1.
Charleston, South Carolina
–
Charleston had an estimated population of 132,609 in 2015. Charleston was founded as Charles Town—honoring King Charles II of England—in 1670 and its initial location at Albemarle Point on the west bank of the Ashley River was abandoned in 1680 for its present site, which became the 5th-largest city in North America within 10 years. Despite its size, it remained unincorporated throughout the period, its government was handled directly by the state legislature and by its Anglican parish wardens. It adopted its present spelling with its incorporation as a city in 1783 at the close of the Revolutionary War. The Confederates burned the town prior to its evacuation but continued demand for the cotton and rice, along with growing industry. In 2016, Charleston was ranked the Worlds Best City by Travel + Leisure, the city proper consists of six distinct areas, the Peninsula or Downtown, West Ashley, Johns Island, James Island, Daniel Island, and the Cainhoy Peninsula. The old town fit into 4–5 square miles as late as the First World War, the city limits also have expanded across the Cooper River, encompassing Daniel Island and the Cainhoy area. The present city has an area of 127.5 square miles. North Charleston blocks any expansion up the peninsula, and Mount Pleasant occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River, Charleston Harbor runs about 7 miles southeast to the Atlantic with an average width of about 2 miles, surrounded on all sides except its entrance. Sullivans Island lies to the north of the entrance and Morris Island to itself south, the entrance itself is about 1 mile wide, it was originally only 18 feet deep, but began to be enlarged in the 1870s. The tidal rivers are evidence of a submergent or drowned coastline, there is a submerged river delta off the mouth of the harbor and the Cooper River is deep. Charleston has a subtropical climate, with mild winters, hot, humid summers. Summer is the wettest season, almost half of the rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November, winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow only occurs several times per decade at the most, however,6.0 in fell at the airport on December 23,1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in snowfall. The highest temperature recorded within city limits was 104 °F on June 2,1985, and June 24,1944, and the lowest was 7 °F on February 14,1899. At the airport, where records are kept, the historical range is 105 °F on August 1,1999. Hurricanes are a threat to the area during the summer and early fall
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Bishop England High School
–
Bishop England High School is a diocesan Roman Catholic four-year high school in Charleston, South Carolina. Until 1998, the school was located on Calhoun Street in downtown Charleston and it is now located on Daniel Island in the city of Charleston. With an enrollment of 730, it is the largest private school in the state. The school was founded in 1915 and was named for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlestons first bishop, on September 22,1915, Catholic High School opened its doors as a department of the Cathedral School on Queen Street. Joseph L. OBrien organized the new school with the cooperation of the Reverend James J. May, at that time there were 67 students enrolled in four grade levels, seventh, ninth, tenth, and eleventh. That first faculty consisted of three priests and three Sisters of Charity of Our Lady of Mercy. The main building housed the high school, while an annex was converted into a biology lab. The school offered two courses of study, college preparatory and business, with the Catholic community of Charleston increasing, a drive was initiated to raise $50,000 for a new school building to replace the one being used. From 1919 to 1921, the school was housed in its location, Gregorian Hall on George Street. The funding drive was a success, and ground was broken on July 5,1921 on the $60,000 building. The school was opened in its building at 203 Calhoun Street on February 18,1922. By 1940,25 years after its inception, the enrollment had reached 318 students. In 1947, the schools first Rector Monsignor OBrien retired after having served 32 years, the Catholic community of Charleston sponsored two expansion drives for the high school in the late 1940s, two new buildings were added to the campus. In 1947 the west wing was built, and in 1948 the east wing, additional land was acquired in 1957, and a two-story annex was constructed, providing eight new classrooms and additional office space. In June 1959, the Rev. Fr, William J. Croghan, B. E. class of 1940, was appointed as the third Rector of Bishop England. By 1960 the faculty had grown to 31 members, and 740 students were enrolled, the 1964 school year began with a new Rector, the Rev. Robert J. Kelly, and enrollment grew to nearly 800 students. Because of overcrowding between 1966 and 1968, freshman classes were conducted in the old St. Patricks School on St. Phillip Street, Bishop England integrated in 1964, in 1968, it merged with Immaculate Conception High School. The student body numbered 850 students with 250 freshmen, the former Immaculate Conception School building on Coming Street became the Bishop England Freshman Building
5.
SAT
–
The SAT is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned and published by the College Board, a private and it is developed and administered on behalf of the College Board by the Educational Testing Service. The test is intended to assess students readiness for college, on March 5,2014, the College Board announced that a redesigned version of the SAT would be administered for the first time in 2016. Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600, combining test results from two 800-point sections, mathematics, and critical reading and writing. Taking the SAT, or its competitor, the ACT, is required for entry to many. The SAT is typically taken by high school juniors and seniors, the College Board states that the SAT measures literacy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in college. They state that the SAT assesses how well the test takers analyze, however, the test is administered under a tight time limit to help produce a range of scores. Various studies conducted over the lifetime of the SAT show a significant increase in correlation of high school grades. A large independent validity study on the SATs ability to predict college freshman GPA was performed by the University of California, the results of this study found how well various predictor variables could explain the variance in college freshman GPA. When high school GPA and the SAT I were combined, they explained 20. 8% of the variance in college freshman GPA, when high school GPA and the SAT II were combined, they explained 22. 2% of the variance in college freshman GPA. When SAT I was added to the combination of high school GPA and SAT II, SAT scores are intended to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data—such as course work, grades, and class rank—in a national perspective. However, independent research has shown that high school GPA is better than the SAT at predicting college grades regardless of school type or quality. SAT consists of three sections, Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. Each section receives a score on the scale of 200–800, all scores are multiples of 10. Total scores are calculated by adding up scores of the three sections, each major section is divided into three parts. There are 10 sub-sections, including an additional 25-minute experimental or equating section that may be in any of the three major sections, the experimental section is used to normalize questions for future administrations of the SAT and does not count toward the final score. The test contains 3 hours and 45 minutes of actual timed sections, most administrations run for about four, the questions range from easy, medium, and hard depending on the scoring from the experimental sections. Easier questions typically appear closer to the beginning of the section while harder questions are toward the end in certain sections and this is not true for every section but it is the rule of thumb mainly for math, grammar, and the 19 sentence-completions in the reading sections
6.
Episcopal Church (United States)
–
The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, in 2014, the Episcopal Church had 1,956,042 baptized members. In 2011, it was the nations 14th largest denomination, in 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States, or 3 million people, self-identify as mainline Episcopalians/Anglicans. The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant, yet Catholic, the Episcopal Church is an apostolic church, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. The Book of Common Prayer, a collection of traditional rites, blessings, liturgies, the Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the church has pursued a more liberal course. It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement, some of its leaders and priests are known for marching with influential civil rights demonstrators such as Martin Luther King Jr. The Church calls for the legal equality of gay and lesbian people. Due to the process of editing or making additions to the Prayer Book, the BCP still describes marriage as being the union of a man. The Episcopal Church ordains women and LGBT people to the priesthood, the diaconate, in 2003, Gene Robinson was the first non-celibate openly gay person ordained as a bishop in documented Christian history. There are two names of the Episcopal Church specified in its constitution, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The latter is the commonly used name. In other languages, an equivalent is used, until 1964, the only official name in use was The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name and they were opposed by the churchs evangelical wing, which felt that the Protestant Episcopal label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. After 1877, alternative names were proposed and rejected by the General Convention. A commonly proposed alternative was the American Catholic Church, by the 1960s, opposition to dropping the word Protestant had largely subsided. The 66th General Convention voted in 1979 to use the name The Episcopal Church in the Oath of Conformity of the Declaration for Ordination, the evolution of the name can be seen in the churchs Book of Common Prayer. The alternate name The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has never been a name of the church but is commonly seen in English
7.
