, it was accepted that parliament should be summoned to meet regularly, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, similarly withheld on 11 March 1707, on the advice of her ministers, her assent from a bill for the settling of Militia in Scotland. No monarch has since withheld royal assent on a passed by the British parliament. During the rule of the succeeding Hanoverian dynasty, power was gradually exercised more by parliament, the first Hanoverian monarch, George I, relied on his ministers to a greater extent than did previous monarchs. However, George IV reluctantly granted his assent upon the advice of his ministers, thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold royal assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the other Commonwealth realms
Royal assent
–
George VI grants royal assent to laws in the
Canadian Senate, 19 May 1939. Seated beside him is his consort,
Queen Elizabeth.
Royal assent
–
Start of the parchment roll of the
Reform Act 1832, with the clerk's record of the royal assent of King
William IV written above the bill, reading in full Le Roy Veult soit baillé aux Seigneurs. A cette Bille avecque des amendemens les Seigneurs sont assentuz. A ces Amendemens les Communes sont assentuz.
Royal assent
–
Henry VIII introduced a new method of granting royal assent.
22.
Policy Council of Guernsey
–
Guernsey operates a system of government by committees and consensus. There are no political parties - members of the parliament, which is known as the States of Deliberation, are elected as independents, despite having explicitly rejected a proposal to adopt an executive/ministerial system of government in 2002, the heads of each department were known as ministers. They were, in effect, presidents or chairmen of their committees, the Policy Council consisted of the ministers/presidents of each of the ten departments plus the chief minister, who chairs Policy Council and speaks for the island externally in political matters. The Policy Councils main functions were policy co-ordination and responsibility for external relations, the chief minister and all department heads are elected by all members of the States of Deliberation. There also existed the post of Deputy Chief Minister, which was held by one of the department heads and was elected by all members of the States of Deliberation. On 1 May 2016 the Policy Council of Guernsey ceased to exist and a new committee, politics of Guernsey Council of Ministers of the Isle of Man Council of Ministers of Jersey
Policy Council of Guernsey
–
Guernsey
23.
Chief Minister of Guernsey
–
The Chief Minister of Guernsey chaired the Policy Council, which consists of the heads of each of the ten departments of the States of Guernsey. Guernsey operates a system of consensus, committees-based government, the Policy Council is explicitly not a cabinet and has relatively little executive authority compared to a cabinet, instead, its main function is policy co-ordination. The Chief Minister also spoke for the island externally in political matters and this post was created following the Machinery of Government review which came into effect on 1 May 2004. Deputy Harwood would have been unable to stand for the role of Chief Minister under the previous rules, the position and title Chief Minister was abolished from 1 May 2016, along with the ministerial government system. It has been replaced by a senior committee Policy and Resources Committee and it was announced 31 January 2007, that the Chief Minister and the Policy Council were to resign following an independent audit into the tender process for a hospital block. The election of a new Chief Minister to replace Laurie Morgan took place at a meeting of the States on 5 March 2007, Laurie Morgan announced that he would not be seeking re-election. Four candidates contested the position, Deputies Jonathan Le Tocq, Bernard Flouquet, Mike Torode, in the final round of voting Deputy Mike Torode beat Deputy Peter Roffey by 24 votes to 22. The election of a new Chief Minister to replace Lyndon Trott took place at a meeting of the States on 1 May 2012, Lyndon Trott, Jonathan Le Tocq and Peter Harwood all expressed interest in the position, but only Deputies Harwood and Le Tocq were nominated. In the final round of voting Deputy Peter Harwood beat Deputy Jonathan Le Tocq by 27 votes to 20, the resignation of Deputy Peter Harwood as Chief Minister on 25 February caused an election that was held on 12 March 2014. Nominations opened at 9am on 27 February and closed at 5pm on 6 March, the position of Chief Minister was abolished from 1 May 2016
Chief Minister of Guernsey
–
Guernsey
24.
States of Election
–
The States of Election has only one purpose, to elect a new Jurat to the Courts in Guernsey. The first record of a Jurat in Guernsey was in 1179, a Royal Commission of 1607 identified a body of. the Bailiff and Jurats, with the Constables and Dozens of every parish to elect the Jurats of the Royal Court. In the 1770s the term States of Election was used, a prospective candidate must be proposed and seconded. Only someone receiving over 50% of votes cast at the secret ballot can be elected, originally, if elected, the duty was for life. In 1950 this was changed to retirement at 70, with the possibility of an extension to 75, changed again in 2008, to retirement at 70 with an extension to 72 possible, the number of Jurats was increased from 12 to 16. Only one vacancy may be filled at any one meeting of the States of Election, the duty is unpaid and each person voting should do so based on their conscience. Election as a Jurat is the highest honour that Guernsey can confer on a resident of the Island, the Royal Court Law 2008 made it possible for new Jurats to retire at 72 and for the number of Jurats to increase to 16. It also created the position of Juré-Justicier Suppléant
States of Election
–
States of Guernsey États de Guernesey (French)
25.
