1.
North American College
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North American University is a private, not-for-profit, non-denominational university in Houston, Texas. NAU is accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools, NAU is also certified by Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. NAU offers bachelors and masters programs in education, computer science. In the fall of 2013, the university changed its name from North American College to North American University, the universitys campus located at 11929 W. Airport Blvd. Near Stafford, Tx NAU is an institution of education founded as Texas Gulf Institute in April 2007. The Institute, at the time, offered programs for the first two years of its inception. Upon approval by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board to offer degree programs in July 2010. During the 2010-11 academic year the college moved into its new administrative and educational building located at 3203 N. Sam Houston Pkwy West in Houston, in the summer of 2012 Recayi Reg Pecen was approved as the second president of North American College by the colleges board of trustees. Pecen has formal education in engineering with 14 years of state service to Iowa at the University of Northern Iowa. He has been active in state renewable energy efforts as well as with the American Society of Engineering Educations Energy Conversion and Conservation Division, in May 2013, the college had its first commencement. The Class of 2013 included twelve students, nine graduated with a degree in business administration. In the fall of 2013, NAC changed to its name to North American University, there are more than 800 students in its ESL, bachelors and masters degree programs. Students come from over 33 U. S. states and over 54 countries, NAU offers three bachelors degree programs, Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, Computer Science and Business Administration. Bachelors degree programs are organized under a different administrative department, NAU also offers four masters degree programs, M. Ed. in educational leadership, M. Ed. in Curriculum and Instruction, MBA and a Master of Computer Science. The business administration degree program has the following concentrations, accounting, finance, management. The computer science degree program has the following concentrations, software engineering. The education bachelors degree program has the following concentrations, mathematics teaching, the M. Ed. degree program started in the fall of 2013. Students can earn a masters of educational in educational leadership upon successful completion of the two-year program, in 2015, North American University added 3 more graduate programs including a Master of Science in Computer Science, Master of Business, and Master of Education in Curriculum and Instruction
2.
Latin language
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
3.
Rector (academia)
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A rector is a term used in non-English-speaking countries for a university chancellor. In the sphere of academia, it is the highest academic official of universities and in certain other institutions of higher education. The term and office of a rector are called a rectorate, the title is used widely in universities in Europe. And is very common in Latin American countries and it is also used in Brunei, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Israel and the Middle East. In some universities, the title is phrased in an even loftier manner and this term is generally not used in English-speaking countries. In England and elsewhere in Great Britain, the head of a university is referred to as a chancellor. This pattern has been followed in the Commonwealth, the United States, in Scotland, many universities are headed by a chancellor, with the Lord Rector designated as an elected representative of students at the head of the university court. The head of a university in Germany is called a president, rector magnificus or rectrix magnifica, in Dutch universities, the rector magnificus is the most publicly prominent member of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. In the Netherlands, the rector is, however, not the chair of the university board, the chair has, in practice, the most influence over the management of the University. In some countries, including Germany, the position of teacher in secondary schools is also designated as rector. In the Netherlands, the rector and conrector are used commonly for high school directors. This is also the case in some Maltese secondary schools, in the Scandinavian countries, the head of a university or a gymnasium is called a rektor. In Sweden and Norway, this term is used for the heads of primary schools. For example, in Portugal, the rector of the University of Coimbra, the heads of Czech universities are called the rektor. The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the universitys affairs unless prohibited by law, the rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic. The nomination must be agreed by a majority of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret, the term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors, who act as deputies to the extent the Rector determines, Rectors salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education
4.
Holy See
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The Holy See, also referred to as the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity. It serves as the point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere. Today, it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics, organised in their Particular Churches, Patriarchates, as an independent sovereign entity, holding the Vatican City enclave in Rome as sovereign territory, it maintains diplomatic relations with other states. Diplomatically, the Holy See acts and speaks for the whole church and it is also recognised by other subjects of international law as a sovereign entity, headed by the Pope, with which diplomatic relations can be maintained. The creation of the Vatican City state was meant to ensure the diplomatic, in Greek, the adjective holy or sacred is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course. The word see comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning seat, while Saint Peters basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the Papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the church of Saint John Lateran within the city of Rome. The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia, the Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, is the Sees equivalent of a prime minister, Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy Sees minister of foreign affairs. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis On 31 August 2013, mamberti was named in his role by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006. The Secretariat of State is the body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have rights similar to those of embassies. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage and it also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, the Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies. The Holy See does not dissolve upon a Popes death or resignation and it instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period. In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire, the Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner. Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the popes merchant banker, Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the patrimony of the Holy See. The Holy See has been recognized, both in practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Clericus Cup
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The Clericus Cup is an annual association football tournament contested by teams from the Roman Colleges, which are seminaries of the Catholic Church located in Rome. During the fourth season, the tournament involved sixteen schools and fielded players from 65 countries, with the majority coming from Brazil, Italy, Mexico, the players are normally seminarians studying to be Roman Catholic priests. A handful of players are ordained priests, the annual tournament is organized by the Centro Sportivo Italiano. The league was founded in 2007, and matches for the season will begin in early 2017. Officially, the goal of the league is to reinvigorate the tradition of sport in the Christian community and has called the clerical equivalent of soccer’s World Cup. In other words, it exists to provide a venue for friendly competition among the thousands of seminarians, representing nearly a hundred countries. The league is the brainchild of the Cardinal Secretary of State, Tarcisio Bertone, while some press outlets hinted that the Church hoped to offer a brand of football free of football hooliganism, the reality is that play on the field is intensely competitive. The teams that regularly contend for the eight play-off spots are, on the field and this competition was then called THE ROME CUP. The first match in the competition took place in May 2003 between the Pontifical Beda College and The Venerable English College, the 2009 season drew 16 teams, representing 15 international seminaries, plus the Gregorian University. The league is divided two sides or divisions, Division A and Division B. In 2009, Division A included four national seminaries and two international colleges, the Italian College of SantAnselmo, and the multinational Gregorian University rounded out Division A. Two schools, Almo Collegio Capranica and Pio Latino merged to field the team Almo-Pio, the first season was played from February to May 2007. The second season began in November in of 2007 and finished on May 3,2008, the regular season games were played at Oratorio San Pietro, on the Via di Santa Maria Mediatrice,24. The third season was played from February to May 2009 with Redemptoris Mater winning the championship against the Pontifical North American College, the fourth season was played from February to May 2010 with the championship game again consisting of Redemptoris Mater against the Pontifical North American College. Redemptoris Mater won the game, 1–0, against the North American College. The eleventh season of the Clericus Cup will begin in February 2017, during the second season, the inaugural and final match were held at the site of the 1960 Summer Olympics, the Stadio dei Marmi in Rome. In the third season, the game was officiated by one of Italys top referees. Despite the leagues status, it has attracted the attention of the professional football community
7.
