1.
Port Harcourt International Airport
–
Port Harcourt International Airport is an international airport located in Omagwa, a suburb of Port Harcourt, the capital city of the Rivers State in Nigeria. The airport has a terminal with separate facilities for international. In 2009, the airport served 1,081,587 passengers, the Port Harcourt non-directional beacon and VOR-DME are located on the field. On 18 August 2006, the airport was closed for repairs, the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority stated that the emergency shutdown was in order to overhaul the runway and build a fence around the facility. Such maintenance had been in planning stages for several months, repair work started in January 2007, while re-opening was originally expected to be in August 2007. In June 2007, work was suspended due to safety concerns of the engineers, in December 2007, the airport was reopened to a limited capacity. Operations were restricted to daytime until the first quarter of 2008 and these data show number of passengers movements into the airport, according to the Federal Airports Authority of Nigerias Aviation Sector Summary Reports. On 17 December 1996, an MK Airlines DC-8-55F arriving from Luxembourg struck trees, landed short of the runway, on 27 November 2001, an MK Airlines Boeing 747-200F crashed in bad weather on short final to Port Harcourt International Airport, killing one crew member. Nigerias Ministry of Aviation, produced a Civil Aviation Accident Report that found the pilot was using a final approach on autopilot below 2000 feet. On 10 December 2005 Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145 crashed at Port Harcourt Airport after flying from Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport in Abuja, of 110 passengers and crew on board, there were only two survivors
Port Harcourt International Airport
–
Port Harcourt International Airport, Omagwa
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Rivers State
–
Rivers State, also known simply as Rivers, is one of the 36 states of Nigeria. According to census data released in 2006, the state has a population of 5,185,400 and its capital, Port Harcourt is the largest city and is economically significant as the centre of Nigerias oil industry. Rivers State is bounded on the South by the Atlantic Ocean, to the North by Imo, Abia and Anambra States, to the East by Akwa Ibom State and to the West by Bayelsa and Delta states. It is home to indigenous ethnic groups, Ikwerre, Ibani, Opobo, Eleme, Okrika. The people from Rivers State are known as Riverians, the inland part of the state consists of tropical rainforest, towards the coast the typical Niger Delta environment features many mangrove swamps. Rivers State, named after the rivers that border its territory, was part of the Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893. In 1900 the region was merged with the territories of the Royal Niger Company to form the colony of Southern Nigeria. The state was formed in 1967 with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria, until 1996 the state contained the area now known as Bayelsa State. In the early days of the period, several protection treaties were signed between various indigenous communities and the British colonial government. Between 1941 and 1952, agitation for the creation of Rivers province began with the formation of the Ijo Rivers Peoples League. By 1953, the Council of Rivers Chiefs was birthed as a replacement body for the League, the year, another organisation. The Council of Rivers Chiefs was later renamed in 1954 to Rivers Chiefs and Peoples Congress and in 1956, until 1958, hopes of an independent state resonated with the region, and lingered consistently in the minds of its natives. During the constitutional conference that year, the countrys nationhood was affirmed while an agreement was reached on some measures to mitigate the fears of the minorities in the area. Around this time, the COR State Movement had broken away to press their own case, thereafter, the British launched a commission led by Sir Henry Willink to look into the misgivings of these autochthons. The Willink Commission initiated the conception of the Niger Delta Development Board, the purpose was to tackle the problems of underdevelopment, however, this failed to rise to the expectations of the masses. After much discontent, some of the people attempted to take the route to achieve their goals. In February 1966, Isaac Boro, Sam Owonaro and Nottingham Dick alongside their supporters proclaimed a Delta Peoples Republic, the rebellion was immediately crushed by the Federal and the old Eastern Nigeria government. On 27 May 1967, under the administration of General Yakubu Gowon, decree No.14 was issued, the state government has executive and legislative branches, with an independent judiciary
Rivers State
–
Location of Rivers State in Nigeria
4.
