1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Dock (maritime)
–
The exact meaning varies among different variants of the English language. Dock may also refer to a dockyard or shipyard where the loading, unloading, building, the earliest known docks were those discovered in Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor dating from 2500 BCE located on the Red Sea coast. Archaeologists also discovered anchors and storage jars near the site, a dock from Lothal in India dates from 2400 BCE and was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt. This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and it is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. The engineers built a structure, with north-south arms of average 21.8 metres. In British English, a dock is an area of water used for loading, unloading, building or repairing ships. Such a dock may be created by building enclosing harbour walls into a natural water space. The level of water in the dock is maintained despite the raising and lowering of the tide and this makes transfer of cargo easier. It works like a lock which controls the level and allows passage of ships. The worlds first enclosed wet dock with lock gates to maintain a constant water level irrespective of tidal conditions was the Howland Great Dock on the River Thames, the dock was merely a haven surrounded by trees, with no unloading facilities. The worlds first commercial enclosed wet dock, with quays and unloading warehouses, was the Old Dock at Liverpool, built in 1715, the dock reduced ship waiting giving quick turn arounds, greatly improving the throughput of cargo. A drydock is another variant, also with dock gates, which can be emptied of water to allow investigation, where the water level is not controlled berths may be, Floating where there is always sufficient water to float the ship. NAABSA where ships settle on the bottom at low tide, ships using NAABSA facilities have to be designed for them. A dockyard consists of one or more docks, usually with other structures, in American English, a dock is technically synonymous with pier or wharf—any human-made structure in the water intended for people to be on. In American English, the term for the area between piers is slip. In the cottage country of Canada and the United States, a dock is a platform built over water. The platform is used for the boarding and offloading of small boats, R. Lothal, a Harappan Port Town. New Delhi, Archaeological Survey of India
3.
Brunswick Dock
–
Brunswick Dock is also the name of a dock in London, which became part of the East India Docks. Brunswick Dock is a dock on the River Mersey, in England and it is situated in the southern dock system, connected to Coburg Dock to the north, Toxteth Dock to the south. First suggested in 1809, the dock was built by Jesse Hartley between 1827 and 1832, when it opened, specifically for importing timber and it consisted of two lock entrances from the river. In 1854, Cato, Miller & Company built ships at Brunswick Dock, the dock was rebuilt with a southern extension in 1905 by Anthony George Lyster. The dock closed in 1975, although one lock was reopened in 1987 for small watercraft, the Royal Navy Headquarters Merseyside is on Brunswick Dock, which includes the HMS Eaglet establishment of the Royal Naval Reserve. The Archer class patrol vessels HMS Biter and HMS Charger are based in the dock and this and the other docks in the southern system are owned by Canal & River Trust, with part of the dock set aside for moorings within Liverpool Marina. The Industrial Archaeology of North-west England, lancashire, Liverpool and the South West. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009
4.
Liverpool
–
Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
5.
Seaforth Dock
–
Seaforth Dock is a purpose-built dock and container terminal, on the River Mersey, England, at Seaforth, to the north of Liverpool. As part of the Port of Liverpool and Liverpool Freeport, it is operated by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company. Situated at the end of the dock system, it is connected to Gladstone Dock to the south. Despite planning permission having been obtained almost sixty years previously, work commenced during the 1960s on Liverpools largest dock facility. The dock was the largest built in the United Kingdom for some time, with 10,000 ft of quay and a depth of 50 ft and worlds largest lock gates. Opened in 1971, the site consists of about 500 acres, of which 85 acres is water, the dock became a free port in 1984. A fruit and vegetable terminal opened at the dock in 2008, the terminal primarily received produce from Spain. However, this facility closed in 2013, in 1999, Peel Energy installed six Vestas V44-600 kW wind turbines along the river wall for a total nameplate capacity of 3. 6MW. Approximately 70% of North West Englands freight passes through Liverpool, Seaforth container terminal is the prime container terminal for North America. Seaforth Dock is served by one line, the Canada Dock branch line. The Olive Mount rail chord at Edge Hill junction was re-opened early 2009 to increase the throughput of the service to Seaforth Dock by approximately 100%, the chord gives direct access for freight from the Port of Liverpool to the West Coast Main Line. The chord also releases line capacity for a proposed partial re-use of the line for passengers travelling to Liverpool F. C. s stadium Anfield, there are no proposals to extend passenger services to Seaforth Dock. A high throughput on the Canada Dock branch rail line is essential for efficient port operation, liverpool2 is a Post-Panamax container terminal extension. These ships transport up to 14,000 containers per ship, the facility will increase container throughput by 100%. Lancashire, Liverpool and the South West
6.
