1.
Jersey
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Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, is a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom, ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey, off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey, Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems, and the power of self-determination. The Lieutenant Governor on the island is the representative of the Queen. The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands, although the bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as the Channel Islands, the Channel Islands are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a relationship to the Crown from the other Crown dependencies of Guernsey. It is not part of the United Kingdom, and has an identity separate from that of the UK. The definition of United Kingdom in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK, Jersey is not fully part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, notably being treated as within the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods. The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey since William Camdens Britannia, the Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea. Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity, scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from jarð or jarl, or perhaps a personal name, Geirr. The ending -ey denotes an island, Jersey history is influenced by its strategic location between the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England, the islands recorded history extends over a thousand years. La Cotte de St Brelade is a Palaeolithic site inhabited before rising sea levels transformed Jersey into an island, Jersey was a centre of Neolithic activity, as demonstrated by the concentration of dolmens. Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in locations around the island. In June 2012 it was announced what could be Europes largest hoard of Iron Age coins had been found in Grouville by two persons using metal detectors, the hoard may be worth up to £10 M. People had been searching for treasure for 30 years. It was reported that the hoard weighed about three quarters of a tonne and could contain up to 50,000 Roman and Celtic coins, in 2012 the same two men had found 60 Iron Age coins in the same area. Jersey was part of Neustria with the same Gallo-Frankish population as the continental mainland, Jersey was invaded by Vikings in the 9th century. In 933 it was annexed to the future Duchy of Normandy, together with the other Channel Islands, Cotentin and Avranchin, by William Longsword, count of Rouen and it became one of the Norman Islands
Jersey
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Arriving at St Helier Harbour in Jersey
Jersey
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Flag
Jersey
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An 1893 painting of the Assize d'Heritage by
John St Helier Lander.
Jersey
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Liberation Day celebrations in Jersey, 9 May 2012
2.
The Crown
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The Crown is the state in all its aspects within the jurisprudence of the Commonwealth realms and their sub-divisions, although the term is not only a metonym for the State. The Crown is a sole that represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative. These monarchies are united by the union of their monarch. The concept of the Crown developed first in the Kingdom of England as a separation of the crown and property of the nation state from the person. The concept spread through English and later British colonisation and is now rooted in the lexicon of the other 15 independent realms. In this context it should not be confused with any physical crown, the concept of the Crown took form under the feudal system. Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights, land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common socage—owners of land held as socage held it only to the Crown. The Crown as ultimate owner of all property also owns any property which has become bona vacantia, the monarch is the living embodiment of the Crown and, as such, is regarded as the personification of the state. He office cannot exist without the office-holder, the Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, legislative, and judicial governance. While the Crowns legal personality is usually regarded as a sole, it can, at least for some purposes. Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible, two judgments—Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta and Ex parte Quark —challenged that view. The Crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each Canadian province and each Australian state. The Succession to the Crown Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the Perth Agreement in Jersey law, as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey. Legislation in the Isle of Man also defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The reserve powers of the Crown for each territory are no longer considered to be exercisable on the advice of the UK government, often cases are brought by the Crown according to the complaint of a claimant. The title of the case follows the pattern of R v Y. Thus R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union is R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where Miller is Gina Miller, in Scotland, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the Lord Advocate in the name of the Crown
The Crown
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Australia
3.
Dukes of Normandy
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In the Middle Ages, the Duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in northwestern France. The duchy arose out of a grant of land to the Viking leader Rollo by the French king Charles III in 911, in 924 and again in 933, Normandy was expanded by royal grant. Rollos male-line descendants continued to rule it down to 1135, in 1202 the French king Philip II declared Normandy forfeit and by 1204 his army had conquered it. It remained a French royal province thereafter, still called the Duchy of Normandy, there is no record of Rollo holding or using any title. His son and grandson, William I and Richard I, used the titles count, prior to 1066, the most common title of the ruler of Normandy was Count of Normandy or Count of the Normans. The title Count of Rouen was never used in any official document, defying Norman pretensions to the ducal title, Adhemar of Chabannes was still referring to the Norman ruler as Count of Rouen as late as the 1020s. The late 11th-century Norman historian William of Poitiers used the title Count of Rouen for the Norman rulers down to Richard II, the first recorded use of the title duke is in a act in favour of the Abbey of Fécamp in 1006 by Richard II. Earlier, the writer Richer of Reims had called Richard I a dux pyratorum, during the reign of Richard II, the French kings chancery began also called the Norman ruler Duke of the Normans for the first time. As late as the reign of William II, the ruler of Normandy could style himself prince and duke, count of Normandy as if unsure what his title should be. The literal Latin equivalent of Duke of Normandy, dux Normanniae, was in use by 1066, Richard I experimented with the title marquis as early as 966, when it was also used in a diploma of King Lothair. Richard II occasionally used it, but he seems to have preferred the title duke and it is his preference for the ducal title in his own charters that has led historians to believe that it was the chosen title of the Norman rulers. Certainly it was not granted to them by the French king, in the twelfth century, the Abbey of Fécamp spread the legend that it had been granted to Richard II by Pope Benedict VIII. The French chancery did not regularly employ it until after 1204, the actual reason for the adoption of a higher title than that of count was that the rulers of Normandy began to grant the comital title to members of their own family. The creation of Norman counts subject to the ruler of Normandy necessitated the taking a higher title. The same process was at work in other principalities of France in the century, as the comital title came into wider use. The Normans nevertheless kept the title of count for the ducal family, from 1066, when William II conquered England, becoming King William I, the title Duke of Normandy was often held by the King of England. In 1087, William died and the passed to his eldest son, Robert Curthose, while his second surviving son, William Rufus. In 1096, Robert mortgaged Normandy to William, who was succeeded by brother, Henry I
Dukes of Normandy
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Statue of Rollo in
Falaise, Calvados
Dukes of Normandy
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William I (William the Conqueror)
Dukes of Normandy
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"La Reine, Notre Duc": title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre
4.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II
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The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II
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Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
5.