Guernsey general election, 2012
–
General elections to the States of Guernsey were held on 18 April 2012 to elect 45 candidates. Ordinance of the States 78 candidates stood for the 45 seats, a total of 29,745 people or about two thirds of the population of Guernsey and Herm, registered to vote. 81 blank papers and 65 spoilt papers, amended to 71 blank and 72 spoilt, only five women were elected in 2012. For the by-election of 2 December 2015 in St Peter Port North,3,224 residents were eligible to vote, a reduction to 86% of those who had been eligible for the 2012 election. There was some controversy over holding a by-election as the cost is estimated at £51,100 to elect someone to sit as a deputy for just five months, especially when the number of deputies and therefore seats will be reduced in April 2016. Charles Parkinson, David Noakes and Mike Henderson, with the stations open from 8am to 8pm
Guernsey general election, 2012
–
Guernsey
26.
States of Alderney
–
The States of Alderney is the parliament/council and the legislature of Alderney, part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The origin of the States is unknown, but has operated from the mediaeval period, the States of Alderney includes ten members, half of whom have to stand for election every two years so that the entire parliament is changed over a period of four years. There is also a president who must stand for election every four years, extra committees are usually formed in order to deal with specific areas of policy, such as the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Management Committee. In addition, two members of the States are nominated as representatives to the Guernsey States of Deliberation, the island is a self-governing Crown Dependency, part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey since Elizabethan times. Certain services, known as transferred services are provided in Alderney by the Guernsey Government under an agreement entered into between the States of Alderney and the States of Guernsey in 1948, the UK liaises with Alderney, through the Ministry of Justices. By constitutional convention, the British Crown does not involve itself directly in Alderney domestic government, the President of the States of Alderney is directly elected every four years. Half of the ten States Members are elected two years for a four-year mandate, which means that every four years the composition of the parliament changes completely. The election held on 6 December 2008 had a turnout of over 700 people produced a frequency of 65. 6%, the whole island is a single constituency. The current members were elected in the elections of 2014 and elections of 2016 and they are, Although the origins of the States of Alderney are unknown, it has functioned since the Middle Ages, making it one of the world’s older parliaments. Less than 50% of Alderneys population had returned to the island after World War II, the United Kingdoms Home Secretary, Chuter Ede recommended Guernseyfication of Alderney. In 1948 His Majestys Privy Council decided that Alderney would become a part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey again
States of Alderney
States of Alderney
–
States of Alderney États d'Aurigny (French)
27.
Normans
–
The Normans were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were descended from Norse raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Gallo-Roman populations, their descendants gradually adopted the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, the Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East. The Normans were famed for their spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French. The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and their chief men were specially lavish through their desire of good report. They were, moreover, a race skillful in flattery, given to the study of eloquence, so that the boys were orators. They were enduring of toil, hunger, and cold whenever fortune laid it on them, given to hunting and hawking, delighting in the pleasure of horses, and of all the weapons and garb of war. The treaty offered Rollo and his men the French lands between the river Epte and the Atlantic coast in exchange for their protection against further Viking incursions. The area corresponded to the part of present-day Upper Normandy down to the river Seine. The territory was equivalent to the old province of Rouen. Before Rollos arrival, its populations did not differ from Picardy or the Île-de-France, the Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue doïl branch of Romance by a Norse-speaking ruling class, and it developed into the regional language that survives today. The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, the new Norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old French aristocracy, most of whom traced their lineage to Franks of the Carolingian dynasty. Most Norman knights remained poor and land-hungry, and by 1066 Normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation, many Normans of Italy, France and England eventually served as avid Crusaders under the Italo-Norman prince Bohemund I and the Anglo-Norman king Richard the Lion-Heart. Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in Southern Italy, probably as the result of returning pilgrims stories, the Normans entered Southern Italy as warriors in 1017 at the latest. In 999, according to Amatus of Montecassino, Norman pilgrims returning from Jerusalem called in at the port of Salerno when a Saracen attack occurred. The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III begged them to stay, the Hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming prince Guaimar IV of Salerno Duke of Apulia and Calabria. He promptly awarded their elected leader, William Iron Arm, with the title of count in his capital of Melfi
Normans
–
Victorian interpretation of the Normans' national dress, 1000–1100
Normans
–
10th-11th century History of the Normans, by
Dudo of Saint-Quentin
Normans
–
The early Norman castle at
Adrano
Normans
–
William the Conqueror invades England
28.