Seaforth, Merseyside
–
Seaforth is a district in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, Merseyside, England. Historically in Lancashire, it is north of Liverpool, between Bootle and Waterloo, the name of Seaforth is thought to come from the Old Norse sæ-fjord, sæ-ford, sea inlet. It was recorded as Safforde sea ford in 1128, suggesting Old English name origins, a permanent military presence was established in the borough with the completion of Seaforth Barracks in 1882. Seaforth Dock opened in 1972 and is the largest dock facility on the River Mersey and it is part of the Port of Liverpool and Liverpool Freeport. Seaforth joined Crosby Municipal Borough in 1937, having previously been part of Waterloo with Seaforth urban district, the whole of Crosby became part of the new Metropolitan Borough of Sefton on 1 April 1974. For elections to Sefton Council, Seaforth is within the Church electoral ward and is represented by three councillors, all members of the Labour Party. Seaforth is between Waterloo in the north, Litherland to the east, Bootle to the south, and the River Mersey and it is mainly an area of Victorian terraced housing. Seaforth is served by Seaforth and Litherland railway station on the Liverpool to Southport branch of Merseyrails Northern Line, principal roads include the A565 and the A5036. Train times and station information for Seaforth, Merseyside from National Rail, motorcycle speedway racing was staged at Seaforth Stadium in the late 1930s. Greyhound racing also took place until the 1960s Listed buildings in Great Crosby Seaforth Battery Kenny Everett William Ewart Gladstone Seaforth, Liverpool Echo
7.
River Mersey
–
The River Mersey /ˈmɜːrzi/ is a river in the north west of England. Its name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon language and translates as boundary river, the river may have been the border between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria and for centuries it formed part of the boundary between the historic counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the River Tame and it flows westwards through the suburban areas of south Manchester, then into the Manchester Ship Canal at Irlam, becoming a part of the canal and maintaining the canals water levels. After 4 miles the river exits the canal flowing towards Warrington where the river widens before it then narrows as it passes between the towns of Runcorn and Widnes. From Runcorn the river widens into an estuary, which is 3 miles wide at its widest point near Ellesmere Port. The course of the then heads north as the estuary narrows between Liverpool and Birkenhead on the Wirral Peninsula to the west and empties into Liverpool Bay. In total the river flows 70.33 miles, a railway tunnel between Birkenhead and Liverpool as part of the Mersey Railway opened in 1886. Two road tunnels pass under the estuary from Liverpool, the Queensway Tunnel opened in 1934 connecting the city to Birkenhead, the Silver Jubilee Bridge completed in 1961, crosses between Runcorn and Widnes, adjacent to the Runcorn Railway Bridge which opened in 1868. Water quality in the Mersey was severely affected by industrialisation, and in 1985, in 2009 it was announced that the river is cleaner than at any time since the industrial revolution and is now considered one of the cleanest in the UK. The Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service manages local nature reserves such as Chorlton Ees, the river gave its name to Merseybeat, developed by bands from Liverpool, notably the Beatles. In 1965 it was the subject of the hit single Ferry Cross the Mersey by Gerry. Its name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon mǣres, of a boundary and ēa, the Mersey was possibly the border river between Mercia and Northumbria. Its Welsh name is Afon Merswy, and it has given the alternative etymology of Celtic môr-afon meaning sea river. The Mersey is formed from three tributaries, the River Etherow, the River Goyt and the River Tame, the modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central Stockport, Greater Manchester. The 1784 John Stockdale map shows the River Mersey extending to Mottram, in the west of Stockport it flows at the base of a cliff below the road called Brinksway before reaching flat country. The old course of the Mersey has been obliterated by the canal past Hollins Green to Rixton although the old river bed can be seen outside Irlam, the river is tidal from Howley Weir in Warrington, although high spring tides often top the weir. Before construction of the canal, work to improve navigation included Woolston New Cut, bypassing a meander, and Howley Lock for craft to avoid the weir. The island formed between the weir and the lock is known locally as Monkey Island, west of Warrington the river widens, and then narrows as it passes through the Runcorn Gap between the towns of Runcorn and Widnes, in Halton
8.