Lewis Vernon Harcourt
–
Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt, PC was a British Liberal Party politician who held the Cabinet post of Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1910 to 1915. Harcourt was born at Nuneham Courtenay, Oxfordshire, the surviving son of politician Sir William Vernon Harcourt. He never knew his mother who died only a day giving birth to him. His elder brother, Julian Harcourt, had died the previous year and he inherited the lordships of the manor of Stanton Harcourt, Nuneham Courtenay, North Hinksey, Coggs, Northmoor and Shifford in Oxfordshire. He was also a Knight of Malta, Harcourt was private secretary to his father, Sir William, as Home Secretary from 1880 to 1885. In this role he authorised the placement in Kensington Gardens of the Peter Pan statue, sculpted by George Frampton, between 1910 and 1915 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies under Asquith. Harcourt received an Honorary DCL from Oxford University, and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Harcourt, of Stanton Harcourt in the County of Oxford, in 1917. ”Harcourt acted as a Trustee of the British Museum, Wallace Collection, the London Museum, and the National Portrait Gallery, which has a portrait of him. Port Harcourt, capital of Rivers State in southern Nigeria, is named after him, when the port was established in 1912, there was much controversy about the name it should receive. Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery served as Liberal Prime Minister from 1894–1895 and his main rival was Harcourts father William. Loulous attempts to have his father appointed were so fervent that many Liberal politicians criticised him and he helped to wreck Roseberys administration, wrongly believing that his father would then succeed to the premiership. However, the Liberal Party was instead thrown into opposition for 10 years, little credence is given to this report, in view of the many years which would have passed from the time of the marriage until Harcourt recorded it. Harcourt was known as a sexual predator attracted to both sexes and he attempted to rape Dorothy Brett, the daughter of Lord Esher, and followed this by an attempt to seduce his son. Dorothy Brett wrote of him that it is so tiresome that Loulou is such an old roué and he is as bad with boys as with girls. He is simply a sex maniac and it isnt that he is in love. It is just ungovernable Sex desire for both sexes and his criminal perversion was known and tolerated in certain private quarters. After, however, he attempted to rape a 12-year-old boy, faced with public exposure, Harcourt committed suicide by taking an overdose of a sedative at his London home in Brook Street on 24 February 1922, aged 59. On 1 July 1899, Harcourt married Mary Ethel, daughter of Anglo-American banker Walter Hayes Burns and his wife Mary Lyman, through her, the family acquired the famous Harcourt emeralds. His wife Mary, Viscountess Harcourt, was appointed a Lady of Grace of the Order of St John and then Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1918, she died 7 January 1961
Lewis Vernon Harcourt
–
Lewis Harcourt MP
Lewis Vernon Harcourt
–
Lord Harcourt by
Harry Furniss
5.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
6.
Metropolitan area
–
As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
Metropolitan area
–
Greater Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Metropolitan area
–
Paris (
France), one of Europe's major centres
Metropolitan area
–
Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area,
Israel
Metropolitan area
–
Perth, Western Australia, an isolated metropolitan area
7.
Demonym
–
A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
–
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
8.
Tropical monsoon climate
–
Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C in every month of the year and feature wet and dry seasons, as Tropical savanna climates do. Tropical monsoon climates however features its driest month seeing on average less than 60 mm and this latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical savanna climate, whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation and also less than 100 – of precipitation. In essence, a monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. Additionally, a monsoon climate tends to see less variance in temperatures during the course of the year than a tropical savanna climate. This climate has a driest month which nearly always occurs at or soon after the winter solstice for that side of the equator, there are generally two versions of a tropical monsoon climate, Less pronounced dry seasons. Regions with this variation of the monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season. However, unlike most tropical climates, a sizeable amount of precipitation also falls during the dry season. In essence, this version of the monsoon climate generally has less pronounced dry seasons than tropical savanna climates. Extraordinarily rainy wet seasons and pronounced dry seasons and this variation features pronounced dry seasons similar in length and character to dry seasons observed in tropical savanna climates. However, this is followed by a period of extraordinary rainfall. In some instances, up to 1,000 mm of precipitation is observed per month for two or more consecutive months, Tropical savanna climates generally do not see this level of sustained rainfall. Tropical monsoon climates are most commonly found in South and Central America, however, there are sections of South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and North America that also feature this climate. The major controlling factor over a tropical climate is its relationship to the monsoon circulation. The monsoon is a change in wind direction. In Asia, during the summer there is a flow of air. In the “winter” an offshore air flow is prevalent, the change in direction is due to the difference in the way water and land heat. October is the hottest month no matter whether is it in the southern or northern hemisphere and this is because October is the shoulder season of the year as if it is the end of the wet season and no winter winds blowing. Changing pressure patterns that affect the seasonality of precipitation occur in Africa though it generally differs from the way it operates in Asia
Tropical monsoon climate
–
Worldwide zones of tropical monsoon climate (Am).
9.
Niger Delta
–
The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria. Of all the states that the covers, only Cross River is not an oil-producing state. Niger Delta is a densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it was once a major producer of palm oil. The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, the delta is a petroleum-rich region, and has been the centre of international controversy over pollution, corruption, and human rights violations. The Niger Delta, as now defined officially by the Nigerian government, extends over about 70,000 km2, historically and cartographically, it consists of present-day Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States. In 2000, however, Obasanjos regime included Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo, the Niger Delta, and the South South geopolitical zone are two different entities. The Niger Delta separates the Bight of Benin from the Bight of Biafra within the larger Gulf of Guinea, the area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The core Niger Delta later became a part of the region of Nigeria. The majority of the people were those from the colonial Calabar and Ogoja divisions, the present-day Ogoja, Annang, Ibibio, Oron, Efik, the National Council of Nigeria and Cameroon was the ruling political party of the region. The NCNC later became the National Convention of Nigerian Citizens, after western Cameroon decided to separate from Nigeria, the ruling party of eastern Nigeria did not seek to preclude the separation and even encouraged it. The then Eastern Region had the second, fourth and fifth largest ethnic groups in the country the Igbo, the Ijaw and the Ibibio after the Hausa-Fulani and the Yoruba. In 1953, the old eastern region had a crisis due to the expulsion of professor Eyo Ita from office by the majority Igbo tribe of the old eastern region. Ita, an Efik man from Calabar, was one of the nationalists for Nigerian independence. The struggle for the creation of the COR state continued and was an issue concerning the status of minorities in Nigeria during debates in Europe on Nigerian independence. The aftermath of the 1961 plebiscite has led to a dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria over the territory of Bakassi. A new phase of the saw the declaration of an Independent Niger Delta Republic by Isaac Adaka Boro during Nigerian president Ironsis administration. Also just before the Nigerian civil war, Southeastern State of Nigeria was created, which had the colonial Calabar division, and colonial Ogoja division. Southeastern state and River state became two states for the minorities of the old eastern region, and the majority Igbo of the old eastern region had a state called East Central state
Niger Delta
–
Map of the Niger Delta.
