1.
Automotive
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The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called automakers. It is one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue, the term automotive was created from Greek autos, and Latin motivus to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry, the automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, at that time the U. S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U. S. produced about 75 percent of auto production. In 1980, the U. S. was overtaken by Japan, in 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U. S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U. S. production, with 10.3 million units, from 1970 over 1998 to 2012, the number of automobile models in the U. S. has grown exponentially. Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, in the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies there is no risk of damage. Safety in the industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international. The standard ISO26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety. In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle and this procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material, however, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres of gasoline, the automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the generations of people no longer want to own a car anymore
2.
Do it yourself
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Do it yourself is the method of building, modifying, or repairing things without the direct aid of experts or professionals. DIY behavior can be triggered by various motivations previously categorized as marketplace motivations, the term do-it-yourself has been associated with consumers since at least 1912 primarily in the domain of home improvement and maintenance activities. Subsequently, the term DIY has taken on a meaning that covers a wide range of skill sets. DIY is associated with the alternative rock, punk rock, and indie rock music scenes, indymedia networks, pirate radio stations. In this context, DIY is related to the Arts and Crafts movement, italian archaeologists unearthed the ruins of a 6th-century BC Greek structure in southern Italy that came with detailed assembly instructions and is being called an ancient IKEA building. Professor Christopher Smith, director of the British School at Rome and it looks as if someone was instructing others how to mass-produce components and put them together in this way. Much like the instruction booklets, various sections of the building were inscribed with coded symbols showing how the pieces slotted together. The characteristics of these inscriptions indicate they date back to around the 6th century BC, the building was built by Greek artisans coming from the Spartan colony of Taranto in Apulia. The philosopher Alan Watts reflected a sentiment, In the 1970s, DIY spread through the North American population of college-. In part, this movement involved the renovation of affordable, rundown older homes, but it also related to various projects expressing the social and environmental vision of the 1960s and early 1970s. The first Catalog, and its successors, used a definition of the term tools. There were informational tools, such as books, professional journals, courses, classes, there were specialized, designed items, such as carpenters and masons tools, garden tools, welding equipment, chainsaws, fiberglass materials and so on, even early personal computers. The designer J. Baldwin acted as editor to include such items, the Catalogs publication both emerged from and spurred the great wave of experimentalism, convention-breaking, and do-it-yourself attitude of the late 1960s. Often copied, the Catalog appealed to a wide cross-section of people in North America and had a broad influence, for decades, magazines such as Popular Mechanics and Mechanix Illustrated offered a way for readers to keep current on useful practical skills and techniques. DIY home improvement books began to flourish in the 1970s, first created as collections of magazine articles, an early, extensive line of DIY how-to books was created by Sunset Books, based upon previously published articles from their magazine, Sunset, based in California. Time-Life, Better Homes and Gardens, and other publishers soon followed suit, in the mid-1990s, DIY home-improvement content began to find its way onto the World Wide Web. HouseNet was the earliest bulletin-board style site where users could share information, homeTips. com, established in early 1995, was among the first Web-based sites to deliver free extensive DIY home-improvement content created by expert authors. Since the late 1990s, DIY has exploded on the Web through thousands of sites, in the 1970s, when home video came along, DIY instructors quickly grasped its potential for demonstrating processes by audio-visual means
3.
Science
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Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations, disciplines which use science, like engineering and medicine, may also be considered to be applied sciences. However, during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws, over the course of the 19th century, the word science became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge rather than a specialized word for the pursuit of such knowledge. In particular, it was the type of knowledge which people can communicate to each other, for example, knowledge about the working of natural things was gathered long before recorded history and led to the development of complex abstract thought. This is shown by the construction of calendars, techniques for making poisonous plants edible. For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and they were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly interested in astronomy. In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature was seen by scientists as a more appropriate interest for lower class artisans. A clear-cut distinction between formal and empirical science was made by the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides, although his work Peri Physeos is a poem, it may be viewed as an epistemological essay on method in natural science. Parmenides ἐὸν may refer to a system or calculus which can describe nature more precisely than natural languages. Physis may be identical to ἐὸν and he criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism. He was particularly concerned that some of the early physicists treated nature as if it could be assumed that it had no intelligent order, explaining things merely in terms of motion and matter. The study of things had been the realm of mythology and tradition, however. Aristotle later created a less controversial systematic programme of Socratic philosophy which was teleological and he rejected many of the conclusions of earlier scientists. For example, in his physics, the sun goes around the earth, each thing has a formal cause and final cause and a role in the rational cosmic order. Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things, while the Socratics insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being, they did not argue for any other types of applied science
4.
Technology
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Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
5.