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
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The Lieutenant Governor of Jersey is the representative of the British monarch in the Bailiwick of Jersey, a Crown dependency of the British Crown. The Lieutenant Governor has his own flag in Jersey, the Union Flag defaced with the Bailiwicks coat of arms, the Lieutenant Governors official residence in St. Saviour was depicted on the Jersey £50 note 1989–2010. The duties are primarily diplomatic and ceremonial, the role of the Lieutenant Governor is to act as the de facto head of state in Jersey. The Lieutenant Governor also liaises between the Governments of Jersey and the United Kingdom. The holder of office is also ex officio a member of the States of Jersey but may not vote and, by convention, speaks in the Chamber only on appointment. The Lieutenant Governor exercises certain executive functions relating broadly to citizenship, deportation from Jersey is ordered by the Lieutenant Governor. Certificates of naturalisation as a British citizen are issued by the Lieutenant Governor, the office of Lieutenant Governor has its origins in the Norman administration of the Channel Islands. The functions of the bailiff and the official who was later to become known as Lieutenant Governor became separate in the aftermath of the division of Normandy in 1204. However the respective responsibilities of the two officials were only defined in the 17th century as a result of a power struggle between bailiff and governor. The post of Governor of Jersey became a sinecure. The States of Jersey Law 2005 abolished any power of the Lieutenant Governor to veto a resolution of the States, Governors have been, Lieutenant Governors of Jersey have been, Official website
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
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Incumbent Gen. Sir
John McColl KCB,
CBE,
DSO
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
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The Flag of the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
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Liberation Day 2010: The Lieutenant Governor, having arrived in the Royal Square in his official car, greets the Bailiff of Jersey.
Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
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In this caricature of 1873, Bailiff of Jersey Jean Hammond greets newly arrived Lieutenant Governor Norcott
6.
John McColl
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General Sir John Chalmers McColl, KCB, CBE, DSO is a retired senior British Army officer and a past Lieutenant Governor of Jersey. McColl previously served as Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe from 2007 to 2011, educated at Culford School in Suffolk, England, McColl was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Anglian Regiment in 1973 and promoted to lieutenant on 8 September 1974. He was promoted to captain on 8 March 1979 and to major on 30 September 1984, in 1989 he became a squadron commander in the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment, was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 30 June 1990 and to acting colonel shortly after. He was promoted to colonel on 30 June 1995 and to brigadier on 31 December 1996 and he held a variety of commands and military posts before commanding 1st Mechanised Brigade in 1997. In 1999 he became Assistant Chief of Staff at Land Command, in 2001 he was appointed the first leader of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. In 2003 he became Commandant of the Joint Services Command and Staff College, in October 2007 he became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe in the rank of general. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 2008 New Year Honours and he was the preferred choice of Afghanistan for the role of U. N. super envoy after they rejected Paddy Ashdown. However, on 7 March 2008 Norwegian diplomat Kai Eide was appointed as the UN representative for Afghanistan and he retired as DSACEUR in March 2011. On 26 October 2010 it was announced that he would be appointed to the role of Lieutenant Governor of Jersey and he took office on 26 September 2011. On 5 June 2012, Sir John, and his wife Lady McColl, after his fixed term of office, his tenure ended on 30 November 2016 and he was succeeded by Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton
John McColl
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McColl at the opening of the Millennium Town Park in
Saint Helier, 2011
John McColl
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John McColl as DSACEUR
John McColl
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Sir John as Lieutenant Governor of Jersey in 2012 with HRH the Duchess of Cornwall.
7.
Council of Ministers of Jersey
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The Council of Ministers is the collective institution of executive government in Jersey. The council does not represent a majority as ministers may be elected on a variety of manifestos. The first Council of Ministers was established in December 2005, the election for Chief Minister takes place as a majority vote in the States Assembly. The chief minister-elect then nominates nine people for the position of minister, other candidates may be nominated from among the states members and a vote is taken for each ministerial post on a majority basis by the full membership of the States of Jersey. The Chief Minister acts as president of the council and matters may be brought for discussion by any minister. Legally ultimate responsibility for the decisions of a department rest solely with the minister, however in practice matters are decided by a unanimous or majority vote of the ten ministers. Elections for ministerial posts were held on 17 and 18 November 2011, the chief ministers nominations were all contested, two of his nominations were defeated, and five ministerial posts were decided by margins of between 1 and 3 votes. The nominees of the Chief Minister were successful with the exception of Senator Routier, proposed successively for Health and Social Services and Education, Sport and Culture. Three ministers subsequently resigned as ministers in the face of criticisms of their conduct, Senator Jim Perchard, Deputy Terry Le Main and Deputy Sean Power. One minister, Senator Freddie Cohen, exchanged the role of Planning and her predecessor, Senator Jim Perchard resigned in April 2009 after controversy surrounding remarks he made in the chamber urging Senator Stuart Syvret to commit suicide. Education, Sport and Culture Minister, Deputy James Reed, Deputy Reed was the Chief Ministers initial candidate for the post. However, when his nomination of Senator Routier for Health and Social Services was defeated, he withdrew Deputy Reeds name, deputies Reed, Judy Martin and Roy Le Hérissier were also nominated. In the first round of voting Senator Routier received 16 votes, Deputy Reed 13 votes, Deputy Le Hérissier 12 votes, with Deputy Martin eliminated, in the second round Deputy Le Hérissier received 20 votes while Senator Routier and Deputy Reed both received 16 votes. In the tie-breaking third round Deputy Reed received 29 votes and Senator Routier was eliminated with 23 votes, in the final round Deputy Reed was elected with 31 votes and Deputy Le Hérissier received 22 votes. Planning and Environment Minister, Deputy Rob Duhamel, Senator Freddie Cohen, who was elected to the ministerial post unopposed in 2008, resigned in order to focus on his role as foreign minister
Council of Ministers of Jersey
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Senator Ian Gorst the Chief Minister of Jersey
Council of Ministers of Jersey
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Jersey
Council of Ministers of Jersey
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Former Senator Terry Le Sueur was Chief Minister of Jersey
8.
Chief Minister of Jersey
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The Chief Minister of Jersey is the head of government of Jersey, leading the Council of Ministers. The head of government is not directly elected by the people, the first Chief Minister of Jersey was elected on 5 December 2005 following the Jersey elections,2005. Senator Terry Le Sueur was elected Chief Minister on 8 December 2008 following the Jersey general election,2008, in a secret ballot, the States of Jersey voted for Senator Le Sueur with 36 votes. The only other challenger, Senator Alan Breckon, received 17 votes, Senator Ian Gorst was elected Chief Minister in an open ballot on 14 November 2011, beating Senator Sir Philip Bailhache 27 votes to 24. He nominated his preferred candidates for office on 16 November 2011
Chief Minister of Jersey
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Incumbent Senator
Ian Gorst since 18 November 2011
Chief Minister of Jersey
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Chief Ministerial candidates Senator
Ian Gorst and Senator
Sir Philip Bailhache on 14 November 2011, just before the vote.
9.