University-preparatory school
–
A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school is a type of secondary school. The term can refer to public, private independent or parochial schools primarily designed to prepare students for higher education, in the United States, there are public, private, and charter college preparatory schools and they can be either parochial or secular. Admission is sometimes based on selection criteria, usually academic. Fewer than 1% of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent, private school, compared to 9% who attend parochial schools. Public and charter college prep schools are connected to a local school district. The term prep school in the U. S. is usually associated with private, elite institutions that have very selective admission criteria, prep schools can be day schools, boarding schools, or both, and may be co-educational or single-sex. Currently day schools are more common than boarding, and since the 1970s co-educational schools are more common than single-sex, unlike the public schools which are free, they charge tuition Some prep schools are affiliated with a particular religious denomination. Unlike parochial schools, independent preparatory schools are not governed by a religious organization, in most parts of Europe, such as Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Scandinavia, there are state-funded secondary schools specializing in university-preparatory education. These go by many names depending on the country but may be called gymnasia, athenaea, unlike American prep schools then, they begin after high-school graduation. The most famous French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools, nevertheless, there exist many less prestigious classes préparatoires. As a result, 90% of the students in the scientific classes préparatoires eventually become engineers or scientists, a Gymnasium is a particular type of school in Germany and other countries in Europe, with the goal to prepare its pupils to enter a university. The γυμνάσιον of Ancient Greece was a place for physical and eventually also intellectual education of young men, the later meaning of intellectual education persisted in German and other languages, whereas in English, the older meaning of physical education was retained. The German Gymnasien are selective and competitive schools and they enroll students after completing 4th or 6th grade and prepare them for college. The vast majority of Gymnasien is public and does not charge tuition fees, article 7, Paragraph 4 of the German constitution, forbids segregation of students according to the means of their parents. Therefore, most private Gymnasien have rather low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how he or she performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of lower, a total of zero percent was in favour of the lottery. Germanys oldest Gymnasien include Gymnasium Paulinum, Gymnasium Theodorianum and Gymnasium Carolinum, in Italy, there are several kinds of high schools, both public and private, whose curriculum has as a primary aim the preparation for university. These are called Liceo, plural Licei, the name comes from Lyceum, the Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek Λύκειον, the name of a gymnasium in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus
8.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
9.
South Carolina
–
South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
10.
Elementary school
–
A primary school or elementary school is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the age of about five to twelve, coming after preschool and before secondary school. In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of education, and is normally available without charge. The term grade school is used in the US though this term may refer to both primary education and secondary education. The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire, primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth Nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Elementary school is preferred in some countries, especially in the United States, in the United States, primary school may refer to a school with grades Kindergarten through second grade or third grade. In these municipalities, the school includes grade three through five or grades four to six
11.
Middle school
–
A middle school is an educational stage, which exists in some countries, and takes place between primary school and high school. The concept, regulation and classification of schools, as well as the ages covered. In Afghanistan, middle school consists of grades 6,7 and 8, besides there is a change in the scenario. In Albania, middle school is included in the education which lasts 9 years. In Algeria, a middle school includes grades 6 through 10, most regions of Australia do not have middle schools, as students go directly from primary school to secondary school. The first middle school established in Australia was The Armidale School, Schools have since followed this trend, such as The Kings School. The Northern Territory has introduced a three tier system featuring Middle Schools for years 7–9 and high school year 10–12, many schools across Queensland have introduced a Middle School tier within their schools. The middle schools cover the grades/years 5 to 8, in Brazil, middle school is a mandatory stage that precedes High School called Ensino Fundamental II consisting of grades 6 to 9, ages 11 to 14. In Canada, the middle school and junior high school are both used, depending on which grades the school caters to. Another common model is grades 5–8, alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools include only grades 7–9, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10. In some places students go from school to secondary school. Quebec uses a system that is different from those of the other provinces. The Secondary level has five grades, starting after Elementary Grade 6 and these are called Secondary I to Secondary V. In the Peoples Republic of China, middle school has two stages, junior stage and senior stage, some middle schools have both stages while some have either of them. Other students may avoid the exam, based on their talents, like athletics. In the Czech Republic after completing the elementary school a student may apply for high school. Students have the opportunity to enroll in school from Grade 5 or Grade 7 of elementary school. Thus they can spend five years in school, followed by eight in high school
12.
Secondary school
–
A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
13.
Ashley River (South Carolina)
–
The Ashley River is a blackwater / tidal river in South Carolina, rising from the Wassamassaw and Great Cypress Swamps in western Berkeley County. It consolidates its main channel about five miles west of Summerville, the river then flows for approximately 17 miles along the historical banks of the City of North Charleston before reaching peninsular Charleston. The much wider Ashley joins the Cooper River off the Battery in Charleston to form Charleston Harbor before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean, at the present time the land around the Ashley River or in Ashley Barony, as the original land grant was called, is mostly undeveloped. The river was named for Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, in 1675 Cooper was granted 12,000 acres of land along the river after a permanent settlement was made at Albemarle Point in 1670. This settlement was the “first permanent European settlement” in South Carolina, the settlement would be moved to its current peninsular location across the river ten years later and is well known as Charleston. The land closest to the river was developed by plantation owners throughout the eighteenth century, during the Revolutionary War the British occupied the plantations from 1780 to 1782. The major crops grown along the Ashley River included rice, indigo, after the Civil War much of the region began to be used predominately for hunting and tourism. Within this segment, a visitor can experience a blackwater swamp, the tides of the Atlantic, some of the sites include Drayton Hall, Middleton Place, Magnolia Plantation, and the Colonial Dorchester State Historic Site. U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Ashley River
14.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
15.
Southern United States
–
The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
16.
Medical University of South Carolina
–
The Medical University of South Carolina opened in Charleston, South Carolina in 1824 as a small private college for the training of physicians. It is one of the oldest continually operating schools of medicine in the United States, the schools main building was designed by Charleston architect Albert W. Todd. The school has expanded into a university with a medical center and six colleges for the education of health professionals, biomedical scientists. It also operates as a center for research and has a public hospital, the College of Medicine began in 1823 with the incorporation of the Medical College of South Carolina, a private institution of the Medical Society of South Carolina. Seven Charleston physicians formed the faculty with 30 students enrolled in 1824. The first graduation was on April 4,1825, with the exception of the American Civil War, the college has served continuously to the present, even when there was a total enrollment of two students. At the time of Dr. Robert Wilson’s appointment as Dean of the College of Medicine in 1908, flexner’s survey resulted in the report titled Medical Education in the United States and Canada. It was highly critical of the Medical College and its facilities, lack of full-time faculty, lack of equipment. The state took over control of the college in 1913. The College of Medicine offers a medical curriculum leading to a Doctor of Medicine. The College also offers programs in conjunction with other colleges and universities. The Colleges of Medicine and Graduate Studies offer a combined M. D. /Ph. D, Degree through the Medical Scientist Training Program as well as an M. D. /Masters Degree in Clinical Research through the Southeastern Predoctoral Training in Clinical Research. Students can also receive a combined M. D. /M. H. A through the Colleges of Medicine and Health Professions. The College partners with the University of South Carolina and The Citadel to provide an M. D. /Masters in Public Health and M. D. /Masters of Business administration, the college accepts 155–160 students per year into their medical curriculum. The four-year curriculum consists of two years of basic science instruction followed by two years of clinical training. Students also participate in a curriculum that includes instruction in doctoring, physical examination and diagnosis. The Department of Pharmacy was created by an amendment to the charter in 1881, organized in 1882, resuming in 1894, the Department of Pharmacy offered the Graduate in Pharmacy degree. The current program offers the Doctor of Pharmacy degree, in 2006, the College of Pharmacy merged with the University of South Carolinas College of Pharmacy in Columbia, SC to form the South Carolina College of Pharmacy
17.
