Pope Boniface VIII, born Benedetto Caetani was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 until his death in 1303. The Caetani family was of baronial origin, with connections to the papacy. He succeeded Pope Celestine V, who had abdicated from the papal throne. Boniface spent his early career abroad in diplomatic roles.
Boniface VIII declaring the Jubilee Year, fresco by Giotto in the Basilica of St. John Lateran
Papal bulla of Boniface VIII (pierced subsequent to original use)
Philip IV receiving the homage of Edward I for Aquitaine
Depiction of the death of Boniface in a 15th-century manuscript of Boccaccio's De Casibus
Pope Celestine V, born Pietro Angelerio, also known as Pietro da Morrone, Peter of Morrone, and Peter Celestine, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294, when he resigned. He was also a monk and hermit who founded the order of the Celestines as a branch of the Benedictine order.
Portrait by Niccolò di Tommaso, Castel Nuovo
Portrait - Bartolomé Román.
Tomb of Celestine V.
Opuscula omnia, 1640