Ian Gorst
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Ian Gorst is the Chief Minister of Jersey and an elected member of States of Jersey since 5 December 2005. He previously worked as an accountant and he was a member of the UK Conservative Party before leaving the United Kingdom. He met his wife Dionne, a Jerseywoman, while she was studying nursing in England, Gorst was elected to the States of Jersey as one of the Deputies for St Clement in the 2005 elections, coming second with 930 votes. He was re-elected in 2008 when he topped the poll with 1,112 votes, in the 2011 general election he successfully stood for one of the four Senators seats, coming second out of 13 candidates. Gorst was re-elected in the 2014 general election with 14,035 votes and he is currently serving his second term as Chief Minister. He was elected Chief Minister of Jersey in November 2011, between 2008 and 2011, Gorst was Minister for Employment and Social Security in the Council of Ministers. In 2005, Gorst was appointed as an assistant minister in the Chief Ministers Department, with responsibility for decisions about migration, Gorst has served as chairman of the Jersey Overseas Aid Commission. Gorst is the Deputy Chair of Governors at Le Rocquier School, a member of Le Squez Youth Club Management Committee, senator Ian Joseph Gorst on States Assembly Website
Ian Gorst
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Ian Joseph Gorst
10.
States of Jersey
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The States of Jersey is the parliament and government of the British Crown dependency of Jersey. The origins of the legislature of Jersey lie in the system of self-government according to Norman law guaranteed to the Channel Islands by King John following the division of Normandy in 1204. The Assembly of the States of Jersey has exercised uncontested legislative powers since 1771, members are also able to ask questions to find out information and to hold Ministers to account. Executive powers are exercised by a Chief Minister and nine ministers, elected from among the members of the States of Jersey, Ministers are accountable to the Assembly for the conduct of their departments. The constitution of the States is set out in the States of Jersey Law 2005, in the current assembly, elected voting members comprise eight Senators, twenty-nine Deputies, and twelve Connétables. In previous assemblies, the number of Senators was ten, the reduction in the number of Senators was politically controversial and attempts were made, unsuccessfully, to prevent the Privy Council from approving the proposal. The clerk of the Assembly is known as the Greffier of the States, the Viscount is the executive officer of the States. Under the States of Jersey Act 2005,22 of the 51 members form the executive, ten as ministers in the Council of Ministers, elections are held every three years, with the most recent being in 2014. In the 2008-2011 assembly, four members were affiliated to the Jersey Democratic Alliance, in the 2011 elections, all candidates stood as independents. In the 2014 elections, candidates stood for the newly formed Reform Jersey for the first time, a main type of legislation made by the States is known in English simply as a Law, and in French as a Loi. After a Law is adopted by the States it must receive Royal Assent, members of the Assembly are responsible for scrutinizing the work of the Council of Ministers, ministers and their departments. The real utility of the panels is said to be that of independent critique which holds ministers to account, the legislature derives its name from the estates of the Crown, the Church and the people from whom the assembly was originally summoned. Jerseys political history begins as part of the Duchy of Normandy, in 1259 Henry III signed the Treaty of Paris resigning his claim to the Duchy of Normandy except the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were not absorbed into the Kingdom of England, originally the Royal Court had legislative power but by the sixteenth century a legislative assembly within the Royal Court was convened. The Royal Court and the States both legislated until with the fixing in 1771 of the Code des Lois it was established that the States had a legislative monopoly, the earliest extant Act of the States dates from 1524. In the early seventeenth century separate minutes of the States of Jersey were first recorded, when the monarchy was restored, King Charles II who had escaped to Jersey on his way to exile in France rewarded Jersey with the power to levy customs duties. The States voted on 6 November 1856 to adopt a law to add 14 Deputies to the assembly to counterbalance the mismatch of population, the first Deputies were elected 12 January 1857. The first election by secret ballot was held 1 December 1891, in 1948 the Jurats were replaced in the legislature by Senators, who at first were elected on an island-wide basis for mandates of 9 years
States of Jersey
States of Jersey
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States of Jersey États de Jersey (French)
States of Jersey
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Royal coat of arms (Hanoverian) on the States building in St. Helier
States of Jersey
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1771 Code of Laws
11.
Judiciary of Jersey
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The judiciary of Jersey is a branch of the government of Jersey that interprets and applies the laws of Jersey, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The Bailiff of Jersey is the President of the Royal Court, individual trials are heard by the Bailiff, the Deputy Bailiff or a Commissioner. The Master of the Royal Court deals with some matters in civil cases. The Court is supported by the Judicial Greffier who acts as the Registrar, in addition to the judge, the Royal Court includes a number of volunteer Jurats. The Jurats decide issues of fact in criminal and civil trials, hand down sentences in criminal trials, the Bailiff and Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Queen, on the advice of the UK Secretary of State for Justice. The Lieutenant Governor then sends a single name to the Secretary of State for Justice and this process is not used for appointing the Bailiff because the Deputy Bailiff is seen to be training for the office of Bailiff. The Bailiff, Deputy Bailiff and members of the Jersey Court of Appeal hold office during good behaviour, in 1992, when Deputy Bailiff Vernon Tomes was dismissed by the Home Secretary because he was slow to present written judgments. Jurats hold office until the age of 72, the Bailiff also appoints, on the advice of a panel, a full-time salaried Magistrate and Assistant Magistrate and part-time locum Relief Magistrates. The Magistrates can only be dismissed by an Order of Her Majesty in Council, in June 2008, a Magistrate-Designate, Ian Christmas, did not take up his post because he was being investigated for alleged fraud, which resulted in a conviction and a fifteen month prison term. Subsequently the Bailiffs Office asked the Ministry of Justice to arrange a disciplinary investigation because Ian Christmas could not be removed from office by the Bailiff, the courts of Jersey are required by the European Convention on Human Rights to be independent and impartial. Although there was no suggestion that the Bailiff was subjectively biased, the subsequent report recommended reforms to the States of Jersey, including suggesting that the Bailiff should no longer be the President of the States, something the States did not endorse. In recent years, a former States member, Stuart Syvret, has argued that the Jersey judiciary do not appear impartial and independent. In July 2008, Syvret and UK Liberal Democrat MP John Hemming sought a review of what they saw as Jack Straws failure to ensure that Jersey authorities protected child abuse victims. In March 2009, the Administrative Court refused permission for the case to proceed to a full hearing, in 2010, Syvret commenced an unsuccessful civil action in the Royal Court against the Chief Minister, the States Employment Board and the Attorney General of Jersey. List of members of the judiciary of Jersey Courts of Jersey Law of Jersey
Judiciary of Jersey
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The Bailiff and Jurats outside the Royal Court in 2009
Judiciary of Jersey
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Jersey
12.