Hearst Communications
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Hearst Communications, often referred to as simply Hearst, is an American mass media and business information conglomerate. The Hearst company is based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan and it was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. Under William Randolph Hearsts will, a board of thirteen trustees administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this, Frank A. Bennack Jr. former chief executive officer and executive vice chairman of the corporation John G. Conomikes, former executive of the corporation Gilbert C. In 1880, George Hearst, mining entrepreneur, American publisher, on March 4,1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst. He pushed his staff to write exciting stories, and wrote editorials worded with force. Within a few years, the new Examiner was a success, in 1895, Hearst purchased the New York Journal, laying the foundation for one of the major newspaper dynasties in American history. He established Hearsts Chicago American in 1900, renamed the morning edition of the New York Journal as the New York American in 1901, the Los Angeles Examiner was launched in 1903 followed by the Boston American one year later. Hearst experimented with every aspect of publishing, from page layouts to editorial crusades. His newspapers introduced innovations such as presses, halftone photographs on newsprint, comic sections printed in color. Stories by Hearst correspondents from around the world were sold to newspapers, giving rise to the Hearst International News Service. In 1903, Hearst Magazines was begun with the publication of Motor magazine, within the next 10 years Hearst acquired several popular titles, starting in 1905 with Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping in 1911. Also in 1911, Hearst bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914, its title was shortened to Hearsts, and it was ultimately retitled Hearsts International in May 1922. In 1953 Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine which it kept until 1999 when it was sold to Robert E. Petersen, Hearst began producing film feature in the mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios, the International Film Service. Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the 1920s, distributing his films under the newly created Metro Goldwyn Mayer, in 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged Hearsts International magazine with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, Hearst died in 1951, and the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, in 1924 he also merged his Milwaukee operations with the Pfister family, owners of The Milwaukee Sentinel. Hearst owned the evening Wisconsin News while the Pfisters kept the Sentinel adding Hearsts features from the now-folded Telegram, in 1925, Hearst sold the Syracuse Telegram to the owners of the Syracuse Journal, while selling the New York Mirror in 1928
6.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
7.
Magazine
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A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
8.
Henry Haven Windsor
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Henry Haven Windsor, American author, magazine editor, and publisher, was the founder and first editor of Popular Mechanics. He was succeeded as editor by his son, Henry Haven Windsor, Jr. Windsor was born in a log cabin in Mitchell, Iowa and he attended Iowa College, graduating in 1884. On June 25,1889, he married Lina B. Jackson in Marengo, from 1879 to 1880, he served as city editor of the Marshalltown, Iowa Times-Republican. During 1881-82 he was secretary to officials of the Northern Pacific Railway in Saint Paul. From 1883 to 1891, he was secretary of the Chicago City Railway, in 1892 he founded the magazine Street Railway Review, serving as editor and president. He also founded Brick and Rural Free Delivery News, beginning in 1901, he was editor and president of the magazine Popular Mechanics. As of 1922, Windsor maintained homes in Evanston, Illinois, Camden, Maine and Daytona Beach and his office address was 6 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago. Windsor gave his political affiliation as Republican and his religious affiliation as Congregationalist and he was a member of the first board of directors of the Hamilton Club. Windsor is buried in Rosehill Cemetery and Mausoleum in Chicago, lancaster, Paul, Crazy about Invention, American Heritage Invention and Technology Whittaker, Wayne
9.
Latin America
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Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies
10.
Jay Leno
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James Douglas Muir Jay Leno is an American comedian, actor, philanthropist and television host. After doing standup comedy for years, he became the host of NBCs The Tonight Show with Jay Leno from 1992 to 2009. Beginning in September 2009, Leno started a talk show, titled The Jay Leno Show. After The Jay Leno Show was canceled in January 2010 amid a host controversy and he hosted his last episode of The Tonight Show on February 6,2014. That year, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame, Leno was born in New Rochelle, New York. His homemaker mother, Catherine, was born in Greenock, Scotland and his father, Angelo, was an insurance salesman who was born in New York, to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy. Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated from Andover High School, Leno obtained a bachelors degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973. His older brother, Patrick, was a Vietnam War veteran who worked as an attorney, Leno made his first appearance on The Tonight Show on March 2,1977, performing a comedy routine. During the 1970s, Leno appeared in roles in several television series and films, first in the 1976 episode J. J. in Trouble of Good Times. After an uncredited appearance in the 1977 film Fun with Dick and Jane, he played more prominent roles in 1978 in American Hot Wax, Lenos only starring film role was the 1989 direct-to-video Collision Course, opposite Pat Morita. He also appeared numerous times on Late Night with David Letterman, starting in 1987, Leno was a regular substitute host for Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show. The story of this turbulent transition was later turned into a book, Leno continued to perform as a stand-up comedian throughout his tenure on The Tonight Show. In 2004, Leno signed an extension with NBC which would keep him as host of The Tonight Show until 2009. Later in 2004, Conan OBrien signed a contract with NBC under which OBrien would become the host of The Tonight Show in 2009, during the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, Leno was accused of violating WGA guidelines by writing his own monologue for The Tonight Show. While NBC and Leno claim there were meetings with the WGA where there was a secret agreement allowing this. In 1998, Leno competed in a match at the WCWs Road Wild pay-per-view. Since 2001, he has voiced The Crimson Chin, a superhero in the Nickelodeon animated series The Fairly OddParents. Leno said in 2008 that he was saving all of his income from The Tonight Show, on April 23,2009, Leno checked himself into a hospital with an undisclosed illness
11.
Archive
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An archive is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organizations lifetime, in general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many copies exist. This means that archives are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, a person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information, the physical place of storage can be referred to as an archive, an archives, or a repository. When referring to historical records or the places they are kept, the computing use of the term archive should not be confused with the record-keeping meaning of the term. The adjective formed from archive is archival, the practice of keeping official documents is very old. Archaeologists have discovered archives of hundreds of clay tablets going back to the third and second millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Hattusas, Ugarit and these discoveries have been fundamental to know ancient alphabets, languages, literature, and politics. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, however, they have been lost, since documents written on materials like papyrus and paper deteriorated at a faster pace, unlike their stone tablet counterparts. Archives of churches, kingdoms, and cities from the Middle Ages survive and have kept their official status uninterruptedly till now. They are the tool for historical research on these ages. Modern archival thinking has many roots from the French Revolution, historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, filmmakers, and others conduct research at archives. The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution that houses the archive. While there are kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identifies five major types, academic, business, government, non-profit. There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives, material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations and these areas help to further categorize what kind of archive is being created. Archives in colleges, universities, and other facilities are typically housed within a library. Academic archives exist to preserve history and serve the academic community. Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only, users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public
12.