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
–
The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad is a former U. S. Class I railroad from 1900 until 1967, when it merged with long-time rival Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, much of the original ACL network has been part of CSX Transportation since 1986. The Atlantic Coast Line served the Southeast, with a concentration of lines in Florida, in 1960 ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles. The earliest predecessor of the ACL was the Petersburg Railroad between Petersburg, Virginia and a point near Weldon, North Carolina, founded in 1830, a route between Richmond, Virginia and Petersburg was built by the Richmond & Petersburg Railroad, which was founded in 1836. In 1840 the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, at the known as the Wilmington and Raleigh and renamed in 1855. From Wilmington, the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad began operations in 1853 to Florence, South Carolina, in 1871, the W&W and the W&M began using the Atlantic Coast Line name to advertise the two lines. An investor from Baltimore, William T. Walters, gained control of these separate railroads after the Civil War, in 1897–98, most of the South Carolina lines in Walters system were consolidated under the name of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of South Carolina. These mergers created an ACL system reaching from southern Virginia to South Carolina, other small acquisitions took place in 1901, and in 1902 the ACL took over the Plant System, which operated numerous lines within Florida and Georgia. The ACL acquired the East Carolina Railway in 1935, running south from Tarboro to Hookerton, the ACLs last major acquisition was the Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad, which it purchased in 1927, though the AB&C was not merged into the ACL until 1945. By the early 1900s the railroad had reached its final configuration. By the 1920s the railroads main line from Richmond, Virginia to Jacksonville, Florida had been double-tracked, in 1928 the ACL completed a line between Perry, Florida and Drifton, near Monticello, Florida, the last link of the new Perry Cut-off. During World War II ACLs passenger traffic increased 200% and freight traffic 150%, the railroad provided an alternative to coastal shipping, threatened by German submarines, and also served the fast-emerging military industry in the Southeast. The railroad spent at least $268 million in upgrading its physical plant during this period, in 1956 the railroad moved its headquarters from Wilmington, North Carolina to Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville was selected from three cities, the other two being Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina. Construction of the new complex was finished in July 1960. As early as October 1958 the ACL and competitor Seaboard Air Line Railroad had discussed the possibility of a merger, the results showed that the merger could save considerable money through savings incurred and reduced expenditures to the amount of $38 million annually. On August 18,1960, the merger was approved by shareholders of both railroads, following another round of court decisions in 1966, the merger was allowed to be proceed, and did so on July 1,1967. The result was the creation of the Seaboard Coast Line, during its early years, the ACL handled mostly seasonal agricultural products, but by World War II its freight traffic had become more diverse
18.
CSX Transportation
–
CSX Transportation is a Class I railroad in the United States. The main subsidiary of the CSX Corporation, the railroad is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, CSX operates one of the three Class I railroads serving most of the East Coast, the other two being the Norfolk Southern Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway. It also serves the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec, together CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway have a duopoly over all east-west freight rail traffic east of the Mississippi River. As of October 1,2014, CSXs total public stock value was slightly over $32 billion, CSX Transportation was formed on July 1,1986, by combining the Chessie System and Seaboard System Railroad. The origin of the Chessie System was the former Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, which had merged with the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, on June 6,1998, the STB approved the CSX–NS application and set August 22,1998, as the effective date of its decision. CSX acquired 42 percent of Conrails assets, and NS received the remaining 58 percent, as a result of the transaction, CSXs rail operations grew to include some 3,800 miles of the Conrail system. CSX began operating its trains on its portion of the Conrail network on June 1,1999, CSX now serves much of the eastern U. S. with a few routes into nearby Canadian cities. The name came about during merger talks between Chessie System, Inc. and Seaboard System Railroad, Inc. commonly called Chessie, the company chairmen said it was important for the new name to include neither of those names because it was a partnership. Employees were asked for suggestions, most of which consisted of combinations of the initials, at the same time a temporary shorthand name was needed for discussions with the Interstate Commerce Commission. CSC was chosen but belonged to a company in Virginia. The lawyers decided to use CSX, and the name stuck, in the public announcement, it was said that CSX is singularly appropriate. C can stand for Chessie, S for Seaboard, and X, however, in the August 9,2016 article on the Railway Age website stated that. And the X was for Consolidated, the T had to be added to CSX when used as a reporting mark because reporting marks that end in X means that the car is owned by a leasing company or private car owner. Its current slogan, How Tomorrow Moves, appeared in 2008, in 2014 Canadian Pacific Railway approached CSX with an offer to merge the two companies, but CSX declined and in 2015 Canadian Pacific made an attempt to purchase and merge with Norfolk Southern. In 2017 CSX announced Hunter Harrison as its new chief executive, CSX added 5 new directors to their board, including Harrison and Mantle Ridge founder Paul Hilal. Mantle Ridge owns 4.9 percent of CSX, CSX operates two regions of five divisions each, the Northern, based in Calumet City, Illinois, and Southern, based in Jacksonville, Florida. The CEO of CSX is Hunter Harrison as of Feb 2017, o823, Q740 and Q741, Q743, and Q745—which consists of Tropicana cars that carry fresh orange juice between Bradenton, Florida, and the Greenville section of Jersey City, New Jersey. The train also runs from Bradenton to Fort Pierce, Florida, in the 21st century, the Juice Train has been studied as a model of efficient rail transportation that can compete with trucks and other modes in the perishable-goods trade
19.
Ashley Hall (Charleston, South Carolina)
–
Ashley Hall is an all-girls day school in downtown Charleston, South Carolina. It was founded in 1909 by Mary Vardrine McBee, who headed the institution for many years and it is the only girls college-preparatory school in the state. Originally accepting boarding students, Ashley Hall transitioned to a day school in 1974, students today number 650 strong and range in grade level from two-year-olds in pre-primary classes, to graduating seniors. Pre-school is the part of Ashley Hall which admits boys. Ashley Hall has always been a mission-driven school. The school motto is Possunt Quae Volunt, or “Girls who have the will have the ability. ”The previous motto was Possunt Qui Volunt, or “Those willing are able. ”This is the form of the phrase, which was not realized until 2003. This number includes students from the age of 2 years to seniors in high school, pre-school is coeducational, and from kindergarten through senior year the student body is made up of only girls. Ashley Hall is the only school in the state of South Carolina. Mary Vardrine McBee William Piper Caroline Pardue Marian Bell Leland Margaret C, Ashley Hall is famed for its excellent Varsity Volleyball and Tennis Teams. Several events during the year highlight this relationship, other “sister” associations develop, juniors and seniors, seniors and freshmen, and mentors for new students throughout all grades. Acanthus Acanthus is Ashley Halls literary magazine, for over fifty years it has presented prose, poetry, photography and art contributed by students from all divisions within the school. Since that time it has given annually as a Christmas gift to the city. Students, faculty and staff from all divisions participate in the play. Fathers Day Since boarding school days, Fathers’ Day has been a spring break tradition at Ashley Hall, students eagerly awaited their fathers who had come to pick them up for the holiday. As guests of their daughters, fathers would spend the morning on campus enjoying the company of students, today, Fathers’ Day is a special day of classroom visits and socializing. Georgie Georgie, the friendly ghost, lives in McBee House and is the friend of all first graders. Each October first grade students develop a correspondence with Georgie and climb to the top of the stairs in hope of seeing their special friend. Graduation Although all members of the Ashley Hall family are invited, the faculty, staff, students must wear pure white dresses and shoes to the baccalaureate service and to graduation
20.
Advanced Placement
–
Advanced Placement is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board which offers college-level curricula and examinations to high school students. American colleges and universities may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain high scores on the examinations, the AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that field of study. For a high school course to have the designation, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum. If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation, after the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education. The program, which was referred to as the Kenyon Plan, was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier. The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, a pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. The College Board, a organization based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program and it develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities and these activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams. In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations, many high schools in the United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course. Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an opportunity to take AP exams. As of the 2015 testing season, exams cost $91 each, financial aid is available for students who qualify for it, the exam reduction is $26 or $28 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state, out of the $91, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student. However, the Italian Language and Culture test was offered beginning in 2011. Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to view and send their scores online. The number of AP exams administered each year has seen an increase over the past decade. In 2003,175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered, by 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, in 2013, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 476,277 students and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 1,169 students
21.
