1.
Pietro Tacca
–
Pietro Tacca was an Italian sculptor, who was the chief pupil and follower of Giambologna. Tacca began in a Mannerist style and worked in the Baroque style during his maturity, born in Carrara, Tuscany, he joined Giambolognas atelier in 1592. Like his master he took advantage of the fashion among connoisseurs for table-top reductions of fine bronze sculptures. Louis XIV possessed Giambolognesque bronzes of Heracles and the Erymanthian Boar P. Torriti 1975
Pietro Tacca
–
Giambologna 's equestrian bronze of
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany for the Piazza della SS. Annunziata; completed by his assistant, Pietro Tacca.
Pietro Tacca
–
Quattro Mori: prisoners at the foot of the Monument of
Ferdinand I de' Medici,
Livorno.
Pietro Tacca
–
Philip IV of Spain.
Pietro Tacca
–
Fountain in Piazza Santissima Annunziata, Florence.
2.
Florence
–
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the Metropolitan City of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants, Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time. It is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has called the Athens of the Middle Ages. A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, from 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy. The Historic Centre of Florence attracts 13 million tourists each year and it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and architecture, the city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics. Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, in 2008, the city had the 17th highest average income in Italy. Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, it was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe, the language spoken in the city during the 14th century was, and still is, accepted as the Italian language. Starting from the late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of all over Europe, from Britain to Bruges, to Lyon. Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War and they similarly financed the papacy, including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome. Florence was home to the Medici, one of European historys most important noble families, Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century. Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century, Leo X, catherine de Medici married king Henry II of France and, after his death in 1559, reigned as regent in France. Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future king Louis XIII, the Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany, starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737. The Etruscans initially formed in 200 BC the small settlement of Fiesole and it was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets, the cardo and the decumanus, intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica. Situated along the Via Cassia, the route between Rome and the north, and within the fertile valley of the Arno, the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre. Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century, Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany, with Lucca as capital. The population began to again and commerce prospered
Florence
–
A collage of Florence showing the
Galleria degli Uffizi (top left), followed by the
Palazzo Pitti, a sunset view of the city and the
Fountain of Neptune in the
Piazza della Signoria
Florence
–
A wooden model of Florence as it would have probably looked during Roman times, showing the ancient amphitheatre
Florence
–
The façade of the Cathedral
Florence
–
Leonardo da Vinci statue outside the
Uffizi Gallery.
3.
Boar
–
Intended to provide a standoff nuclear capability for carrier-based aircraft, the rocket entered operational service in 1956, remaining in service until 1963. Following a specification developed during 1951, the development of the BOAR rocket was started in 1952 at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, located at China Lake, California. The rocket that emerged from the development process used a single, solid-fueled rocket motor mated to the W7 nuclear weapon and this provided a stand-off range of 7. Entering flight trials in 1953, BOAR proved satisfactory, twenty test firings during the course of 1955 were conducted without a single failure, and in 1956 the rocket entered operational service. A variety of aircraft carried BOAR operationally but it was used by the AD Skyraider. BOAR was intended to be a weapon, a more advanced development, Hopi. Hopi, however, failed to enter production, and BOAR remained the only standoff nuclear air-to-surface missile fielded by the Navy,225 examples of the BOAR rocket were produced by NOTS. In service, the rocket proved unpopular with the pilots of the assigned to carry it. By 1963, maintenance issues with the rocket motor were proving acute. Notes Bibliography BOAR at China Lake Museum AIAA, China Lake Test Station
Boar
–
BOAR rocket launch from a
F2H Banshee
Boar
–
BOAR on handling trolley
4.
Baroque
–
The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
Baroque
–
The Triumph of the Immaculate by
Paolo de Matteis
Baroque
–
The Church of
Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Baroque
–
Brooch of an African,
Walters Art Museum
Baroque
–
Aeneas Flees Burning Troy,
Federico Barocci, 1598
5.
Hellenistic
–
It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint, Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele, the Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to new realms. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East and this mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world. Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era, Hellenistic is distinguished from Hellenic in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself. The word originated from the German term hellenistisch, from Ancient Greek Ἑλληνιστής, from Ἑλλάς, Hellenistic is a modern word and a 19th-century concept, the idea of a Hellenistic period did not exist in Ancient Greece. Although words related in form or meaning, e. g, the major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The Greek population and the population did not always mix, the Greeks moved and brought their own culture. While a few fragments exist, there is no surviving historical work which dates to the hundred years following Alexanders death. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia, Duris of Samos, the earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is Polybius of Megalopolis, a statesman of the Achaean League until 168 BC when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage. His Histories eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BC, another important source, Plutarchs Parallel Lives though more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. Appian of Alexandria wrote a history of the Roman empire that includes information of some Hellenistic kingdoms, other sources include Justins epitome of Pompeius Trogus Historiae Philipicae and a summary of Arrians Events after Alexander, by Photios I of Constantinople. Lesser supplementary sources include Curtius Rufus, Pausanias, Pliny, in the field of philosophy, Diogenes Laertius Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is the main source. Ancient Greece had traditionally been a collection of fiercely independent city-states. After the Peloponnesian War, Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony, in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all-powerful
Hellenistic
–
The
Nike of Samothrace is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of
Hellenistic art.
Hellenistic
–
Alexander fighting the Persian king
Darius III. From the
Alexander Mosaic,
Naples National Archaeological Museum.
Hellenistic
–
Alexander's empire at the time of its maximum expansion.
6.
Uffizi
–
The Uffizi Gallery is a prominent art museum located adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. The building of Uffizi complex was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, the construction was later continued by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti and completed in 1581. The niches in the piers that alternate with columns filled with sculptures of artists in the 19th century. The Uffizi brought together under one roof the administrative offices, the Tribunal and the Archivio di Stato, the state archive. He commissioned from the architect Buontalenti the design of the Tribuna degli Uffizi that collected a series of masterpieces in one room, over the years, more sections of the palace were recruited to exhibit paintings and sculpture collected or commissioned by the Medici. The gallery had been open to visitors by request since the sixteenth century, because of its huge collection, some of its works have in the past been transferred to other museums in Florence—for example, some famous statues to the Bargello. A project was finished in 2006 to expand the exhibition space some 6,000 metres² to almost 13,000 metres². On 27 May 1993, a car exploded in Via dei Georgofili and damaged parts of the palace. The most severe damage was to the Niobe room and classical sculptures and neoclassical interior, the identity of the bomber or bombers are unknown, although it was almost certainly attributable to the Sicilian Mafia who were engaged in a period of terrorism at that time. Today, the Uffizi is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Florence, in high season, waiting times can be up to five hours. In early August 2007, Florence experienced a heavy rainstorm, the Gallery was partially flooded, with water leaking through the ceiling, and the visitors had to be evacuated. There was a more significant flood in 1966 which damaged most of the art collections in Florence severely. Here is a selection from the collection, The collection also contains some ancient sculptures, such as the Arrotino. Collections of the Uffizi Official website Uffizi – Google Art Project
Uffizi
–
Narrow courtyard between palace's two wings with view toward the
Arno.
Uffizi
–
Restored Niobe room represents Roman copies of late
Hellenistic art. View of daughter of
Niobe bent by terror.
Uffizi
–
Niobide rises on a rock
Uffizi
–
View of hallway. The walls were originally covered with tapestries.
7.