Google Books
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Books are provided either by publishers and authors, through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Googles library partners, through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of publishers to digitize their archives. The Publisher Program was first known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, the Google Books Library Project, which scans works in the collections of library partners and adds them to the digital inventory, was announced in December 2004. But it has also criticized for potential copyright violations. As of October 2015, the number of scanned book titles was over 25 million, Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million distinct titles in the world, and stated that it intended to scan all of them. Results from Google Books show up in both the universal Google Search as well as in the dedicated Google Books search website, if Google believes the book is still under copyright, a user sees snippets of text around the queried search terms. All instances of the terms in the book text appear with a yellow highlight. The four access levels used on Google Books are, Full view, Books in the domain are available for full view. In-print books acquired through the Partner Program are also available for full view if the publisher has given permission, usually, the publisher can set the percentage of the book available for preview. Users are restricted from copying, downloading or printing book previews, a watermark reading Copyrighted material appears at the bottom of pages. All books acquired through the Partner Program are available for preview and this could be because Google cannot identify the owner or the owner declined permission. If a search term appears many times in a book, Google displays no more than three snippets, thus preventing the user from viewing too much of the book. Also, Google does not display any snippets for certain reference books, such as dictionaries, Google maintains that no permission is required under copyright law to display the snippet view. No preview, Google also displays search results for books that have not been digitized, in effect, this is similar to an online library card catalog. Google also stated that it would not scan any in-copyright books between August and 1 November 2005, to provide the owners with the opportunity to decide which books to exclude from the Project. It can let Google scan the book under the Library Project and it can opt out of the Library Project, in which case Google will not scan the book. If the book has already been scanned, Google will reset its access level as No preview and this information is collated through automated methods, and sometimes data from third-party sources is used. This information provides an insight into the book, particularly useful when only a view is available
13.
The Henry Ford
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The Henry Ford is a large indoor and outdoor history museum complex and a National Historic Landmark in the Detroit suburb of Dearborn, Michigan, USA. The Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation and Greenfield Village is the largest indoor-outdoor museum complex in the United States and is visited by 1.6 million people each year and it is one of the largest such collections in the nation. Henry Ford said of his museum, I am collecting the history of our people as written into things their hands made and used. When we are through, we shall have reproduced American life as lived, the Edison Institute was dedicated by President Herbert Hoover to Fords longtime friend Thomas Edison on October 21,1929 – the 50th anniversary of the first successful incandescent light bulb. The attendees included Marie Curie, George Eastman, John D. Rockefeller, Will Rogers, Orville Wright, the dedication was broadcast on radio with listeners encouraged to turn off their electric lights until the switch was flipped at the Museum. The Edison Institute was, at first, a site for educational purposes only. It was originally composed of the Henry Ford Museum, Greenfield Village, the Henry Ford is sited between the Ford Dearborn Development Center and several Ford engineering buildings with which it shares the same style gates and brick fences. In 1970, the museum purchased what it believed to be a 17th-century Brewster Chair, created for one of the Pilgrim settlers in the Plymouth Colony, in September 1977, the chair was determined to be a modern forgery created in 1969 by Rhode Island sculptor Armand LaMontagne. The museum retains the piece as a tool on forgeries. The Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation began as Henry Fords personal collection of historic objects, a model of the nuclear-powered Ford Nucleon automobile An Oscar Mayer Wienermobile The 1961 Lincoln Continental, SS-100-X that President John F. Kennedy was riding in when he was assassinated. The rocking chair from Fords Theatre in which President Abraham Lincoln was sitting when he was shot, a ten-person safety bicycle made in 1896. A collection of several fine 17th- and 18th-century violins including a Stradivarius, Thomas Edisons alleged last breath in a sealed tube. The bus on which Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat, fokker Trimotor airplane that flew the first flight over the North Pole. Bill Elliotts record-breaking race car clocking in at over 212 MPH at Talladega in 1987 Fairbottom Bobs, the Automotive Hall of Fame, adjacent to the Henry Ford Museum. A working fragment of the original Holiday Inn Great Sign A Chesapeake & Ohio Railway 2-6-6-6 Allegheny-class steam locomotive built by Lima Locomotive Works in Lima, the Allegheny was the most powerful steam locomotive ever built. The Research Center also contains the Ford Motor Archives, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, the Henry Ford Museum exhibited a vast array of artifacts and media documenting the Titanics voyage and demise. The exhibit was hosted from 31 March to 30 September 2012, Greenfield Village, the outdoor living history museum section of the Henry Ford complex, was dedicated in 1929 and opened to the public in June 1933. It was the first outdoor museum of its type in the nation, patrons enter at the gate, passing by the Josephine Ford Memorial Fountain and Benson Ford Research Center
14.