Jurat
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In Guernsey and Jersey, the Jurats, as lay people, are judges of fact rather than law, though they preside over land conveyances and liquor licensing. In Alderney, however, the Jurats are judges of fact and law in both civil and criminal matters. Under the ancien régime in France, in towns, of the south-west, such as La Rochelle and Bordeaux. The title was borne by officials, corresponding to aldermen, in the Cinque Ports. There are two bodies, consisting each of twelve jurats, for the Bailiwicks of Jersey and of Guernsey respectively and they form, with the Bailiff as presiding judge, the Royal Court in each Bailiwick. In Guernsey and Jersey, the Jurats, as lay people, are judges of fact rather than law, though they preside over land conveyances, in Alderney, however, the Jurats are judges of both fact and law in both civil and criminal matters. Although no longer a political post, the office of Jurat is still considered the highest elected position to which a citizen can aspire, however, in Alderney, Jurats are appointed by the Crown, following a recommendation from the President of Alderney. In Jersey, the power to raise excise duties was exercised by the Assembly of Governor, Bailiff, in 1948 the jurats were replaced in the legislature by directly-elected senators. Jurats now serve until retirement as non-professional judges of fact and they also determine sentences in criminal matters and assess damages in civil matters. There are twelve Jurats at any one time, who are elected by an electoral college constituted of States Members and members of the legal profession. The robes of jurats are red with black trim, the Royal Court sits either as the Inferior Number or the Superior Number. Only the Superior Number can impose sentences of imprisonment of more than four years, the Superior Number also acts as a court of first appeal in respect of sentences handed down by the Inferior Number. Otherwise, Appeals from the Inferior Number and the Superior Number are heard by the Jersey Court of Appeal, thereafter, any appeal would be heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council sitting in London. Jurats also sit on the Islands Licensing Assembly and customarily serve as autorisés to oversee polling at public elections, in 2009, a report raised concerns about potential conflicts of interests, and recommended that membership of the board should include independent members of the public. In Guernsey, the Jurats are still elected by the States of Election, made up of the Islands judiciary, Law Officers, the Royal Court of Guernsey sits either as the Ordinary Court or the Full Court. The robes of jurats are purple, the court of Alderney consists of six Jurats and the Judge of Alderney. Juror Lay judge Capitoul, the equivalent office in Toulouse This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. How to become a Jurat in Jersey
Jurat
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Jurats in robes of office in procession on
Liberation Day 9 May 2008 in Jersey (Solicitor General and Attorney General following also in red robes but wearing
jabots)
13.
Courts of Jersey
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The Courts of Jersey are responsible for the administration of justice in the Bailiwick of Jersey, one of the Channel Islands. They apply the law of the Island, which is a mixture of law and legislation passed by the legislature. The principal court is the Royal Court, which has been in existence since the 13th century, there are also a number of specialist tribunals. The Parish Hall Enquiry is a way of dealing with minor criminal behaviour, particularly by young people. The Enquiry is not actually a court hearing and it is an opportunity for the Centenier to review the evidence and decide whether it is in the public interest for the case to be tried in the Magistrates Court. Attendance at the Enquiry is voluntary, the Centenier does not make a finding of guilt, sanctions which can be imposed include, no further action/words of advice a written caution a fine of up to £100 for some offences, e. g. The Magistrates and Petty Debts Courts were established by legislation in 1853 to deal with minor criminal and they are both presided over by the Magistrate, a position which was created as a distinct post in 1864. The Magistrate is referred to in the Jersey French of the legislation as the Juge d’Instruction, if the Magistrate considers that a heavier sentence might be appropriate, then the case will be committed to the Royal Court for trial. Similarly if, having tried the case, the Magistrate subsequently decides that their powers are insufficient. The Petty Debts Court deals with cases where the value of the claim is no more than £10,000. The Youth Court was created in 1994 and is made up of the Magistrate and it sits in private and deals with cases where the defendant is aged under 18, unless the likely sentence means that the case needs to be sent to the Royal Court. The Royal Court is the principal and oldest court in Jersey and it can sit in a number of configurations, depending on the type of case and the powers to be exercised. The Court has its origins in the 13th century when, following the English Crowns loss of the Duchy of Normandy, the Royal Court exercised both judicial and legislative functions for the Island, although the power to make laws moved to the States Assembly in the 15th century. The Bailiff of Jersey is the President of the Royal Court, individual trials may be heard before the Bailiff, the Deputy Bailiff or a Commissioner. The Master of the Royal Court deals with some matters in civil cases. The Court is supported by the Judicial Greffier who fulfils the role of Registrar, in addition to the judge, the Royal Court includes the Jurats. They are unpaid lay people, aged 40 or more, who have been elected by an electoral college and they hold the office until the age of 72. The Jurats decide issues of fact in criminal and civil trials, hand down sentences in criminal trials, three divisions of the Court deal solely with civil matters
Courts of Jersey
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Magistrate's Court in
Saint Helier
Courts of Jersey
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Jersey
Courts of Jersey
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Royal Court building in Saint Helier
Courts of Jersey
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Interior of Royal Court looking from the public gallery
14.
Parish Assembly (Jersey)
–
A Parish Assembly in Jersey is the decision-making body of local government, comprising ratepayers and electors of the parish. The Constable is assisted in all matters by a Parish Municipality which consists of two Procureurs du Bien Public, the Parish is further divided into Vingtaines. Each vingtaine is represented by two Vingteniers, two Roads Inspectors and three Constables Officers, all are elected and sworn officers of the Royal Court. A Roads Committee of five elected principals is also available to offer advice on a range of issues, Centeniers are the highest ranking police officers in Jersey and are elected. In Jersey, the Roads Committee is the authority for Parish roads in each Parish. The Connétable presides over the Roads Committee which also includes the Rector, instructions are passed to Roads Inspectors whose duty it is to ensure that the repairs are carried out. By convention, the two Procureur du Bien Public of St. Helier attend meetings of the Roads Committee, the Parish Assembly elects two Roads Inspectors for each Vingtaine for a three-year term of office in accordance with the Loi sur la Voirie. Roads Inspectors are responsible for the repair of by-roads of the Parish and have to ensure the instructions of the Roads Committee are carried out and they also serve as conduits of information to the Honorary Police. Their chief role is the annual Visite du Branchage and the triennial Visite Royale, supplementary bodies are also elected to serve specific needs, in the largest parish St Helier these include, the Accounts Committee, the Welfare Board, and the Youth Council. Matters of import are brought before a gathering of the municipality and members of the public for consideration, there is an Honorary Police force in each parish in Jersey. Honorary Police officers have, for centuries, been elected by parishioners to assist the Connétable of the Parish to maintain law, Officers are elected as Centeniers, Vingteniers or Constables Officers each with various duties and responsibilities. The Honorary Police provided the law enforcement prior to the appointment of paid Police officers for the Parish of Saint Helier in 1853. The Honorary Police still provide an essential and very valuable service to the Parish, each Parish Assembly elects a number of Centeniers, Vingteniers and Constables Officers who act in the name of the Connétable of the Parish in maintaining law and order. These officers are elected for a period of three years and take an oath in the Royal Court. All Honorary Police officers must live in the Parish at the time of their first election or, in the case of St Helier, be a ratepayer or mandataire of that Parish. A person may be nominated for election as a member of the Honorary Police if, on the day of nomination, s/he is at least 20 years of age and less than 70 years of age. Honorary Police officers are on duty for one week at a time, usually every 3 or 4 weeks depending upon the roster within the Parish, Honorary Police officers are elected to serve the Parish but in certain circumstances may assist or operate outside the Parish. Anyone standing for election as a member of the Honorary Police will have to undergo a criminal record check, decisions regarding the operation of the Church are made by an Ecclesiastical Assembly which is composed of the same persons as the Parish Assembly
Parish Assembly (Jersey)
–
Road marker stone in
Saint Ouen dated 1935 inscribed with the names of the Roads Committee
Parish Assembly (Jersey)
–
Jersey
15.