Niger Delta
–
View of the Niger Delta from space (north/land at top).
10.
Colonial Nigeria
–
Colonial Nigeria was the area of West Africa that became the modern day Nigeria, during the time of British rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of trade to British subjects in 1807. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884, British influence in the Niger area increased gradually over the 19th century, but Britain did not effectively occupy the area until 1885. Other European powers acknowledged Britains power over the area in the 1885 Berlin Conference, from 1886 to 1899, much of the country was ruled by Royal Niger Company, authorized by charter, and governed by George Taubman Goldie. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from hands to the Crown. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians, the colonial period proper in Nigeria lasted from 1900 to 1960, after which Nigeria gained its independence. Administration and military control of the territory was primarily by white Britons. Following military conquest, the British imposed a system designed to profit from African labour. The essential basis of system was a money economy—specifically the British pound sterling—which could be demanded through taxation, paid to cooperative natives. The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the plantation colonies which existed in Americas. Adam Smith wrote in 1776 that the African societies were established and more populous than those of the Americas. Local leaders, cognizant of the situation in the West Indies, India, and elsewhere, recognized the risks of British expansion. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year and this rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 1700–1850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792, at first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin became the next most important hub, ouidah and Lagos were the major ports in Biafra. From 1790–1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1000–2000 slaves each year in Lagos alone, the trade subsequently continued under the Portuguese
Colonial Nigeria
–
Map of Negroland and Guinea including the
Slave Coast, 1736, by London cartographer
Hermann Moll
Colonial Nigeria
–
Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Colonial Nigeria
–
Queen Victoria on a stamp of the Niger Coast Protectorate of 1894.
Colonial Nigeria
–
British stamps used in 1898 at
Akassa by the Royal Niger Company.
11.
Enugu
–
Enugu is the capital of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is located in southeastern Nigeria, the city had a population of 722,664 according to the 2006 Nigerian census. The name Enugu is derived from the two Igbo words Énú Ụ́gwụ́ meaning hill top denoting the citys hilly geography, the city was named after Enugwu Ngwo, under which coal was found. Since the 17th century the location of present-day Enugu has been inhabited by the Nike subgroup of the Igbo people, in 1900 the Southern Nigeria Protectorate was established by the colonial administration of the British Empire. Enugu was then renamed simply Enugu and developed as one of the few cities in West Africa created from European contact, by 1958 Enugu had over 8,000 coal miners. As of 2005 there are no significant coal mining activities left in the city, on 30 May 1967 Enugu was declared the capital of the short-lived Republic of Biafra, for this Enugu is known as the capital of Igboland. After Enugu was captured by the Nigerian armed forces, the Biafran capital was moved to Umuahia, industries in the city include the urban market and bottling industries. Enugu is also one of the locations for directors of the Nigerian movie industry. Enugus main airport is the Akanu Ibiam International Airport, the main educational establishment in the city is the Enugu campus of the University of Nigeria based in Nsukka, a town north of Enugu and in the same state. The first settlement in the Enugu area was the small Nike village of Ogui, Nike in the Igbo language means with strength or power. It was through slave raiding that the Nike people acquired most of their lands, the Nike used slaves for a defence strategy, placing slave camps at the edge of their territories so that it was harder for an enemy to access the free born. The Nike people were allied to the Aro people who formed the Aro Confederacy which was an Igbo organisation that controlled slave trading in the Enugu area. Along with the Aro people who came to trade from Arochukwu in the south were the Hausa people who came to trade from the north, the Hausa traders provided horses to the Nike which were used for rituals by the Igbo. Both the Aro and Hausa migrated back and forth to what is now the city of Enugu and were considered foreigners to the area, a British campaign to invade Arochukwu and open up the hinterland for British military and political rule was carried out in 1901. A war between the British and Aro officially started on 1 December 1901 lasting till 24 March 1902 when the Aro were defeated, the Aro Confederacy ended and the rest of Aro dominated areas was added to The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, declared in 1900. By 1909 coal was found under the village of Enugwu Ngwo in the Udi and Okoga areas, by 1914 the colonial government had already merged the Northern and Southern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. In 1915 the British began talks with the people of the land that would become Enugu about its acquisition in order to lay the Eastern Line railway. The first houses built in the area were in a settlement consisting of Igbo traditional mud housing inhabited by a W. J. Leck
Enugu
–
Enugu from the west
Enugu
–
The Iva Valley coal mine
Enugu
–
Satellite image of Enugu and other communities neighbouring it. The Enugu escarpment can be seen on the left where it has a lighter colour; the Nyaba River can be seen on the bottom.