Society for the History of Technology
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The Society for the History of Technology, or SHOT, is the primary professional society for historians of technology. SHOT was founded in 1958 in the United States, and it has become an international society with members from some thirty-five countries throughout the Americas, Europe, Asia. SHOT owes its existence largely to the efforts of Professor Melvin Kranzberg, a co-founder and its eleventh president was Eugene S. Ferguson. SHOTs flagship publication is the journal Technology and Culture, published by the Johns Hopkins University Press, Kranzberg served as editor of Technology and Culture until 1981, and was succeeded as editor by Robert C. Post until 1995, and John M. Staudenmaier from 1996 until 2010, the current editor of Technology and Culture is Suzanne Moon at the University of Oklahoma. Pamela O. Long is the recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Genius Grant for 2014, SHOT annually awards two book prizes, the Edelstein Prize and the Hacker Prize, as well as the Kranzberg Dissertation Fellowship and the Brooke Hindle Postdoctoral Fellowship. Its highest award is the Leonardo da Vinci Medal, recipients of the medal include Kranzberg, Ferguson, Post, Staudenmaier, Bart Hacker, and Brooke Hindle. In 1968 Kranzberg was also instrumental in the founding of a sister society, the two societies complement each other. The society now numbers around 1500 members, and holds its meeting at a non-North-American venue every third year, SHOT also sponsors smaller conferences focused on specialized topics, often jointly with other scholarly societies and organizations. C. Hounshell, Eugene S. Ferguson, 1916-2004, Technology and Culture 45, Post, Back at the Start, History and the History of Technology, Technology and Culture 51, 961-94. Post, Chance and Contingency, Putting Mel Kranzberg in Context, Technology and Culture 50, Post, A Very Special Relationship, SHOT and the Smithsonians Museum of History and Technology, Technology and Culture 42, 401-35
15.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
16.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
17.
Duke University Press
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Duke University Press is an academic publisher of books and journals, and a unit of Duke University. It publishes approximately 120 books annually and more than 40 academic journals, the company publishes primarily in the humanities and social sciences but is also particularly well known for its mathematics journals. The company was founded in 1921 as Trinity College Press with William T. Laprade as its first director, following a restructuring and expansion, the name was changed to Duke University Press in 1926 with William K. Boyd taking over as director. Duke is one of thirteen publishers to participate in the Knowledge Unlatched pilot, Duke has provided four books for the Pilot Collection. Journals published by Duke University Press Official website
18.
Project Gutenberg
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Project Gutenberg is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks. It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library, most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, as of 3 October 2015, Project Gutenberg reached 50,000 items in its collection. The releases are available in plain text but, wherever possible, other formats are included, such as HTML, PDF, EPUB, MOBI, most releases are in the English language, but many non-English works are also available. There are multiple affiliated projects that are providing additional content, including regional, Project Gutenberg is also closely affiliated with Distributed Proofreaders, an Internet-based community for proofreading scanned texts. Project Gutenberg was started by Michael Hart in 1971 with the digitization of the United States Declaration of Independence, Hart, a student at the University of Illinois, obtained access to a Xerox Sigma V mainframe computer in the universitys Materials Research Lab. Through friendly operators, he received an account with an unlimited amount of computer time. Hart has said he wanted to back this gift by doing something that could be considered to be of great value. His initial goal was to make the 10,000 most consulted books available to the public at little or no charge and this particular computer was one of the 15 nodes on ARPANET, the computer network that would become the Internet. Hart believed that computers would one day be accessible to the general public and he used a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence in his backpack, and this became the first Project Gutenberg e-text. He named the project after Johannes Gutenberg, the fifteenth century German printer who propelled the movable type printing press revolution, by the mid-1990s, Hart was running Project Gutenberg from Illinois Benedictine College. More volunteers had joined the effort, all of the text was entered manually until 1989 when image scanners and optical character recognition software improved and became more widely available, which made book scanning more feasible. Hart later came to an arrangement with Carnegie Mellon University, which agreed to administer Project Gutenbergs finances, as the volume of e-texts increased, volunteers began to take over the projects day-to-day operations that Hart had run. Starting in 2004, an online catalog made Project Gutenberg content easier to browse, access. Project Gutenberg is now hosted by ibiblio at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Italian volunteer Pietro Di Miceli developed and administered the first Project Gutenberg website and started the development of the Project online Catalog. In his ten years in this role, the Project web pages won a number of awards, often being featured in best of the Web listings, Hart died on 6 September 2011 at his home in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 64. In 2000, a corporation, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Long-time Project Gutenberg volunteer Gregory Newby became the foundations first CEO, also in 2000, Charles Franks founded Distributed Proofreaders, which allowed the proofreading of scanned texts to be distributed among many volunteers over the Internet
19.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
20.
The Advocate (Stamford)
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The Advocate is a seven-day daily newspaper based in Stamford, Connecticut. The paper is owned and operated by Hearst Communications, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues, the Advocate circulates in Stamford and the nearby southwestern Connecticut towns of Darien and New Canaan. The papers headquarters moved in 2008 from downtown Stamford, across the street from the Stamford Government Center, the Advocate Website was launched in 1999. In early 2007, the site started featuring message boards, the Advocate has been called Stamfords oldest continuing business. The papers earliest origins come from The Intelligencer, a newspaper originally run out of an office on the south side of West Park in April 1829. William Henry Hen Holly installed a printing press there, but despite support from the community. Several town leaders then helped to finance the publication again, this time under the name The Sentinel, Stamford was never without a local newspaper of one kind or another since then. The oldest known copy of The Sentinel, dated June 22,1830, is in Stamfords public library and that issue, marked Volume 1, No. 19, consists of four sheets,15 by 20 inches each, the motto of the newspaper, printed at the top of the front page, was, Pledged to no partys arbitrary way, we follow Truth wherer she leads the way. The newspaper published very little news, according to Don Russell. He columns were filled with sermons, poems and what were called literary gems from various sources, an early columnist in the newspaper wrote under the pseudonym Aristides the Younger and at one point denounced the Rev. Joel Mann of Greenwich for anti-Masonic tendencies. Some think the columnist was Holly, Holly promoted reading in Stamford in various ways, operating his own circulating library out of his office, with books available to borrowers he deemed responsible. He was also one of the founders of Stamfords public library. In May 1848, Edgar Hoyt and Andrew Smith came into ownership of the newspaper, the partners renamed it The Stamford Advocate. Advertising was banished from the front page, in 1861 printer William Gillespie and his brother, Edward, joined the newspaper staff. Edward would later cover the Civil War from the front lines, eventually the Gillespie brothers, sons of a Canadian immigrant to Stamford, bought the newspaper and became the first of three generations of Gillespie owners of the publication. In 1892 they made the newspaper a daily, around the turn of the century the name changed to The Daily Advocate. The name was changed to The Stamford Advocate
21.