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
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The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is the episcopal conference of the Catholic Church in the United States. S. In the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the bishops in the six dioceses form their own episcopal conference, the USCCB adopted its current name in July 2001. The organization is a corporation based in Washington, D. C. The current President is Houstons archbishop, Cardinal Daniel DiNardo, the current Vice President is Los Angeless archbishop, Archbishop Jose Gomez. The first national organization of Catholic bishops in the United States was founded in 1917 as the National Catholic War Council, catholics to contribute funds for the spiritual care of Catholic servicemen during World War I. In 1919 Pope Benedict XV urged the college of bishops around the world to assist him in promoting the reforms first articulated by Pope Leo XIII in Rerum novarum. Catholic episcopate organized the National Catholic Welfare Council in 1919 and they also created the first Administrative Committee of seven members to manage daily affairs between plenary meetings, with archbishop Edward Joseph Hanna of San Francisco as the first chairman. Headquarters were established in Washington, D. C, the National Conference of Catholic Bishops had appointed James T. McHugh during April 1967 to lead the early formation of what was later to become the National Right to Life Committee. These NRLC affiliate groups were forming in response to efforts to change abortion laws based on legislation proposed by the American Law Institute. New Jersey attorney Juan Ryan served as the organizations first president, NRLC held a nationwide meeting of pro-life leaders in Chicago in 1970 at Barat College. The following year, NRLC held its first convention at Macalestar College in St. Paul, Episcopal conferences were first established as formal bodies by the Second Vatican Council, and implemented by Pope Paul VIs 1966 motu proprio Ecclesiae sanctae. As separate organizations with distinct responsibilities, the NCCB focused on internal ecclesiastical concerns while the USCC carried forward work in society at large. The NCCB enabled the bishops to deliberate and respond collectively on a range of issues, with work being carried out through various secretariats, standing committees. On July 1,2001, the NCCB and the USCC were combined to form the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the merger resulted in the continuation of all of the work formerly done by the NCCB and the USCC, with the same staff. The operation, authority, and responsibilities of episcopal conferences are currently governed by the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the nature of episcopal conferences, and their magisterial authority in particular, was subsequently clarified by Pope John Paul IIs 1998 motu proprio, Apostolos suos. The structure of the consists of 16 standing committees and the departments, secretariats. The leaders of departments, secretariats, and offices report to the general secretariat of the conference. The bishops of the latter four U. S. overseas dependencies belong to other episcopal conferences, in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the bishops in the six dioceses form their own episcopal conference, the Puerto Rican Episcopal Conference
8.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
9.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
10.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
11.
Pope Pius IX
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Pope Pius IX, born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, reigned as Pope from 16 June 1846 to his death in 1878. He was the elected pope in the history of the Catholic Church. During his pontificate Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council, which decreed papal infallibility and he was also the last pope to rule as the Sovereign of the Papal States, which fell completely to the Italian Army in 1870 and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy. After this, he was referred to—chiefly by himself—as the Prisoner of the Vatican, after his death in 1878, his canonization process was opened on 11 February 1907 by Pope Pius X and it drew considerable controversy over the years. It was closed on several occasions during the pontificates of Pope Benedict XV, Pope Pius XII re-opened the cause on 7 December 1954, and Pope John Paul II proclaimed him Venerable on 6 July 1985. Together with Pope John XXIII, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 after the recognition of a miracle, Pius IX was assigned the liturgical feast day of February 7, the date of his death. Europe, including the Italian peninsula, was in the midst of political ferment when the bishop of Spoleto. He took the name Pius, after his generous patron and the prisoner of Napoleon Bonaparte. Through the 1850s and 1860s, Italian nationalists made military gains against the Papal States, however, concordats were concluded with numerous states such as Austria-Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Canada, Tuscany, Ecuador, Venezuela, Honduras, El Salvador and Haiti. Many contemporary Church historians and journalists question his approaches, in his Syllabus of Errors, still highly controversial, Pius IX condemned the heresies of secular society, especially modernism. He was a Marian pope, who in his encyclical Ubi primum described Mary as a Mediatrix of salvation, in 1854, he promulgated the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, articulating a long-held Catholic belief that Mary, the Mother of God, was conceived without original sin. In 1862, he convened 300 bishops to the Vatican for the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan and his most important legacy is the First Vatican Council, which convened in 1869. The council is considered to have contributed to a centralization of the Church in the Vatican, Pius IX was beatified by Pope John Paul II on 3 September 2000. His Feast Day is 7 February, Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was born on May 13,1792. He was educated at the Piarist College in Volterra and in Rome, as a theology student in his hometown Sinigaglia, in 1814 he met Pope Pius VII, who had returned from French captivity. In 1815, he entered the Papal Noble Guard but was dismissed after an epileptic seizure. He threw himself at the feet of Pius VII, who elevated him, the pope originally insisted that another priest should assist Mastai during Holy Mass, a stipulation that was later rescinded, after the seizure attacks became less frequent. Mastai was ordained priest on April 10,1819 and he initially worked as the rector of the Tata Giovanni Institute in Rome
12.
Casa Santa Maria
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The Casa Santa Maria is a residence in Rome, Italy that serves English-speaking priests who are sent by their dioceses for graduate level studies in the city. It is a part of the Pontifical North American College, and it also houses the Bishops Office for United States Visitors to the Vatican. At first glance the buildings seem to be one single construction, to found the monastery that was originally housed on the site, multiple houses were purchased along the Via dellArchetto. After the 1607 foundation date, additions to the property were made in 1641,1681, the plain exterior of buff color would give no idea of the use which it serves, were it not for the facade of the church adjoining. The interior is that which is usual in a convent, college, or monastery, in the beautiful garden attached to the College are many rare plants and a number of orange trees. In ancient Roman times, the area in which the Casa Santa Maria is located was considered to be on a spur of the Quirinal Hill called the Mucialis, in all likelihood, these would have been the remains of what modern archaeology has identified as the Quirinal Serapeum. By the Middle Ages the Roman structures mentioned above had fallen into decay, nevertheless, before the founding of the monastery that would eventually become the Casa Santa Maria, a number of noble families moved into the area. One of these were the Orsini, from which the foundress of the monastery, when her husband Francesco Orsini died in 1593, she refused to marry again. She returned to her native Rome from Florence, where she had worked as a governess of the princesses Eleanora and Maria de Medici, and founded a monastery in which to live out the rest of her years. For that purpose, she purchased a block of buildings from Vincenzo Menichelli, Cavaliere Romano, for the sum of 6,500 scudi, the convents foundation was approved by Pope Paul V with the brief Inter universa of November 20,1607. The cloister was dedicated and blessed on September 26,1613. The convent took its first sisters from Dominican convents on the Quirinal, all of the nuns of the Umiltà monastery were to be of noble background. The foundress lived in rooms of her own, was not obliged by the rule, an inscription marking the room in which she died is still present in the Casa Santa Maria today. The Dominican sisters of the Umiltà maintained their convent for centuries, however, their tenure of the property was to come to an end as a result of Napoleons campaigns in Italy. The house was taken over by the French government and the nuns evicted, while they sought refuge in monasteries or left religious life. The return of Pope Pius VII to the city in 1814 meant the restoration of many convents in the city, but the Umiltà sisters were never able to return to their home, in turn, the convent was granted to the Visitation Sisters on August 14,1814. They made some changes to the monastery chapel, including installing an image of Our Lady of Guadalupe by Miguel Cabrera which had been gifted to them by Pope Benedict XIV in the mid 1700s. It remains in the chapel to this day, during the time of the Visitation sisters, the monastery was often visited by Don Vincenzo Pallotti, a future canonized saint
13.