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
–
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest judicial bodies in the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Councillors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. It is often referred to as the Privy Council, as in most cases appeals are made to Her Majesty in Council. The panel of judges hearing a case is known as the Board. The report of the Board is always accepted by the Queen in Council as judgment, in Commonwealth republics retaining the JCPC as their final court of appeal, appeals are made directly to the Judicial Committee itself. In the case of Brunei, appeals are made to the Sultan of Brunei, formerly the Judicial Committee gave a unanimous report, but since the Judicial Committee Order 1966 dissenting opinions have been allowed. The Judicial Committees permanent home is in London, in the United Kingdom, in this renovated building, Court 3 is used for Privy Council sittings. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has jurisdiction in the domestic matters. Appeals from the courts in non-doctrinal faculty cases. Appeals from the High Court of Chivalry, Appeals from the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports. Appeals from the Disciplinary Committee of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, disputes under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975. Additionally, the government may refer any issue to the committee for consideration, in other courts in the United Kingdom, judgments of the Judicial Committee are only of persuasive authority and are not binding as a matter of law. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the Court of Final Appeal for the Church of England. It hears appeals from the Arches Court of Canterbury and the Chancery Court of York, except on matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremony, which go to the Court for Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved. By the Church Discipline Act 1840 and the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 all archbishops and bishops of the Church of England became eligible to be members of the Judicial Committee. Prior to the coming into force of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, on 1 October 2009 this jurisdiction was transferred to the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The New Zealand associated states of Cook Islands and Niue, the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, including Guernseys own dependencies of Alderney and Sark, and appeals from the Staff of Government Division on the Isle of Man. The United Kingdoms Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, in Cyprus, Appeal is directly to the Judicial Committee from three independent Commonwealth republics, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago, and also, if the case involves constitutional rights, Kiribati
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
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Court 3 in
Middlesex Guildhall, the normal location for Privy Council hearings
29.
Castel, Guernsey
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Castel is the largest parish in Guernsey in terms of area. The Parish has clear evidence of changes in ancient sea-levels, with trunks of an oak forest visible on Vazon beach at low tide. The old Guernésiais nickname for people from Castel was ânes pur sàng, the parish plays host to both Le Viaër Marchi and the North Show which includes the Battle of Flowers annually. It also produces a magazine called Castel matters The postal code for street addresses in this parish begins with GY5. The parish church of St Marie de Castel, also known as Notre Dame de la Délivrance, was consecrated on 25 August 1203 and it is notable for its preserved medieval fresco. A pre-Christian neolithic menhir dating from 2, 500-1,800 BC in the churchyard, carved to represent a female, with breasts and a necklace in relief, possibly a fertility symbol. It was discovered under the floor of the church in 1878, in the area broken Roman roof tiles and pottery have been discovered, indicating Roman occupation. The Castel comprises the whole of the Castel administrative division In the Guernsey general election,2016 there was 3,262 or 73% and those elected being Richard Graham, Chris Green, Barry Paint, Mark Dorey and Jonathan Le Tocq. Guernsey Parishes of Guernsey Castel parish website Parish information King George V Memorial Playing Field Trust
Castel, Guernsey
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The statue menhir overlooks the Bas Pas
Castel, Guernsey
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Location of Castel in Guernsey
30.
Forest, Guernsey
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The Forest is a parish in Guernsey. It is the highest parish on the island, with altitudes of up to about 100 m, the full title of the parish is Ste Marguerite de la Foret, after the parish church. The old Guernésiais nickname for people from La Fouarêt was bourdaons, the postal codes for street addresses in this parish begin with GY8. Forest was the first parish in the Island to receive some unwelcome visitors, the Forest is located in the south of Guernsey. It borders the parishes of St Peters to the west, St Saviours to the north-west, St Andrews to the north and St Martins to the east. Beaches The south coast is made up of cliffs, but the beaches in The Forest include. The only low areas are at the coast, where there are steep cliffs, the Meteorological Observatory has been at Guernsey Airport since it was built in 1939. Saviours and St. Pierre-du-Bois In the Guernsey general election,2016 there was a 3,188 or 74% turnout to elect five Deputies and those elected being Al Brouard, Andrea Dudley-Owen, Emilie Yerby, David De Lisle and Shane Langlois
Forest, Guernsey
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Ste Marguerite de la Foret parish church
Forest, Guernsey
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Guernsey Airport terminal
Forest, Guernsey
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The road near
Guernsey Airport
31.