Times Union (Albany)
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The Times Union is an American daily newspaper, serving the Capital Region of New York, United States. Although the newspaper focuses on Albany and its suburbs, it covers all parts of the four-county area, including the cities of Troy, Schenectady and it is owned by Hearst Communications. The paper was founded in 1857 as the Morning Times, becoming Times-Union by 1891, the newspaper has been online since 1996. The editor of the Times Union is Rex Smith, who has held the post since July 2002 and he had been the papers managing editor. The newspaper is printed in its Colonie headquarters by the Hearst Corporations Capital Newspapers Division, the daily edition costs $1 and the Sunday/Thanksgiving Day edition costs $2. The Times Union announced in May 2006 that it would pay $3.5 million over 10 years for the rights of the Pepsi Arena in downtown Albany. On January 1,2007, the arena was renamed the Times Union Center, front Section, The Times Unions A section contains national, world, state, and celebrity news, corrections, editorials, an editorial cartoon, commentaries, and letters to the editor. In 2007, the paper reorganized its daily sections and began placing late-breaking local news stories in the front section, Capital Region, The local section contains news relating to the Capital District, obituaries, a calendar of events, and the weather report. It also contains columns by Fred LeBrun, Paul Grondahl and Chris Churchill, sports, The sports section covers local and national sports events at high school, college, and professional levels. Business, The business section contains local and national news, stock and mutual fund tables, classified advertisements. Perspective, The Perspective section includes editorials, columns and letters to the editor, in addition to the above, the Thursday edition contains, Preview, A tabloid section covering movies, music, dance, theater, and other entertainment topics. It contains movie reviews in brief, a calendar of events, personals, home, A tabloid section with real estate listings and articles on housing topics. Travel/Books, A two-part section with the first portion covering travel and it contains travel articles, weekly airfares, book reviews, and the New York Times Bestseller List. Parade Magazine, The Sunday Times Union includes this national magazine covering lifestyle, arts/Events, The arts section has articles on classical music, the visual arts, and theater. It also contains a calendar of events, museum and gallery listings, the Sunday paper also has numerous advertising circulars and coupon pages. com The paper is mentioned as the employer of Jane Fondas character in the film, Sundays in New York. She states she is the critic for this paper. On December 14,2016, five days before the Electoral College was to vote, alan Chartock The Media Project Times Union Center WAMC Guide to the Times Union opinion pages. Archived from the original on Sep 27,2007, official website Legacy of Change, History of the TU on its 150th anniversary Editors Column Capitaland Quarterly Times Union profile at Hearst Corporation
22.
The Beaumont Enterprise
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The Beaumont Enterprise is a newspaper of Hearst Communications, headquartered in Beaumont, Texas. It has been in operation since 1880, the Enterprise is a perennial winner of the state’s top journalism awards, including the Texas Press Association’s and Texas Associated Press Managing Editors’ prizes for overall excellence. Enterprise prices are, daily, $2, Sunday/Thanksgiving Day, $3, john W. Leonard founded the initial Enterprise as a weekly newspaper in 1880. It became a daily under editor W. W, mcLeod in 1896 or 1897, to compete with crosstown rival Beaumont Journal. In 1907, William P. Hobby became manager and part owner of the Enterprise and bought the paper outright in 1920, one of his co-owners was general manager/associate publisher James Mapes. According to the Texas State Historical Association, the Enterprise attained national stature under Mapes leadership — He came to the newspaper in 1908, in 1918, Waco-based newspapermen Charles E. Marsh and E. S. Fentress purchased the crosstown competitor Beaumont Journal, buying two other nearby papers, the pair boosted the Journal circulation and eventually Hobby bought the Journal. Operating separately under the company for many years, the Enterprise. The Hearst Corporation acquired the Enterprise from the Jefferson-Pilot insurance companys publications arm in 1984, official Site Hearst subsidiary profile of The Beaumont Enterprise
23.