Great Float
–
The Great Float, is a body of water on the Wirral Peninsula, England, formed from the natural tidal inlet, the Wallasey Pool. It is split into two large docks, East Float and West Float, both part of the Birkenhead Docks complex, the docks run approximately 2 miles inland from the River Mersey, dividing the towns of Birkenhead and Wallasey. The Great Float consists of 110 acres of water and more than 4 miles of quays, unlike in Liverpool, where the docks were built along the coastline of the River Mersey, Birkenhead Docks were designed as an inland system by enclosing the tidal inlet of Wallasey Pool. The construction of a coffer dam enabled land reclamation and excavations to take place, after the establishment of the Great Low Water Basin, Morpeth Dock and Egerton Dock, the Great Float was formed between 1851 and 1860 from most of what remained of Wallasey Pool. The plans for its construction were originally shown in 1844 in the Liverpool Standard newspaper, designed by James Meadows Rendel, protégé of Thomas Telford, the scheme was managed by the Birkenhead Dock Company until a financial crisis in 1847. The docks were taken over by the Liverpool Corporation in 1855, by 1858, the rights to dock ownership and revenues were transferred to the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, based in Liverpool. Graving docks were built in 1864 and 1877, on the side of West Float. Established in 1853, Thomas Brasseys Canada Works was built to the east of the Great Float, the entrance to the Great Float was originally through the Great Low Water Basin, which was enclosed in 1877 as Wallasey Dock. After this date, access from the river was provided via Alfred Dock, the Resurgam, one of the first submarines, was tested in the Great Float in 1879. In the early 20th century, Birkenhead Docks became an important flour milling centre, with companies, including Joseph Rank Ltd and Spillers. In the 1990s, long after the industry had gone into decline, two large warehouses remain, which have now been converted into residential apartments. The Great Float was the site of the Warship Preservation Trusts exhibits from 2002 until its closure in February 2006, LCT7074 Landfall is the last remaining tank landing craft which had served during D-Day. The landing craft was one of the Warship Preservation Trust exhibits and had sunk in East Float following the liquidation of the trust in 2006, the craft was refloated on 16 October 2014. The following docks were accessible from the Great Float, In addition. Bidston No.3 Dock remains in use as part of the facilities of Cammell Laird Shiprepairers and Shipbuilders Ltd, the other graving docks were filled in during the 1980s. Three road bridges cross the Great Float, A red girdered bascule bridge at Tower Road connects the Seacombe district of Wallasey with Birkenhead, when originally built, all four were hydraulic swing bridge types. In the 1930s most were replaced by bascule bridges, originally, it was also a swing bridge. Media related to Duke Street Bridge at Wikimedia Commons Furthest upstream is the Penny Bridge, replacing an earlier wooden bridge of 1843, the name derives from the 1896 one penny toll to cross in one direction
9.