Enugu
–
Four Enugu streets
12.
Crude oil
–
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earths surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation and it consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock, Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a variety of materials. Concern over the depletion of the earths finite reserves of oil, the burning of fossil fuels plays the major role in the current episode of global warming. The word petroleum comes from Greek, πέτρα for rocks and Greek, the term was found in 10th-century Old English sources. It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now important across society, including in economy, politics and technology. Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society. By 347 AD, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China, early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in Yenangyaung that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production. The mythological origins of the oil fields at Yenangyaung, and its hereditary monopoly control by 24 families, Pechelbronn is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water has been used since 1498, Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century. In Wietze in lower Saxony, natural asphalt/bitumen has been explored since the 18th century, both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze, the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies. In 1848 Young set up a small business refining the crude oil, Young eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. The production of oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E. W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian, the worlds first oil refinery was built in 1856 by Ignacy Łukasiewicz. The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America, edwin Drakes 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is popularly considered the first modern well
Crude oil
–
Pumpjack pumping an oil well near
Lubbock, Texas
Crude oil
–
Proven world
oil reserves, 2013. Unconventional reservoirs such as natural heavy oil and
oil sands are included.
Crude oil
–
An oil refinery in Mina-Al-Ahmadi, Kuwait
Crude oil
–
Natural petroleum spring in
Korňa, Slovakia
13.
Petroleum industry in Nigeria
–
The petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest on the African continent. As of 2014, Nigerias petroleum industry contributes about 14% to its economy, therefore, though the petroleum sector is important, it remains in fact a small part of the countrys overall diversified economy. Crude oil from the basin comes in two types, light, and comparatively heavy - the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier. Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur, thereafter, licenses were given to DArcy Exploration Company and Whitehall Petroleum. However, neither company found oil of commercial value and they returned their licenses in 1923, a new license covering 357,000 square miles was given to a new firm called Shell Darcy Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria. The new firm was a consortium of Shell and British Petroleum, the company began exploratory work in 1937. Drilling activities started in 1951 and the first test well was drilled in Owerri area, Oil was discovered in non-commercial quantities at Akata, near Eket in 1953. Prior to the Akata find, the company had spent around 6 million pounds in exploratory activities in the country, Shell-BP in the pursuit of commercially available petroleum found oil in Oloibiri, Nigeria in 1956. Other important oil wells discovered during the period were Afam and Bomu in Ogoni territory, Production of crude oil began in 1957 and in 1960, a total of 847,000 tonnes of crude oil was exported. Towards the end of the 1950s, non-British firms were granted license to explore for oil, Mobil in 1955, Tenneco in 1960, Gulf Oil and later Chevron in 1961, Agip in 1962, and Elf in 1962. Prior to the discovery of oil, Nigeria strongly relied on exports to other countries to supply their economy. Many Nigerians thought the developers were looking for palm oil, but after nearly 50 years searching for oil in the country, Shell-BP discovered the oil at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta. The first oil field production in 1958. After that, the economy of Nigeria should have seemingly have experienced a strong increase, however, competition for the profits from oil created a great level of terror and conflict for those living in the region. Many citizens of Nigeria believe that they haven’t been able to see the benefits of oil companies in the state. As of 2000, oil and gas accounted for more than 98% of export earnings and about 83% of federal government revenue. It also provides 95% of foreign earnings, and about 65% of government budgetary revenues. Its reserves make Nigeria the tenth most petroleum-rich nation, and by the far the most affluent in Africa, in mid-2001 its crude oil production was averaging around 2,200,000 barrels per day
Petroleum industry in Nigeria
–
The gates of the oil refinery in
Port Harcourt
Petroleum industry in Nigeria
–
Satellite image of
Niger Delta
Petroleum industry in Nigeria
–
An
Ethno-linguistic map of Nigeria.
Petroleum industry in Nigeria
–
Map of vegetation in Nigeria
14.