House of Medici
–
The family originated in the Mugello region of the Tuscan countryside, gradually rising until they were able to fund the Medici Bank. The bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century, the Medici produced three Popes of the Catholic Church—Pope Leo X, Pope Clement VII, and Pope Leo XI, two regent queens of France—Catherine de Medici and Marie de Medici. In 1531, the family became hereditary Dukes of Florence, in 1569, the duchy was elevated to a grand duchy after territorial expansion. They ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany from its inception until 1737, the grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the earlier grand dukes, but by the time of Cosimo III de Medici, Tuscany was fiscally bankrupt. Their wealth and influence initially derived from the textile trade guided by the guild of the Arte della Lana. They, along with families of Italy—such as the Visconti and Sforza of Milan, the Este of Ferrara. The Medici Bank was one of the most prosperous and most respected institutions in Europe, there are some estimates that the Medici family were the wealthiest family in Europe for a time. From this base, they acquired political power initially in Florence and later in wider Italy, a notable contribution to the profession of accounting was the improvement of the general ledger system through the development of the double-entry bookkeeping system for tracking credits and debits. The Medici family were among the earliest businesses to use the system, the Medici family came from the agricultural Mugello region, north of Florence, being mentioned for the first time in a document of 1230. The origin of the name is uncertain, Medici is the plural of medico, also written del medico or delmedigo, meaning, medical doctor. It has been suggested that the derived from one Medico di Potrone, a castellan of Potrone in the late 11th century. The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank, until the late 14th century, prior to the Medici, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. In 1293 the Ordinances of Justice were enacted, which became the constitution of the republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. The citys numerous luxurious palazzi were becoming surrounded by townhouses, built by the ever prospering merchant class. In 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medicis, first under Giovanni de Medici, later under his son Cosimo di Giovanni de Medici and great-grandson, Lorenzo de Medici. The Medici controlled the Medici bank—then Europes largest bank—and an array of other enterprises in Florence, in 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled. The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria was elected, the Medici became the citys leading family, a position they would hold for the next three centuries. Cosimo and Lorenzo rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders, some examples of these families include the Bardi, Salviati, Cavalcanti, and the Tornabuoni
House of Medici
–
Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, founder of the Medici bank.
House of Medici
–
Medici
House of Medici
–
The Confirmation of the Rule by
Domenico Ghirlandaio.
House of Medici
–
Cosimo I the Great, founder of the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
8.
Calydonian Boar
–
The Calydonian or Aetolian Boar is one of the monsters of Greek mythology that had to be overcome by heroes of the Olympian age. This outraged some of the men, with tragic results, strabo was under the impression that the Calydonian Boar was an offspring of the Crommyonian Sow vanquished by Theseus. The Calydonian Boar is one of the monsters in Greek mythology. Like the quest for the Golden Fleece or the Trojan War that took place the following generation, King Oeneus of Calydon, an ancient city of west-central Greece north of the Gulf of Patras, held annual harvest sacrifices to the gods on the sacred hill. It rampaged throughout the countryside, destroying vineyards and crops, forcing people to refuge inside the city walls. Oeneus sent messengers out to look for the best hunters in Greece, offering them the boars pelt and it was the smitten Meleager who convinced them. Nonetheless it was Atalanta who first succeeded in wounding the boar with an arrow, although Meleager finished it off, and offered the prize to Atalanta, outraged by this, Meleager slew the sons of Thestios and again gave the skin to Atalanta. Thus Artemis achieved her revenge against King Oeneus, during the hunt, Peleus accidentally killed his host Eurytion. The Calydonian Hunt was the theme of the main pediment. The heroes who participated assembled from all over Hellas, according to Homer, the table lists, Those seen by Pausanias on the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea. Those listed by Latin mythographer Hyginus, they include Deucalion, whose connection is unlikely and those noted in Ovids list from the 8th Book of his Metamorphoses. Those who appear in Book I of the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, ternerdos, Iolcos, Sparta, Pleurone, Messene, Perrhaebia, Phthia, Magnesia, Salamin, Calydon, Thessalia, Oechialia, Ithaca, Tegea, Crete, Dolopia, Athens, and Arcadia. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca I, VIII, 2–3, Homer, Iliad, ix Kerenyi, the Heroes of the Greeks pp114ff, et passim Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII, 267–525. Ruck, Carl A. P. and Danny Staples,1994, the World of Classical Myth p 196 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Atalanta in Calydon Theioi. com, Hus Kaydonios, Literary quotes
Calydonian Boar
–
The Calydonian Hunt shown on a Roman frieze (
Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford)
Calydonian Boar
–
Tondo of a
Laconian black-figure cup by the
Naucratis Painter, ca. 555 BCE (
Louvre)
Calydonian Boar
–
Roman marble sarcophagus from
Vicovaro, carved with the Calydonian Hunt (
Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome)
Calydonian Boar
–
Meleager et Atalanta, after
Giulio Romano
9.
Greek myth
–
It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Greek mythology is explicitly embodied in a collection of narratives. Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives and adventures of a variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines. These accounts initially were disseminated in a tradition, today the Greek myths are known primarily from ancient Greek literature. The oldest known Greek literary sources, Homers epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on the Trojan War, archaeological findings provide a principal source of detail about Greek mythology, with gods and heroes featured prominently in the decoration of many artifacts. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Trojan cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles, in the succeeding Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has had an influence on the culture, arts. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes, Greek mythology is known today primarily from Greek literature and representations on visual media dating from the Geometric period from c. Mythical narration plays an important role in every genre of Greek literature. Nevertheless, the only general mythographical handbook to survive from Greek antiquity was the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus and this work attempts to reconcile the contradictory tales of the poets and provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic legends. Apollodorus of Athens lived from c, 180–125 BC and wrote on many of these topics. His writings may have formed the basis for the collection, however the Library discusses events that occurred long after his death, among the earliest literary sources are Homers two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Other poets completed the cycle, but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the Homeric Hymns have no connection with Homer. They are choral hymns from the part of the so-called Lyric age. Hesiods Works and Days, a poem about farming life, also includes the myths of Prometheus, Pandora. The poet gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, lyrical poets often took their subjects from myth, but their treatment became gradually less narrative and more allusive. Greek lyric poets, including Pindar, Bacchylides and Simonides, and bucolic poets such as Theocritus and Bion, additionally, myth was central to classical Athenian drama
Greek myth
–
Bust of
Zeus,
Otricoli (Sala Rotonda,
Museo Pio-Clementino,
Vatican).
Greek myth
–
Greek Mythology
Greek myth
–
Prometheus (1868 by
Gustave Moreau). The myth of Prometheus first was attested by
Hesiod and then constituted the basis for a tragic trilogy of plays, possibly by Aeschylus, consisting of
Prometheus Bound,
Prometheus Unbound, and
Prometheus Pyrphoros.
Greek myth
–
The Roman poet
Virgil, here depicted in the fifth-century manuscript, the
Vergilius Romanus, preserved details of Greek mythology in many of his writings.
10.