Saint Andrew, Guernsey
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Saint Andrew is located in the centre of Guernsey and as such is the only parish on the island to be landlocked. As it is customary to list the parishes round the coast, either clockwise or anti-clockwise, starting with St Peter Port and this gave rise to the traditional nickname in Dgèrnésiais of the inhabitants of the parish, les croinchaons. Saint Andrew is located in the centre of the island and features hills, St. Andrews is split into two parts one boarding St Peter Port and one Boarding St Saviour and the Forest. The upper part of the parish where the church and the chapel is situated is very rural. The parish is agricultural, Bests quarry now being used for water storage. St Andrews is the most expensive parish for buying property in Guernsey, closely followed by St Pierre Du Bois, the postal code for street addresses in this parish begins with GY6. St Andrew comprises part of the South East administrative division with St Martin, in the Guernsey general election,2016 there was a 3,363 or 73% turnout to elect five Deputies. Those elected being Heidi Soulsby, Lindsay De Sausmarez, Peter Roffey, Rob Prow, Guernsey Parishes of Guernsey The Little Chapel of Guernsey
Saint Andrew, Guernsey
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Little Chapel, Guernsey
Saint Andrew, Guernsey
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Location of St. Andrew in Guernsey
Saint Andrew, Guernsey
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German underground hospital
32.
Saint Martin, Guernsey
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Saint Martin is a parish in Guernsey, The Channel Islands. The islands lie in the English Channel between Great Britain and France, the postal code for street addresses in this parish begins with GY4. The old Guernésiais nickname for people from Saint Martin is dravans, in 1883, Pierre-Auguste Renoir spent the summer in Guernsey, with a varied landscape of beaches, cliffs and bays, where he created fifteen paintings in little over a month. Most of these feature Moulin Huet, a bay in Saint Martin and these paintings were the subject of a set of commemorative postage stamps issued by the Bailiwick of Guernsey in 1983. The parish church of Saint Martin was consecrated on 4 February 1199, at the gate to the churchyard is La Granmère du Chimquière, a statue menhir. St. Martin Parish has entered Britain in Bloom for a number of years, winning the small town category twice, Saint Martin is located in the southeast of Guernsey. The parish borders the Forest on the southwest, Saint Andrew northwest, Saint Martin also has a very small detachment to the west. The detachment is an exclave which is not contiguous with the rest of the parish, the parish itself is made up of four Cantons, these being, Canton des Hamelins, Canton de Hatenez, Canton de Bon Port and Canton de Fermain. Saint Martin is one of the most expensive parishes in the island for property, relief, Saint Martin is the second highest parish in Guernsey, its elevation is exceeded only by the Forest. The highest areas in the parish are in the central portion, located around Carmel but this gently slopes down to the boundaries, where on the coast, in the Guernsey general election,2016 there was a 3,363 or 73% turnout to elect five Deputies. Those elected being Heidi Soulsby, Lindsay De Sausmarez, Peter Roffey, Rob Prow, victor Hugo, author, owned a house in St Martin William Caparne, artist, had a workshop in an old tram Guernsey Parishes of Guernsey This is Guernsey Website
Saint Martin, Guernsey
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Children on the Beach of Guernsey, 1883, a painting of Petit Port by
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Saint Martin, Guernsey
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Location of St. Martin in Guernsey
Saint Martin, Guernsey
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La Gran'mère du Chimquière, the Grandmother of Cemetery, the
statue menhir at the gate of Saint Martin's church is an important prehistoric site in the parish
33.
Saint Peter, Guernsey
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St Peters, known officially as Saint Pierre du Bois is a parish in Guernsey. It is the centre for the Guernsey Western Parishes which includes Torteval, St Saviours, the old Guernesiais nickname for people from Saint Pierre was etcherbaots which means beetles. The postal code for addresses in this parish begins with GY7. St Peters won the Britain in Bloom small coastal prize in 2015. the parish is located in the West of the Island and has borders with the parishes of Torteval, St. Saviours, Forest and St. Andrews. The parish is mainly countryside with a village in the centre. The parish church is one of the most unusual in the islands as it is built at the bottom of a small valley and the interior of the church is not flat but diagonal in appearance. Saint Peter comprises part of the West administrative division with Torteval, St. Saviours and those elected being Al Brouard, Andrea Dudley-Owen, Emilie Yerby, David De Lisle and Shane Langlois. Sampson Avard, the leader of a band of Mormon vigilantes called the Danites, parish Website This is Guernsey Website
Saint Peter, Guernsey
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Fort Grey
Saint Peter, Guernsey
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Location of Saint Pierre Du Bois in Guernsey
34.