Mandarin Chinese
–
Mandarin is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of Standard Mandarin or Standard Chinese, because most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as the Northern dialects. Many local Mandarin varieties are not mutually intelligible, nevertheless, Mandarin is often placed first in any list of languages by number of native speakers. Most Mandarin varieties have four tones, the final stops of Middle Chinese have disappeared in most of these varieties, but some have merged them as a final glottal stop. Many Mandarin varieties, including the Beijing dialect, retain retroflex initial consonants, the capital has been within the Mandarin area for most of the last millennium, making these dialects very influential. Some form of Mandarin has served as a lingua franca since the 14th century. In the early 20th century, a form based on the Beijing dialect. Standard Chinese is the language of the Peoples Republic of China and Taiwan. It is also one of the most frequently used varieties of Chinese among Chinese diaspora communities internationally, the English word mandarin originally meant an official of the Ming and Qing empires. Since their native varieties were often mutually unintelligible, these officials communicated using a Koiné language based on various northern varieties, when Jesuit missionaries learned this standard language in the 16th century, they called it Mandarin, from its Chinese name Guānhuà, or language of the officials. In everyday English, Mandarin refers to Standard Chinese, which is called simply Chinese. Standard Chinese is based on the particular Mandarin dialect spoken in Beijing, with some lexical and it is the official spoken language of the Peoples Republic of China, the official language of the Republic of China, and one of the four official languages of the Republic of Singapore. It also functions as the language of instruction in Mainland China and it is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, under the name Chinese. Chinese speakers refer to the standard language as Pǔtōnghuà in Mainland China, Guóyǔ in Taiwan, or Huáyǔ in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Linguists use the term Mandarin to refer to the group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China. The alternative term Běifānghuà, or Northern dialects, is used less and less among Chinese linguists, by extension, the term Old Mandarin or Early Mandarin is used by linguists to refer to the northern dialects recorded in materials from the Yuan dynasty. Native speakers who are not academic linguists may not recognize that the variants they speak are classified in linguistics as members of Mandarin in a broader sense, the hundreds of modern local varieties of Chinese developed from regional variants of Old Chinese and Middle Chinese. Traditionally, seven groups of dialects have been recognized
22.
Cyclone
–
In meteorology, a cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure. A cyclone differs from a hurricane or typhoon only on the basis of location, a hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean. Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of low pressure, the largest low-pressure systems are polar vortices and extratropical cyclones of the largest scale. Warm-core cyclones such as cyclones and subtropical cyclones also lie within the synoptic scale. Mesocyclones, tornadoes and dust devils lie within the smaller mesoscale, Upper level cyclones can exist without the presence of a surface low, and can pinch off from the base of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones have also seen on extraterrestrial planets, such as Mars. Cyclogenesis describes the process of formation and intensification. Extratropical cyclones begin as waves in large regions of enhanced mid-latitude temperature contrasts called baroclinic zones and these zones contract and form weather fronts as the cyclonic circulation closes and intensifies. Later in their cycle, extratropical cyclones occlude as cold air masses undercut the warmer air. A cyclones track is guided over the course of its 2 to 6 day life cycle by the flow of the subtropical jet stream. Weather fronts mark the boundary between two masses of air of different temperature, humidity, and densities, and are associated with the most prominent meteorological phenomena. Strong cold fronts typically feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, such fronts form west of the circulation center and generally move from west to east, warm fronts form east of the cyclone center and are usually preceded by stratiform precipitation and fog. Warm fronts move poleward ahead of the cyclone path, occluded fronts form late in the cyclone life cycle near the center of the cyclone and often wrap around the storm center. Tropical cyclogenesis describes the process of development of tropical cyclones, Tropical cyclones form due to latent heat driven by significant thunderstorm activity, and are warm core. Cyclones can transition between extratropical, subtropical, and tropical phases, mesocyclones form as warm core cyclones over land, and can lead to tornado formation. Waterspouts can also form from mesocyclones, but more often develop from environments of high instability, henry Piddington published almost 40 papers dealing with tropical storms from Calcutta between 1835 and 1855 in The Journal of the Asiatic Society. He also coined the term cyclone, meaning the coil of a snake, in 1842, he published his landmark thesis, Laws of the Storms. There are a number of characteristics common to all cyclones
23.
University of Chicago
–
The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
24.
Phillips Exeter Academy
–
Phillips Exeter Academy is a coeducational independent school for boarding and day students between the 9th and 12th grade. It is located in Exeter, New Hampshire, and is one of the oldest secondary schools in the United States and it is particularly noted for its innovation and application of Harkness education, a system based on a conference format of student interaction with minimal teacher involvement. It bears similarities to the Socratic method of learning through asking questions, Phillips Exeter Academy students and alumni are called Exonians, and students, faculty and staff often refer to the school as Exeter or PEA. The school has the largest endowment of any New England boarding school, in 2015–2016, over 45% of students received financial aid from grants totalling over $19M. Phillips Exeter Academy had a rate of 11% for the 2014–2015 school year. The schools day-to-day operation are headed by a Principal, while management of the financial and physical resources are overseen by the Trustees. Trustees are drawn from former Exonians and appoint the Principal, the faculty of the school are responsible for governing matters relating to student life, both in and out of the classroom. Students are housed in 26 single-sex dormitories, each headed by a dormitory head, nearly a third of graduates go into the Ivy League. The schools first enrolled class counted 56 boys, in 1970, present-day enrollment stands at over 1,000 of a roughly equal ratio from both sexes. It is a member of the Ten Schools Admissions Organization, Phillips Exeter Academy was established in 1781 by John Phillips. As a result of family relationship, the two schools share a rivalry. The school that Phillips founded at Exeter was to educate students under a Calvinist religious framework, however, like his nephew who founded Andover, Phillips stipulated in the schools founding charter that it would ever be equally open to youth of requisite qualifications from every quarter. Phillips had previously married to Sarah Gilman, wealthy widow of Phillipss cousin, merchant Nathaniel Gilman, whose large fortune, bequeathed to Phillips. In 1814, Nicholas Gilman, signer of the U. S. Constitution, the academys first schoolhouse, the First Academy Building, was built on a site on Tan Lane in 1783, and today stands not far from its original location. The building was dedicated on February 20,1783, the day that the schools first Preceptor. This would be a revolution in methods. The result was Harkness teaching, in which a teacher and a group of work together, exchanging ideas and information. In November 1930, Harkness gave Exeter $5.8 million to support this initiative, since then, the Academys principal mode of instruction has been by discussion, seminar style, around an oval table known as the Harkness table
25.
John Rutledge House
–
The Governor John Rutledge House is a historic house at 116 Broad Street in Charleston, South Carolina. Completed in 1763 by an architect, it was the home of John Rutledge, a Governor of South Carolina. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973, the John Rutledge House is located in historic Charleston, on the north side of Broad Street, opposite its junction with Orange Street, and the Edward Rutledge House, the home of Johns brother. It is a tall structure, rendered even taller by its placement on a raised basement. It has a hip roof with a gable, stuccoed walls. The front facade is distinguished by an ornate wrought iron balcony. The house was built as a structure for John Rutledge in 1763. Rutledge played a significant role in organizing the Patriot forces of South Carolina during the American Revolutionary War and he also attended the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and is a signer of the United States Constitution. The house passed out of his family, and was enlarged by the addition of the story in 1853 by Thomas M. Gadsden. The house served as a law office in the 20th century, in 1989, the house was renovated and opened to the public as the John Rutledge House Inn. The inn has 19 guest rooms, ranging from standard rooms to large suites. 11 of these rooms are located in the house, with the remaining 8 being in the carriage houses. In addition to the guest rooms, the contains a ball room. The John Rutledge House has received a 4 diamond rating from AAA, and is a member of both the Select Registry and Historic Hotels of America
26.