Boboli Garden
–
The Boboli Gardens is a park in Florence, Italy, that is home to a collection of sculptures dating from the 16th through the 18th centuries, with some Roman antiquities. The Gardens, directly behind the Pitti Palace, the seat of the Medici grand dukes of Tuscany at Florence, are some of the first and most familiar formal 16th-century Italian gardens. The openness of the garden, with a view of the city, was unconventional for its time. The gardens were very lavish, considering no access was allowed to anyone outside the immediate Medici family, the Boboli Gardens were laid out for Eleonora di Toledo, the wife of Cosimo I de Medici. The name is a curruption of Bogoli, a family from whom land had been bought to construct the garden, the elaborate architecture of the grotto in the courtyard that separates the palace from its garden is by Buontalenti. The garden lacks a water source. To water the plants in the garden, a conduit was built from the nearby Arno River to feed water into an irrigation system. The primary axis, centered on the rear façade of the palace, at the center of the amphitheater and rather dwarfed by its position is the Ancient Egyptian Boboli obelisk brought from the Villa Medici at Rome. This primary axis terminates in a fountain of Neptune, with the sculpture of Neptune by Stoldo Lorenzi visible against the skyline as a visitor climbs the slope, Giulio Parigi laid out the long secondary axis, the Viottolone or Cyprus Road at a right angle to the primary axis. In 1617, Parigi constructed the Grotto of Vulcan along this axis, the gardens have passed through several stages of enlargement and restructuring work. They were enlarged in the 17th century to their present extent of 45,000 meters², the Boboli Gardens have come to form an outdoor museum of garden sculpture that includes Roman antiquities as well as 16th and 17th century works. In the first phase of building, the amphitheatre was excavated in the hillside behind the palace, the small Grotto of Madama, and the Large Grotto, were begun by Vasari and completed by Ammannati and Buontalenti between 1583 and 1593. Even while undergoing restoration work in 2015, the Large Grottos statues are still on display, decorated internally and externally with stalactites and originally equipped with waterworks and luxuriant vegetation, the fountain is divided into three main sections. Other rooms in the Grotto contain Giambolognas famous Bathing Venus and an 18th-century group of Paris, in the hillside above the amphitheatre is a double ramp, leading to the Fountain of Neptune. The main feature is a basin with a central bronze statue of Neptune by Stoldo Lorenzi. The conceit here recalls the story of the competition of Athena, in that legend, Neptune struck the ground with his trident to spring forth water from the land. Higher up on the hillside is a statue of Abundance, the Isolotto is an oval-shaped island in a tree enclosed pond nearly at the end of the alternative Viottolone axis. In the centre of the island is the Fountain of the Ocean, while in the moat, there are statues of Perseus
Boboli Garden
–
The main axis through the anfiteatro centered on
Palazzo Pitti
Boboli Garden
Boboli Garden
–
Boboli Gardens Amphitheatre, viewed from the Palazzo Pitti
Boboli Garden
–
Andromeda rises above the Isolotto centered in its pool: the luxuriant and naturalistic plant growth is a 19th-century development.
11.
Florence, Italy
–
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the Metropolitan City of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants, Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time. It is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has called the Athens of the Middle Ages. A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, from 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy. The Historic Centre of Florence attracts 13 million tourists each year and it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and architecture, the city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics. Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, in 2008, the city had the 17th highest average income in Italy. Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, it was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe, the language spoken in the city during the 14th century was, and still is, accepted as the Italian language. Starting from the late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of all over Europe, from Britain to Bruges, to Lyon. Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War and they similarly financed the papacy, including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome. Florence was home to the Medici, one of European historys most important noble families, Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century. Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century, Leo X, catherine de Medici married king Henry II of France and, after his death in 1559, reigned as regent in France. Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future king Louis XIII, the Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany, starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737. The Etruscans initially formed in 200 BC the small settlement of Fiesole and it was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets, the cardo and the decumanus, intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica. Situated along the Via Cassia, the route between Rome and the north, and within the fertile valley of the Arno, the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre. Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century, Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany, with Lucca as capital. The population began to again and commerce prospered
Florence, Italy
–
A collage of Florence showing the
Galleria degli Uffizi (top left), followed by the
Palazzo Pitti, a sunset view of the city and the
Fountain of Neptune in the
Piazza della Signoria
Florence, Italy
–
A wooden model of Florence as it would have probably looked during Roman times, showing the ancient amphitheatre
Florence, Italy
–
The façade of the Cathedral
Florence, Italy
–
Leonardo da Vinci statue outside the
Uffizi Gallery.
12.
Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry
–
The Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry is one of the last remaining Florentine foundries, producing works in bronze utilizing the Renaissance technique of lost-wax. A large number of bronze sculptures produced in Florence over the last century come from this artistic foundry, one of the most famous and popular works in Florence, the La Fontana del Porcellino, was cast by the Marinelli Foundry in 1988 and replaced the antique in 1998. As early as 1929, Marinelli Foundry was present internationally and it produced the monumental sculpture ‘La Carretta dei Pioneri’ carved by the Uruguayan artist José Belloni. It may still be today in Montevideo. In 1932, the panels of the staircase at the entrance of the Vatican Museums by Antonio Maraini were cast. A more recent achievement is the ‘Warrior on horseback’ in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia, inaugurated in 2011, the history of the Fonderia Artistica Ferdinando Marinelli begins in 1905 with the opening of a small shop on Florence’s Via de’ Giudei by Ferdinando Marinelli. In 1915, he was employed by the Fonderia of Alessandro Biagiotti, after World War I, Ferdinando took over the Gabellini foundry on Via del Romito. In 1925, the Foundry executed the monument to the painter Giovanni Fattori donated to the city of Livorno by Valmore Gemignani, Marinelli Foundry received important commissions thanks to the esteem with which Ferdinando was held by the sculptor Antonio Maraini. Maraini choose him as his caster when he received the commission from Pope Pius XI to execute the panels that decorate the newly built large staircase at the entrance to the Vatican Museums. In 1945, Ferdinando Marinelli leaves the Foundry to his sons Aldo, upon Marino’s death, the company passes on to his son Ferdinando Jr. who maintains the ancient tradition of lost-wax casting. Marinelli Foundry remains to this day one of the last artistic workshops practicing this technique, the antique work was moved to the Museo Bardini in 2004. In addition, again for Florence, it executed replicas of Giambolognas Bacchus in Borgo San Jacopo, the new workshops were equipped with up to date furnaces and kilns however leaving all of the traditional production phases unaltered. As already mentioned, the esteem of Antonio Maraini permitted the Marinelli Foundry to establish a relationship with the Vatican State. Peter’s Basilica carved by Maestro Vico Consorti, such collaborations subsequently permitted Marinelli to receive additional commissions from churches in Rome. These include the doors of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, after the drawings of Ludovico Pogliaghi, and in 1951. The collaboration has continued recently, it has produced the bronze handrail of the new flight of stairs at the Vatican Museums inaugurated in 2000 by Pope John Paul II. C. The monument is the work of the American sculptor, Leo Friedlander and this project, conceived in the late twenties and delayed due to the Great Depression, was resumed in 1938 and only completed at the end of World War II. The monument was a gift of Ambassador Alberto Tarchiani on behalf of Italy and its inauguration took place on December 26,1951
Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry
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Replica of
Pietro Tacca 's
Porcellino. Florence,
Loggia del Mercato Nuovo
Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry
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The monument to the ‘Warrior on Horseback’,
Skopje
Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry
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The former headquarters of the Foundry in Florence, Via del Romito (today’s Via Corridoni), area of Rifredi in the early years of the 20th century
Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry
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The staircase at the entrance to the Vatican Museums by Antonio Maraini, 1932
13.
Palazzo Mozzi
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The gardens elaborated against the hillside behind the palace were added mainly by Bardini. The palazzo was built by the Mozzi family between 1260 and 1273 as a fortification for the Ponte alle Grazie, the prominent Mozzi family had been persecuted in the past for its Guelph leanings. The palace in the 13th and 14th-centuries hosted prominent visitors to Florence such as Pope Gregory X, Robert, Duke of Anjou, and this may have been due to its protected location, outside of the city center, near the Porta San Niccolo. The palazzo was modified in the 14th century to a Renaissance house, the site changed hands during the 1500s, and the Mozzi family repossessed the site by 1551. During the 1700s and early 1800s, the palace was refurbished by the architect Gasparo Maria Paoletti, including the additions of some frescoes on the first floor. With the extinction of the Mozzi family, the fell into disrepair. The palace served as a gallery for the objects he had for sale, and his will in 1922, required his heirs to convert his remaining collection into a cultural institution. However, feuding of heirs retarded any progress towards this purpose until 1996, the palace façade has been restored to how it was expected to resemble in the 13th-century. The main façade has a coat of arms of Mozzi with a Cross of Toulouse, the interior contains architectural elements including portals from various city structures dismembered during the 19th-century Risanamiento of the city. The State of Italy currently owns the palazzo and it was closed in 1999 for nearly a decade of restoration and re-opened in April 2009 to host the Bardini Museum. In the 16th century, a plot of land was purchased behind the palazzo and was used to grow an olive grove, the grove was transformed into the Giardino Bardini in the 19th century when the palazzo was purchased by Stefano Bardini
Palazzo Mozzi
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Palazzo Mozzi
14.