Connecticut Post
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The Connecticut Post is a daily newspaper located in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It serves Fairfield County and the Lower Naugatuck Valley, the newspaper is owned and operated by the Hearst Communications, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues. The Connecticut Post also gained revenue by offering classified advertising for job hunters with very minimal regulation and other separate listings for products, the paper competes directly with the Register in Stratford, Milford, and portions of the Lower Naugatuck Valley. The most recent editor, James H. Smith, departed abruptly on June 26,2008, no reason was given to staff, but Smith later attributed his departure to mutual agreement. Smith had attempted to take the newspaper in a different direction, stressing slice-of-life style features and enterprise, in recent years he has avoided layoffs despite economic pressures, opting instead to offer buyouts and drastically cut the freelance budget. Consequently, while the Post does provide solid coverage of Bridgeport, the newspaper was formerly the morning Bridgeport Telegram and evening Bridgeport Post before consolidating into a morning publication. The Bridgeport Telegram ran from at least 1908 to 1929 and again from 1938 to 1990, the Post was formerly owned by Thomson Corporation, a national newspaper chain. In 2000, Thomson agreed to sell the Post for $205 million to MediaNews Group, based in Denver, Colorado, on August 8,2008 the Hearst Corporation acquired the Connecticut Post and www. ConnPost. com, including seven non-daily newspapers, from MediaNews Group, Inc. In 2010, the Connecticut Post launched a complete re-design which included a new font, some significant stories the Post has broken include former Bridgeport Mayor Joseph Ganims bribery scandal and former Bridgeport Mayor John Fabrizis admission of using cocaine. In 2008, under Smiths leadership, the Connecticut Post received its first Newspaper of the Year Award from the New England Newspaper Association. Comedian and actor Richard Belzer, a Bridgeport native, was a paperboy and later a reporter for the Post. Connecticut Post Official mobile website Hearst Corporation History of the Connecticut Post
24.
Houston Chronicle
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The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily newspaper in Houston, Texas, United States. As of April 2016, it is the third-largest newspaper by Sunday circulation in the United States, with its 1995 buy-out of long-time rival the Houston Post, the Chronicle became Houstons primary newspaper. The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily paper owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, the paper employs nearly 2,000 people, including approximately 300 journalists, editors, and photographers. The Chronicle has bureaus in Washington, D. C. and it reports that its web site averages 125 million page views per month. The publication serves as the newspaper of record of the Houston area, previously headquartered in the Houston Chronicle Building at 801 Texas Avenue, Downtown Houston, the Houston Chronicle is now located at 4747 Southwest Freeway. From its inception, the practices and policies of the Houston Chronicle were shaped by strong-willed personalities who were the publishers, the history of the newspaper can be best understood when divided into the eras of these individuals. The Houston Chronicle was founded in 1901 by a reporter for the now-defunct Houston Post. The Chronicles first edition was published on October 14,1901, at the end of its first month in operation, the Chronicle had a circulation of 4,378 — roughly one tenth of the population of Houston at the time. Within the first year of operation, the paper purchased and consolidated the Daily Herald, in 1908, Foster asked Jesse H. Jones agreed, and the resulting Chronicle Building was one of the finest in the South. Under Foster, the circulation grew from about 7,000 in 1901 to 75,000 on weekdays and 85,000 on Sundays by 1926. Foster continued to write columns under the pen name Mefo, and he sold the rest of his interest to Jesse H. Jones on June 26,1926 and promptly retired. In 1911, City Editor George Kepple started Goodfellows, on a Christmas Eve in 1911, Kepple passed a hat among the Chronicles reporters to collect money to buy toys for a shoe-shine boy. Goodfellows continues today through donations made by the newspaper and its readers and it has grown into a city-wide program that provides needy children between the ages of two and ten with toys during the winter holidays. In 2003, Goodfellows distributed almost 250,000 toys to more than 100,000 needy children in the Greater Houston area, in 1926, Jesse H. Jones became the sole owner of the paper. He had approached Foster about selling, and Foster had answered and he replied, On real estate and everything about 200,000 dollars. I then said to him that I would give him 300,000 dollars in cash, having in mind that this would pay his debts, I considered the offer substantially more than the Chronicle was worth at the time. No sooner had I finished stating my proposition than he said, I will take it, in 1937, Jesse H. Jones transferred ownership of the paper to the newly established Houston Endowment Inc. Jones retained the title of publisher until his death in 1956. As such, it eschewed controversial political topics, such as integration or the impacts of economic growth on life in the city
25.
Laredo Morning Times
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The Laredo Morning Times is a daily newspaper publication based in Laredo, Texas, USA. It is owned by the Hearst Corporation, the Laredo Morning Times was founded on June 14,1881 as the Laredo Weekly, a four-page newspaper published by James Saunders Penn. Two years later, the became a daily as the Laredo Daily Times. In 1986, William B. Green became only the publisher of the Laredo Morning Times. During the 125-year run, the afternoon Laredo Times became the Laredo Morning Times, the newspapers, under different names, have covered nearly half of Laredos history. The city was founded on May 15,1755, historians continue to use the newspaper as a primary source for information to learn of Laredos culture and traditions, all documented for readers and their posterity. In the same year that the Laredo Morning Times began publication, the Abilene Reporter-News, the Beaumont Journal-Enterprise, began a year earlier in 1880. The defunct San Antonio Light was the paper when William Randolph Hearst expanded his newspaper empire to Texas in 1881. The Light shut down with the Hearst acquisition of the San Antonio Express-News, James Penn, working out of the state capital in Austin, established a commercial printing business affiliate in San Antonio. He recognized the potential when he chose to bring his equipment to Laredo. His obituary says that he brought his family and equipment in a wagon train, Laredo was experiencing phenomenal growth as a major center of trade on the frontier. South of San Antonio de Bexar, the most promising communities in the region were Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Laredo had been settled near the banks of the Rio Grande for 126 years when the Penn family arrived. Several newspapers had started on both sides of the border, but these publications did not maintain operations. On the death of Penn in 1901, his son, Justo S. Penn, took over as publisher, Arambula said that the Penns, both father and son, blended into the life of the Laredo community. Among other things, the two individually and as heads of the Laredo Times were key players in the development of the citys socioeconomic life, Justo Penn thereafter sold the newspaper to J. E. Hanway of Wyoming in July 1926. Hanway became the publisher of the Laredo Times with two business associates, William Prescott Allen of San Antonio and O. W. Arambula found that the operation prospered under Hanways direction, Hanway brought to Laredo his experience with several newspapers in the West. He reorganized the entire plant at a new location on Matamoros Street and installed modern equipment, including a press, linotype machines
26.