Pinewood Preparatory School
–
Founded in 1952, Pinewood Preparatory School is an independent, co-educational, college-preparatory day school located in Summerville, South Carolina, United States. Pinewood is jointly accredited by the Southern Association of Independent Schools and it holds membership in the Palmetto Association of Independent Schools and the South Carolina Independent Schools Athletic Association. Pinewood admits academically qualified students without regard to race, creed, color, in 2005,2006,2009 and 2010, Pinewood was awarded the James C. Williams, Jr. Presidents Cup by SCISAA for fielding the best overall athletic program among South Carolina independent schools, Pinewood also fields competitive teams in Football, Volleyball, Wrestling, Girls Lacrosse, Girls Tennis, and Equestrian. Each of the schools in the Network has a unique and unusual program or programs, Pinewood School was founded in 1952 by Mrs. Henrietta M. Allan of Summerville. Mrs. Allan served as Pinewoods Head of School for twenty years until her death in 1972, the original Pinewood campus was located on the grounds of the Historic Brokaw Mansion on South Main Street in the Summerville Historic District. For many years, the Pinewood campus was home to boarding students from New England, during this time, Pinewood also owned and operated a summer school and camp in the Adirondack High Peaks near Lake Placid, NY. For its first 40 years, Pinewood was a kindergarten and primary school with a small 9th and 10th grade, after completing studies usually in either the eighth or tenth grade, Pinewood students transferred to Charleston area high schools or to other independent schools around the country. After Mrs. Allans death, William E. McIntosh served as Head of School until 1980, from 1973 until 1977, Pinewoods student body grew from 184 students to 390 students. In 1980, Pinewood merged with The Summerville Academy and re-located to its present 43-acre campus four miles from downtown Summerville, beginning in 1981, William S. Coursey, III, served as Head of School for fourteen years, a tenure second in length only to Henrietta Allan. During the Coursey era, the school grades and athletic program were added. Mrs. Henrietta Allan was born September 3,1914, a daughter of Cantwell F. Muckenfuss and Vashti Daniel Muckenfuss and she was a graduate of Winthrop College with extensive postgraduate work at Columbia College, Cornell University, and Vassar College. In 1951, Mrs. Allan contracted tuberculosis and went to the Will Rogers Institute in Saranac Lake, NY, during this time, she developed the idea of starting a school with her mother as a key member of the teaching staff. She and her husband Stephen Ford Allan of Summerville acquired the Brokaw Mansion, in these days, Pinewood School graduates completed their high school education at local public and independent schools or they went off to boarding school. As it grew in numbers and reputation during the 1950s and 60s, Pinewood School added a pre-school, grades 9 and 10, a department. While pursuing graduate work each summer at Cornell, Mrs, in 1970, she chartered a sister school, Reading Research, Inc. that operated next door to Pinewood for the next decade. In April 1973, the new Board named William E. McIntosh, in 1968, a small group of local residents was banding together to start another independent school in Summerville. The prime movers in launching the new school were J. Taliaferro Taylor, III, M. D. a family physician, and James D. Martin, a lumber company president
27.
Newberry College
–
Newberry College is a co-educational, private liberal-arts college of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America located on a historic 90-acre campus in Newberry, South Carolina, United States. The college has 1,042 students and a 14,1 student-teacher ratio, the college is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II and the South Atlantic Conference. The school is famous for being on the end of a tilt against Furman University. Newberrys football team won their first South Atlantic Conference Championship in the 2006 season, the team finished with a 10-1 record in the regular season, losing only in their last game ever against their rival, Presbyterian College. The team also won a game in their first ever post season appearance in Division II football. The next month, the NCAA rejected Newberrys appeal, on May 7,2008 Newberrys Athletic Department officially retired the nickname Indians from all of the schools 15 NCAA athletic teams. Effective from that day, Newberry College athletic teams would be known as the Wolves, the music program at Newberry College has a history in vocal and instrumental performance dating back over 100 years, and a jazz band and marching band in existence since 1956. The Newberry College marching band, which has been in existence since that time, is one of the most unusual aspects of Newberry College’s music program. Newberry is one of the smallest colleges in the country with a marching band, also in 1956, Pruitt also hosted the first jazz festival at Newberry College. This jazz festival has become a unique annual tradition at Newberry College. In 1943, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox announced the start of a new training program. The program was designed to supplement the force of commissioned officers in the United States Navy during World War II, Newberry College became one of 131 colleges and universities in the United States chosen to participate in the V-12 program. On July 1,1943, the first 325 cadets arrived on campus, the cadets attended classes for periods of one to six terms of 16 weeks. Work was planned so that each term was the equivalent of a college semester. The Navy handled the discipline of its cadets, directed the physical program, provided military drills. During the 27 months the V-12 Program were a part of the College, on October 31,1945, the V-12 Unit was decommissioned and Newberry College returned to its civilian status. From 1972 until 1976, the United States Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps was established at Newberry, through this program, selected students were commissioned as Second Lieutenants in the USAF and many served distinguished careers in the service of their nation. 777, an Arnold Air Society and an Angel Flight program was active during this period
28.
University of South Carolina
–
The University of South Carolina is a public, co-educational research university located in Columbia, South Carolina, United States, with seven satellite campuses. Its campus covers over 359 acres in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House, the University is categorized by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as having highest research activity. It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland, the University of South Carolina has an enrollment of approximately 49,220 students, with 33,575 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2015. USC also has several thousand students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges. Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business, engineering, law, medicine, pharmacy, on January 10,1805, having an initial enrollment of nine students, the college commenced classes with a traditional classical curriculum. The first president was the Baptist minister and theologian Reverend Jonathan Maxcy and he was an alumnus of Brown University, with an honorary degree from Harvard University. Before coming to the college, Maxcy had served as the president of Brown. Maxcys tenure lasted from 1804 through 1820, when South Carolina College opened its doors in 1801, the building now known as Rutledge College was the only building on campus. Located one block southeast of the State Capitol, it served as an office, academic building, residence hall. However, the plan for the original campus called for a total of eleven buildings. In 1807, the original Presidents House was the building to be erected. The building now known as DeSaussure College followed shortly thereafter, when completed, all eleven buildings formed a U-shape open to Sumter Street. This modified quadrangle became known as the Horseshoe, as with other southern universities in the antebellum period, the most important organizations for students were the two literary societies, the Clariosophic Society and the Euphradian Society. These two societies, which arose from a split in a literary society known as the Philomathic. The College became a symbol of the South in the period as its graduates were on the forefront of secession from the Union. Despite the depletion of students, the professors issued a notice that the college would temporarily close and would reopen to those under eighteen. When the college reopened on March 17, only nine students showed up for classes, on June 25 with the consent of the state government, the Confederate authorities took possession of the college buildings and converted them into a hospital. After many unsuccessful attempts to reopen the college, the trustees passed a resolution on December 2,1863 that officially closed the college
29.
South Carolina Aquarium
–
The South Carolina Aquarium, located in Charleston, South Carolina, opened on May 19,2000, on the historic Charleston Harbor. The Aquarium also features a Touch Tank, where patrons may touch horseshoe crabs, Atlantic stingrays, the 93, 000-square-foot building includes 9 galleries featuring 6, 000-7,000 amazing aquatic animals, from river otters and sharks to loggerhead turtles, in more than 100 exhibits. A rotating exhibit on the first floor originally featured Secrets of the Amazon, in 2008, this exhibit changed to Camp Carolina, a simulation of a camping experience in the mountains of South Carolina. Showcased animals include skunks, barn owls, snakes, and a bald eagle, penguin Planet, a changing exhibit, was opened from 2009 to 2010 and featured four Magellanic penguins. A rare albino American alligator, one of only 50 in the world now calls the Aquarium home and is part of the Blackwater swamp exhibit, in March 2011, the Aquarium reopened the renovated Salt Marsh exhibit which features a feed the stingray experience. In addition to efforts in support of a healthy loggerhead sea turtle habitat. The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources transports injured or stranded sea turtles to the hospital, after which aquarium staff, a staff veterinarian can perform surgery, administer x-rays, IVs, and even provide blood transfusions to turtles that are severely anemic. Rehabilitated turtles are taken to a beach and allowed to return to the ocean once they can live on their own. The average turnaround time for a turtle is 7–8 months. The aquarium has rehabilitated and released over 130 sea turtles since it opened, behind-the-Scenes Tours of the Sea Turtle Hospital can be taken. The aquarium has more than 80 paid staff, with a complement close to 400 volunteers, the volunteer program has become a model in the community. Media related to South Carolina Aquarium at Wikimedia Commons Official website
30.