Trevi Fountain
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The Trevi Fountain is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Bracci. Standing 26.3 metres high and 49.15 metres wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city, the fountain has appeared in several notable films, including Federico Fellinis La Dolce Vita. The fountain at the junction of three marks the terminal point of the modern Acqua Vergine, the revived Aqua Virgo. In 19 BC, supposedly with the help of a virgin, however, the eventual indirect route of the aqueduct made its length some 22 km. This Aqua Virgo led the water into the Baths of Agrippa and it served Rome for more than 400 years. Legend holds that in 19 BC thirsty Roman soldiers were guided by a girl to a source of pure water thirteen kilometres from the city of Rome. The aqueduct served the hot Baths of Agrippa, and Rome, in 1629 Pope Urban VIII, finding the earlier fountain insufficiently dramatic, asked Gian Lorenzo Bernini to sketch possible renovations, but the project was abandoned when the pope died. Though Berninis project was never constructed, there are many Bernini touches in the fountain as it exists today, competitions had become the rage during the Baroque era to design buildings, fountains and even the Spanish Steps. Work began in 1732 and the fountain was completed in 1762, long after Salvis death, the Trevi Fountain was finished in 1762 by Giuseppe Pannini, who substituted the present allegories for planned sculptures of Agrippa and Trivia, the Roman virgin. It was officially opened and inaugurated on May 22 by Pope Clemens XIII, the majority of the piece is made from Travertine stone, quarried near Tivoli, about 35 kilometres east of Rome. Restoration work began in June 2014 and was completed in November 2015, the fountain was reopened with an official ceremony on the evening of November 3,2015. The restoration included the installation of more than 100 LED lights to improve the illumination of the fountain. The backdrop for the fountain is the Palazzo Poli, given a new façade with a giant order of Corinthian pilasters that link the two main stories. Taming of the waters is the theme of the scheme that tumbles forward, mixing water and rockwork. Tritons guide Oceanus shell chariot, taming hippocamps, in the centre a robustly-modelled triumphal arch is superimposed on the palazzo façade. The centre niche or exedra framing Oceanus has free-standing columns for maximal light, in the niches flanking Oceanus, Abundance spills water from her urn and Salubrity holds a cup from which a snake drinks. Above, bas reliefs illustrate the Roman origin of the aqueducts, the tritons and horses provide symmetrical balance, with the maximum contrast in their mood and poses. Coins are purportedly meant to be using the right hand over the left shoulder
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Santa Maria Sopra Minerva
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Santa Maria sopra Minerva is one of the major churches of the Roman Catholic Order of Preachers in Rome, Italy. The church is located in Piazza della Minerva one block behind the Pantheon in the Pigna rione of Rome within the ancient district known as the Campus Martius, the present church and disposition of surrounding structures is visible in a detail from the Nolli Map of 1748. While many other churches in Rome have been given Baroque makeovers that cover Gothic structures. The church and adjoining convent served at times throughout its history as the Dominican Orders headquarters. Today the headquarters have been re-established in their location at the Roman convent of Santa Sabina. Details of the temple to Minerva are not known but recent investigations indicate that a small round Minervium once stood a little further to east on the Piazza of the Collegio Romano. In 1665 an Egyptian obelisk was found, buried in the garden of the Dominican cloister adjacent to the church, there are other Roman survivals in the crypt. The structure he commissioned has disappeared, in 1255 Pope Alexander IV established a community of converted women on the site. A decade later this community was transferred to the Roman Church of San Pancrazio thereby allowing the Dominicans to establish a convent of friars, the Friars were on site beginning in 1266 but took official possession of the Church in 1275. The ensemble of buildings that formed around the church and convent came to be known as the insula sapientae or insula dominicana, the Dominicans began building the present Gothic church in 1280 modelling it on their church in Florence Santa Maria Novella. Architectural plans were drawn up during the pontificate of Nicholas III by two Dominican friars, Fra Sisto Fiorentino and Fra Ristoro da Campi. With the help of funds contributed by Boniface VIII and the faithful the side aisles were completed in the 14th century. In 1453 church interior construction was completed when Cardinal Juan Torquemada ordered that the main nave be covered by a vault that reduced the overall projected height of the church. In the same year of 1453 Count Francesco Orsini sponsored the construction of the façade at his own expense, however work on the façade remained incomplete until 1725 when it was finally finished by order of Pope Benedict XIII. In 1431, the Church and the adjacent Convent of the Dominicans was the site of a Papal conclave. The city of Rome was in an uproar upon the death of Pope Martin V, whose family had dominated Roman political life for fifteen years, and enriched themselves on the wealth of the Church. The Sacristy of the Church served as the hall for the fourteen cardinals who attended the Conclave. The dormitory of the monks in the Convent to the north of the Church, served as the living quarters for the cardinals and their refectory
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Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas
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The Angelicum is coeducational and offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees in Theology, Philosophy, Canon Law, and Social Sciences, as well as certificates and diplomas in related areas. Courses are offered in Italian and for programs in English. The Angelicum is staffed by members of both the clergy and the laity and serves both religious and lay students from around the world, see also the List of people associated with the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas. The Angelicum has its roots in the mission of the Dominican Order to study and this mission is reflected in the Orders motto, Veritas. Pope Honorius III approved the Order of Preachers in December 1216, by 1219 Pope Honorius III had invited Dominic and companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. In May 1220 at Bologna the Orders first General Chapter mandated each convent of the Order maintain a studium, St. Hyacinth of Poland and companions Bl. Ceslaus, Herman of Germany, and Henry of Moravia were among the first to study at the studium of Santa Sabina where sacred studies flourished, from its beginning the Santa Sabina studium played the special role of frequently providing papal theologians from among its members. The office of Master of the Sacred Palace has always been entrusted to a Friar of the Order of Preachers since its institution with Saint Dominic by Pope Honorius III in 1218. In 1246 Pope Innocent IV appointed Annibaldo degli Annibaldi third Master of the Sacred Palace after Saint Dominic, Annibaldi had completed his initial studies at the Santa Sabina studium conventuale and was later sent to the studium generale at Paris. Aquinas dedicated to Annibaldi the Catena aurea, written a decade later during his regency at the Santa Sabina studium and those who showed capacity were sent on to a studium generale to complete this course becoming lector, magister studentium, baccalaureus, and magister theologiae. The new formation program outlined at Valenciennes featured the study of philosophy as an innovation, in the early days there was no need to study philosophy or the arts in the Order, young men entered already trained in the humanities at the university. St. Albert received his arts training at Padua, St. Thomas at Naples, in February 1265 newly elected Pope Clement IV summoned Aquinas to Rome as papal theologian. This studium was a school between the studium conventuale and the studium generale. But the new studium at Santa Sabina was to be a school for the province, at Santa Sabina Thomas composed the entire Prima Pars circulating it in Italy before departing for his second regency at Paris. Jacob later was lector at Santa Sabina and served in the Roman Curia being made bishop in 1286, nicholas Brunacci was among Aquinas students at the Santa Sabina studium provinciale and later at Paris. In November 1268 he accompanied Aquinas and his associate and secretary Reginald of Piperno from Viterbo to Paris to begin the academic year, Albert the Great, Brunaccis teacher at Cologne after 1272, called him the second Thomas Aquinas. Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina studium and later served in the papal curia and he was a correspondent by letter with Dante Alighieri during the latters exile from Florence. After the departure of Aquinas for Paris in 1268 other lectors at the Santa Sabina studium include Hugh Aycelin, eventually some of the pedagogical activities of the Santa Sabina studium were transferred to a new convent of the Order more centrally located at the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva
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Pope Leo XIII