Birkenhead
–
Birkenhead /ˌbɜːrkənˈhɛd/ is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in Merseyside, England. Historically in Cheshire, it is on the Wirral Peninsula, along the west bank of the River Mersey, the Birkenhead Urban Area defined as the contiguous built-up area along the eastern side of the Wirral had a total population of 325,264 in the 2011 Census. In the 2011 census, the Parliamentary constituency of Birkenhead had a population of 88,818, the Birkenhead and Tranmere electoral ward, covering a much smaller area, had a population of 15,879. The recorded history of Birkenhead began with the establishment of Birkenhead Priory, during the 19th century Birkenhead expanded greatly, becoming a town as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution, with Birkenhead Park and Hamilton Square being examples of the era. Around the same time, Birkenhead gained the first street tramway in Britain, later, the Mersey Railway connected Birkenhead and Liverpool, with the worlds first tunnel beneath a tidal estuary. Birkenhead is perhaps best known for the shipbuilding of Cammell Laird, in the second half of the 20th century, the town suffered a significant period of decline, with containerisation causing a reduction in port activity. During the first half of the 21st century, the Wirral Waters development is planned to regenerate much of the dockland. The name Birkenhead probably means headland overgrown with birch, from the Old English bircen meaning birch tree, the name is not derived from the Birket, a stream which enters the Mersey between Birkenhead and Seacombe. The Birket is a name which was introduced by Ordnance Survey. The earliest records state that the Mersey ferry began operating from Birkenhead in 1150, the priory was visited in 1275 and 1277 by Edward I. In a royal charter of 13 April 1330, Edward III granted the priory further rights, distanced from the Industrial Revolution in Liverpool by the physical barrier of the River Mersey, Birkenhead retained its agricultural status until the advent of steam ferry services. In 1817 a steam ferry service started from Liverpool to Tranmere and in 1822 the paddle steamer, Royal Mail, an iron works was initially established by William Laird in 1824 and was joined by his son John Laird in 1828. The business eventually became Cammell Laird, merchant vessels were also built such as RMS Mauretania and RMS Windsor Castle. The Mersey Railway tunnel opened in 1886, providing direct access to Liverpool. In September 1932 thousands of unemployed people protested in a series of demonstrations organised by the branch of the National Unemployed Workers Movement. After three days of rioting, police were brought in from elsewhere to help quell the rioters, in addition to the ferries and the railway, the Queensway road tunnel opened in 1934 and gave rapid access to Liverpool. This opened up the Wirral Peninsula for development, and prompted further growth of Birkenhead as an industrial centre. Bolstered by migration from rural Cheshire, southern Ireland and Wales, formerly a township in Bidston Parish of the Wirral Hundred, Birkenhead was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1877, and became a county borough with the passing of the Local Government Act 1888
10.
Wallasey
–
Wallasey is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral, in Merseyside, England, on the mouth of the River Mersey, at the northeastern corner of the Wirral Peninsula. According to the 2001 Census, the town had a resident population of 58,710. At the 2011 Census the population of the Wallasey ward, which covers a smaller area, was counted as being 14,996. The name of Wallasey originates from the Germanic word Walha, meaning stranger or foreigner, the suffix “-ey” denotes an island or area of dry land. Historically in Cheshire, the area was populated before the 19th century. Horse races organised for the Earls of Derby on the sands at Leasowe in the 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as forerunners of the modern Derby. There was also a mill, and from the century a gunpowder store or magazine at Rock Point. The main activities in the area were farming and fishing, the area also had a reputation for smuggling and “wrecking”, the act of luring ships onto rocks or sandbanks with false lights in order to raid their cargo. Underground cellars and tunnels, which were used to hide cargo pilfered from wrecked ships still exist in the town. As late as 1839, the “Pennsylvania” and two ships were wrecked off Leasowe in a severe storm, and their cargoes and furnishings were later found distributed among local residents. By the early 19th century, the shoreline between Seacombe and Rock Point started to become an area to which affluent Liverpool merchants. Development at Egremont began around this time, and gained pace with the introduction of steam ferries across the river, the area also had a defensive role overlooking the growing Port of Liverpool. In 1829, Fort Perch Rock was built, and in 1858 Liscard Battery, in 1835 Liscard Hall was built by another merchant, Sir John Tobin. Its grounds later became Central Park and his family also developed a “model farm” nearby. The area around the docks became a centre for engineering industries, many associated with shipbuilding, and other activities including sugar refining, Bidston Dock, the last in the area, was opened in 1933, but was filled in during 2003. A pier was opened in the 1860s, and the promenade from Seacombe to New Brighton was built in the 1890s and this served both as a recreational amenity in its own right, and to link up the developments along the estuary, and was later extended westwards towards Leasowe. The New Brighton Tower, the tallest in the country, was opened in 1900 but closed in 1919, however, its ballroom continued as a major venue, hosting numerous concerts in the 1950s and 1960s by local Liverpool bands as well as other international stars. After 1886, with the opening of the Mersey Railway allowing access via a tunnel to Liverpool, the area now called Wallasey comprises several distinct districts which gradually merged to form a single built-up area during the 19th and early 20th centuries
.jpg)
.jpg)
Harbours of the UK