Parishes of Jersey
–
The Channel Island of Jersey is divided into twelve administrative districts or parishes. All have access to the sea and are named after the saints to whom their ancient parish churches are dedicated and this is a list of parishes of Jersey. The population figures are as reported in the 2011 census, each parish is headed by a Constable who is elected for a four-year period by the residents of the Parish. The Constable also represents the municipality in the States, the Procureur du Bien Public is the legal and financial representative of the parish. Centeniers are elected at an election within each parish for a term of three years to undertake policing within the parish. The centenier is the only authorised to charge and bail offenders. Formerly, the senior centenier of each parish was the Constables deputy in the States of Jersey when the Constable was unable to attend a sitting of the States — this function has been abolished. A Roads Committee of five elected principals is also available to offer advice on a range of issues, Centeniers are the highest ranking police officers in Jersey and are elected. In Jersey, the Roads Committee is the authority for parish roads in each parish. The Connétable presides over the Roads Committee which also includes the Rector, instructions are passed to Roads Inspectors whose duty it is to ensure that the repairs are carried out. By convention, the two Procureur du Bien Public of St. Helier attend meetings of the Roads Committee, the Parish is further divided into Vingtaines. Each vingtaine is represented by two Vingteniers, two Roads Inspectors and three Constables Officers, all are elected and sworn officers of the Royal Court. There is an Honorary Police force in each parish in Jersey, Honorary Police officers have, for centuries, been elected by parishioners to assist the Connétable of the Parish to maintain law and order. Officers are elected as Centeniers, Vingteniers or Constables Officers each with various duties and responsibilities, the Honorary Police provided the only law enforcement prior to the appointment of paid police officers for the Parish of Saint Helier in 1853 and later to serve the whole Island. The Honorary Police still provide an essential and very valuable service to the parish and these officers are elected for a period of three years and take an oath in the Royal Court. All Honorary Police officers must live in the Parish at the time of their first election or, in the case of St Helier, be a ratepayer or mandataire of that Parish. A person may be nominated for election as a member of the Honorary Police if, on the day of nomination, s/he is at least 20 years of age and less than 70 years of age. Honorary Police officers are on duty for one week at a time, usually every 3 or 4 weeks depending upon the roster within the Parish, Honorary Police officers are elected to serve the Parish but in certain circumstances may assist or operate outside the Parish
Parishes of Jersey
–
Road marker stone in
Saint Ouen dated 1935 inscribed with the names of the Roads Committee
Parishes of Jersey
–
Jersey
Parishes of Jersey
–
A recruiting banner for the Honorary Police showing the arms of each parish: (from left to right) Grouville, St Brelade, St John, Trinity, St Saviour, St Ouen, St Helier, St Mary, St Lawrence, St Clement, St Peter, St Martin
16.
Elections in Jersey
–
Elections in Jersey take place for the Assembly of the States of Jersey and at parish-level. Various parties have formed over the years in Jersey. All elections in Jersey use the First-past-the-post voting system, in 2008, the voting age was reduced to 16 years. From November 2011, the assembly of the States of Jersey has 51 elected members,10 Senators,29 Deputies and 12 Connétables. The normal term of office for elected States Members is four years, though members elected in October 2011, from 2018, elections will be held in May every fourth year. The most recent elections were held in 1993,1996,1999,2002,2005,2008, the next general election will be held in October 2014. The office of Senator was created in 1948, initially, Senators served terms of nine years but this was reduced to six years in 1966 and to four years in 2011. The number of Senators will be reduced to eight in the October 2014 elections, as part of the transitional arrangements for this new electoral system, the six Senators elected for six-year terms in 2008 did not face election in 2011. Up to the 2008 elections, six of the 12 Senatorial seats fell vacant every three years in elections held in October, Deputies had three year terms, with elections held in November. Defeated Senatorial candidates were able to stand in the following Deputorial elections. It was not uncommon for an incumbent Senator denied re-election by the Island electorate to seek a mandate in their own parish. There was no date for Connétable elections. To be nominated for Senator, a candidate must secure a nomination paper signed by 10 validly-registered voters, if more candidates are nominated than there are seats available, a poll is declared, to be taken on the date set by the Royal Court. If there are no candidates nominated after 20 minutes than available seats, then the candidates are declared elected unopposed. The Royal Court appoints an autorisé for each constituency to oversee the poll, results for each parish on polling day are declared by the autorisé. In the October 2011 elections, four seats were contested. In the October 2014 elections, each voter will have eight unranked votes for Senator, in single-member districts, a simple first past the post election is held. In multi-member districts, the system is that of a first past the post bloc election analogous to the Senatorials, the elected Connétable heads the administration of each of the twelve parishes
Elections in Jersey
–
Jersey
17.
External relations of Jersey
–
Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with governments on matters within the competence of the States of Jersey. Jersey maintains the Bureau de Jersey in Caen, France, a permanent non-diplomatic representation, a similar office, the Maison de Normandie in St. Helier, represents the Conseil général of Manche and the Regional Council of Lower Normandy. It also houses the Consulate of France, in July 2009, a Channel Islands Tunnel was proposed to connect Jersey with Lower Normandy. Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Jersey wants to become a full member of the Commonwealth in its own right. In 2007, the Chief Minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the identity of Jersey. In January 2011, the Chief Minister designated one of his assistant ministers as having responsibility for external relations, in 2013 the Chief Minister proposed converting the post of assistant minister with responsibility for external relations to a full ministerial post. On 24 January 2013 Jersey signed double taxation agreements with Guernsey and this was the first time all three Crown dependencies had established such mutual agrrements which also included provision for exchange of tax information equivalent to TIEAs. The relationship between the Crown dependencies and the UK is one of respect and support, ie. Guernseys Deputy Chief Minister and Jerseys Assistant Chief Minister travelled to Dublin in September 2012 as a first step in a coordinated approach to international relations. The purpose of the visit was to meet Irelands Minister for European Affairs for mutual discussions ahead of Irelands assumption of the European Union presidency in 2013, the question of an independent Jersey has been discussed from time to time in the Assembly of the States of Jersey. In 2005–2008, a group of the States of Jersey examined the options for independence, concluding that Jersey is equipped to face the challenges of independence. Proposals for Jersey independence continue to be discussed outside the States, the Groups Second Interim Report was presented to the States by the Council of Ministers in June 2008. Jersey is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right and it participates in various Commonwealth institutions in its own right, for example, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and the Commonwealth Games. Jersey regards the existing situation as unsatisfactory and has lobbied for change, Jersey is neither a Member State nor an Associate Member of the European Union. However, that is not to say that it is outside the European Communities or the European Union in the sense that it is excluded. The relationship between Jersey and the European Communities was negotiated as a extension of the existing relationship with the United Kingdom by Sir Geoffrey Rippon. The only European Territories under United Kingdom responsibility which were excluded were the Sovereign Base Territories in Cyprus, had the Special relationship not been negotiated, then Jersey would have been included within the Communities in the same way as Gibraltar
External relations of Jersey
–
Jersey
18.