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Pope Leo XIII reigned as Pope from 20 February 1878 to his death. He was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind that of Pius IX and he is the most recent pontiff to date to take the pontifical name of Leo upon being elected to the pontificate. He is well known for his intellectualism and his attempts to define the position of the Catholic Church with regard to modern thinking. In his famous 1891 encyclical Rerum novarum, Pope Leo outlined the rights of workers to a wage, safe working conditions. He influenced Roman Catholic Mariology and promoted both the rosary and the scapular, Leo XIII issued a record of eleven Papal encyclicals on the rosary earning him the title as the Rosary Pope. In addition, he approved two new Marian scapulars and was the first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as Mediatrix and he was the first pope to never have held any control over the Papal States, after they had been dissolved by 1870. He was briefly buried in the grottos of Saint Peters Basilica before his remains were transferred to the Basilica of Saint John Lateran. Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven sons of Count Ludovico Pecci and his brothers included Giuseppe and Giovanni Battista Pecci. Until 1818 he lived at home with his family, in which counted as the highest grace on earth, as through her. Together with his brother Giuseppe, he studied in the Jesuit College in Viterbo and he enjoyed the Latin language and was known to write his own Latin poems at the age of eleven. In 1824 he and his older brother Giuseppe were called to Rome where their mother was dying, Count Pecci wanted his children near him after the loss of his wife, and so they stayed with him in Rome, attending the Jesuit Collegium Romanum. In 1828, Giuseppe entered the Jesuit order, while Vincenzo decided in favour of secular clergy and he studied at the Academia dei Nobili, mainly diplomacy and law. In 1834 he gave a student presentation, attended by several cardinals, for his presentation he received awards for academic excellence, and gained the attention of Vatican officials. Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Lambruschini introduced him to Vatican congregations, during a cholera epidemic in Rome he ably assisted Cardinal Sala in his duties as overseer of all the city hospitals. Pope Gregory XVI appointed Pecci on 14 February 1837, as personal prelate even before he was ordained priest on 31 December 1837, by the Vicar of Rome and he celebrated his first mass together with his priest brother Giuseppe. He received his doctorate in theology in 1836 and doctorates of civil, shortly thereafter, Gregory XVI appointed Pecci as legate to Benevento. The smallest of papal provinces, Benevento included about 20,000 people, the main problems facing Pecci were a decaying local economy, insecurity because of widespread bandits, and pervasive Mafia or Camorra structures, who often were allied with aristocratic families. Pecci arrested the most powerful aristocrat in Benevento, and his troops captured others, with the public order restored, he turned to the economy and a reform of the tax system to stimulate trade with neighboring provinces
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Maryland General Assembly
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The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis. It is a body, the upper chamber, the Maryland State Senate, has 47 representatives and the lower chamber. Members of both houses serve four-year terms, the 2016 Legislative Session, the General Assemblys 436th session, convened January 13 - April 11,2016. The General Assembly will reconvene Wednesday, January 11,2017 at 12,00 p. m. for its 437th session, the forerunner of the Maryland General Assembly was the colonial institution, an assembly of free Marylanders, which bore the same name. Marylands foundational charter created a state ruled by the Palatine lord, Lord Baltimore, in addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he desired. In some ways the General Assembly was an improvement upon the institutions of the mother country, during the American Revolution the colonial Assembly ceased to exist, and was replaced by its modern successor. Each senator or delegate must be a citizen of Maryland and a resident of the state for at least one year preceding his or her election, a prospective legislator must have resided for the six months prior to election in the legislative district the candidate seeks to represent. A senator must be at least twenty-five years of age at the time of election, persons elected to or holding a civil or military office other than as a member of a reserve component under the federal or State government are not eligible for election to the General Assembly. However, members of the General Assembly are not term limited, a Constitutional amendment, the plan created 47 legislative districts, many of which cross county boundaries to delineate districts relatively equal in population. Each legislative district elects one senator and three delegates, in most districts, the three delegates are elected at large from the whole district via block voting. The Senate is led by a President and the House by a Speaker whose respective duties and prerogatives enable them to influence the process significantly. The President and Speaker preside over the sessions of their respective chambers, maintaining decorum. As legislation is introduced, they assign it to a committee for consideration. The president pro tempore appoints majority and minority whips and leaders, a bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law. A House Bill is one introduced in the House of Delegates, bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, HB16 refers to the bill introduced in the House of Delegates. The numbering starts afresh each session, the names of the sponsor, the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title. They are listed with the title of a legislator rather than the Governor due to requirements in the Maryland Constitution
18.
Not-for-profit
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
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Taxation in the United States
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The United States of America is a federal republic with separate federal, state, and local government. Taxes are imposed in the United States at each of these levels and these include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, capital gains, dividends, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24. 8% of GDP, in the OECD, only Chile and Mexico taxed less as a share of GDP. However, taxes fall much more heavily on income than on capital income. Divergent taxes and subsidies for different forms of income and spending can also constitute a form of taxation of some activities over others. For example, individual spending on education can be said to be taxed at a high rate. Taxes are imposed on net income of individuals and corporations by the federal, most state, citizens and residents are taxed on worldwide income and allowed a credit for foreign taxes. Income subject to tax is determined under tax accounting rules, not financial accounting principles, most business expenses reduce taxable income, though limits apply to a few expenses. State rules for determining taxable income often differ from federal rules, Federal tax rates vary from 10% to 39. 6% of taxable income. State and local tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction, from 0% to 13. 30% of income, state taxes are generally treated as a deductible expense for federal tax computation. In 2013, the top income tax rate for a high-income California resident would be 52. 9%. The United States is one of two countries in the world that taxes its non-resident citizens on worldwide income, in the manner and rates as residents. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the payment of tax in the case of Cook v. Tait,265 U. S.47. Payroll taxes are imposed by the federal and all state governments and these include Social Security and Medicare taxes imposed on both employers and employees, at a combined rate of 15. 3%. Social Security tax applies only to the first $106,800 of wages in 2009 through 2011, however, benefits are only accrued on the first $106,800 of wages. Employers must withhold income taxes on wages, an unemployment tax and certain other levies apply to employers. Payroll taxes have increased as a share of federal revenue since the 1950s. Property taxes are imposed by most local governments and many special purpose authorities based on the market value of property
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Second World War
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
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Pope Pius XII