Midland Daily News
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The Midland Daily News is a daily newspaper which serves Midland County, Michigan. The offices for the paper are located at 124 South McDonald Street in downtown Midland, although the main offices are located in Midland, the paper is widely circulated around Midland County. The newspaper also prints the school newspapers for Midland High School, The Focus, the Daily News was the last daily newspaper in the Tri-Cities left standing when the Bay City Times and Saginaw News cut back their print editions to three times a week in June 2009. The paper can trace its lineage to the 1858 founding of the Midland Sentinel, in 1937, Republican publisher Philip T. Rich founded the Midland Daily News as a successor to the weekly Republican, in 1968, Rich sold the paper to Decatur, Illinois-based Lindsay-Schaub Newspapers. In 1979, Lee Enterprises purchased the Daily News along with other Lindsay-Schaub papers, AP News Member of the Year Best Circulation Promotion Best Local Advertising Campaign Midland Daily News Official mobile website Hearst Corporation, Midland Daily News
27.
Midland Reporter-Telegram
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The Midland Reporter-Telegram is a daily newspaper in Midland, Texas. It is located in the heart of the vast 54-county Permian Basin of West Texas, the Reporter-News is a Hearst Corporation publication. Hearst also owns other newspapers and media outlets, including the San Francisco Chronicle, according to Hearst, the Midland newspaper was acquired by the corporation in 1979. In October 2015, Hearst named Jeffrey P, prior to the appointment Shabram was Vice President of Midland Newspapers and Senior Director of Digital for Berkshire Hathaway Media based in Omaha Nebraska. A former Reporter-Telegram staff writer is Patrick Dearen, the husband of managing editor Mary Gilda Dearen, based in Midland, Dearen writes western novels and history. Midland Reporter-Telegram Official mobile website Hearst Corporation, Midland Reporter-Telegram
28.
New Haven Register
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The New Haven Register is a daily newspaper published in New Haven, Connecticut. It is owned by Journal Register Company of Yardley, Pennsylvania, the Registers main office is located at 40 Sargent Drive in New Haven. The Register covers 19 towns and cities within New Haven and Middlesex counties, the editor of the New Haven Register and other Journal Register Co. publications in Connecticut, is Mark Brackenbury, and its publisher is Kevin Corrado. Helen Bennett Harvey is the editor and James S. Walker is the metro editor. The Register was established about 1812 and is one of the oldest continuously published newspapers in the U. S, in the early 20th century it was bought by John Day Jackson. John Day Jackson passed control of the papers to his sons, Richard and Lionel Jackson, then to Lionels son, Lionel Stewart Jackson Jr. The paper was sold to Mark Goodson, the television producer, the Register underwent both a newsroom union decertification and a suit brought by women newsroom employees, both successful, in the late 1970s and 1980s. It enjoyed its highest circulation, peaking at more than 100,000, on February 21,2009 the Journal Register Company and twenty-six of its affiliates, filed for Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. On March 4,2012 the Register closed its printing operation, on September 20,2014, the Register officially relocated its headquarters closer to the North Haven, Connecticut city line. The former Register building has been renovated and became a Jordans Furniture, the paper has a weekday circulation of 74,848, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulation. It has the second-highest circulation in the state, after the Hartford Courant, the Register also shares part of its circulation area with Elm City Newspapers, a chain of weekly newspapers which also share an owner and a New Haven headquarters building with the Register. The Register prices are, $2.00 daily, $3.00 Sunday
29.
The News-Times
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The News-Times is a daily newspaper based in Danbury, Connecticut, United States. It is owned and operated by the Hearst Corporation, a multinational corporate media conglomerate with $4 billion in revenues, the paper covers greater Danbury, a city in Fairfield County in southwestern Connecticut. Other towns covered include Brookfield, New Fairfield, Newtown, Bethel, Ridgefield, Redding, Roxbury, New Milford, Sherman and Kent, Connecticut, in addition to its Danbury headquarters, The News-Times maintains a news bureau in New Milford. The News-Times also owns and operates The Greater New Milford Spectrum, the News-Times was founded on September 8,1883 as the Danbury Evening News by James Montgomery Bailey. In 1933 it merged with the Danbury Times, thereafter to be known as the Danbury News-Times, the Ottaway Community Newspapers chain purchased the paper in 1955. Ottaway, which became a division of Dow Jones & Company, owned the newspaper until November 2006. Five months later, on April 1,2007, the newspaper, Hearst also owns the Connecticut Post in Bridgeport and the Brooks Community Newspapers chain of weeklies in lower Fairfield County. MediaNews announced that it will buy the News-Times building at 333 Main Street
30.