Parliamentary system
–
In a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a different person from the head of government. Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders, eventually these councils have slowly evolved into the modern Parliamentary system. The first parliaments date back to Europe in the Middle Ages, for example in 1188 Alfonso IX, the modern concept of parliamentary government emerged in the Kingdom of Great Britain and its contemporary, the Parliamentary System in Sweden. In England, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments, the first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns. Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution, in the Kingdom of Great Britain, the monarch, in theory, chaired cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King George Is inability to speak English led the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the minister, literally the prime or first minister. By the nineteenth century, the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice invariably deciding who was prime minister, hence the use of phrases like Her Majestys government or His Excellencys government. Nineteenth century urbanisation, industrial revolution and, modernism had already fueled the political struggle for democracy. In the radicalised times at the end of World War I, a parliamentary system may be either bicameral, with two chambers of parliament or unicameral, with just one parliamentary chamber. Scholars of democracy such as Arend Lijphart distinguish two types of parliamentary democracies, the Westminster and Consensus systems, the Westminster system is usually found in the Commonwealth of Nations and countries which were influenced by the British political tradition. These parliaments tend to have a more style of debate. The Australian House of Representatives is elected using instant-runoff voting, while the Senate is elected using proportional representation through single transferable vote, regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a closed list. The Western European parliamentary model tends to have a more consensual debating system, Consensus systems have more of a tendency to use proportional representation with open party lists than the Westminster Model legislatures. The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the plenary chamber, some West European countries parliaments implement the principle of dualism as a form of separation of powers. In countries using this system, Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon being appointed minister, ministers in those countries usually actively participate in parliamentary debates, but are not entitled to vote. Some countries such as India also require the prime minister to be a member of the legislature, the head of state appoints a prime minister who will likely have majority support in parliament. The head of state appoints a minister who must gain a vote of confidence within a set time. The head of state appoints the leader of the party holding a plurality of seats in parliament as prime minister
Parliamentary system
–
The
Palace of Westminster in
London,
United Kingdom. The
Westminster system originates from the
British Houses of Parliament.
Parliamentary system
Parliamentary system
–
Statue of President
Nelson Mandela of
South Africa in
Parliament Square,
London
Parliamentary system
–
Parliament of Canada
19.
Representative democracy
–
Representative democracy is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. Representative democracy is often presented as the most efficient form of democracy possible in mass societies and it arguably allows for efficient ruling by a sufficiently small number of people on behalf of the larger number. Government efficiency can be judged based on metric of cost effectiveness, representatives voting on behalf of the people allows for a monetary benefit as there is lessened use of polling stations, vote counters, etc. The government is responsible for paying for the wages of the representatives. This system of governance is also time efficient as decisions can be made by a select few and it is a system in which people elect their lawmakers, who are then held accountable to them for their activity within government. It has been described by political theorists including Robert A Dahl, Gregory Houston. In it the power is in the hands of the representatives who are elected by the people in elections. Representatives are elected by the public, as in elections for the national legislature. Elected representatives may hold the power to other representatives, presidents, or other officers of the government or of the legislature. The constitution may also provide for some deliberative democracy or direct popular measures, however, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action—legal power usually remains firmly with representatives. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him, their opinion, high respect, their business, unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs, and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiassed opinion, his judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man. These he does not derive from your pleasure, no, nor from the law and they are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. Your representative owes you, not his only, but his judgment. The Roman Republic was the first government in the world to have a representative government. In Britain, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments, the first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns. Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution led to the creation of a new Constitution of the United States in 1787
Representative democracy
–
Countries designated "electoral democracies" in Freedom House's 2015 survey "Freedom in the World", covering the year 2014.
20.
Crown Dependencies
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The Crown dependencies are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Being independently administered jurisdictions, they do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories and they are self-governing possessions of the Crown. Internationally, the dependencies are considered territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible rather than as sovereign states, as a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, they do have a relationship with the Commonwealth, the European Union and they are not part of the European Union, although they are within the EUs customs area. In each case, the head of government is referred to as a Chief Minister, the Crown is defined differently in each crown dependency. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the Crown in right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in right of the United Kingdom and this constitutional concept is also worded as the Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Each Bailiwick is a Crown dependency and each is headed by a Bailiff, each Bailiwick has its own legal and healthcare systems, and their own separate immigration policies, with local status in one Bailiwick having no jurisdiction in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties, since 1961, the Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal, but generally the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick. The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions, Guernsey, which also the nearby islands of Herm and Jethou. Sark, which includes the nearby island of Brecqhou. Alderney, including smaller surrounding uninhabited islands, the parliament of Guernsey is the States of Deliberation, the parliament of Sark is called the Chief Pleas, and the parliament of Alderney is called the States of Alderney. The three parliaments together can also approve joint Bailiwick-wide legislation that applies in those parts of the Bailiwick whose parliaments approve it. Guernsey issues its own coins and banknotes, Guernsey banknotes Coins of the Guernsey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes and they are not legal tender within the UK. There are no parties in any of the parliaments, candidates stand for election as independents. e. 5432 on 2 wheels and on 4 wheels, the Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the island of Jersey and a number of surrounding uninhabited islands. The parliament is the States of Jersey, the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497, Jersey issues its own coins and banknotes, Jersey banknotes Coins of the Jersey pound These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes. They are not legal tender within the UK but are legal currency backed by deposits at the Bank of England, there are few political parties, as candidates generally stand for election as independents. The Isle of Mans Tynwald claims to be the worlds oldest parliament in continuous existence, candidates often stand for election as independents, rather than being selected by political parties
Crown Dependencies
–
Brecqhou island
Crown Dependencies
–
The
Channel Islands located in the
English Channel
Crown Dependencies
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Aerial view of
Saint Clement, Jersey
Crown Dependencies
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"La Reine, Notre Duc" (The Queen, Our Duke): title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre in 2012
21.