Overpasses
–
An overpass is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure that crosses over another road or railway. An overpass and underpass together form a grade separation, Stack interchanges are made up of many overpasses. The worlds first railroad flyover was constructed in 1843 by the London and Croydon Railway at Norwood Junction railway station to carry its atmospheric railway vehicles over the Brighton Main Line, the first flyover in India was opened on 14 April 1965 at Kemps Corner in Mumbai. The 48-foot-long bridge was constructed in seven months by Shirish Patel at a cost of ₹17.5 lakh. In North American usage, a flyover is an overpass, built above main overpass lanes. Traffic engineers usually refer to the latter as a grade separation, a cloverleaf or partial cloverleaf contains some 270 degree loops, which can slow traffic and can be difficult to construct with multiple lanes. Where all such turns are replaced with flyovers only 90 degree turns are needed, depending upon design, traffic may flow in all directions at or near open road speeds. For more examples see Freeway interchange, a pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians safe crossing over busy roads without impacting traffic. Railway overpasses are used to level crossings as a safer alternative. Using overpasses allows for unobstructed rail traffic to flow without conflicting with vehicular, rapid transit systems use complete grade separation of their rights of way to avoid traffic interference with frequent and reliable service. Railroads also use balloon loops and flying instead of flat junctions, as a way to reverse direction. Footbridge Skyway Stack interchange Viaduct Overpass at Encyclopædia Britannica
Overpasses
–
Mohakhali flyover in
Dhaka,
Bangladesh.
Overpasses
–
The
Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange with the
Harbor Freeway (I-110) in
Los Angeles.
Overpasses
–
Overpass in
Washington, D.C.
Overpasses
15.
Urbanization
–
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed, the United Nations projected that half of the worlds population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and that is equivalent to approximately 3 billion urbanites by 2050, much of which will occur in Africa and Asia. Notably, the United Nations has also projected that nearly all global population growth from 2017 to 2030 will be absorbed by cities. Urbanization is relevant to a range of disciplines, including geography, sociology, economics, urban planning, the phenomenon has been closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can be seen as a condition at a set time or as an increase in that condition over time. The first major change in settlement patterns was the accumulation of hunter-gatherers into villages many years ago. This unprecedented movement of people is forecast to continue and intensify during the few decades. Outside Asia, Mexico City, São Paulo, London, New York City, Lagos, in England the proportion of the population living in cities jumped from 17% in 1801 to 72% in 1891. Growing trade around the world also allowed cereals to be imported from North America and refrigerated meat from Australasia, spatially, cities also expanded due to the development of public transport systems, which facilitated commutes of longer distances to the city centre for the working class. Urbanization rapidly spread across the Western world and, since the 1950s, at the turn of the 20th century, just 15% of the world population lived in cities. According to the UN the year 2007 witnessed the turning point when more than 50% of the population were living in cities. Living in a city can provide opportunities of proximity, diversity, as against this, there may be alienation issues, stress, increased cost of living, and negative social aspects that result from mass marginalization. In cities, money, services, wealth and opportunities are centralized, many rural inhabitants come to the city to seek their fortune and alter their social position. Businesses, which provide jobs and exchange capital, are concentrated in urban areas. Whether the source is trade or tourism, it is also through the ports or banking systems, commonly located in cities, many people move into cities for the economic opportunities, but this does not fully explain the very high recent urbanization rates in places like China and India. Rural flight is a factor to urbanization. Farm living has always been susceptible to environmental conditions, and in times of drought, flood or pestilence
Urbanization
–
Guangzhou, a city of 12.7 million people, is one of the 8 adjacent metropolises located in the largest single agglomeration on earth, ringing the
Pearl River Delta of China.
Urbanization
–
Mumbai is the
most populous city in India, and the fourth
most populous city in the world, with a total
metropolitan area population of approximately 23.9 million.
Urbanization
–
Centre of
São Paulo, one of the largest
metropolises in the world.
Urbanization
–
Population age comparison between rural
Pocahontas County, Iowa and urban
Johnson County, Iowa, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centres in
Iowa.
16.
Royal Dutch Shell
–
Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known as Shell, is an Anglo-Dutch multinational oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom. It is one of the six oil and gas supermajors and the fifth-largest company in the world measured by 2015/16 revenues. Shell was first in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies and it also has renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. Shell has operations in over 70 countries, produces around 3.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide, as of 31 December 2014 Shell had total proved reserves of 13.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses. Shell holds 50% of Raízen, a joint venture with Cosan, which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues, Shell was formed in 1907 through the amalgamation of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom. Shell first entered the industry in 1929. In 1970 Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it sold in 1994. In recent decades gas exploration and production has become an important part of Shells business. Shell acquired BG Group in 2016, making it the worlds largest producer of liquefied natural gas, Shell has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange, as of January 2013, Shells largest shareholder was Capital Research Global Investors with 9. 85% ahead of BlackRock in second with 6. 89%. Shells logo, known as the pecten, is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world and it was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Shell Transport and Trading Company was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned a company in Houndsditch, London. For various reasons, the new firm operated as a company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British, national patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij at The Hague, was in charge of production, the British Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products. During the First World War, Shell was the supplier of fuel to the British Expeditionary Force
Royal Dutch Shell
–
Headquarters in
The Hague,
Netherlands
Royal Dutch Shell
–
Royal Dutch Shell plc
Royal Dutch Shell
–
Royal Dutch Petroleum dock in the
Dutch East Indies (now
Indonesia)
Royal Dutch Shell
–
Shell benzine for Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, Antarctic Expedition 1915.