Tobias Smollett
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Tobias George Smollett was a Scottish poet and author. He was best known for his novels, such as The Adventures of Roderick Random and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle. His novels were amended liberally by printers, an edition of each of his works was edited by Dr. O. M. Brack. Smollett was born at Dalquhurn, now part of Renton, in present-day West Dunbartonshire and he was the fourth son of Archibald Smollett of Bonhill, a judge and land-owner who died about 1726, and Barbara Cunningham, who died about 1766. His career in medicine came second to his ambitions, during 1739 he went to London to seek fortune as a dramatist. Unsuccessful, he obtained a commission as a surgeon on HMS Chichester and travelled to Jamaica. During 1742 he served as a surgeon during the campaign to capture Cartagena. On his return, he established practice in Downing Street and married a wealthy Jamaican heiress, Anne Nancy Lascelles and she was a daughter of William Lascelles. They had one child, a daughter Elizabeth, who died aged 15 years about 1762 and he had a brother, Capt. James Smollet, and a sister, Jean Smollett, who married Alexander Telfair of Symington, Ayrshire. Jean succeeded to Bonhill after the death of her cousin-german, Mr. Commissary Smollett and they lived in St. John Street off Canongate, Edinburgh and had a son who was in the Military. The Adventures of Roderick Random was modelled on Le Sages Gil Blas, after that Smollett finally had his tragedy, The Regicide, published, though it was never performed. During 1750, Smollett was granted his MD degree in Aberdeen, and also travelled to France, having lived for a brief time in Bath, he returned to London and published The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom during 1753. He was now recognised as an author, whose novels were published by the well-known London bookseller Andrew Millar. Smollett became associated with the likes of David Garrick, Laurence Sterne, Oliver Goldsmith and Samuel Johnson, during 1755 he published an English translation of Miguel de Cervantess novel Don Quixote, which he revised during 1761. During 1756, he became editor of the magazine The Critical Review, Smollett then began what he regarded as his major work, A Complete History of England, from 1757 to 1765. During this period he served a prison sentence for libel. Having suffered the loss of a daughter, he went abroad with his wife, and he also published The History and Adventures of an Atom, which gave his opinion of British politics during the Seven Years War in the guise of a tale from ancient Japan. He also re-visited Scotland and this visit helped inspire his last novel, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker, published during the year of his death
Tobias Smollett
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Tobias Smollett
Tobias Smollett
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Tobias Smollett as depicted on the
Scott Monument
Tobias Smollett
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Portrait of Tobias Smollett by
Nathaniel Dance-Holland, ca. 1764
Tobias Smollett
15.
Patinated
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Patina is a thin layer that variously forms on the surface of stone, on copper, bronze and similar metals, on wooden furniture, or any such acquired change of a surface through age and exposure. Patinas can provide a covering to materials that would otherwise be damaged by corrosion or weathering. They may also be aesthetically appealing, Patina also refers to accumulated changes in surface texture and colour that result from normal use of an object such as a coin or a piece of furniture over time. Archaeologists also use the term patina to refer to a layer that develops over time that is due to a range of complex factors on flint tools. This has led stone tool analysts in recent times to generally prefer the term cortification as a term to describe the process than patination. It also refers to development as the result of weathering of a layer, called cortex by geologists. The word patina comes from the Latin for shallow dish, figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable. The chemical process by which a patina forms is called patination, in clean air rural environments, the patina is created by the slow chemical reaction of copper with carbon dioxide and water, producing a basic copper carbonate. In industrial and urban air environments containing sulfurous acid rain from coal-fired power plants or industrial processes, a patina layer takes many years to develop under natural weathering. Buildings in damp coastal/marine environments will develop patina layers faster than ones in dry inland areas, facade cladding with alloys of copper, e. g. brass or bronze, will weather differently from pure copper cladding. Even a lasting gold colour is possible with copper-alloy cladding, for example Colston Hall in Bristol, or the Novotel at Paddington Central, often, antique and well-used firearms will develop a patina on the steel after the bluing, parkerizing, or other finish has worn. Firearms in this state are considered more valuable than ones that have been re-blued or parkerized. The patina protects the firearm from the more damaging rust that would occur were the patina to be polished off, the process is often called distressing. A wide range of chemicals, both household and commercial, can give a variety of patinas and they are often used by artists as surface embellishments either for color, texture, or both. Patination composition varies with the elements and these will determine the color of the patina. For copper alloys, such as bronze, exposure to chlorides leads to green, the basic palette for patinas on copper alloys includes chemicals like ammonium sulfide, liver of sulfur, cupric nitrate and ferric nitrate. For artworks, patination is often accelerated by applying chemicals with heat. Colors range from matte sandstone yellow to deep blues, greens, whites, reds, some patina colors are achieved by the mixing of colors from the reaction with the metal surface with pigments added to the chemicals
Patinated
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Copper roof on the
Minneapolis City Hall, coated with patina
Patinated
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The
Dresden Frauenkirche, with black patina on the older stones.
Patinated
–
Copper
weather vane with verdigris patina
Patinated
–
The
Statue of Liberty gets its green appearance from the
natural patina formed on its copper surface.
16.
Hans Christian Andersen
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Hans Christian Andersen (/ˈhɑːnz ˈkrɪstʃən ˈændərsən/, Danish, often referred to in Scandinavia as H. C. Although a prolific writer of plays, travelogues, novels, and poems, Andersens popularity is not limited to children, his stories, called eventyr in Danish, express themes that transcend age and nationality. Some of his most famous fairy tales include The Emperors New Clothes, The Little Mermaid, The Nightingale, The Snow Queen, The Ugly Duckling, Thumbelina and his stories have inspired ballets, animated and live-action films and plays. Hans Christian Andersen was born in the town of Odense, Denmark, Andersens father, also Hans, considered himself related to nobility. His paternal grandmother had told his father that their family had in the past belonged to a social class. A persistent theory suggests that Andersen was a son of King Christian VIII. Andersens father, who had received an education, introduced Andersen to literature. Andersens mother, Anne Marie Andersdatter, was uneducated and worked as a washerwoman following his fathers death in 1816, she remarried in 1818. Andersen was sent to a school for poor children where he received a basic education and was forced to support himself, working as an apprentice for a weaver and, later. At 14, he moved to Copenhagen to seek employment as an actor, having an excellent soprano voice, he was accepted into the Royal Danish Theatre, but his voice soon changed. A colleague at the theatre told him that he considered Andersen a poet, taking the suggestion seriously, Andersen began to focus on writing. Jonas Collin, director of the Royal Danish Theatre, felt a great affection for Andersen and sent him to a school in Slagelse. Andersen had already published his first story, The Ghost at Palnatokes Grave, though not a keen pupil, he also attended school at Elsinore until 1827. He later said his years in school were the darkest and most bitter of his life, at one school, he lived at his schoolmasters home. There he was abused and was told that it was to improve his character and he later said the faculty had discouraged him from writing in general, causing him to enter a state of depression. A very early fairy tale by Andersen, called The Tallow Candle, was discovered in a Danish archive in October 2012, the story, written in the 1820s, was about a candle who did not feel appreciated. It was written while Andersen was still in school and dedicated to a benefactor, in 1829, Andersen enjoyed considerable success with the short story A Journey on Foot from Holmens Canal to the East Point of Amager. Its protagonist meets characters ranging from Saint Peter to a talking cat, Andersen followed this success with a theatrical piece, Love on St. Nicholas Church Tower, and a short volume of poems
Hans Christian Andersen
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Photograph taken by
Thora Hallager, 1869
Hans Christian Andersen
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Andersen's childhood home in Odense
Hans Christian Andersen
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Paper chimney sweep
cut by Andersen
Hans Christian Andersen
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Painting of Andersen, 1836, by
Christian Albrecht Jensen
17.