Saint Peter Port
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Saint Peter Port is the capital of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in 2001 was 16,488, in Guernésiais and in French, historically the official language of Guernsey, the name of the town and its surrounding parish is St Pierre Port. The port distinguishes this parish from Saint Pierre Du Bois, as well as being a parish, St. Peter Port is a small town consisting mostly of steep narrow streets and steps on the overlooking slopes. It is known that a trading post/town has existed here since before Roman times, the postal code for addresses in this parish starts with GY1. People from St. Peter Port, were nicknamed les Villais or cllichards in Guernésiais, St. Peter Port is located on the east coast of Guernsey. It borders St. Sampson in the north, The Vale in the north-west, St. Andrew in the west and St. Martin in the south. On the seaward side it faces Herm to the east, across the Little Russel, the Bréhon Tower sits in the Little Russel between St. Peter Port and Herm. Relief The land in the north and by the harbour is low lying but in the south and this means that there are quite a few cliffs on the coast between Havelet and Fermain. They belong to Electoral district Saint Peter Port South, St. Peter Port has an English Isthmian League club, Guernsey F. C. who play at Footes Lane. The Guernsey Rugby Football Club also play at Footes Lane and compete in National League 3 London & SE, candie Gardens, an award-winning restored Victorian Garden features a statue of Victor Hugo. Cambridge Park is a park that includes a skate park. In 2014 the parish was a Gold & Category Winner in the RHS Britain in Bloom competition, followed in 2016 with another Gold medal. In the Guernsey general election,2016 in, St Peter Port South there was a 2,068 or 63% turnout to elect five Deputies St Peter Port North there was a 2,639 or 65% turnout to elect six Deputies
Saint Peter Port
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View of St Peter Port from the South
Saint Peter Port
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Castle Cornet
Saint Peter Port
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The Town Church
Saint Peter Port
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Liberation Monument
35.
Saint Sampson, Guernsey
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Saint Sampson, is one of the parishes of Guernsey, Channel Islands. In 933 the islands, formerly under the control of William I, the island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy. The Guernésiais nickname for people from St Sampson is roînes, the parish is divided into two non-contiguous sections, the bulk of the parish lying on the east coast, with a smaller section lying on the west coast. The parish of Vale borders the parish to the north and also extends between the two parts of St. Sampson, La Braye du Valle was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure. The eastern end of the channel became the town and harbour of St. Sampsons. The western end of La Braye is now Le Grand Havre, the roadway called The Bridge across the end of the harbour at St. Sampsons recalls the bridge that formerly linked the two parts of Guernsey at high tide. The postal code for addresses in this parish begins with GY2. The church was consecrated on 22 May 1111 by the Bishop of Coutances, St Sampson is the Patron Saint of Guernsey In 1814 there were 125 dwellings, housing 788 residents of Saint Sampson. The parish providing 1/13th of all collected in Guernsey. Harbour facilities improved as trade using the harbour increased, in 1822,7,000 tons of granite cobbles were exported in 90 ships. By 1836 annual exports had increased to 57,584 tons, in 1841 the south quay was completed and by 1851,542 ships were using the harbour each year. By 1861 granite exports had risen to 142,866 tons on 737 ships, today the harbour is used for non-containerised freight, including liquid and gas fuel. Shipbuilding took place in Saint Sampson, from local trading craft to a tea clipper called Golden Spur and a steamship, the Lydia, a local 173 ton brig, sailed in March 1853 from Saint Sampson to Adelaide with 60 emigrants, it took 132 days. Trams used to run from Saint Sampson to Saint Peter Port from 1879, originally the trams were steam powered, changing to electric in 1891 and continuing in service until 1934. St Sampson comprises the whole of the St Sampson administrative division In the Guernsey general election,2016 there was a 3,509 or 78% turnout to elect six Deputies. Those elected being Lyndon Trott, Paul Le Pelley, Jennifer Merrett, Gavin St Pier, Jane Stephens and Carl Meerveld
Saint Sampson, Guernsey
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St Sampson Harbour
Saint Sampson, Guernsey
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Location of Saint Sampson in Guernsey
36.