17.
Chevron Corporation
–
Chevron Corporation is an American multinational energy corporation. One of the companies of Standard Oil, it is headquartered in San Ramon, California. It was also one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. Chevrons downstream operations manufacture and sell products such as fuels, lubricants, additives, the companys most significant areas of operations are the west coast of North America, the U. S. Gulf Coast, Southeast Asia, South Korea, Australia and South Africa. In 2010, Chevron sold an average 3.1 million barrels per day of refined products like gasoline, diesel, Chevrons alternative energy operations include geothermal, solar, wind power, biofuel, fuel cells, and hydrogen. In 2011–2013, the company planned to spend at least $2 billion on research, Chevron has claimed to be the worlds largest producer of geothermal energy. In October 2011, Chevron launched a 29-MW thermal solar-to-steam facility in the Coalinga Field to produce the steam for enhanced oil recovery, the project is the largest of its kind in the world. Chevron is also one of the first two brands to be Top Tier certified. The other is Tulsa, Oklahoma based QuikTrip, one of Chevrons early predecessors, Star Oil, discovered oil at the Pico Canyon Oilfield in the Santa Susana Mountains north of Los Angeles in 1876. The 25 barrels of oil per day well marked the discovery of the Newhall Field, in September 1879, Charles N. Felton, Lloyd Tevis, George Loomis and others created the Pacific Coast Oil Company, which acquired the assets of Star Oil with $1 million in funding. Pacific Coast Oil became the largest oil interest in California, by time it was acquired by Standard Oil for $761,000 in 1900. Pacific Coast operated independently and retained its name until 1906, when it was merged with a Standard Oil subsidiary, another predecessor, Texas Fuel Company, was founded in 1901 in Beaumont, Texas as an oil equipment vendor by Buckskin Joe. The founders nickname came from being harsh and aggressive, Texas Fuel worked closely with Chevron. In 1936 it formed a joint venture with California Standard named Caltex, to drill, the Texas Fuel Company was renamed the Texas Company, and later renamed Texaco. In 1911, the government broke Standard Oil into several pieces under the Sherman Antitrust Act. One of those pieces, Standard Oil Co. went on to become Chevron and it became part of the Seven Sisters, which dominated the world oil industry in the early 20th century. In 1926, the changed its name to Standard Oil Co. of California. Today Chevron is the owner of the Standard Oil trademark in 16 states in the western and southeastern U. S, to maintain ownership of the mark, the company owns and operates one Standard-branded Chevron station in each state of the area
Chevron Corporation
–
Chevron's headquarters complex in San Ramon, California
Chevron Corporation
–
Logo used since 2006
Chevron Corporation
–
A Chevron station branded as "Standard" in
Las Vegas
Chevron Corporation
–
Chevron gas station design used until 2006
18.
Aero Contractors (Nigeria)
–
Aero Contractors was formed in 1959 and officially registered in Nigeria in 1960. At that time, it was a wholly owned by Schreiner Airways B. V. of the Netherlands, in January 2004, Schreiner Airways was bought by CHC Helicopter, which acquired a 40% holding in Aero, while the 60% majority share remained within the Ibru family. On 1 July 2010, CHC sold its interests in Aero for the consideration of 1 Nigerian naira, in March 2013, industrial action grounded flights for 18 days, in a dispute over outsourcing and reduction in staff numbers. The strike, from 13–28 March, grounded Aeros active fleet of nine aircraft, hugh Fraser was named as new CEO. The factual basis for this report was the repainting of tan Aero plane in the colours of the Nigeria national football team, the Super Eagles. The Ministry of Air Transport, however, clarified the repainting of the aircraft was only publicity related to the qualification of the National team for the 2014 World Cup. Aero Contractors has become the first official airline casualty of Nigerias worsening economic crisis after it announced it would suspend all scheduled operations with effect from September 1,2016, Aero was wholly owned by the Ibru family. Asset Management Company of Nigeria now owns 60% of the shares, Aero has two divisions, Aero Nigeria – provides scheduled passenger services in Nigeria and western Africa. Rotary Wing – provides helicopter services for the oil and gas industry in Nigeria, Aero still has a technical partnership with CHC regarding its rotary wing division. No figures appear to have been published regarding profitability or other business trends
Aero Contractors (Nigeria)
–
Aero Contractors
Aero Contractors (Nigeria)
–
A
Piper PA-23 Aztec six-seat charter aircraft of Aero Contractors in 1970, pictured at
Warri Airport after a flight from
Lagos Ikeja Airport
Aero Contractors (Nigeria)
–
Aero Contractors
Aerospatiale SA-365N Dauphin 2, in 2005
Aero Contractors (Nigeria)
–
A
de Havilland Canada Dash 8 of Aero Contractors in 2006, pictured at
Faro Airport, Portugal
19.