American Diabetes Association
–
The American Diabetes Association is a United States-based association working to fight the consequences of diabetes and to help those affected by diabetes. In 2014 it was estimated that 29.1 million Americans have diabetes, formed in 1940, the ADA was founded by 28 physicians. During its first 30 years, the Association limited its membership to physicians, health professionals, in 1970, the Association underwent a reorganization during which membership was expanded to include general members. Now the ADA is a organization based in Alexandria, Virginia. The mission of the ADA is to prevent and cure diabetes, on June 1,2015, the Association welcomed a new CEO, Kevin L. Hagan. Hagan came from the relief organization Feed the Children, which he had led for about three years. The ADA is Americas leading 5013 nonprofit charity providing diabetes research, information, the ADA raises most monies themselves and their overall fundraising expenses are 26%, with 74 cents of every dollar raised being used for research and programs. However, in the past the organization has engaged telemarketers at very large costs, furthermore, the telemarketers were instructed to lie to prospective donors regarding how much of their donation will go to the ADA. The ADA Research Program supports basic and clinical diabetes research aimed at preventing, treating and curing diabetes, the diabetes research projects the Association supports cover the spectrum from islet cell biology and transplantation techniques, to studies in education and behavioral issues. The Association has increased support for research from providing $18 million in 1999 to making $47.6 million available for diabetes research in 2013. The ADAs research funding program is designed to complement the National Institutes of Health diabetes research program by supporting new investigators, with support from the Association, investigators are often able to prove that their ideas are solid enough to get more substantial funding from the United States federal government. Founded in October 1994, the ADA Research Foundation was created to accelerate the Associations ability to raise major gifts to directly fund diabetes research. The mission of the Research Foundation is to ensure the availability of funds necessary for the exploration of all the scientific possibilities that diabetes research is generating. Donations contributed to the Research Foundation help support more than 400 awards at more than 160 research institutions across the country, all non-research costs associated with the Research Program are paid through the Associations general fund. On average, each more than 300,000 people contact the Association with questions and concerns, or to seek support or direction regarding diabetes. In 2011, the Center for Information and Community Support fielded an average of 20,000 calls per month, the Center for Information and Community Support is a free service staffed by highly trained personnel, who answer non-medical questions in English or Spanish. Call Center hours of operation are Monday – Friday,8,30 am to 8 pm eastern time, in 2009, the Center began to use online chat as a new means of communication with people who have questions about diabetes. The ADAs Family Link program provides information to families living with diabetes and managing diabetes at school
31.
Stephen Colbert
–
Stephen Tyrone Colbert is an American comedian, television host, and author. Colbert has hosted The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, a television talk show on CBS. Colbert originally studied to be an actor, but became interested in improvisational theatre while attending Northwestern University. He wrote and performed on the short-lived Dana Carvey Show before collaborating with Sedaris and he gained considerable attention for his role on the latter as closeted gay history teacher Chuck Noblet. His work as a correspondent on Comedy Centrals news-parody series The Daily Show gained him wide recognition, in 2005, he left The Daily Show to host a spin-off series, The Colbert Report. The series became one of Comedy Centrals highest-rated series, earning Colbert an invitation to perform as featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents Association Dinner in 2006, Colbert has won nine Primetime Emmy Awards, two Grammy Awards, and two Peabody Awards. Colbert was named one of Times 100 Most Influential People in 2006 and 2012 and his book, I Am America, was #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 2007. Colbert was born in Washington, D. C. the youngest of 11 children in a Catholic family and he grew up on James Island, South Carolina. Colbert and his siblings, in descending order by age, are James, Edward, Mary, William, Margo, Thomas, Jay, Elizabeth, Paul, Peter, stephens mother, Lorna Elizabeth Colbert, was a homemaker. In interviews, Colbert has described his parents as people who also strongly valued intellectualism and taught their children that it was possible to question the church. The emphasis his family placed on intelligence and his observation of negative stereotypes of Southerners led Colbert to train himself to suppress his Southern accent while he was quite young. While Colbert sometimes comedically claims his surname is French, he is of 15/16ths Irish ancestry, many of his ancestors emigrated from Ireland to North America in the 19th century before and during the Great Famine. He offered his children the option to pronounce the name whichever way they preferred, Stephen started using /koʊlˈbɛər/ later in life when he transferred to Northwestern University, taking advantage of the opportunity to reinvent himself in a new place where no one knew him. Ed responded /ˈkoʊlbərt/, to which Stephen jokingly replied, See you in Hell and they were en route to enroll the two boys at Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. Lorna Colbert relocated the family downtown to the urban environment of East Bay Street in Charleston. Colbert found the transition difficult and did not easily make new friends in his new neighborhood, Colbert later described himself during this time as detached, lacking a sense of importance regarding the things with which other children concerned themselves. He developed a love of science fiction and fantasy novels, especially the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, Colbert attended Charlestons Episcopal Porter-Gaud School, where he participated in several school plays and contributed to the school newspaper but was not highly motivated academically. During his adolescence, he briefly fronted A Shot in the Dark, when he was younger, he had hoped to study marine biology, but surgery intended to repair a severely perforated eardrum caused him inner ear damage
32.
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
–
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is an American late-night talk show hosted by Stephen Colbert, which premiered on September 8,2015. Produced by Spartina Productions and CBS Television Studios, The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is the iteration of CBSs Late Show franchise. Stay Human, led by bandleader Jon Batiste, serves as the house band. Prior to Colberts assumption of hosting duties, David Letterman had been host of Late Show for 22 years, CBS had not had a regular late-night talk show for most of its existence prior to that point, with only one attempt between 1972 and Lettermans arrival. According to TV by the Numbers, in February 2013, the ratings for Lettermans Late Show averaged about 3.1 million per show for the 2012–13 season to date. A year later, average viewership was down to 2.8 million, in addition, Colberts previous program did well among college students and young men 18-34, which are prime target audiences for late-night comedy programming. On April 3,2014, Letterman announced his retirement, with his episode as host of Late Show scheduled for May 20,2015. On April 10,2014, CBS announced Stephen Colbert as Lettermans successor, in contrast with Colberts previous program The Colbert Report, in which he played a fictionalized version of himself, Colbert hosts the show as himself. This came after the announcement the character would not be used after the end of The Colbert Report, the final episode of the Report aired on December 18,2014. On July 23,2014, CBS announced that Late Show would continue to be produced at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York when Colbert takes over. Jonathan Batiste was announced as the bandleader on June 4,2015, throughout the remainder of the summer, videos would continue to be released through the shows official YouTube channel and mobile app. On July 1,2015, Colbert hosted an edition of a public access program in Monroe, Michigan. Colbert has been given control of the show, with little interference from CBS management in regard to format. Colbert no longer uses the character he had portrayed on The Colbert Report, the 1993 restoration project for Letterman was only done on a few months notice after the theater was repurchased in February 1993 by CBS. The Hollywood Reporter believed that Lichts experience in news programming would be leveraged to complement Colberts strengths in topical, during the opening sequence in a voice-over, Jen Spyra, announces the nights guests. Along with scenes of New York City at night including Yankee Stadium, Times Square and this structure is similar to the openings of other late-night shows such as The Tonight Show or Late Night. Similar to The Colbert Report, graphics that resemble the American Flag have also been added, the open is followed by an extended fake news style desk sequence with a run-through of recent headlines, in a manner reminiscent of television newscasts and that of The Colbert Report. Also, the show follows the basic format as other late-night talk shows including the use of sketch comedy, guest interviews
33.