Saint Saviour, Guernsey
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St Saviour is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey. The postal code for addresses in this parish begins with GY7. St Saviour is home to the States of Guernsey reservoir, providing a supply to the whole island. Abreuvoirs - places for cattle to drink - are also found in Sant Saviour and those elected being Al Brouard, Andrea Dudley-Owen, Emilie Yerby, David De Lisle and Shane Langlois. The parish is managed by elected officials known as the Douzane. Saint Saviour is twinned with, Montebourg, Normandy, France Guernsey Parishes of Guernsey
Saint Saviour, Guernsey
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Le Catioroc (dolmen)
Saint Saviour, Guernsey
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Location of St. Saviour in Guernsey
37.
Torteval, Guernsey
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Torteval is the smallest of the ten parishes of Guernsey, one of the Western Parishes. Its name comes from the Guernésiais words for twisting valley, the parish is split in two by the parish of St. Pierre du Bois, with the part in the east known as Torteval. The detached peninsula to the west is named Pleinmont-Torteval and it includes the westernmost point in Guernsey, and a nature reserve. The reserve, designed for birds in the 1970s, was to be redeveloped for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 2012, in Guernésiais, people from Torteval were nicknamed ânes à pid dé chfa, or donkeys with horses hooves. In the centre of the parish is a designed by John Wilson and built in 1818, with the oldest bell in the Channel Islands. The church is built on the site of a church, consecrated on 4 November 1140. The current church has the tallest steeple in Guernsey, which is intended to be used as a sea mark and it was proposed in 1849 to install a light on the steeple, but after inspection by Trinity House it was found unsuitable. The postal code for addresses in this parish begins with GY8. The parish produces a magazine called Les Tortévalais. Those elected being Al Brouard, Andrea Dudley-Owen, Emilie Yerby, David De Lisle and Shane Langlois
Torteval, Guernsey
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Torteval Church
Torteval, Guernsey
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Location of Torteval in Guernsey
38.
Vale, Guernsey
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Vale is one of the ten parishes of Guernsey. In 933 the islands, formerly under the control of William I, the island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy. The rights to the fief were removed by Henry VIII when he undertook the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Castle of Saint Michael, now called Vale Castle, has an origin going back at least 1,000 years and was used as a refuge against pirate attacks. It was probably started in the late 10th-century, in 1372 Owain Lawgoch a claimant to the Welsh throne, at the head of a free company, on behalf of France, attacked Guernsey, popularly called “La Descente des Aragousais”. In 1615 it was the requirement of the island to maintain the Vale castle and it has been a focal point for defence, the latest modifications being undertaken by workers on behalf of the German occupiers. Le Braye was drained and reclaimed in 1806 by the British Government as a defence measure, Vale now consists of two non-contiguous territories. The Vale postal code mainly starts with GY3 with some starting GY8, the parish was twinned with the Normandy port of Barneville-Carteret in 1987. Vale comprises the whole of the Vale administrative division In the Guernsey general election,2016 there was a 3,774 or 74% turnout to elect six Deputies and those elected being Matt Fallaize, Dave Jones, Mary Lowe, Laurie Queripel, Jeremy Smithies and Sarah Hansmann Rouxel. Dave Jones died in July 2016 and a by-election will probably be held in October 2016, Guernsey Parishes of Guernsey Vale is the north of Guernsey and has the maximum height of 30m
Vale, Guernsey
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L'Ancresse Loophole Tower no. 6
Vale, Guernsey
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Location of Vale in Guernsey
Vale, Guernsey
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Le Gardien of Le Dolmen de Déhus
39.
Gibraltar
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Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula. It has an area of 6.7 km2 and shares its border with Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the landmark of the region. At its foot is a populated city area, home to over 30,000 Gibraltarians. An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession on behalf of the Habsburg claim to the Spanish throne, the territory was subsequently ceded to Great Britain in perpetuity under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Today Gibraltars economy is based largely on tourism, online gambling, financial services, the sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians overwhelmingly rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum, under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the British government. The name Gibraltar is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq, earlier, it was known as Mons Calpe, a name of Phoenician origin and one of the Pillars of Hercules. The pronunciation of the name in modern Spanish is, evidence of Neanderthal habitation in Gibraltar between 28,000 and 24,000 BP has been discovered at Gorhams Cave, making Gibraltar possibly the last known holdout of the Neanderthals. Within recorded history, the first inhabitants were the Phoenicians, around 950 BC, subsequently, Gibraltar became known as one of the Pillars of Hercules, after the Greek legend of the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar by Heracles. The Carthaginians and Romans also established semi-permanent settlements, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, Gibraltar came briefly under the control of the Vandals. The area later formed part of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania from 414 AD until the Islamic conquest of Iberia in 711 AD, in 1160, the Almohad Sultan Abd al-Mumin ordered that a permanent settlement, including a castle, be built. It received the name of Medinat al-Fath, on completion of the works in the town, the Sultan crossed the Strait to look at the works and stayed in Gibraltar for two months. The Tower of Homage of the Moorish Castle remains standing today, from 1274 onwards, the town was fought over and captured by the Nasrids of Granada, the Marinids of Morocco and the kings of Castile. In 1462, Gibraltar was finally captured by Juan Alonso de Guzmán, after the conquest, King Henry IV of Castile assumed the additional title of King of Gibraltar, establishing it as part of the comarca of the Campo Llano de Gibraltar. In 1501, Gibraltar passed back to the Spanish Crown, the occupation of the town by Alliance forces caused the exodus of the population to the surrounding area of the Campo de Gibraltar. As the Alliances campaign faltered, the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht was negotiated and ceded control of Gibraltar to Britain to secure Britains withdrawal from the war. Unsuccessful attempts by Spanish monarchs to regain Gibraltar were made with the siege of 1727 and again with the Great Siege of Gibraltar, during the American War of Independence
Gibraltar
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View of the northern face of the
Moorish Castle 's Tower of Homage. Built in the 14th century, it is the only
Marinid construction outside Africa.