Hannibal (film)
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Hannibal is a 2001 American crime thriller film directed by Ridley Scott, adapted from the novel of the same name by Thomas Harris. It is the sequel to the 1991 Academy Award–winning film The Silence of the Lambs in which Anthony Hopkins returns to his role as the serial killer. Julianne Moore co-stars, in the role first held by Jodie Foster, the film had a difficult and occasionally troubling pre-production history. When the novel was published in 1999, The Silence of the Lambs director Jonathan Demme, screenwriter Ted Tally, after the departure of Foster and screenwriter Tally, Julianne Moore took on Fosters role while David Mamet and Steven Zaillian wrote the screenplay. Set ten years after The Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal follows Starlings attempts to apprehend Lecter before his surviving victim, Mason Verger and it is set in Italy and the United States. The novel Hannibal drew attention for its violence, Hannibal broke box office records in the United States, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom in February 2001, but was met with a mixed critical reception. Ten years after tracking down serial killer Jame Gumb, FBI Special Agent Clarice Starling is unjustly blamed for a drug raid. She is later contacted by Mason Verger, the surviving victim of the serial killer Hannibal Lecter. A wealthy child molester, Verger was paralyzed and brutally disfigured by Lecter during a therapy session and he has been pursuing an elaborate scheme to capture, torture, and kill Lecter ever since. Using his wealth and political influence, Verger has Starling reassigned to Lecters case, after learning of Starlings public disgrace, Lecter sends her a taunting letter. Starling detects a strange fragrance from the letter, a perfume expert later identifies a skin cream whose ingredients are only available to a few shops in the world. She contacts the police departments of the cities where the shops are located, in Florence, one of said cities, Chief Inspector Rinaldo Pazzi is investigating the disappearance of a library curator. Pazzi questions Lecter, who is masquerading as Dr. Fell, upon recognizing Dr. Fell in the surveillance tape, Pazzi accesses the ViCAP database of wanted fugitives. He then learns of Vergers US$3 million personal bounty on Lecter, blinded by greed, Pazzi ignores Starlings warnings and attempts to capture Lecter alone. He recruits a pickpocket to obtain Lecters fingerprint to show Verger as proof, the pickpocket, mortally wounded by Lecter, manages to get the print and gives it to Pazzi. Lecter baits Pazzi into a room of the Palazzo Vecchio, ties him up, then disembowels. He then heads back to the United States, Verger bribes Justice Department official Paul Krendler to accuse Starling of withholding a note from Lecter, leading to her suspension. Lecter lures Starling to Union Station, Vergers men, having trailed Starling, capture and bring Lecter to Verger
Hannibal (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
18.
Giancarlo Giannini
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Giancarlo Giannini is an Italian actor and voice-over artist. Giannini was born in La Spezia, Liguria, Italy and he studied at the Accademia Nazionale dArte Drammatica in Rome, and made his film debut in a small part in I criminali della metropoli in 1965. He appeared in supporting roles in Anzio and The Secret of Santa Vittoria, in 1971, he appeared in E le stelle stanno a guardare, a television adaptation of A. J. Cronins novel, The Stars Look Down. In 1976, he starred in Seven Beauties, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and he dubbed Jack Nicholsons voice in the Italian release of both The Shining and Batman, he is the official Italian dubber of Al Pacino. His fluency in English has brought him a number of featured roles in Hollywood productions and he also appeared in Man on Fire. Gianninis best-known starring roles have been in films directed by Lina Wertmüller, in addition to Swept Away and Seven Beauties, he also appeared in The Seduction of Mimi, Love and Anarchy, A Night Full of Rain, and Francesca e Nunziata. He played the role of the father, Alberto Aragón. He played the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV in the 2000 Dune miniseries, in 2002, he starred in the horror film Darkness. Perhaps his best-known recent role is as French agent René Mathis in the 21st and 22nd James Bond films, Casino Royale and he has a son, Adriano Giannini, who is also an actor and dubber. In 2002, Adriano reprised his father Giancarlos role in the remake of Swept Away, in 2009, Giannini received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. E le stelle stanno a guardare as Arthur Barras Sins Frank Herberts Dune as Emperor Shaddam IV Giancarlo Giannini at the Internet Movie Database
Giancarlo Giannini
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Giannini in 2009
Giancarlo Giannini
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Giancarlo Giannini (r) on the set of
Celluloide (1996)
Giancarlo Giannini
19.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
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Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is a 2002 British-American fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the second instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves, the story follows Harry Potters second year at Hogwarts as the Heir of Salazar Slytherin opens the Chamber of Secrets, unleashing a monster that petrifies the schools denizens. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends Ron Weasley and it is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone and is followed by Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The film was released on 15 November 2002 in the United Kingdom and it was very well received critically and commercially, making US$879 million worldwide. It is the film in the Harry Potter series and the 45th-highest-grossing film of all time. It was nominated for three BAFTA Film Awards in 2003, after his first year at Hogwarts, Harry Potter spends the summer without receiving letters from his Hogwarts friends. In his room, Harry meets Dobby, a house-elf who warns him bad things happen if he returns to Hogwarts. Harry chases him downstairs, where Dobby destroys a cake, the Dursleys lock Harry up, but Ron, Fred and George Weasley rescue him in their fathers flying Ford Anglia. Harry also encounters Draco Malfoy and his father Lucius, who slips a book in Ginny Weasleys belongings, when Harry and Ron are blocked from entering Platform Nine and Three-Quarters, they fly to Hogwarts in the Ford Anglia and crash into the hostile Whomping Willow. Rons wand is damaged, and the car throws them out before driving off and they are allowed back into school but face detention. More attacks occur over the course of the year, Harry and Ron suspect Malfoy is the Heir, so Hermione suggests they question him while disguised using polyjuice potion. Their makeshift laboratory is in a disused bathroom haunted by a ghost, when Harry communicates with a snake the school suspects him as the Heir. At Christmas, Harry and Ron learn that Malfoy is not the Heir, but he mentions that a girl died when the Chamber was last opened fifty years ago. Harry finds a diary, owned by a former student named Tom Riddle, which shows him a flashback to fifty years before. When the diary disappears and Hermione is petrified, Harry and Ron question Hagrid, professor Dumbledore, Cornelius Fudge, and Lucius Malfoy come to take Hagrid to Azkaban, but he discreetly tells the boys to follow the spiders. In the Forbidden Forest, Harry and Ron find Aragog, a giant spider who reveals Hagrids innocence, Aragog then sets his colony of Acromantula on the boys, but the now-wild Ford Anglia saves them. A book page in Hermiones hand identifies the monster is a basilisk, a giant serpent that instantly kills those who make eye contact with it
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
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British poster
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
–
The flying
Ford Anglia used in the film
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)
–
John Williams
20.