San Antonio Express-News
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The San Antonio Express-News is a daily newspaper of San Antonio, Texas. The Express-News is owned by the Hearst Corporation, the paper was first published in 1865 as a weekly tabloid-style newspaper under the name San Antonio Express. At that time, the city had already had a number of newspapers in a number of different languages. However, all the other went out of business, leaving only the Express to serve the city. In December 1866, the Express made the move from a paper to a daily newspaper. The early days of the Express was marked by several changes which almost doomed the paper, until a brand new company. The Express eventually became a morning newspaper in 1878. In January 1881 a new newspaper, the Evening Light, was first published by A. W. Gifford and J. P. Newcomb. The Evening Light was published as a paper, as opposed to the morning Express. At first, the editors of the Express chose to ignore the upstart paper, in 1906 the Daily Light was sold to E. B. Chandler, and in 1909 the Daily Light Publishing Company bought the San Antonio Gazette, from then until 1911 the paper was referred to as the Light and Gazette. Edward S. OReilly, known as Tex, was at one time managing editor, in 1911 Harrison L. Beach and Charles S. Diehl, veteran correspondents of national standing, moved to San Antonio and bought the Light and Gazette. Once again it was known as the Light, Diehl was a founder of the AP wire service. Beach and Diehl installed leased wire service and published the first full stock market reports in a San Antonio paper. The Light became liberal-Democratic in its political views, while Beach and Diehl ran the paper, circulation increased from 11,000 to 25,000 copies daily. In 1918, the Express ownership, now renamed Express Publishing Company, launched its own afternoon paper, soon thereafter, a rivalry developed between workers of the Express and the News. In fact, some News workers dubbed a new building as the News-Express building. In 1924, however, William Randolph Hearst bought the Light and instituted Hearst policies, the 1920s was marked by expansion by Express Publishing as the company started one of the citys first radio stations, WOAI, in 1922
31.
San Francisco Chronicle
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It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
32.
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
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The Seattle Post-Intelligencer is an online newspaper and former print newspaper covering Seattle, Washington, United States, and the surrounding metropolitan area. The newspaper was founded in 1863 as the weekly Seattle Gazette and it was long one of the citys two daily newspapers, along with The Seattle Times, until it became an online-only publication on March 18,2009. J. R. Watson founded the P-I, Seattles first newspaper, on December 10,1863, the paper failed after a few years and was renamed the Weekly Intelligencer in 1867 by the new owner, Sam Maxwell. In 1878, after publishing the Intelligencer as a morning daily, Hanford also acquired the daily Puget Sound Dispatch and the weekly Pacific Tribune and folded both papers into the Intelligencer. In 1881, the Intelligencer merged with the Seattle Post, the names were combined to form the present-day name. In 1886, Indiana businessman Leigh S. J. Hunt came to Seattle and purchased the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, circulation stood at 31,000 in 1911. In 1912, editor Eric W. Allen left the paper to found the University of Oregon School of Journalism, William Randolph Hearst took over the paper in 1921, and the Hearst Corporation owns the P-I to this day. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt had a relationship with the P-I. In 1936,35 P-I writers and members of The Newspaper Guild went on strike against arbitrary dismissals and assignment changes. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters joined the strike in solidarity, Roger Simpson and William Ames co-wrote their book Unionism or Hearst, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer Strike of 1936 on the topic. Also in 1936, their son-in-law Clarence John Boettiger took over as publisher and he brought his wife Anna, the Roosevelts daughter, to also work at the paper. Anna became editor of the womens page, Boettiger left Seattle to enter the U. S. Army in April 1943, while Anna stayed at the paper to help keep a liberal voice in the running of the paper. After Boettigers absence, the paper increasingly turned conservative with Hearsts new acting publisher, Anna left Seattle in December 1943 to live in the White House with her youngest child, Johnny. This effectively ended the Roosevelt-Boettiger ties with the P-I, on December 15,2006, no copies were printed as a result of a power outage caused by the December 2006 Pacific Northwest storms. It was the first time in 70 years that publication had been suspended, on January 9,2009, the Hearst Corporation announced that after losing money on it every year since 2000, Hearst was putting the P-I up for sale. Analysts did not expect a buyer to be found, in view of declining circulation in the U. S. newspaper industry and other newspapers on the market going unsold. Five days before the 60-day deadline, the P-I reported that the Hearst Corporation had given several P-I reporters provisional job offers for an edition of the P-I. On March 16,2009, the posted a headline on its front page, followed shortly after by a short news story
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The Telegraph (Alton, Illinois)
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The Telegraph is an American daily newspaper published seven days a week in Alton, Illinois, serving the St. Louis Metro-East region. It is owned by Civitas Media, based in Davidson, North Carolina, Civitas Media is a subsidiary of Philadelphia-based Versa Capital Management. It was founded in 1836 as the Alton Telegraph by Lawson A. Parks and it is published seven days a week. Until the 1970s, the Telegraph was known as the Alton Daily Telegraph, George Leighty was a veteran news reporter who worked for the Telegraph starting in the 1930s. He died in an accident while driving back from White Hall, Illinois and his death and obituary were announced in congress by Representative Melvin Price, who stated that George would be missed as a well respected member of the 4th Estate. George Leightys obituary was entered in the Congressional Record, in 1969 the Alton Telegraph was sued for defamation by a local builder, James C. Green. The newspaper could not appeal unless it posted a $10 million bond, the Cousley family controlled the paper from 1889 to 1985, when they sold the paper to Ingersoll Publications, who had acquired the Suburban Journals the previous year. When Ingersoll successor Journal Register exited the St. Louis market, along with The Telegraph, Civitas Media also owns the Journal-Courier in nearby Jacksonville, Illinois, and the Sedalia Democrat in Missouri. Official Website of The Telegraph Freedom Communications Website Evolution of The Telegraph Biography of Lawson A. Parks