Law of Jersey
–
The Law of Jersey has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular Norman customary law, English common law and modern French civil law. Jerseys legal system is mixed or pluralistic, and sources of law are in French and English languages, jerseys legislature, the States Assembly makes legislation affecting most areas of activity. The highest form of legislation made by the States is Laws, if a proposed Law is likely to be controversial, the general desirability of having new legislation on the topic may be debated before the Law drafted. The procedure for making Laws is set out in the Standing Orders of the States of Jersey. At the stage known as first reading, the title of the projet is read out, at the next second reading stage, there is a formal debate in the States chamber during which members consider the principle of the projet and then scrutinise the draft in detail. At third reading there is an opportunity for minor drafting errors to be corrected. Finally, members vote to adopt the law, the Law is then submitted via the Lieutenant Governors office for transmission to London, where officials in the Ministry of Justice examine the Law. It seems a strange use of Ministry of Justice resources, to engage in a kind of legislative oversight which does not restrict itself to the constitutional grounds for scrutiny. This process may take several months, in an unusual move in 2011, campaigners against a Law that sought to reduce the number of Senators in the States petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse Royal Assent. Once official scrutiny is complete in London, the Law is formally presented to Her Majesty for Royal Assent at a meeting of the Privy Council, after a Law receives Royal Assent, the final step is for it be registered with the Royal Court of Jersey. At this point it is passed, the Law is then brought into force at a date decided by the relevant Jersey minister. Laws adopted and passed are published in print as Recueil de Lois de Jersey, in Jersey, there are other types of legislation in addition to Laws. Regulations, these are used where a Law delegates to the States Assembly power to make legally binding rules to implement a named Law, triennial Regulations, since the 18th century, the States of Jersey has had power to make provisional regulations of up to three years duration. Orders and Rules, these are made by a Minister. Custom is a source of law in the Jersey legal system and it has been described as the product of generally accepted usage and practice. It has no formal sanction or authority behind it other than the consensus of opinion within the community. It differs from English common law where rules stated by a judge of a court are binding law because they are stated by a judge. In customary law, the role of the judiciary is to look for evidence of what is generally accepted usage, many rules of customary law have crystallised to such an extent that everyone accepts them as binding without discussion
Law of Jersey
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Recueil de Lois de Jersey from 1771
Law of Jersey
–
Le Rouillée's 1535 commentary on the customs of
Maine
Law of Jersey
–
Berault's 1620 commentary
Law of Jersey
–
Tables de Décisions de la Cour Royal de Jersey 1885-1978
22.
Economy of Jersey
–
The economy of Jersey is largely driven by international financial services and legal services, which accounted for 40. 5% of total GVA in 2010. Other sectors include construction, retail, agriculture, tourism and telecommunications, in 2008 Jersey’s gross national income per capita was among the highest in the world. In 2011 the islands economy, as measured by GVA, declined by 1% to £3.6 billion, Jersey based financial organisations provide services to customers worldwide. In June 2008 it was reported that 12,070 people were employed full-time, the Royal Bank of Canada is a major employer with some 900 staff employed in Jersey, as of March 2009. The finance sector profits rose to about £1.5 billion in 2007, Jersey is one of the top worldwide Offshore financial centers It is described by some as a tax haven. It attracts deposits from customers outside of the island, seeking the advantages such places offer, Jerseys finance industry featured in a BBC Panorama documentary, titled Tax me if you can, first broadcast on 2 February 2009. On 4 February 2009 Jersey Finance officially announced its intention to open a new office in London. At the end of 2008 deposits in Jersey banks totalled £206 billion, at the time of the establishment of the fund by a Jersey-based hedge fund company, Bitcoin was already being accepted by some local businesses. Construction represented 5. 2% of GVA during 2007, in June 2008 it was reported that 4,980 people were employed full-time in the construction and quarrying sector. St. Helier, and the Waterfront area in particular, has seen much redevelopment during the early 21st century, developments include a leisure complex, the Radisson hotel, and a new central bus station - Liberation Station. As of 2009 there are plans to sink the A1 road, to building sites above it for offices. Construction grew by 8% over the period 2006 to 2007, as of June 2008 there were 6,610 persons in full-time employment within Jerseys wholesale & retail trades. Retail and wholesale grew by around 5% during 2007, limited operate a chain of stores in Jersey, their franchises include well-known names, such as Marks & Spencer, Iceland, and Costa Coffee. A number of retailers, and fulfillment houses operate from the Channel Islands, including Jersey, supplying a variety of low-value goods such as CDs, DVDs, video games. Residents of the EU were choosing to order goods from Jersey, UK residents, in particular, were taking advantage of this situation. A local company, play. com grew substantially during the time that LVCR applied to Jersey, notably, Amazon UK also took advantage of this by dispatching some low-value items from Jersey. Some goods are sold and distributed from Jersey, despite these changes. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and flowers are important export crops, the Jersey breed of dairy cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export income earner
Economy of Jersey
–
St. Helier in 2011
Economy of Jersey
–
Royal Bank of Scotland building.
Economy of Jersey
–
Logo of the financial regulator Jersey Financial Services Commission
Economy of Jersey
–
Hotel de France
23.
Cabinet of Jersey
–
The Council of Ministers is the collective institution of executive government in Jersey. The council does not represent a majority as ministers may be elected on a variety of manifestos. The first Council of Ministers was established in December 2005, the election for Chief Minister takes place as a majority vote in the States Assembly. The chief minister-elect then nominates nine people for the position of minister, other candidates may be nominated from among the states members and a vote is taken for each ministerial post on a majority basis by the full membership of the States of Jersey. The Chief Minister acts as president of the council and matters may be brought for discussion by any minister. Legally ultimate responsibility for the decisions of a department rest solely with the minister, however in practice matters are decided by a unanimous or majority vote of the ten ministers. Elections for ministerial posts were held on 17 and 18 November 2011, the chief ministers nominations were all contested, two of his nominations were defeated, and five ministerial posts were decided by margins of between 1 and 3 votes. The nominees of the Chief Minister were successful with the exception of Senator Routier, proposed successively for Health and Social Services and Education, Sport and Culture. Three ministers subsequently resigned as ministers in the face of criticisms of their conduct, Senator Jim Perchard, Deputy Terry Le Main and Deputy Sean Power. One minister, Senator Freddie Cohen, exchanged the role of Planning and her predecessor, Senator Jim Perchard resigned in April 2009 after controversy surrounding remarks he made in the chamber urging Senator Stuart Syvret to commit suicide. Education, Sport and Culture Minister, Deputy James Reed, Deputy Reed was the Chief Ministers initial candidate for the post. However, when his nomination of Senator Routier for Health and Social Services was defeated, he withdrew Deputy Reeds name, deputies Reed, Judy Martin and Roy Le Hérissier were also nominated. In the first round of voting Senator Routier received 16 votes, Deputy Reed 13 votes, Deputy Le Hérissier 12 votes, with Deputy Martin eliminated, in the second round Deputy Le Hérissier received 20 votes while Senator Routier and Deputy Reed both received 16 votes. In the tie-breaking third round Deputy Reed received 29 votes and Senator Routier was eliminated with 23 votes, in the final round Deputy Reed was elected with 31 votes and Deputy Le Hérissier received 22 votes. Planning and Environment Minister, Deputy Rob Duhamel, Senator Freddie Cohen, who was elected to the ministerial post unopposed in 2008, resigned in order to focus on his role as foreign minister
Cabinet of Jersey
–
Senator Ian Gorst the Chief Minister of Jersey
Cabinet of Jersey
–
Jersey
Cabinet of Jersey
–
Former Senator Terry Le Sueur was Chief Minister of Jersey
24.