Joel Derfner
–
Joel Derfner is an American writer and composer. His articles have appeared in including the Huffington Post, The Advocate, Time Out New York. Derfner and his works have been cited as references on gay culture, Derfner is the composer of several musicals, and he teaches musical theater composition at New York University’s Tisch School of the Arts. Derfner was also co-star of the first season of the 2010 reality television show Girls Who Like Boys Who Like Boys, Derfner was born in 1973 in Washington, D. C. and grew up in Charleston, South Carolina. His parents were civil rights activists, and were active in Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement. His father, Armand Derfner, is a civil rights lawyer, joels father is Jewish and his mother was Christian, he was raised Jewish and converted to Judaism at the age of seven. His mother, who suffered from type 1 diabetes, died in 1992, joel came out to his parents as gay when he was 15. Derfner attended Porter-Gaud School, where he excelled academically and was class valedictorian and he was also an avid singer, and considered singing as a career until his junior year of college, when severe gastric reflux numbed the back of his throat. Attending Harvard University, he became treasurer of the Bisexual, Gay and Lesbian Students Association in 1992 and he also participated in the Harvard College Opera as a singer and vocal coach. In 1995 he graduated with honors with a B. A. in Linguistics. He moved to New York City in 1997 to study musical theater composition, Derfners first book, Gay Haiku, had its inception during a musical-theater fundraising event in which, as an avid blogger, he was to post a blog entry every half hour for 24 hours. He later explained, I realized I could write 49 haiku about all the bad dates I’d been on and they turned out pretty well, so I decided to write 20 more, which took me another week, and send them out as a manuscript called 69 Gay Haiku. Eventually Random House wanted it, but they needed 110 total, the Advocate called the book clever, hilarious, and even poignant snapshots of urban gay life, from the sublime. to the ridiculous. Priceless. and named it one of their Top 20 Picks for Summer Reading for 2005, a portion of the book was excerpted in The Advocate. But its not just about being gay, its about being human, the book was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award for Best Gay Memoir/Biography at the 21st Lambda Literary Awards. Swish was also selected as a Stonewall Honor Book in Non-Fiction by the American Library Associations Stonewall Book Awards in 2009, Derfners third book, Lawfully Wedded Husband, How My Gay Marriage Will Save the American Family, was published in September 2013. The autobiographical book explores many facets of both his and others marriages, relationships, and families, including same-sex marriages. Derfner offers research and analysis as well as revelations of his own relationships ups and downs, offset with humor
34.
Shepard Fairey
–
Frank Shepard Fairey is an American contemporary street artist, graphic designer, activist, illustrator and founder of OBEY Clothing who emerged from the skateboarding scene. He became widely known during the 2008 U. S. presidential election for his Barack Obama Hope poster, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston has described him as one the best known and most influential street artists. C. The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond, and the Victoria, Shepard Fairey was born and raised in Charleston, South Carolina. His father, Strait Fairey, is a doctor, and his mother, Charlotte, Fairey became involved with art in 1984, when he started to place his drawings on skateboards and T-shirts. In 1988 he graduated from Idyllwild Arts Academy in California, in 1992 he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Illustration from the Rhode Island School of Design. Faireys first art exhibition, titled Supply & Demand, was held in Boston at the Institute of Contemporary Art during the summer of 2009. The exhibition featured more than 250 works in a variety of media, screen prints, stencils, stickers, rubylith illustrations, collages. As a complement to the ICA exhibition, Fairey created public art works around Boston, the artist explains his driving motivation, The real message behind most of my work is question everything. Fairey sits on the board of Reaching to Embrace the Arts. Fairey created the André the Giant Has a Posse sticker campaign in 1989 and this later evolved into the Obey Giant campaign, which has grown via an international network of collaborators replicating Faireys original designs. Fairey intended the Obey Giant to inspire curiosity and cause people to question their relationship with their surroundings, according to the Obey Giant website, The sticker has no meaning but exists only to cause people to react, to contemplate and search for meaning in the sticker. The fact that a segment of the public would not only notice, but investigate. In a manifesto he wrote in 1990, and since posted on his website, Fairey has also spun off the OBEY clothing line from the original sticker campaign. He also uses the slogan The Medium is the Message borrowed from Marshall McLuhan, Shepard Fairey has also stated in an interview that part of his work is inspired by other street artists. While residing in Providence in 1994, Fairey met American filmmaker Helen Stickler, the following spring, Stickler completed a short documentary film about Shepard and his work, titled Andre the Giant has a Posse. The film premiered in the 1995 New York Underground Film Festival and it has been seen in more than 70 festivals and museums internationally. Clients included Pepsi, Hasbro and Netscape, in 2003 he founded the Studio Number One design agency with his wife Amanda Fairey. The agency produced the work for The Black Eyed Peas album Monkey Business
35.
This American Life
–
This American Life is an American weekly hour-long radio program produced by WBEZ and hosted by Ira Glass. It is broadcast on public radio stations in the United States and internationally. Primarily a journalistic non-fiction program, it has also featured essays, memoirs, field recordings, short fiction, the first episode aired on November 17,1995, under the shows original title, Your Radio Playhouse. The series was distributed by Public Radio International until June 2014, a television program of the same name ran for two seasons on the Showtime cable network between June 2007 and May 2008. Each weeks show has a theme, explored in several acts, on occasion, an entire program will consist of a single act. The most acts were in the episode 20 Acts in 60 Minutes, each act is produced by a combination of staff and freelance contributors. Programs usually begin with a station identification by Glass who then introduces a segment related to the theme which precedes act one. The segment will then lead into the presentation of the theme for that weeks show, stories are often told as first-person narratives. The mood of the ranges from gloomy to ironic, from thought-provoking to humorous. The show often addresses current events, such as Hurricane Katrina in After the Flood, often This American Life features stories which explore aspects of human nature, such as Kid Logic, which presented pieces on the reasoning of children. Glass has stated he is obligated to mention both station WBEZ, and previously, distributor PRI three times in the course of the show. Glass, the creator, has served as executive producer and host since its November 17,1995. The programs first year was produced on a budget that was even by US public-radio standards. A budget of $243,000 covered an outfitted studio, marketing costs, purchased satellite time, National syndication began in June 1996 when Public Radio International formed a distribution partnership with the program. It airs on 509 PRI affiliate stations in the United States reaching an estimated 2.1 million listeners each week, the show is also carried on Sirius XM Satellite Radio over the Public Radio International block on the XM Public Radio channel. The program consistently rates as the first- or second-most downloaded podcast on iTunes for each week, originally titled Your Radio Playhouse, a local show on WBEZ, the programs name was changed beginning with the March 21,1996 episode. It was picked up nationally by PRI in June 1996, the reference to each segment of the show as an act is a holdover from its original playhouse theme. The program helped launch the careers of many, including contributing editor Sarah Vowell and essayists David Rakoff
36.
Harper's Magazine
–
Harpers Magazine is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in June 1850, it is the second-oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the U. S, the current editor is James Marcus, who replaced Christopher Cox in March 2016. Harpers Magazine has won twenty National Magazine Awards, Harpers Magazine was launched as Harpers New Monthly Magazine in June 1850, by the New York City publisher Harper & Brothers. The company also founded the magazines Harpers Weekly and Harpers Bazaar, the first press run of Harpers Magazine—7,500 copies—sold out almost immediately. Circulation was some 50,000 issues six months later, the early issues reprinted material pirated from English authors such as Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and the Brontë sisters. The magazine soon was publishing the work of American artists and writers, portions of Herman Melvilles novel Moby Dick were first published in the October 1851 issue of Harpers under the title, The Town-Hos Story. In 1962, Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company, in 1965, the magazine was separately incorporated, and became a division of the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company, owned by the Cowles Media Company. In the 1970s, Harpers Magazine published Seymour Hershs reporting of the My Lai Massacre by United States forces in Vietnam, robert Shnayerson, a senior editor at Time magazine, was hired to replace Morris as Harpers ninth editor, serving in that position from 1971 until 1976. Lewis H. Lapham served as managing editor from 1976 until 1981, on June 17,1980, the Star Tribune announced it would cease publishing Harpers Magazine after the August 1980 issue. As of the March 2011 issue, contributing editor Zadie Smith, under the Lapham-MacArthur leadership, Harpers Magazine continued publishing literary fiction by John Updike, George Saunders, and others. Politically, Harpers was a vocal critic of U. S. domestic. Editor Laphams monthly Notebook columns have lambasted the Clinton and the George W. Bush administrations. Since 2003, the magazine has concentrated on reportage about U. S. war in Iraq, with articles about the battle for Fallujah. Other reporting has covered abortion issues, cloning, and global warming, in 2007, Harpers added the No Comment blog, by attorney Scott Horton, about legal controversies, Central Asian politics, and German studies. Since that time these two blogs have ceased publication, Lapham left shortly thereafter and launched Laphams Quarterly. The August 2004 issue contained an essay by noted photojournalist Peter Turnley. The eight-page spread in August 2004 showed images of death, grieving, on the U. S. side, Turnley visited the funeral of an Oklahoma National Guard member, Spc. Kyle Brinlee,21, who was killed when his vehicle ran over an improvised explosive device in Afghanistan, during his funeral, Turnley shot the open casket as it lay in the back of the auditorium and this photo was used in the photo essay
37.