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Pope Pius XII, born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, reigned as Pope from 2 March 1939 to his death in 1958. After the war Pius XII advocated peace and reconciliation, including lenient policies towards Axis, the Church experienced severe persecution and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the Eastern Bloc. Pius XII was an opponent of Communism and of the Italian Communist Party. He explicitly invoked ex cathedra papal infallibility with the dogma of the Assumption of Mary in his 1950 Apostolic constitution Munificentissimus Deus and his magisterium includes almost 1,000 addresses and radio broadcasts. His forty-one encyclicals include Mystici corporis, the Church as the Body of Christ, Mediator Dei on liturgy reform and he eliminated the Italian majority in the College of Cardinals in 1946. In 1954, Pius XII began to suffer ill health. The embalming of his body was mishandled, with effects that were evident during the funeral and he was buried in the Vatican grottos and was succeeded by Pope John XXIII. In the process toward sainthood, his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by Pope Paul VI during the session of the Second Vatican Council. He was made a Servant of God by Pope John Paul II in 1990, Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome into a family of intense Catholic piety with a history of ties to the papacy. His parents were Filippo Pacelli and Virginia Pacelli, together with his brother Francesco and his two sisters, Giuseppina and Elisabetta, he grew up in the Parione district in the centre of Rome. Soon after the family had moved to Via Vetrina in 1880 he began school at the convent of the French Sisters of Divine Providence in the Piazza Fiammetta, the family worshipped at Chiesa Nuova. Eugenio and the children made their First Communion at this church. In 1886 too he was sent to the school of Professor Giuseppe Marchi. In 1891 Pacellis father sent Eugenio to the Liceo Ennio Quirino Visconti Institute, a school situated in what had been the Collegio Romano. He was also enrolled at the State University, La Sapienza where he studied modern languages, at the end of the first academic year however, in the summer of 1895, he dropped out of both the Capranica and the Gregorian University. According to his sister Elisabetta, the food at the Capranica was to blame, having received a special dispensation he continued his studies from home and so spent most of his seminary years as an external student. In 1899 he completed his education in Sacred Theology with a degree awarded on the basis of a short dissertation. Shortly after ordination he began studies in canon law at SantApollinaire
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Roman Catholicism in the United States
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The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope. With 70.4 million members, it is the largest religious body in the United States, Catholicism arrived in what is now the United States in the earliest days of the European colonization of the Americas. The first Catholics were Spanish missionaries who came with Christopher Columbus to the New World on his voyage in 1493. In the 16th and 17th centuries, they established missions in what are now Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Puerto Rico, Texas, John McCloskey was the first American cardinal in 1875. This increase was met by widespread Anti-Catholicism in the United States, prejudice and hostility, often resulting in riots and the burning of churches, convents, the integration of Catholics into American society was marked by the election of John F. Kennedy as President in 1960. Catholics gather as local communities called parishes, headed by a priest, within the 196 geographical dioceses and archdioceses, there are 17,651 local Catholic parishes in the United States. The Catholic Church has the third highest total number of congregations in the US behind Southern Baptists. Each is considered equal to the Latin tradition within the church. The apostolic exarchate for the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church in the United States is headed by a bishop who is a member of the U. S, an apostolic exarchate is the Eastern Catholic Church equivalent of an apostolic vicariate. It is headed by a bishop or a priest with the title of exarch, the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter was established January 1,2012, to serve former Anglican groups and clergy in the United States who sought to become Catholic. As of 2017,8 dioceses out of 195 are vacant, none of the current bishops or archbishops are past the retirement age of 75. The central leadership body of the Catholic Church in the United States is the U. S, the USCCB elects a president to serve as their administrative head, but he is in no way the head of the Church or of Catholics in the United States. In addition to the 195 dioceses and one represented in the USCCB. In the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the bishops in the six dioceses form their own episcopal conference, no primate exists for Catholics in the United States. In the 1850s, the Archdiocese of Baltimore was acknowledged a Prerogative of Place, the Archdiocese of Baltimore was the first diocese established in the United States, in 1789, with John Carroll as its first bishop. It was, for years, the most influential diocese in the fledgling nation. Now, however, the United States has several large archdioceses, by far, most Catholics in the United States belong to the Latin Church and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Rite generally refers to the form of worship in a church community owing to cultural and historical differences as well as differences in practice
23.
Janiculum
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The Janiculum is a hill in western Rome, Italy. The Janiculum is one of the best locations in Rome for a view of central Rome with its domes. The Villa Lante al Gianicolo by Giulio Romano is an important early building by the Mannerist master, the Janiculum was a center for the cult of the god Janus, its position overlooking the city made it a good place for augurs to observe the auspices. In Roman mythology, Janiculum is the name of an ancient town founded by the god Janus, in Book VIII of the Aeneid by Virgil, King Evander shows Aeneas the ruins of Saturnia and Janiculum on the Capitoline Hill near the Arcadian city of Pallanteum. Virgil uses these ruins to stress the significance of the Capitoline Hill as the center of Rome. According to Livy, the Janiculum was incorporated into ancient Rome during the time of king Ancus Marcius to prevent an enemy from occupying it and it was fortified by a wall, and a bridge was built across the Tiber to join it to the rest of the city. During the war between Rome and Clusium in 508 BC, it is said that the forces of Lars Porsena occupied the Janiculum and laid siege to Rome. The Aurelian Walls were continued up the hill by the emperor Aurelian to include the mills used to grind grain to provide bread flour for the city. The mills were supplied from an aqueduct, where it plunged down a steep hill, thus the site resembles Barbegal, although excavations in the late 1990s suggest that they may have been undershot rather than overshot in design. The mills were in use in AD537, when the Goths besieging the city cut off their water supply, but they were later restored and may have remained in operation until at least the time of Pope Gregory IV. Several monuments to Garibaldi and to the fallen in the wars of Italian independence are on the Janiculum, daily at noon, a cannon fires once from the Janiculum in the direction of the Tiber as a time signal. This tradition goes back to December 1847, when the cannon of the Castel SantAngelo gave the sign to the surrounding belltowers to start ringing at midday, in 1904, the ritual was transferred to the Janiculum and continued until 1939. On 21 April 1959, popular appeal convinced the Commune of Rome to resume the tradition after a twenty-year interruption, the hill is featured in the third section of Ottorino Respighis famous orchestral piece The Pines of Rome. The crest of the Janiculum is dominated by the 1895 equestrian Monument to Garibaldi and this site was chosen for its proximity to the Villa Doria Pamphili, where Garibaldi mounted a military defense of the short-lived Roman Republic in late April 1849. The hill also features a number of statues and monuments of prominent Italians, a 2011 guide published by the local Associazione Amilcare Cipriani group, after an extensive restoration of these monuments, lists a total of 84 busts on the hill
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Vatican Hill
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Vatican Hill is a hill located across the Tiber river from the traditional seven hills of Rome. It is the location of St. Peters Basilica, the ancient Romans had several opinions about the derivation of the Latin word Vaticanus. Varro connected it to a Deus Vaticanus or Vagitanus, a Roman deity thought to endow infants with the capacity for speech evidenced by their first wail. St. Augustine, who was familiar with Varros works on ancient Roman theology, Vaticanus is more likely to derive in fact from the name of an Etruscan settlement, possibly called Vatica or Vaticum, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager, Vatican territory. If such a settlement existed, however, no trace of it has been discovered, the consular fasti preserve a personal name Vaticanus in the mid-5th century BC, of unknown relation to the place name. Vaticanus Mons was most often a name in Classical Latin for the Janiculum, cicero uses the plural form Vaticani Montes in a context that seems to include the modern Vatican Hill as well as the Monte Mario and the Janiculan hill. The Vaticanum or Campus Vaticanus was originally an area between the Vaticanus Mons and the Tiber. During the Republican era, it was a site frequented by the destitute. Caligula and Nero used the area for exercises, as at the Gaianum. The location of tombs near the Circus Vaticanus is mentioned in a few late sources, the Vaticanum was also the site of the Phrygianum, a temple of the Magna Mater goddess Cybele. Remnants of this structure were encountered in the Seventeenth Century reconstruction of St. Peters Square, Vaticanus Mons came to refer to the modern Vatican Hill as a result of calling the whole area the Vatican. Christian usage of the name was spurred by the martyrdom of St. Peter there, beginning in the early 4th century AD, construction began on the Old St. Peters Basilica over a cemetery that is the traditional site of St. Peters tomb. Around this time, the name Vaticanus Mons was established in its usage. Another cemetery nearby was opened to the public on 10 October 2006 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the Vatican Museums. The Vatican Hill was included within the city limits of Rome during the reign of Pope Leo IV, thus, Vatican Hill has been within the walls and city limits of Rome for over 1100 years. Until the Lateran Treaties in 1929 it was part of the Rione of Borgo, before the Avignon Papacy, the headquarters of the Holy See were located at the Lateran Palace. After the Avignon Papacy the church moved to Vatican Hill. Since 1929, part of the Vatican Hill is the site of the State of the Vatican City, incredible Book of Vatican Facts and Papal Curiosities,1998