Gibraltar
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Flag
Gibraltar
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The last of Gibraltar, by
Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau.
Gibraltar
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John Mackintosh Square entrance to the
Gibraltar Parliament.
40.
British Overseas Territory
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The 14 British Overseas Territories are territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom. They are the parts of the British Empire that have not been granted independence or have voted to remain British territories. These territories do not form part of the United Kingdom and, with the exception of Gibraltar, are not part of the European Union, though the Cyprus SBAs are subject to EU law and use the Euro. Most of the territories are internally self-governing, with the UK retaining responsibility for defence. The rest are either uninhabited or have a population of military or scientific personnel. They share the British monarch as head of state, the term British Overseas Territory was introduced by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, replacing the term British Dependent Territory, introduced by the British Nationality Act 1981. Prior to 1 January 1983, the territories were referred to as British Crown Colonies. With the exceptions of the British Antarctic Territory and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Territories retain permanent civilian populations. Permanent residency for the 7,000 or so living in the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri. Collectively, the Territories encompass a population of about 250,000 people, the vast majority of this,660,000 square miles, constitutes the British Antarctic Territory. The current minister responsible for the Territories excluding the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar and the Sovereign Base Areas is Baroness Anelay, Minister of State for the Commonwealth, the other three territories are the responsibility of Sir Alan Duncan MP, Minister of State for Europe and the Americas. The first, unofficial, colony was Newfoundland, where English fishermen routinely set up camps in the 16th century. It is now a province of Canada known as Newfoundland and Labrador and it retains strong cultural ties with Britain. English colonisation of North America began officially in 1607 with the settlement of Jamestown, st. Georges town, founded in Bermuda in that year, remains the oldest continuously inhabited British settlement in the New World. Bermuda and Bermudians have played important, sometimes pivotal, but generally underestimated or unacknowledged roles in the shaping of the English and British trans-Atlantic Empires. These include maritime commerce, settlement of the continent and of the West Indies, separate self-governing colonies federated to become Canada, Australia, South Africa, and Rhodesia. These and other large self-governing colonies had become known as Dominions by the 1920s, the Dominions achieved almost full independence with the Statute of Westminster. Through a process of following the Second World War, most of the British colonies in Africa, Asia
British Overseas Territory
British Overseas Territory
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Flag
British Overseas Territory
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Tristan da Cunha on 6 February 2013, as seen from space. The population was temporarily evacuated to the UK in 1961 because of an eruption. Postal code TDCU 1ZZ
British Overseas Territory
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Coastline at Little Bay, the site of the new capital of Montserrat replacing
Plymouth. The project is funded by the UK's
Department for International Development.
41.
