Pope Martin IV, born Simon de Brion, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1281 to his death on 28 March 1285. He was the last French pope to have held court in Rome; all subsequent French popes held court in Avignon.
14th century Illumination of Pope Martin IV
The Cathedral and Episcopal Palace, Viterbo
Papal bulla of Martin IV
The cathedral and town of Orvieto
The University of Paris, known metonymically as the Sorbonne, was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution. Emerging around 1150 as a corporation associated with the cathedral school of Paris, it was considered the second-oldest university in Europe. Officially chartered in 1200 by King Philip II of France and recognised in 1215 by Pope Innocent III, it was nicknamed after its theological College of Sorbonne, founded by Robert de Sorbon and chartered by King Louis IX around 1257.
La Sorbonne
The Sorbonne covered by snow.
Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris. From a 16th-century miniature.
Rue Saint-Jacques and the Sorbonne in Paris