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II
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Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is a 2011 British-American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. It is the second of two parts based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the eighth and final instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron and it is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. The story continues to follow Harry Potters quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemorts Horcruxes in order to him once. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Part 2 was released in 2D, 3-D and IMAX cinemas worldwide from 13–15 July 2011, the film became a massive financial success and was unanimously acclaimed by critics, with many regarding it as one of the best films of 2011. It received praise for its effects, cinematography, Alexandre Desplats musical score, the action sequences, David Yates direction. At the box office, Part 2 claimed the opening weekend record, earning $483.2 million, as well as setting opening day. As of 2016, the film is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time and it became the highest-grossing film of 2011, the highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series, and the ninth film to gross over $1 billion. The Blu-ray and DVD sets were released on 11 November 2011 in the United States, the film was also released in the Harry Potter, Complete 8-Film Collection box set on DVD and Blu-ray, which included all eight films and new special features. Part 1 and Part 2 were released as a pack on DVD. The film won awards and was nominated for many more, including three nominations at the Academy Awards for Best Art Direction, Best Visual Effects, and Best Makeup. After burying Dobby, Harry Potter asks the goblin Griphook to help him, Ron, Griphook agrees, in exchange for the Sword of Gryffindor. Wandmaker Ollivander tells Harry that two wands taken from Malfoy Manor belonged to Bellatrix and to Draco Malfoy, but Malfoys has changed its allegiance to Harry, in Bellatrixs vault, Harry discovers the Horcrux is Helga Hufflepuffs cup. He retrieves it, but Griphook snatches the sword and abandons the trio, the three release the dragon guardian and flee on its back. Harry sees a vision of Voldemort killing goblins, including Griphook, Harry also realises there is a Horcrux at Hogwarts somehow connected to Rowena Ravenclaw. Severus Snape hears of Harrys return and warns staff and students of punishment for aiding Harry, Harry confronts Snape, who flees after Minerva McGonagall challenges him to a duel. McGonagall gathers the Hogwarts community for battle, in the Chamber of Secrets, Ron and Hermione destroy the Horcrux cup with a Basilisk fang
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II
–
Theatrical release poster
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II
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St Pancras serves as the opening shot of the film's final scene, "nineteen years later".
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part II
–
Daniel Radcliffe,
Emma Watson and
Rupert Grint at the premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 on 7 July 2011 at
Trafalgar Square in
London.
21.
Sydney Hospital
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Sydney Hospital is a major hospital in Australia, located on Macquarie Street in the Sydney central business district. It is the oldest hospital in Australia, dating back to 1788 and it first received the name Sydney Hospital in 1881. Currently the hospital comprises 113 inpatient beds, specialist services attract patients from all over New South Wales. It specialises in ophthalmology and hand surgery and is a hospital for patients requiring these services. It also houses a rudimentary 6-bed Emergency Department, Sydney Hospital became a teaching hospital of the University of Sydney in 1909. Sydney Hospital is associated with Sydney Medical School of the University of Sydney through the Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, many of the 736 convicts who survived the voyage of the First Fleet from Portsmouth, England arrived suffering from dysentery, smallpox, scurvy, and typhoid. Soon after landing Governor Phillip and Surgeon-General John White established a tent hospital along what is now George Street in The Rocks to care for the worst cases, subsequent convict boatloads had even higher rates of death and disease. A portable hospital which was prefabricated in England from wood and copper arrived in Sydney with the Second Fleet in 1790, present-day Nurses Walk in The Rocks cuts across where the site of the early hospital once was. John White was Surgeon-General at Sydney Cove between 1788 and 1794, upon his arrival in the Colony of New South Wales at the beginning of 1810, Governor Macquarie discovered that the Sydney Coves hospital was an affair of tents and temporary buildings. Macquarie set aside land on the edge of the Government Domain for a new hospital. Plans were drawn up but the British Government refused to provide funds to build the hospital, consequently, Macquarie entered into a contract with a consortium of businessmen–Garnham Blaxcell, Alexander Riley and, later, DArcy Wentworth–to erect the new hospital. They were to receive convict labour and supplies and a monopoly on rum imports from which they expected to recoup the cost of the building, the contract allowed them to import 45,000 gallons of rum to sell to colonists and was signed on 6 November 1810. In the event, the hospital did not turn out to be profitable for the contractors. Convict patients were transferred to Governor Macquarie’s new hospital in 1816 and it is unclear who prepared the design for the three Old Colonial Georgian buildings comprising the Sydney Hospital complex, but there were apparently many involved with its construction. There is speculation that both Governor Macquarie and John OHearen contributed to the design, as the hospital was nearing completion in 1815, the now famous convict architect Francis Greenway was asked to report on the quality of the work. He condemned it, claiming that it must soon fall into ruin, short-cuts had been taken with the construction and there were weak joints in the structural beams, rotting stonework, feeble foundations, and dry rot in the timbers. Macquarie ordered the contractors to remedy these defects but by 1820 the southern wing was deemed particularly unsafe, more substantial repairs were carried out on the southern wing in 1826. Many defects present from the construction remained hidden away until the extensive restoration of the 1980s
Sydney Hospital
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Sydney Hospital, Macquarie Street
Sydney Hospital
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Governor Macquarie’s original "Rum Hospital".
Sydney Hospital
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Sydney Hospital from Macquarie St
Sydney Hospital
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Il Porcellino, a bronze copy of the
Florentine boar, was donated in 1968 and stands outside the hospital.
22.
Enghien
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Enghien is a Walloon municipality located in the Belgian province of Hainaut. On January 1,2006, Enghien had a population of 11,980. The total area is 40.59 square kilometres, which gives a density of 295 inhabitants per km². The municipality comprises the city of Enghien, and the towns Marcq and it is situated on the language border in the country, and restricted language rights are granted to the Dutch speaking minority. Mary of Luxembourg brought as her dowry the fief of Condé-en-Brie, in 1566, the county of Enghien was elevated to a duchy-peerage. However, the registration process was not completed, so the title became extinct at the death of Louis I de Bourbon in 1569. Qualitis Science Park Official site Park of Enghien, Pictures by Samuel Silhberpapier Wiki website on the city of Enghien Orchestre Hainaut-Picardie Le carillon dEnghien
Enghien
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Enghien Edingen (Dutch)
Enghien
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Town hall
Enghien
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The Empain château
Enghien
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The château's park
23.
Butchart Gardens
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The Butchart Gardens is a group of floral display gardens in Brentwood Bay, British Columbia, Canada, located near Victoria on Vancouver Island. The gardens receive close to a million each year. The gardens have been designated a National Historic Site of Canada, robert Pim Butchart began manufacturing Portland cement in 1888 near his birthplace of Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada. He and his wife Jennie Butchart came to the west coast of Canada because of rich limestone deposits necessary for cement production, in 1904, they established their home near his quarry on Tod Inlet at the base of the Saanich Peninsula on Vancouver Island. In 1907, 65-year-old garden designer Isaburo Kishida of Yokohama came to Victoria, at the request of his son and this garden was wildly popular and a place to be seen. Several prominent citizens, Jennie Butchart among them, commissioned Japanese gardens from Kishida for their estates and he returned to Japan in 1912. In 1909, when the quarry was exhausted, Jennie set about turning it into the Sunken Garden. They named their home Benvenuto, and began to receive visitors to their gardens, in 1926, they replaced their tennis courts with an Italian garden and in 1929 they replaced their kitchen vegetable garden with a large rose garden to the design of Butler Sturtevant of Seattle. Samuel Maclure, who was consultant to the Butchart Gardens, reflected the aesthetic of the English Arts and Crafts Movement, in 1939, the Butcharts gave the Gardens to their grandson Ian Ross on his 21st birthday. Ross was involved in the operation and promotion of the gardens until his death 58 years later, in 1953, miles of underground wiring was laid to provide night illumination, to mark the 50th anniversary of The Gardens. In 1964, the ever-changing Ross Fountain was installed in the reservoir to celebrate the 60th anniversary. In 1994, the Canadian Heraldic Authority granted a coat of arms to the Butchart Gardens, in 2004, two 30-foot totem poles were installed to mark the 100th anniversary, and The Gardens were designated as a national historic site. Ownership of The Gardens remains within the Butchart family, the owner, in 1982 the Butchart Gardens was used as the inspiration for the gardens at the Canadian pavilion opened at Epcot Centre in Orlando Florida. In December,2009 the Childrens Pavilion and the Rose Carousel were opened, the menagerie includes thirty animals ranging from bears, to horses, to ostriches, to zebras and mirrors the world from which The Gardens draws its visitors. The designs were hand picked by the owner, in consultation with an artist from North Carolina, the carvings were done by some of the few remaining carvers of carousel art. Each animal is carved from basswood and took months to complete. There are also two chariots able to accommodate disabled persons, while Mrs. Butchart collected plants, Mr. Butchart collected ornamental birds from all over the world, having a parrot in the house, ducks in the Star Pond and peacocks on the front lawn. He built several elaborate birdhouses for the gardens and trained pigeons on the site of the present-day Begonia Bower, several bronze statues are displayed in the gardens
Butchart Gardens
–
Sunken Garden
Butchart Gardens
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Entrance to the Butchart Gardens
Butchart Gardens
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The Ross Fountain
Butchart Gardens
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Sturgeon fountain
24.