Air Nigeria
–
Air Nigeria, was the national flag carrier of Nigeria, which operated scheduled regional and domestic passenger services. The airlines base was Murtala Mohammed International Airport in Ikeja, its office was in Lagos Island, Lagos and the C&M building in Crawley. The airline, which replaced the defunct Nigeria Airways, was founded in 2004 as a joint venture between Nigerian investors and the Virgin Group. Virgin withdrew from the business during 2008-2010, and, following two name changes, Air Nigeria ceased operations on 10 September 2012. On 28 September 2004, the Nigerian government and Virgin Group signed an agreement to establish a new airline for Nigeria, Nigerian institutional investors owned 51% of the company and Virgin Atlantic Airways the remaining 49%. The airlines inaugural flight was on 28 June 2005 from Lagos to London Heathrow, Virgin Nigeria quickly became one of Nigerias largest airlines, carrying its 1,000, 000th passenger and 4, 000th ton of freight within two years of operation. The airline has received accolades including THISDAY Awards 2006 Airline of the year. The Nigerian government set a deadline of 30 April 2007 for all operating in the country to re-capitalise or be grounded, in an effort to ensure better services. The airline satisfied the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority ’s criteria in terms of re-capitalization and was re-registered for operation and this followed a dispute which arose after Virgin Nigerias domestic operations were moved against its will by the Ministry of Transportation to Terminal 2. On 9 January 2009, Virgin Nigeria announced they would suspend all long haul flights to London Gatwick Airport and Johannesburg, on 17 September 2009, Virgin Nigeria announced on their website they had rebranded as Nigerian Eagle Airlines. Nigerian Eagle Airlines also stated that they planned to focus on domestic and regional flights with further expansion into Europe, Virgin retained its 49% stake in the new Nigerian Eagle Airlines with the remaining 51% held by Nigerian investors. On 13 June 2012, the carrier was grounded by regulators for safety checks, on 6 September 2012 Air Nigeria announced that the management had fired its staff for being disloyal and the airline will cease all its local, regional and international operations. Operations ceased on 10 September 2012
Air Nigeria
–
A Virgin Nigeria
Airbus A330-200 at
London Gatwick Airport,
England that was leased from
bmi. (2007)
Air Nigeria
–
An Air Nigeria
Boeing 737-300 at
Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport,
Abuja. (2011)
Air Nigeria
–
A Virgin Nigeria
Airbus A320-211 departs
Brussels Airport,
Belgium. The aircraft was leased from
BH Air. (2005)
20.
Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard
–
Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard GCMG, CB, DSO, PC, known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British soldier, mercenary, explorer of Africa and colonial administrator. Lugard was born in Madras in India, but was raised in Worcester, Lugard was educated at Rossall School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. The name Dealtry was in honour of Thomas Dealtry, a friend of his father, in May 1888, he took command of an expedition organised by the British settlers in Nyasaland against Arab slave traders on Lake Nyasa and was severely wounded. In 1890, Lugard was sent to Uganda, where he secured British predominance in the area and he was Military Administrator of Uganda from 26 December 1890 to May 1892. While administering Uganda, he journeyed round the Rwenzori Mountains to Lake Edward and he also visited Lake Albert and brought away some thousands of Sudanese who had been left there by Emin Pasha and H. M. Stanley during the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. When Lugard returned to England in 1892, he successfully dissuaded Prime Minister William Gladstone from abandoning Uganda, from 1896 to 1897, Lugard took charge of an expedition to Lake Ngami, in modern-day Botswana, on behalf of the British West Charterland Company. In August 1897, Lugard organised the West African Frontier Force and commanded it until the end of December 1899, after relinquishing command of the West African Frontier Force, Lugard was appointed High Commissioner of the newly created Protectorate of Northern Nigeria. He was present at Lokoja and read the proclamation that established the protectorate on 1 January 1900, in 1903, British control over the whole protectorate was made possible by a successful campaign against the emir of Kano and the sultan of Sokoto. By the time Lugard resigned as commissioner in 1906, the entire Nigeria was being administered under the supervision of British residents. There were, though, uprisings that were put down by Lugards troops. A Mahdi rebellion in 1906 at the Satiru, a village near Sokoto, resulted in the destruction of the town. Lugard was knighted in 1901 for his service in Nigeria, about a year after he resigned as High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, Lugard was appointed Governor of Hong Kong, a position he held until March 1912. During his tenure, Lugard proposed to return Weihaiwei to the Chinese government, however, the proposal was neither well received nor acted upon. Some believed that if the proposal were carried through, Hong Kong might forever remain in British hands, Lugards chief interest was education and he was largely remembered for his efforts to the founding of the University of Hong Kong in 1911. He became the first chancellor, despite a cold receptions from the imperial Colonial Office and local British companies, such as the Hong Kong, the Colonial Office called the idea of a university Sir Fredericks pet lamb. In fact, Lugards idea was to create a citadel of higher education which could serve as the foremost bearer of Western culture in the Orient, in 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria as Governor of the two protectorates. His mission was to amalgamate the two colonies into one, Lugard took scant notice of public opinion, neither did he feel there was need for consensus among the locals on such a serious political subject which had such key implications for the two colonies. From 1914 to 1919, Lugard served as Governor General of the now combined colony of Nigeria, Lugard, assisted by his indefatigable wife, Flora Shaw, concocted a legend which warped understanding of him, Nigeria and colonialism for decades
Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard
–
The Right Honourable The Lord Lugard
GCMG CB DSO PC
Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard
–
Lugard caricatured by
Spy for
Vanity Fair, 1895
Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard
–
Lugard and his wife.