Crown dependencies
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The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Being independently administered jurisdictions, they do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories and they are self-governing possessions of the Crown. Internationally, the dependencies are considered territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible rather than as sovereign states, as a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, they do have a relationship with the Commonwealth, the European Union and they are not part of the European Union, although they are within the EUs customs area. In each case, the head of government is referred to as a Chief Minister, the Crown is defined differently in each crown dependency. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Each Bailiwick is a Crown dependency and each is headed by a Bailiff, each Bailiwick has its own legal and healthcare systems, and their own separate immigration policies, with local status in one Bailiwick having no jurisdiction in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties, since 1961, the Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal, but generally the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick. The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions, Guernsey, which also the nearby islands of Herm and Jethou. Sark, which includes the nearby island of Brecqhou. Alderney, including smaller surrounding uninhabited islands, the parliament of Guernsey is the States of Deliberation, the parliament of Sark is called the Chief Pleas, and the parliament of Alderney is called the States of Alderney. The three parliaments together can also approve joint Bailiwick-wide legislation that applies in those parts of the Bailiwick whose parliaments approve it. Guernsey issues its own coins and banknotes, Guernsey banknotes Coins of the Guernsey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes and they are not legal tender within the UK. There are no parties in any of the parliaments, candidates stand for election as independents. e. 5432 on 2 wheels and on 4 wheels, the Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the island of Jersey and a number of surrounding uninhabited islands. The parliament is the States of Jersey, the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497, Jersey issues its own coins and banknotes, Jersey banknotes Coins of the Jersey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes. They are not legal tender within the UK but are legal currency backed by deposits at the Bank of England, there are few political parties, as candidates generally stand for election as independents. The Isle of Mans Tynwald claims to be the worlds oldest parliament in continuous existence, candidates often stand for election as independents, rather than being selected by political parties
Crown dependencies
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Brecqhou island
Crown dependencies
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The
Channel Islands located in the
English Channel
Crown dependencies
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Aerial view of
Saint Clement, Jersey
Crown dependencies
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"La Reine, Notre Duc" (The Queen, Our Duke): title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre in 2012
42.
European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
European Union
–
In 1989, the
Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to
expand further (
Berlin Wall pictured).
European Union
–
Flag
European Union
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2009, the
Lisbon Treaty entered into force.
European Union
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The 65,993 km (41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate (
Cyprus).
43.
Good Friday Agreement
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The Good Friday Agreement or Belfast Agreement was a major political development in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990s. Northern Irelands present devolved system of government is based on the agreement, the agreement also created a number of institutions between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. The agreement set out a series of provisions relating to a number of areas including, The status. The relationship between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, the relationship between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. Issues relating to sovereignty, civil and cultural rights, decommissioning of weapons, justice, the agreement was approved by voters across the island of Ireland in two referendums held on 22 May 1998. In Northern Ireland, voters were asked whether they supported the multi-party agreement, in the Republic of Ireland, voters were asked whether they would allow the state to sign the agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes to facilitate it. The people of both jurisdictions needed to approve the agreement in order to effect to it. The British-Irish Agreement came into force on 2 December 1999, the Democratic Unionist Party was the only major political group in Northern Ireland to oppose the Good Friday Agreement. The former text has just four articles, it is that text that is the legal agreement. Technically, this scheduled agreement can be distinguished as the Multi-Party Agreement, the vague wording of some of the provisions, described as constructive ambiguity, helped ensure acceptance of the agreement and served to postpone debate on some of the more contentious issues. Most notably these included paramilitary decommissioning, police reform and the normalisation of Northern Ireland, both of these views were acknowledged as being legitimate. For the first time, the government of the Republic of Ireland accepted in an international agreement that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the language of the agreement reflects a switch in the United Kingdoms statutory emphasis from one for the union to one for a united Ireland, the agreement thus left the issue of future sovereignty over Northern Ireland open-ended. The agreement reached was that Northern Ireland would remain part of the United Kingdom until a majority both of the people of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wished otherwise. Should that happen, then the British and Irish governments are under an obligation to implement that choice. The two governments also agreed, irrespective of the position of Northern Ireland, in its white paper on Brexit the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Belfast Agreement. The agreement sets out a framework for the creation and number of institutions across three strands, the Northern Ireland Executive is a power-sharing executive with ministerial portfolios to be allocated between parties by the dHondt method. Strand 2 dealt with issues and institutions to be created between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
Good Friday Agreement
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A 'Yes' campaign poster for the Good Friday Agreement during simultaneous referendums
in Northern Ireland and
in the Republic of Ireland
Good Friday Agreement
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Parliament Buildings in Belfast, seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly
Good Friday Agreement
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The offices of the
North/South Ministerial Council on Upper English Street,
Armagh, Northern Ireland
44.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
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Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
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Flag
United Kingdom
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The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
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The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
45.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
Republic of Ireland
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The
Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by
Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).
Republic of Ireland
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Flag
Republic of Ireland
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In 1922 a new parliament called the
Oireachtas was established, of which
Dáil Éireann became the
lower house.
Republic of Ireland
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Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)
46.
Isle of Man
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The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island
Isle of Man
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The Braaid in central Isle of Man, with remnants of a Celtic-Norse
roundhouse and two
longhouses, c. 650–950 AD
Isle of Man
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Flag
Isle of Man
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The
Calf of Man seen from
Cregneash
Isle of Man
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A composite satellite image of the Isle of Man