The New York Times Magazine
–
The New York Times Magazine is a Sunday magazine supplement included with the Sunday edition of The New York Times. It is host to feature articles longer than those typically in the newspaper and has attracted many notable contributors, the magazine is also noted for its photography, especially relating to fashion and style. Its first issue was published on September 6,1896, in the early decades it was a section of the broadsheet paper and not an insert as it is today. In its early years, The New York Times Magazine began a tradition of publishing the writing of well-known contributors, du Bois and Albert Einstein to numerous sitting and future U. S. Presidents. Editor Lester Markel, an intense and autocratic journalist who oversaw the Sunday Times from the 1920s through the 1950s, during his tenure, writers such as Leo Tolstoy, Thomas Mann, Gertrude Stein, and Tennessee Williams contributed pieces to the magazine. When, in 1970, The New York Times introduced its first Op-Ed page, in 1979, the magazine began publishing Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist William Safires On Language, a column discussing issues of English grammar, use and etymology. Safires column steadily gained popularity and by 1990 was generating more mail than anything else in the magazine, the year 1999 saw the debut of The Ethicist, an advice column written by humorist Randy Cohen that quickly became a highly contentious part of the magazine. In 2011, Ariel Kaminer replaced Cohen as the author of the column, Klosterman left in early 2015 to be replaced by a trio of authors -- Kenji Yoshino, Amy Bloom, and Jack Shafer—who use a conversational format. Consumed, Rob Walkers regular column on culture, debuted in 2004. com, The New Republic magazines website, Greg Veis. In December 2010, Lindgren hired Joel Lovell, formerly editor at GQ magazine. In January 2012, humorist John Hodgman, who hosts his comedy court show podcast Judge John Hodgman, began writing a regular column Judge John Hodgman Rules for the The One-Page Magazine, in 2004, The New York Times Magazine began publishing an entire supplement devoted to style. Titled T, the supplement is edited by Deborah Needleman and appears 14 times a year, in 2009, it launched a Qatari Edition as a standalone magazine. In 2006, the magazine introduced two other supplements, PLAY, a magazine published every other month, and KEY. The Funny Pages was made up of three parts, the Strip, the Sunday Serial, and True-Life Tales, on July 8,2007, the magazine stopped printing True-Life Tales. 92% of 1824 voters answered No, the Funny Pages is no longer published in the magazine. Of the serial novels, At Risk, Limitations, The Overlook, Gentlemen of the Road, and The Lemur have since been published in book form with added material
38.
Rolling Stone
–
Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
39.
Wired (magazine)
–
Wired is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics. Owned by Condé Nast, it is headquartered in San Francisco, California, several spin-offs have been launched including, Wired UK, Wired Italia, Wired Japan and Wired Germany. In its earliest colophons, Wired credited Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan as its patron saint, from its beginning, the strongest influence on the magazines editorial outlook came from techno-utopian co-founder Stewart Brand and his associate Kevin Kelly. From 1998 to 2006, Wired magazine and Wired News had separate owners, however, Wired News remained responsible for republishing Wired magazines content online due to an agreement when Condé Nast purchased the magazine. In 2006, Condé Nast bought Wired News for $25 million, the founding designers were John Plunkett and Barbara Kuhr, beginning with a 1991 prototype and continuing through the first five years of publication, 1993–98. Wired, which touted itself as the Rolling Stone of technology, a great success at its launch, it was lauded for its vision, originality, innovation and cultural impact. In its first four years, the magazine won two National Magazine Awards for General Excellence and one for Design. The founding executive editor of Wired, Kevin Kelly, was an editor of the Whole Earth Catalog and the Whole Earth Review, six authors of the first Wired issue had written for Whole Earth Review, most notably Bruce Sterling and Stewart Brand. However, the first issue did contain a few references to the Internet, including online-dating and Internet sex, the last page, a column written by Nicholas Negroponte, was written in the style of an e-mail message, but contained obviously fake, non-standard email addresses. Wired was among the first magazines to list the email address of its authors and contributors, associate publisher Kathleen Lyman was brought on board to launch Wired with an advertising base of major technology and consumer advertisers. The magazine was followed by a companion website HotWired, a book publishing division, HardWired, a Japanese edition. Wired UK was relaunched in April 2009, in 1994, John Battelle, co-founding editor, commissioned Jules Marshall to write a piece on the Zippies. The cover story broke records for being one of the most publicized stories of the year and was used to promote Wireds HotWired news service, HotWired spawned websites Webmonkey, the search engine HotBot, and a weblog, Suck. com. In June 1998, the magazine launched an index, The Wired Index. The fortune of the magazine and allied enterprises corresponded closely to that of the dot-com bubble, in 1996, Rossetto and the other participants in Wired Ventures attempted to take the company public with an IPO. The initial attempt had to be withdrawn in the face of a downturn in the stock market, the second try was also unsuccessful. Rossetto and Metcalfe lost control of Wired Ventures to financial investors Providence Equity Partners in May 1998, Wired was purchased by Advance Publications, who assigned it to Advances subsidiary, New York-based publisher Condé Nast Publications. Wired survived the bubble and found new direction under editor-in-chief Chris Anderson in 2001
40.
Sallie Krawcheck
–
Sallie L. Krawcheck is the CEO and Co-Founder of Ellevest, a digital advisor for women to be launched in 2016. She is owner and Chair of Ellevate Network, prior to this she was the president of the Global Wealth & Investment Management division of Bank of America. She has been known as one of the most senior women on Wall Street, Most recently she has been widely published in both social and more traditional media, focusing on Wall Street regulatory reform, she is also advising a number of start-ups. Krawcheck grew up in Charleston, South Carolina and she attended the exclusive Porter-Gaud School. While in high school, she was a track star. She received a Morehead Scholarship to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where she received a degree in journalism, in 1992, she obtained an MBA from Columbia Business School, graduating Beta Gamma Sigma. She had a reputation for impartial advice and her decision to take Bernstein out of the lucrative, Krawcheck was named CEO of Citigroups Smith Barney unit, for which she was named to Times 2002 list of Global Influentials and Fortune’s Most Influential Person Under the Age of 40. The Smith Barney unit was set up in order to separate Citigroups investment banking from its stock brokering and research operations, Krawcheck was put in charge of 13,000 brokers and analysts of the new retail brokerage unit. In 2004, Krawcheck was appointed Chief Financial Officer for Citigroup Inc, in 2007, Krawcheck was named CEO of Citi’s wealth management business, which included returning to Smith Barney and adding the Citi Private Bank. She worked to change the culture for Smith Barney’s financial advisors as an early advocate of a fiduciary standard for the brokerage industry. Krawcheck left Citi on September 22,2008, pandit and other chief officers at Citi disagreed, arguing that Citi had no legal obligation in the matter. Following the acquisition of Merrill Lynch in 2009, Bank of America hired Krawcheck to head the new division.1 billion in profits during her two years as president of the management unit. In the second quarter of 2011, Krawcheck’s division increased net income by 54 percent, from $329 million to $506 million, while Bank of America posted an overall $8.8 billion loss. Krawchecks position at Merrill was eliminated by the new chief executive, Brian Moynihan, as part of restructuring. She received severance payments totaling $6,000,000, Krawcheck acquired 85 Broads Unlimited LLC in 2013 and is now the Chair of the organization. Krawcheck is the Co-Founder and CEO of Ellevest, an investment platform for women. Her stated goal is to work to close the gender investing gap in the U. S. by redefining investing for women, Krawcheck has had numerous appearances on CNBC and written columns for Reuters and The Huffington Post, among others. She has over 32,000 followers on Twitter and over 900,000 followers on LinkedIn and is one their most followed Thought Leaders, forbes named her as number seven in its list of The Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women of 2005
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)