University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. University of Waterloo is most famous for its education programs. University of Waterloo operates the largest post secondary program of its kind in the world. The institution was established on 1 July 1957 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties and this entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canadas growing postwar economy and it grew substantially over the next decade, adding a faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is co-educational, and as of 2016 has 30,600 undergraduate and 5,300 postgraduate students, Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 140 countries. Waterloos varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College, the outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of the Associated Faculties was originally focused on education in the applied sciences – largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares of land west of Waterloo College, by the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on the site, the Chemical Engineering Building. In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act which split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the chief executive officer. While the agreements sought to safeguard the existence of the two colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College, the College was not formally federated with the new university and this was something that the Associated Faculties was not prepared to accept
University of Waterloo
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Constructed in 1958, the Douglas Wright Engineering Building is the oldest building that was erected for use by the university.
University of Waterloo
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University of Waterloo
University of Waterloo
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The Dana Porter Library holds the university's main collection for humanities and social science.
University of Waterloo
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The Mackenzie King Village residences, constructed in 2002, are the latest set of residences constructed by the university.
25.
Holstebro
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Holstebro is the main town in Holstebro Municipality, Denmark. The town, bisected by the Storåen, has a population of 34,873, the town arose at a ford by the creek, and later a bridge was erected. The name probably derives from holdested ved broen, Holstebro was first mentioned in a letter from Bishop Thyge of Ribe in 1274. A large fire in 1552 destroyed many of the old buildings. The town is a trading, industrial and cultural center in western Jutland, industries include the manufacture of processed food, iron and machinery, wood and furniture, textiles and chemicals. Holstebro has a network of pedestrian walkways in the town centre either side of the River Storå. This area has a varied shopping environment, enhanced by outdoor sculptures and picturesque buildings, including the town church, the first sculpture purchased by Holstebro Municipality was Alberto Giacomettis sculpture Woman on the Cart purchased in 1966. Holstebro has a rich and varied cultural life, between 1997 and 2009 it hosted the internationally recognized ballet company Peter Schaufuss Ballet and the town still hosts the performance art theatre Odin Teatret. Several museums, including the Holstebro Art Museum with its collection of Danish and international art. The town holds an annual festival, the Holstebro Festive Week. The Holstebro Hall, rebuilt in 1966, houses a music theatre, more than 100 cultural events occur here every year, and the hall is visited by more than 100,000 people annually. The Jutland Dragoon Regiment, which can trace its history back to 1679 in the times of King Christian V, has made Holstebro its home since 1953, the regiment is Holstebros largest place of work with more than 1,800 employees. Holstebro is served by Holstebro railway station and it is located on the Vejle-Holstebro and Esbjerg-Struer railway lines and offers direct InterCity services to Copenhagen and Struer and regional train services to Fredericia and Skjern. Team Tvis Holstebro were founded in 1990 and play handball, representing Holstelbro in the mens Danish Handball League, the womens team has won the Womens European Handball Federation cup twice, in 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 and were runners up in 2010–2011. The mens handball team won the Danish Handball Cup in 2008 and have finished third in the league three times, most recently in 2008. They achieved third place in the mens 2012–13 EHF Cup, both teams play at Gråkjær Arena, a 3,250 capacity hall which can also be used for concerts. The arena is located to the north of the town centre, Holstebro Idrætspark, located to the north-east of the town centre, is a multi-use sports complex. A stadium on the site is home to Holstebro BK, the football club who play in the 4th tier of Danish football
Holstebro
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Skyline
26.
Aix-en-Provence
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Aix-en-Provence, or simply Aix, is a city-commune in the south of France, about 30 km north of Marseille. It is in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur, in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, the population of Aix numbers approximately 143,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains, Aix was founded in 123 BC by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus, who gave his name to its springs, following the destruction of the nearby Gallic oppidum at Entremont. In the 4th century AD it became the metropolis of Narbonensis Secunda and it was occupied by the Visigoths in 477. In the succeeding century, the town was plundered by the Franks and Lombards. Aix passed to the crown of France with the rest of Provence in 1487, and in 1501 Louis XII established there the parliament of Provence, in the 17th and 18th centuries, the town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence. Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, a suburb of Aix, have unearthed the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. The city slopes gently north to south and the Montagne Sainte-Victoire can easily be seen to the east. Aixs position in the south of France gives it a warm climate and it has an average January temperature of 5 °C and a July average of 23 °C. It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 91 days of rain, while it is partially protected from the Mistral, Aix still occasionally experiences the cooler and gusty conditions it brings. Unlike most of France which has a climate, Aix-en-Provence has a Mediterranean climate. The Cours Mirabeau is a thoroughfare, planted with double rows of plane-trees, bordered by fine houses. It follows the line of the old city wall and divides the town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west, the old town, with its narrow, along this avenue, which is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famous brasserie in Aix. Built in 1792, it has been frequented by the likes of Paul Cézanne, Émile Zola, the Cathedral of the Holy Saviour is situated to the north in the medieval part of Aix. The archbishops palace and a Romanesque cloister adjoin the cathedral on its south side, the Archbishopric of Aix is now shared with Arles. Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most important Appeal Court outside of Paris, the Hôtel de Ville, a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square. It contains some fine woodwork and tapestries, at its side rises a handsome clock-tower erected in 1510
Aix-en-Provence
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The Round Fountain, or Three Graces, built in 1860
Aix-en-Provence
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Rue Espariat in Aix-en-Provence.
Aix-en-Provence
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Les Deux Garçons
Aix-en-Provence
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Place de l'Hotel de Ville
27.
Derby Arboretum
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Derby Arboretum is a public park and arboretum in the city of Derby, England, located about 1 mile south of the city centre in the Rose Hill area. It was opened in 1840, following the donation of the land by local philanthropist Joseph Strutt and it was the first publicly owned, landscaped, urban, recreational park in England. After many years of neglect, the Arboretum was extensively refurbished in the early 21st century with the aid of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of almost £5 million and it is listed as Grade II* on the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. Derby Arboretum opened in 1840 and is described as Britains first public park. The Arboretum was donated to the town in 1840 by Joseph Strutt, work on the Arboretum commenced in July 1839, and was completed in time for the grand opening which took place on 16 September 1840. The occasion was marked by a parade from the Market Place in the centre of Derby to the new park, the park initially charged for admission, in order to pay for its upkeep. However, admission was free on Sundays and on Wednesdays, free admission times continued to be extended until charging was finally abolished in 1882. A scene from Ken Russells 1969 Oscar-winning film Women in Love was shot at the Arboretum, the scene had the Aslin designed band stand with a brass band playing whilst Oliver Reed, Alan Bates and Glenda Jackson spoke. The Easter Pavilion had received a coat of paint for the occasion, over the years the Arboretum has incorporated a variety of buildings, statues and ornaments. Perhaps the best known locally is the Florentine Boar statue, which was placed on the site in 1806. Strutt had commissioned William John Coffee, a Crown Derby sculptor, the earthenware boar remained in place after the creation of the Arboretum until it was damaged during a German air raid on Derby on 15 January 1941. However, a claim was reported in January 2002 that a Derby resident had, as a child, the current statue is a bronze replacement dedicated in 2005. Other past and present features of the Arboretum include, The original Grand Entrance from Grove Street, an elaborate entrance from Arboretum Square, incorporating a statue of Joseph Strutt, completed in 1852. An entrance lodge on the Rose Hill Street side, a Victorian bandstand, destroyed along with the Boar in 1941. An iron and glass building designed by Henry Duesbury was erected at the Rose Hill Street end of the 1845 extension and this was demolished in the 1890s. The fountain, originally built in 1846 and recently restored, two bowling greens, home of the Arboretum and Joseph Strutt Bowls Clubs. Arboretum Field, an extension to the area of the park added in 1845. At one time major football matches were played here, notably Derby Junctions victory over Blackburn Rovers in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup in 1888, there are still football pitches here today
Derby Arboretum
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The restored Grove Street Lodge and "Grand Entrance" at the northern end of the Arboretum
Derby Arboretum
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The new bronze copy of the Florentine Boar, by Alex Paxton. This statue replaces the one destroyed in 1941
28.