25.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Illinois
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Illinois is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the south central Illinois region of the United States. The prelate is a serving as pastor of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. A diocese of the Metropolitan Province of Chicago, the bishop of Springfield in Illinois is the Archbishop of Chicago. On 20 April 2010, Pope Benedict named Thomas J. Paprocki as the ninth Bishop of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois, Bishop Paprocki had previously been an Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago under Cardinal George since 2003. The counties are organized into seven deaneries, Alton, Decatur, Effingham, Jacksonville, Litchfield, Quincy, the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois was established on July 29,1853 as the Diocese of Quincy. Its name was changed to the Diocese of Alton on January 9,1857, the Diocese also operates campus ministry centers at 9 colleges and universities within its boundaries. St. John the Worker Preschool, Chatham, Illinois There are currently 40 elementary schools in the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois. Peter and Paul, Alton, Illinois St. Mary, Alton, Illinois Our Lady Queen of Peace, Bethalto, Illinois St. Mary, Brussels, Illinois St. John the Evangelist, Carrollton, Illinois Ss. Marquette Catholic High School, Alton, Illinois St. Teresa High School, Decatur, There are currently 2 universities in the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois. Bishop Peter Joseph Baltes, former Bishop of the Diocese of Alton, named as bishop of the diocese by Pope Pius IX in 1869. Bishop James Ryan, former Bishop of the Diocese of Alton, named as bishop of the diocese by Pope Leo XIII in 1888. Born in Farnaybridge, Thurles, Ireland, 1848-06-17, Bishop James Aloysius Griffin, former Bishop of the Diocese of Springfield, Illinois, named as fourth bishop of the diocese by Pope Pius XI in 1923, installed 1924-02-25. Bishop William Aloysius OConnor, former Bishop of the Diocese of Springfield, Illinois, named as bishop of the diocese by Pope Pius XII in 1948. Bishop Joseph Alphonse McNicholas, former Bishop of the Diocese of Springfield, Illinois, named as bishop of the diocese by Pope Paul VI in 1975. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, 1923-01-13, Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Springfield, Illinois, named as seventh bishop of the diocese by Pope John Paul II in 1983, installed 1984-01-18. Elementary education in Mankato, Minnesota and Springfield, one year of school at Cathedral Boys High School in Springfield before going to Passionist Preparatory High School. Named titular bishop of Surista and auxiliary bishop of Joliet in Illinois by Pope John Paul II in 1981, installed as auxiliary bishop 1981-09-30. Bishop George J. Lucas, Bishop of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois, named as bishop of the diocese by Pope John Paul II on 1999-10-19
26.
Graduate school
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A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree with a high grade point average. The distinction between schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees. Also, some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession, many universities award graduate degrees, a graduate school is not necessarily a separate institution. Those attending graduate schools are called students, or often in British English as postgraduate students and, colloquially, postgraduates. Degrees awarded to students include masters degrees, doctoral degrees. Producing original research is a significant component of graduate studies in the humanities, sciences and this research typically leads to the writing and defense of a thesis or dissertation. In graduate programs that are oriented towards professional training, the degrees may consist solely of coursework, the term graduate school is primarily North American. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it is common for graduate students to take coursework outside their specific field of study at graduate or graduate entry level. Some institutions designate separate graduate versus undergraduate staff and denote other divisions, Graduate degrees in Brazil are called postgraduate degrees, and can be taken only after an undergraduate education has been concluded. Lato sensu graduate degrees, degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area, sometimes it can be used to describe a specialization level between a masters degree and a MBA. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time, stricto sensu graduate degrees, degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career. Usually serves as qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a degree, meaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program. Doctors / PhD, 3–4 years for completion, usually used as a stepping stone for academic life. In Canada, the Schools and Faculties of Graduate Studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures and its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to a conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding. Admission to a masters program generally requires a degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from B+ and higher. Some schools require samples of the writing as well as a research proposal
27.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
28.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
29.
Billy Graham
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He held large indoor and outdoor rallies, sermons were broadcast on radio and television, some still being re-broadcast today. In his six decades of television, Graham is principally known for hosting the annual Billy Graham Crusades and he also hosted the popular radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954. Graham was an adviser to American presidents, he was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson. He insisted on integration for his revivals and crusades in 1953 and invited Martin Luther King, Graham bailed King out of jail in the 1960s when King was arrested in demonstrations. He was also friends with another televangelist, Robert H. Schuller. Graham operates a variety of media and publishing outlets, according to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior. As of 2008, Grahams estimated lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, because of his crusades, Graham has preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity. Graham has repeatedly been on Gallups list of most admired men and women and he has appeared on the list 60 times since 1955, more than any other individual in the world. William Franklin Graham, Jr. was born on November 7,1918, in 1927, when he was eight years old, the family moved about 75 yards from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home. He was raised in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church by his parents and is of Scotch-Irish descent, before this, in 1924, when Graham was only five, he focused on the outdoors, but rarely did he walk, as he was running and zooming, constantly. At the same time, he started as a student at the Sharon Grammar School, starting to read books from an early age, Graham loved to read novels for boys, especially Tarzan. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees, and gave the popular Tarzan yell, according to his father, that yelling had led him to become a minister. In 1933, when he was fourteen, as Prohibition in the United States ended, Grahams father forced him and this created such an aversion that both avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives. After Graham was turned down for membership in a youth group because he was too worldly, Albert McMakin. According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of meetings in Charlotte led by Ham. After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College, then located in Cleveland, after one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules. At this time, he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but Bob Jones, Sr. warned him not to throw his life away, At best and you have a voice that pulls
30.
Auxiliary bishop
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An auxiliary bishop, in the Roman Catholic Church, is a bishop assigned to assist the diocesan bishop in meeting the pastoral needs of the diocese. They exist in both the Latin Church and in the Eastern Catholic Churches, Auxiliary bishops are titular bishops of sees that no longer exist. The particular duties of a bishop are given by the diocesan bishop and can vary widely depending on the auxiliary bishop, the ordinary. In a larger archdiocese, they might be in assigned to serve a portion of the archdiocese or to serve a particular population such as immigrants or those of a heritage or language. Canon law requires that the diocesan bishop appoint each auxiliary bishop as vicar general or episcopal vicar of the diocese, Catholic Encyclopedia - Auxiliary Bishop USCCB - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese of Indianapolis - Auxiliary Bishop Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA - Auxiliary Bishops
31.