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
The Queen in March 2015
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 3, April 1929
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Princess Elizabeth aged 7, painted by
Philip de László, 1933
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
–
Elizabeth in
Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945
25.
Head of State
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president
Head of State
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Sixteen heads of state meeting at a
UNASUR -
BRICS summit in July 2014.
Head of State
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President
Pranab Mukherjee, head of state of
the Republic of India from July 2012
Head of State
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Two contemporary heads of state who are
constitutional monarchs, but with no political power: Emperor
Akihito of Japan (left), and King
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden (right.)
Head of State
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Charles de Gaulle, President and head of state of the
French Fifth Republic June 1958 – January 1959
26.
Duke of Normandy
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In the Middle Ages, the Duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in northwestern France. The duchy arose out of a grant of land to the Viking leader Rollo by the French king Charles III in 911, in 924 and again in 933, Normandy was expanded by royal grant. Rollos male-line descendants continued to rule it down to 1135, in 1202 the French king Philip II declared Normandy forfeit and by 1204 his army had conquered it. It remained a French royal province thereafter, still called the Duchy of Normandy, there is no record of Rollo holding or using any title. His son and grandson, William I and Richard I, used the titles count, prior to 1066, the most common title of the ruler of Normandy was Count of Normandy or Count of the Normans. The title Count of Rouen was never used in any official document, defying Norman pretensions to the ducal title, Adhemar of Chabannes was still referring to the Norman ruler as Count of Rouen as late as the 1020s. The late 11th-century Norman historian William of Poitiers used the title Count of Rouen for the Norman rulers down to Richard II, the first recorded use of the title duke is in a act in favour of the Abbey of Fécamp in 1006 by Richard II. Earlier, the writer Richer of Reims had called Richard I a dux pyratorum, during the reign of Richard II, the French kings chancery began also called the Norman ruler Duke of the Normans for the first time. As late as the reign of William II, the ruler of Normandy could style himself prince and duke, count of Normandy as if unsure what his title should be. The literal Latin equivalent of Duke of Normandy, dux Normanniae, was in use by 1066, Richard I experimented with the title marquis as early as 966, when it was also used in a diploma of King Lothair. Richard II occasionally used it, but he seems to have preferred the title duke and it is his preference for the ducal title in his own charters that has led historians to believe that it was the chosen title of the Norman rulers. Certainly it was not granted to them by the French king, in the twelfth century, the Abbey of Fécamp spread the legend that it had been granted to Richard II by Pope Benedict VIII. The French chancery did not regularly employ it until after 1204, the actual reason for the adoption of a higher title than that of count was that the rulers of Normandy began to grant the comital title to members of their own family. The creation of Norman counts subject to the ruler of Normandy necessitated the taking a higher title. The same process was at work in other principalities of France in the century, as the comital title came into wider use. The Normans nevertheless kept the title of count for the ducal family, from 1066, when William II conquered England, becoming King William I, the title Duke of Normandy was often held by the King of England. In 1087, William died and the passed to his eldest son, Robert Curthose, while his second surviving son, William Rufus. In 1096, Robert mortgaged Normandy to William, who was succeeded by brother, Henry I
Duke of Normandy
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Statue of Rollo in
Falaise, Calvados
Duke of Normandy
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William I (William the Conqueror)
Duke of Normandy
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"La Reine, Notre Duc": title of a Diamond Jubilee exhibition at the Jersey Arts Centre
27.
Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)
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The Ministry of Justice is a ministerial department of the UK Government headed by the Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor. The department is responsible for areas of constitutional policy not transferred in 2010 to the Deputy Prime Minister, human rights law. The ministry was formed in May 2007 when some functions of the Home Secretary were combined with the Department for Constitutional Affairs, the latter had replaced the Lord Chancellors Department in 2003. Its stated priorities are to reduce re-offending and protect the public, to access to justice, to increase confidence in the justice system. Responsibility for devolution was then transferred to the position of Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Justice have joint responsibility for a commission on a British bill of rights, the vast majority of the Ministry of Justices work takes place in England and Wales. The ministry has no responsibility for devolved criminal justice policy, courts, the ministry is therefore responsible for all aspects of the criminal law, including the scope and content of criminal offences. The prison population in England and Wales has risen because politicians of both parties wanted to show they were tough on criminals and this led to overcrowding and increase in other problems like violence, self-harm and suicide. The Ministry of Justice is the department that facilitates communication between the Crown dependencies i. e. Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and the UK Government. These are self-governing possessions of the British monarch, through her titles as Duke of Normandy in the Channel Islands and it processes legislation for Royal Assent passed by the insular legislative assemblies and consults with the Islands on extending UK legislation to them. It also ensures that relevant UK legislation is extended to the islands smoothly, the Ministry has outlined its aims for the 2011–15 Parliament in its structural reform plan, which commits the department to,1. Develop court reforms to improve the resolution of disputes, maximise efficiency and improve services and work with others to make delivery of justice more effective. Assure better law Assure that law-making is transparent and accountable, safeguarding civil liberties, Reform how the ministry delivers its services Reform the way the Ministry of Justice works. Reassess its ways of working to develop more efficient shared services, match its provision ever more closely to demand, reduce duplication, the departmental board has overall responsibility for delivery of the structural reform plan. It publishes progress against the plan on the 10 Downing Street website, official website Ministry of Justice resources for legal professionals Ministry of Justice organogram from data. gov. uk
Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)
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Headquarters,
102 Petty France,
London
Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)
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Ministry of Justice
Welsh: Y Weinyddiaeth Gyfiawnder