Chatsworth House
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Chatsworth House is a stately home in Derbyshire, England. It is in the Derbyshire Dales, about 3.5 miles north-east of Bakewell and 9 miles west of Chesterfield and it is the seat of the Duke of Devonshire and has been home to the Cavendish family since 1549. Standing on the east bank of the River Derwent, Chatsworth looks across to the low hills that divide the Derwent, Chatsworth has been selected as the United Kingdoms favourite country house several times. The name Chatsworth is a corruption of Chetels-worth, meaning the Court of Chetel, Chetel was deposed after the Norman Conquest and in the Domesday Book the Manor of Chetesuorde is listed as the property of the Crown in the custody of William de Peverel. Chatsworth ceased to be an estate, until the 15th century when it was acquired by the Leche family who owned property nearby. They enclosed the first park at Chatsworth and built a house on the ground in what is now the south-eastern part of the garden. Bess began to build the new house in 1553 and she selected a site near the river, which was drained by digging a series of reservoirs, which doubled as fish ponds. Sir William died in 1557, but Bess finished the house in the 1560s and lived there with her husband, George Talbot. In 1568 Shrewsbury was entrusted with the custody of Mary, Queen of Scots and she lodged in the apartment now known as the Queen of Scots rooms, on the top floor above the great hall, which faces onto the inner courtyard. An accomplished needlewoman, Bess joined Mary at Chatsworth for extended periods in 1569,1570, Bess died in 1608 and Chatsworth was passed to her eldest son, Henry. The estate was purchased from Henry by his brother William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, few changes were made at Chatsworth until the mid 17th century. William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire was a staunch Royalist and was expelled from the House of Lords in 1642 and he left England for the safety of the continent and his estates were sequestrated. Chatsworth was occupied by both sides during the Civil War, and the 3rd Earl did not return to the house until the restoration of the monarchy and he reconstructed the principal rooms in an attempt to make them more comfortable, but the Elizabethan house was out-dated and unsafe. This called for a rebuilding of the house, which began in 1687 and he enjoyed building and reconstructed the East Front, that included the Painted Hall and Long Gallery, followed by the rebuilding of the West Front from 1699 to 1702. The North Front was completed in 1707 just before the Duke died, the 1st Duke also had large parterre gardens designed by George London and Henry Wise, who was later appointed by Queen Anne to the post of Royal Gardner at Kensington Palace. Connoisseur of the arts the collection include paintings, Old Master drawings and prints, ancient coins and carved Greek, Palladian furniture designed by William Kent was commissioned by the 3rd Duke when he had Devonshire House in London rebuilt following a fire in 1733. Upon the sale and demolition of Devonshire House in 1924 the furniture was transferred to Chatsworth, the 4th Duke made great changes to the house and gardens. He decided the approach to the house should be from the west and had the old stables and offices as well as parts of Edensor village pulled down so they were not visible from the house
Chatsworth House
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The
River Derwent, Bridge and House at Chatsworth
Chatsworth House
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The West Front of Chatsworth from
Colen Campbell 's Vitruvius Britannicus
Chatsworth House
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Painted Room
Chatsworth House
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State Bedroom
29.
Leweston School
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Leweston School is an independent day and boarding school near Sherborne in Dorset, UK. Co-educational in the Nursery and Junior Departments and all-girls in the Senior School and Sixth Form, it consists of a Nursery, Junior Department, Senior School, leweston’s values are based upon a supportive Catholic ethos. It is the sister-school of St Teresas School in Surrey, Leweston School was founded as St Antonys school in 1891 by the Sisters of Christian Instruction. St Antonys School moved to the Leweston Manor estate in 1948, the school name was changed to Leweston School in 2007. The main school building is a Palladian manor house built in the eighteenth century. The school grounds occupy 46 acres, and include the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, the Trinity Chapel is the oldest building on the school site and is used regularly for smaller services. There is another chapel situated in the main school, official site Profile on the Independent Schools Council website Profile on MyDaughter
Leweston School
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Trinity Chapel
30.
Castle Howard
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Castle Howard is a stately home in North Yorkshire, England,15 miles north of York. It is a residence, and has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years. Castle Howard is not a castle, but this term is also used for English country houses erected on the site of a former military castle. It was where the Earl of Sandwich lived for a long time and it is familiar to television and film audiences as the fictional Brideshead, both in Granada Televisions 1981 adaptation of Evelyn Waughs Brideshead Revisited and a two-hour 2008 remake for cinema. Today, it is part of the Treasure Houses of England group of heritage houses, building of Castle Howard began in 1699 and took over 100 years to complete to a design by Sir John Vanbrugh for the 3rd Earl of Carlisle. The estate was served by its own station, Castle Howard. After the death of the 9th Earl in 1911, Castle Howard was inherited by his younger son Geoffrey, in 1952, the house was opened to the public by the then owner, George Howard, Baron Howard of Henderskelfe. It is owned by Castle Howard Estate Ltd and run by Nicholas, in 2003, the grounds were excavated over three days by Channel 4s Time Team, searching for evidence of a local village lost to allow for the landscaping of the estate. The 3rd Earl of Carlisle first spoke to William Talman, an architect, but commissioned Vanbrugh. Castle Howard was that gentleman-dilettantes first foray into architecture, but he was assisted by Nicholas Hawksmoor, Vanbrughs design evolved into a Baroque structure with two symmetrical wings projecting to either side of a north-south axis. The crowning central dome was added to the design at a late stage, all are exuberantly decorated in Baroque style, with coronets, cherubs, urns and cyphers, with Roman Doric pilasters on the north front and Corinthian on the South. Many interiors were decorated by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini, the Earl then turned his energies to the surrounding garden and grounds. The house remained incomplete on the death of the 3rd Earl in 1738, however, Vanbrughs design was not completed, the West Wing was built in a contrasting Palladian style to a design by the 3rd Earls son-in-law, Sir Thomas Robinson. Rooms were completed stage by stage over the decades. A large part of the house was destroyed by a fire broke out on 9 November 1940. The dome, the hall, the dining room and the state rooms on the east side were entirely destroyed. Antonio Pellegrinis ceiling decoration the Fall of Phaeton was lost when the dome collapsed, in total, twenty pictures were lost. The fire took the Malton and York Fire Brigades eight hours to bring under control, some of the devastated rooms have been restored over the following decades
Castle Howard
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South (garden) Face of Castle Howard
Castle Howard
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A view of John Vanbrugh's complete project for Castle Howard, from the north, published in the third volume of
Vitruvius Britannicus in 1725. Some details, including the West Wing, were not built. Click on the image for an explanation.
Castle Howard
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A view of Castle Howard in 1819, from the north-west, showing the contrasting
Palladian West Wing which was built in the mid-18th century.
Castle Howard
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Temple of the four winds.