John J. Myers
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John Joseph Myers is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He is the Emeritus Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark and his resignation was accepted by Pope Francis on November 7,2016. The eldest of seven children, Myers has an ancestry that traces its roots to England, Ireland, ancestors settled in northern Illinois in the late 19th century. The Myers family farmed land near Earlville, Illinois, prayer was an important part of their family routine and John Myers became an altar server in his parish, St. Theresa, from an early age. He attended the Earlville schools and graduated from Loras College in Dubuque, while he was a student at Loras, Bishop John Baptist Franz offered him the opportunity to prepare for the priesthood in Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood for the Diocese of Peoria on December 17,1966 and he served as coadjutor Bishop of Peoria, and became Bishop of Peoria upon ORourkes resignation and retirement in 1990. On July 24,2001, he was appointed the fifth Archbishop of Newark and third superior of the Mission Sui Iuris of Turks and he was installed October 9,2001, and the pallium was conferred on June 29,2002. Though the customary form of address for an archbishop is Your Excellency. In 2013, Archbishop Myers was given a coadjutor archbishop, Bernard Hebda, until then the bishop of Gaylord, however, in 2016, Hebda was named Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis instead. He had been administering that archdiocese as apostolic administrator for nine months from Newark, Pope Francis accepted Myers resignation on November 7,2016. He helped present workshops on the revised Code of Canon Law for members of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, Archbishop Myers also served as a consultor to the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legal Texts at the Holy See. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees at The Catholic University of America and his hobby is writing and is the co-author with Gary K. Wolf of Space Vulture, a 1950s pulp sci-fi pastiche novel published by Tor Books in 2008. Myers has been praised and criticized because of his strong conservative views and management style. Many praise his leadership and say he champions authentic Catholic doctrine at a time when many feel Catholics are drifting from strict observance, but his critics describe a domineering bishop who places undue emphasis on the letter of the law at the expense of compassion. This can, understandably, cause confusion or frustration in some people, while Bishop of Peoria, Myers, Prevented Bishop Thomas Gumbleton from meeting with a progressive group in a church in the Peoria diocese. Admonished priests who give Holy Communion to pro-choice parishioners and divorced Catholics who remarry without getting an annulment, Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz of Lincoln, Neb. one of its stalwarts, has threatened to excommunicate Catholics who belong to liberal church organizations such as Call to Action. In 2009 the Newark archdiocese installed the Rev. Michael Fugee as chaplain at Saint Michael’s Medical Center in Newark, the Archdiocese co-signed the agreement stating they would supervise Fugee and keep the agreement in force. However, by 2013 Fugee was again working with children, this time with the ministry at St. Mary’s Parish in Colts Neck
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark
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The Archdiocese of Newark is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in northeastern New Jersey, United States. Its ecclesiastic territory includes all of the Catholic parishes and schools in the New Jersey counties of Bergen, Union, Hudson, originally established as the Diocese of Newark in 1853 by Pope Pius IX, it was elevated to Archdiocese in 1937 by Pope Pius XI. Newarks Saint Marys Abbey was instrumental in the 1889 founding of Saint Anselm College, the Archbishop of Newark presides from the Cathedral Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Newark. He is metropolitan for all the New Jersey dioceses, with the suffragan sees being the Diocese of Camden, the Diocese of Metuchen, the Diocese of Paterson and the Diocese of Trenton. In February 2014, the New York Times reported Archbishop Myers planned to retire to a 7, 500-foot palace expanded at his direction in Pittstown, Pope Francis accepted the resignation of Myers on November 7,2016. His installation is scheduled for January 6,2017, the installation of Tobin as his successor is scheduled for January 6,2017. Coadjutor Archbishop Archbishop Bernard Hebda, Coadjutor cum jure successionis, but was subsequently named Archbishop of St. Paul and Minneapolis instead, former auxiliary bishops † Thomas Aloysius Boland Appointed bishop of Paterson in 1947, appointed archbishop of Newark in 1952. Paul Gregory Bootkoski Appointed bishop of Metuchen in 2002, † Joseph Arthur Costello Died on September 22,1978. Appointed bishop of Fall River on July 3,2014, nicholas Anthony DiMarzio Appointed bishop of Camden on June 8,1999, appointed bishop of Brooklyn on August 1,2003. † John Joseph Dougherty Died on March 20,1986, † Robert Francis Garner Died on December 25,2000. † William A. Griffin Appointed bishop of Trenton, † Justin J. McCarthy Appointed Bishop of Camden, died on December 26,1959. † James T. † Thomas Henry McLaughlin Appointed first bishop of Paterson in 1937, † Michael Saltarelli Appointed bishop of Wilmington on November 21,1995, retired 2008, died on October 8,2009. Arthur Serratelli Appointed bishop of Paterson on June 1,2004, † Martin Walter Stanton Died on October 1,1977
33.
William George McCloskey
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William George McCloskey was an American Catholic priest, who became Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky. He was sent to Mount St. Marys College, Emmitsburg and he said his first Mass in the basement of the Church of the Nativity, of which his brother George was then pastor, and remained there ten months as assistant. Then, from a desire to live in the cloister, he returned with the consent of his superiors to Mount St. Marys, where he taught moral theology, Scripture. He was appointed, December 1,1859, the first rector of the American College at Rome and he reached Rome in March 1860. Georgetown University had shortly before conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Divinity, dr. McCloskeys administration of the American College included the period of the American Civil War. There were serious divisions in the student body, xavier de Mérode, minister of Pope Pius IX, and by Mons. Salvatore Vitelleschi, Archbishop of Osimo and Cingoli and he arrived in Louisville, as its bishop, towards the end of summer 1868. He found sixty-four churches and left in his diocese at his one hundred. The growth of the schools was chiefly the product of his zeal. In 1869 he established the diocesan seminary known as Preston Park Seminary and he was present at the First Vatican Council in 1870. He also attended the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore in 1866, and he wrote a life of Mary Magdalen. He was the youngest of five brothers, two of his older brothers also became priests, John McCloskey, for years president of Mount St. Marys College, Emmitsburg, and George, pastor of the Church of the Nativity, New York
34.
Silas Chatard
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Silas Francis Marean Chatard was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Indianapolis in the United States. He was born Silas Francis Marean Chatard in Baltimore, Maryland on December 13,1834 to Ferdinand E. Chatard, both his father, Ferdinand, and his paternal grandfather, Pierre, an emigrant from Santo Domingo, West Indies, were physicians in Baltimore. Raised in a prominent family, he attended Mount Saint Marys College in Emmitsburg, and he served his residency at the Baltimore Alms House. Soon afterward, he felt the call to priesthood and in 1857 began studying at the Pontificio Collegio Urbano De Propaganda Fide in Rome and he was ordained on June 14,1862, and received a Doctor of Divinity degree the next year. Following his ordination, he served as Vice-Rector of the Pontifical North American College in Rome, in 1868, he became Rector of the college. During his time as Rector, the First Vatican Council was held, Chatard was apparently a favorite of Pope Pius IX. On March 26,1878 he was named Bishop of the Diocese of Vincennes, at his consecration in Rome on June 14,1878, he switched his first and middle name, taking the name of Francis Silas. He was installed in the cathedral at Vincennes on August 11,1878 and he went almost immediately to Indianapolis, arriving there on August 17,1878. Said to be the most scholarly clergyman in America, in 1883, Chatard was rumored as the new Archbishop of Philadelphia, Chatard did have some impact on the American Church, however. He aligned himself with the conservative wing of the Church, led by Michael Corrigan of New York. The more progressive wing was led by the likes of Cardinal Gibbons, while bishop, he oversaw the movement of the Episcopal see of the diocese of Vincennes to Indianapolis in 1898. He established his see at Saint John the Evangelist Church, which served as the proto-cathedral for the diocese in Indianapolis from 1878 to 1906, following the move, he was named as the first bishop of the newly renamed Diocese of Indianapolis. In January 1899, he suffered a stroke, from which he never fully recovered, by the time of his death on September 7,1918, at the age of 83, he had enormously changed the face of the Catholic Church in Indiana. During his enure the Catholic population of the diocese increased from 80,000 to 130,000 and his body was interred in the crypt of the Cathedral of Sts. On June 8,1976, Bishop Chatard’s remains were transferred from the cathedral to the Calvary Cemetery, Chapel Mausoleum, the diocese of Indianapolis was split in 1944. The old see city of Vincennes became part of the new diocese of Evansville with Indianapolis being raised to the status of Archdiocese, in the 1960s, establishment of Bishop Chatard High School began. The high school is located in Indianapolis, Indiana, listing of American Dioceses Catholic Hierarchy Biography of Chatard History of Diocese of Indianapolis History of the Bishops of Indianapolis History of the Catholic Church in Indiana
35.