21.
Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt
–
Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt, PC was a British Liberal Party politician who held the Cabinet post of Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1910 to 1915. Harcourt was born at Nuneham Courtenay, Oxfordshire, the surviving son of politician Sir William Vernon Harcourt. He never knew his mother who died only a day giving birth to him. His elder brother, Julian Harcourt, had died the previous year and he inherited the lordships of the manor of Stanton Harcourt, Nuneham Courtenay, North Hinksey, Coggs, Northmoor and Shifford in Oxfordshire. He was also a Knight of Malta, Harcourt was private secretary to his father, Sir William, as Home Secretary from 1880 to 1885. In this role he authorised the placement in Kensington Gardens of the Peter Pan statue, sculpted by George Frampton, between 1910 and 1915 he was Secretary of State for the Colonies under Asquith. Harcourt received an Honorary DCL from Oxford University, and was raised to the peerage as Viscount Harcourt, of Stanton Harcourt in the County of Oxford, in 1917. ”Harcourt acted as a Trustee of the British Museum, Wallace Collection, the London Museum, and the National Portrait Gallery, which has a portrait of him. Port Harcourt, capital of Rivers State in southern Nigeria, is named after him, when the port was established in 1912, there was much controversy about the name it should receive. Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery served as Liberal Prime Minister from 1894–1895 and his main rival was Harcourts father William. Loulous attempts to have his father appointed were so fervent that many Liberal politicians criticised him and he helped to wreck Roseberys administration, wrongly believing that his father would then succeed to the premiership. However, the Liberal Party was instead thrown into opposition for 10 years, little credence is given to this report, in view of the many years which would have passed from the time of the marriage until Harcourt recorded it. Harcourt was known as a sexual predator attracted to both sexes and he attempted to rape Dorothy Brett, the daughter of Lord Esher, and followed this by an attempt to seduce his son. Dorothy Brett wrote of him that it is so tiresome that Loulou is such an old roué and he is as bad with boys as with girls. He is simply a sex maniac and it isnt that he is in love. It is just ungovernable Sex desire for both sexes and his criminal perversion was known and tolerated in certain private quarters. After, however, he attempted to rape a 12-year-old boy, faced with public exposure, Harcourt committed suicide by taking an overdose of a sedative at his London home in Brook Street on 24 February 1922, aged 59. On 1 July 1899, Harcourt married Mary Ethel, daughter of Anglo-American banker Walter Hayes Burns and his wife Mary Lyman, through her, the family acquired the famous Harcourt emeralds. His wife Mary, Viscountess Harcourt, was appointed a Lady of Grace of the Order of St John and then Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire in 1918, she died 7 January 1961
Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt
–
Lewis Harcourt MP
Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt
–
Lord Harcourt by
Harry Furniss
22.
Secretary of State for the Colonies
–
The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet minister in charge of managing the United Kingdoms various colonial dependencies. The position was first created in 1768 to deal with the increasingly troublesome North American colonies, joint responsibility continued under the Secretary of State for the Colonies, but led to a diminution of the boards status and it became an adjunct to the new Secretarys Department. Following this, colonial duties given to the Home Secretary, then Lord Sydney, following the Treaty of Paris 1783, a new board, named the Committee of Council on Trade and Plantations was established under William Pitt the Younger, by an Order in Council in 1784. In the latter part of the century the United Kingdom also gained control over a number of territories with the status of protectorate. The ministerial responsibility for these territories was initially held by the Foreign Secretary, however, by the early years of the twentieth century the responsibility for each of these territories had been transferred to the Colonial Secretary as well. The League of Nations mandated territories acquired as a result of the Treaty of Versailles became a responsibility of the Colonial Office in the aftermath of the First World War. In 1925 part of the Colonial Office was separated out as the Dominions Office, the new office was responsible for dealing with the Dominions together with a small number of other territories. In the twenty years following the end of the Second World War, in 1968 the Commonwealth Office was subsumed into the Foreign Office, which was renamed the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Colonial Secretary never had responsibility for the provinces and princely states of India, from 1768 until 1966 the Secretary of State was supported by an Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and latterly by a Minister of State
Secretary of State for the Colonies
–
Joseph Chamberlain; Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895–1903
Secretary of State for the Colonies
–
The Earl of Hillsborough
Secretary of State for the Colonies
–
The Earl of Dartmouth
Secretary of State for the Colonies
–
Welbore Ellis
Nigeria
Port Harcourt
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