Denis J. O'Connell
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Denis Joseph OConnell was an Irish-born Catholic bishop for the Diocese of Richmond, Virginia. OConnell was born in Donoughmore, County Cork, then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and his family soon emigrated to the United States and settled in South Carolina, where his fathers two brothers, Jeremiah and Joseph, were serving as missionary priests. As a young man, OConnell felt called to be a priest and entered St. Charles College, Ellicott City and he came to the attention of James Gibbons, who was then Apostolic Vicar for the State of North Carolina. In part due to the influence of his uncles, in 1871 he was sent to Rome to study at the North American College, OConnell was ordained in Rome on May 26,1877 by Cardinal Raffaele Monaco La Valletta. When Gibbons was appointed Archbishop of Baltimore, he sent Father OConnell back to Rome in November as his procurator to accept the bishops pallium, in the two months he was there OConnell closely observed how the Curia functioned. In 1885 OConnell was appointed rector of his alma mater in Rome, as rector of the North American College, OConnell was the unofficial Roman contact for the American bishops. Upon his return to Richmond, he was assigned to St. Peters Church, from 1903 to 1909, he served as the third rector of The Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. OConnell was named as the Bishop of Richmond by Pope Pius X in January 1912 and he served in that office until his resignation in 1926, at which time he was named the Titular Bishop of Mariamme. OConnell died January 1,1927, at the age of 77 and he had been a priest for over 49 years and a bishop for over 18. Bishop Denis J. OConnell High School in Arlington, Virginia, founded when the location was still part of the Diocese of Richmond, is named for him
36.
William Henry O'Connell
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William Henry OConnell was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Boston from 1907 until his death, William OConnell was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, to John and Bridget OConnell, who were Irish immigrants. The youngest of children, he had six brothers and four sisters. His father worked at a mill and died when William was four years old. During his high school career, he excelled at music, particularly the piano, OConnell entered St. Charles College in Ellicott City, Maryland, in 1876. At St. Charles, he was a pupil of the noted poet John Banister Tabb and he returned to Massachusetts two years later and entered Boston College, from which he graduated in 1881 with gold medals in philosophy, physics, and chemistry. He then furthered his studies at the Pontifical North American College in Rome, OConnell was ordained to the priesthood by Lucido Cardinal Parocchi on June 8,1884. A pneumonia and bronchial congestion cut short his pursuit of a doctorate in divinity at the Pontifical Urban Athenaeum and he then served as curate of St. Joseph Church in Medford until 1886, when he became curate of St. Joseph Church in the West End of Boston. Returning to Rome, OConnell was named rector of the North American College in 1895 and he was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness in 1897. On February 8,1901, OConnell was appointed the third Bishop of Portland, Maine and he received his episcopal consecration on the following May 19 from Francesco Cardinal Satolli, with Archbishops Edmund Stonor and Rafael Merry del Val, at the Lateran Basilica. Upon his arrival in Maine, he was given a reception by Governor John F. Hill. He was presented with a reliquary of the True Cross by Pope Pius X after the election in 1903. In 1905, in addition to his duties as a bishop, OConnell was named papal envoy to Emperor Meiji of Japan. He was made an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne in 1905 as well and he was also viewed as having actively campaigned to become Archbishop of Boston, donating to numerous Vatican causes and publicly expressing his loyalty to the pope. OConnell was named Coadjutor Archbishop, with right of succession, of Boston, as coadjutor, he served as the designated successor of Archbishop John Williams, who was then in declining health. He later succeeded Williams as the second Archbishop of Boston upon the death on August 30,1907. On November 27,1911, OConnell became Bostons first Archbishop to become Cardinal, OConnell was late to two papal conclaves in a row, in 1914 and 1922, due to having to cross the Atlantic Ocean in the slower transportation of the day. He made a protest to Pope Pius XI, who in response lengthened the time between the death of the Pope and the start of the conclave, OConnell was able to participate in the subsequent 1939 conclave, although by that time air travel was available
37.
Thomas Francis Kennedy (bishop)
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Thomas Francis Kennedy was a bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States. He served as the Rector of the Pontifical North American College from 1901-1917, thomas Kennedy was born in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. His father, Patrick, worked as a laborer and he was educated in a local public school, St. Matthews School and Treemont Seminary. Kennedy became a teacher at St. Matthews High School at age 17 and he entered St. Charles Borromeo Seminary to study for the priesthood and continued his studies in Rome at the Pontifical North American College. Kennedy was ordained a priest in Rome for the Archdiocese of Philadelphia on July 24,1887 by Cardinal Lucido Parocchi, after he returned to Pennsylvania, Kennedy joined the faculty at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary. He was named the Rector of the Pontifical North American College on June 14,1901, Pope Pius X appointed him as the Titular Bishop of Hadrianopolis in Honoriade on December 16,1907. He was consecrated a bishop by Cardinal Girolamo Maria Gotti, O. C. D, the Prefect of the Congregation for Propagation of the Faith, on December 29,1907. The principal co-consecrators were Archbishop Patrick Riordan of San Francisco and Bishop William Giles, Kennedy was given the personal title of Archbishop by Pope Benedict XV on June 17,1915. At the same time he was changed to the Titular See of Seleucia in Isauria and he died in Rome on August 28,1917 at the age of 59, and was buried in the Cimitero Comunale Monumentale Campo Verano in Rome. In May 1907, whilst painting his first portrait of Pope Pius X, Charles Borromeo Seminary, Overbrook, PA, where it hangs today outside the Eakins Room
38.
Ralph Leo Hayes
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Ralph Leo Hayes was a 20th-century bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States. He served as the bishop of the Diocese of Helena in the state of Montana from 1933–1935. Between those two appointments he served as the rector of the Pontifical North American College from 1935–1944, Hayes was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Patrick Nagle and Mary Jane Hayes. He received his school and college education at Holy Ghost College. He played on the football, basketball and baseball teams while in college. He studied for the priesthood at the Pontifical North American College and he was ordained a priest there by Cardinal Pietro Respighi for the Diocese of Pittsburgh on September 19,1909. He initially served in a parish before he was appointed to the mission band where he eventually served as its director. From 1917–1925 he was superintendent of schools for the Pittsburgh Diocese. He then spent seven years as pastor of St. Catherine of Siena Parish in Pittsburgh doing what he called ‘’real priest’s work. ”On June 23,1933, Pope Pius XI appointed Hayes as the bishop of the Diocese of Helena. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops James A. Griffin of Springfield in Illinois, both co-consecrators were classmates of his in Rome. He served the diocese as its bishop for two years, on October 26,1935 he was appointed Titular Bishop of Hieropolis and rector of the Pontifical North American College. With the onset of World War II Pope Pius XII chose to close the national seminaries and Hayes returned to Pittsburgh. While in Pittsburgh, Hayes continued to look after the financial and he also assisted Bishop Boyle in his episcopal responsibilities. On November 16,1944 Pope Pius XII appointed Bishop Hayes as fifth bishop of the Diocese of Davenport and he was installed in Sacred Heart Cathedral on January 11,1945. Pius XII also appointed him Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on April 30,1958, during his 22 years in Davenport there was an expansion to school facilities across the diocese. Many of these communities had been served by high schools, while Davenports new high school was a merger of St Ambrose. New buildings were added at St. Ambrose, Marycrest. The four bishops of Iowa built Mt. St. Bernard’s Seminary in Dubuque, enrollment in the Catholic Schools reached their highest enrollments during Bishop Hayes’ episcopate
